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Adhikari K, Vanermen M, Da Silva G, Van den Wyngaert T, Augustyns K, Elvas F. Trans-cyclooctene-a Swiss army knife for bioorthogonal chemistry: exploring the synthesis, reactivity, and applications in biomedical breakthroughs. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 38844698 PMCID: PMC11156836 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs) are highly strained alkenes with remarkable reactivity towards tetrazines (Tzs) in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions. Since their discovery as bioorthogonal reaction partners, novel TCO derivatives have been developed to improve their reactivity, stability, and hydrophilicity, thus expanding their utility in diverse applications. MAIN BODY TCOs have garnered significant interest for their applications in biomedical settings. In chemical biology, TCOs serve as tools for bioconjugation, enabling the precise labeling and manipulation of biomolecules. Moreover, their role in nuclear medicine is substantial, with TCOs employed in the radiolabeling of peptides and other biomolecules. This has led to their utilization in pretargeted nuclear imaging and therapy, where they function as both bioorthogonal tags and radiotracers, facilitating targeted disease diagnosis and treatment. Beyond these applications, TCOs have been used in targeted cancer therapy through a "click-to-release" approach, in which they act as key components to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. However, the search for a suitable TCO scaffold with an appropriate balance between stability and reactivity remains a challenge. CONCLUSIONS This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the synthesis of TCOs, and its challenges, and their development throughout the years. We describe their wide ranging applications as radiolabeled prosthetic groups for radiolabeling, as bioorthogonal tags for pretargeted imaging and therapy, and targeted drug delivery, with the aim of showcasing the versatility and potential of TCOs as valuable tools in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Adhikari
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanermen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Da Silva
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging and Radiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Pei W, Chen Y. Theranostic in GLP-1R molecular imaging: challenges and emerging opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1210347. [PMID: 37780209 PMCID: PMC10540701 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1210347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic in nuclear medicine combines diagnostic imaging and internal irradiation therapy using different therapeutic nuclear probes for visual diagnosis and precise treatment. GLP-1R is a popular receptor target in endocrine diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, tumors, and other areas. Likewise, it has also made breakthroughs in the development of molecular imaging. It was recognized that GLP-1R imaging originated from the study of insulinoma and afterwards was expanded in application including islet transplantation, pancreatic β-cell mass measurement, and ATP-dependent potassium channel-related endocrine diseases. Fortunately, GLP-1R molecular imaging has been involved in ischemic cardiomyocytes and neurodegenerative diseases. These signs illustrate the power of GLP-1R molecular imaging in the development of medicine. However, it is still limited to imaging diagnosis research in the current molecular imaging environment. The lack of molecular-targeted therapeutics related report hinders its radiology theranostic. In this article, the current research status, challenges, and emerging opportunities for GLP-1R molecular imaging are discussed in order to open a new path for theranostics and to promote the evolution of molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjie Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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3
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Rossi L, Kerekes K, Kovács-Kocsi J, Körhegyi Z, Bodnár M, Fazekas E, Prépost E, Pignatelli C, Caneva E, Nicotra F, Russo L. Multivalent γ-PGA-Exendin-4 conjugates to target pancreatic β-cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200196. [PMID: 35762648 PMCID: PMC9542156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R), expressed on the surface of pancreatic β‐cells, is of great interest for the development of advanced therapies for diabetes and diagnostics for insulinoma. We report the conjugation of exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), an approved drug to treat type 2 diabetes, to poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) to obtain more stable and effective GLP‐1R ligands. Exendin‐4 modified at Lysine‐27 with PEG4‐maleimide was conjugated to γ‐PGA functionalized with furan, in different molar ratios, exploiting a chemoselective Diels‐Alder cycloaddition. The γ‐PGA presenting the highest number of conjugated Ex‐4 molecules (average 120 per polymeric chain) showed a double affinity towards GLP‐1R with respect to exendin per se, paving the way to improved therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rossi
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cataldo Pignatelli
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Enrico Caneva
- Unitech Cospect: Comprehensive Substances Characterization via advances SPECTroscopy, -, ITALY
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Laura Russo
- Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, ITALY
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4
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Cheung P, Eriksson O. The Current State of Beta-Cell-Mass PET Imaging for Diabetes Research and Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1824. [PMID: 34944640 PMCID: PMC8698817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide and one of the leading causes of death, especially in developing nations. The disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, caused by defects in the insulin secretion or action pathway. Current diagnostic methods measure metabolic byproducts of the disease such as glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin or C-peptide levels, which are indicators of the beta-cell function. However, they inaccurately reflect the disease progression and provide poor longitudinal information. Beta-cell mass has been suggested as an alternative approach to study disease progression in correlation to beta-cell function, as it behaves differently in the diabetes physiopathology. Study of the beta-cell mass, however, requires highly invasive and potentially harmful procedures such as pancreatic biopsies, making diagnosis and monitoring of the disease tedious. Nuclear medical imaging techniques using radiation emitting tracers have been suggested as strong non-invasive tools for beta-cell mass. A highly sensitive and high-resolution technique, such as positron emission tomography, provides an ideal solution for the visualization of beta-cell mass, which is particularly essential for better characterization of a disease such as diabetes, and for estimating treatment effects towards regeneration of the beta-cell mass. Development of novel, validated biomarkers that are aimed at beta-cell mass imaging are thus highly necessary and would contribute to invaluable breakthroughs in the field of diabetes research and therapies. This review aims to describe the various biomarkers and radioactive probes currently available for positron emission tomography imaging of beta-cell mass, as well as highlight the need for precise quantification and visualization of the beta-cell mass for designing new therapy strategies and monitoring changes in the beta-cell mass during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cheung
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden;
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5
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GLP-1 peptide analogs for targeting pancreatic beta cells. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1936-1943. [PMID: 33839290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells or insulin receptors leads to diabetes mellitus (DM). This usually occurs over many years; therefore, the development of methods for the timely detection and clinical intervention are vital to prevent the development of this disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is the receptor of GLP-1, an incretin hormone that causes insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GLP-1R is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic beta cells, providing a potential target for bioimaging. In this review, we provide an overview of various strategies, such as the development of GLP-1R agonists (e.g., exendin-4), and GLP-1 sequence modifications for GLP-1R targeting for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic beta cell disorders. We also discuss the challenges of targeting pancreatic beta cells and strategies to address such challenges.
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6
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Joosten L, Boss M, Jansen T, Brom M, Buitinga M, Aarntzen E, Eriksson O, Johansson L, de Galan B, Gotthardt M. Molecular Imaging of Diabetes. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Murakami T, Fujimoto H, Inagaki N. Non-invasive Beta-cell Imaging: Visualization, Quantification, and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:714348. [PMID: 34248856 PMCID: PMC8270651 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.714348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta (β)-cell dysfunction and reduced mass play a central role in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus. Conventional histological β-cell mass (BCM) analysis is invasive and limited to cross-sectional observations in a restricted sampling area. However, the non-invasive evaluation of BCM remains elusive, and practical in vivo and clinical techniques for β-cell-specific imaging are yet to be established. The lack of such techniques hampers a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological role of BCM in diabetes, the implementation of personalized BCM-based diabetes management, and the development of antidiabetic therapies targeting BCM preservation and restoration. Nuclear medical techniques have recently triggered a major leap in this field. In particular, radioisotope-labeled probes using exendin peptides that include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist and antagonist have been employed in positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. These probes have demonstrated high specificity to β cells and provide clear images accurately showing uptake in the pancreas and transplanted islets in preclinical in vivo and clinical studies. One of these probes, 111indium-labeled exendin-4 derivative ([Lys12(111In-BnDTPA-Ahx)]exendin-4), has captured the longitudinal changes in BCM during the development and progression of diabetes and under antidiabetic therapies in various mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1R-targeted imaging is therefore a promising tool for non-invasive BCM evaluation. This review focuses on recent advances in non-invasive in vivo β-cell imaging for BCM evaluation in the field of diabetes; in particular, the exendin-based GLP-1R-targeted nuclear medicine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency of Health, Safety and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuya Inagaki,
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8
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Li J, Peng J, Tang W, Rawson J, Karunananthan J, Jung M, Ma Y, Shively JE, Kandeel F. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-PTTCO-Cys 40-Exendin-4 for PET imaging of ectopic insulinomas in rodents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103718. [PMID: 32171991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in the development of radiolabeled Exendin-4 analogues (short half-life isotopes) is an inability to efficiently and rapidly separate final products from precursors. This is important as lack of purity in the final product decreases probe efficiency. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to prepare the high-purity imaging reagent [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4. To accomplish this, magnetic TCO-beads were incubated with the crude product to remove unlabeled Exendin-4. In rodents pre-treatment with purified [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 (~1.85 MBq) allowed precise microPET imaging of ectopic insulinomas. Moreover, analogue uptake was successfully blocked by administering non-labelled "cold" Exendin-4. Biodistribution data revealed that [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 accumulated specifically in GLP-1R-enriched insulinomas in mice, confirming results obtained using miroPET. Investigation of [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 as a tracer to image portal vein-transplanted pancreatic islets is proceeding in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA.
| | - Jiangling Peng
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Johann Karunananthan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Yuelong Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
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9
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Neo CWY, Ciaramicoli LM, Soetedjo AAP, Teo AKK, Kang NY. A new perspective of probe development for imaging pancreatic beta cell in vivo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:3-13. [PMID: 32057664 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta cells assume a fundamental role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis through the secretion of insulin, which is contingent on both beta cell mass and function, in response to elevated blood glucose levels or secretagogues. For this reason, evaluating beta cell mass and function, as well as scrutinizing how they change over time in a diabetic state, are essential prerequisites in elucidating diabetes pathophysiology. Current clinical methods to measure human beta cell mass and/or function are largely lacking, indirect and sub-optimal, highlighting the continued need for noninvasive in vivo beta cell imaging technologies such as optical imaging techniques. While numerous probes have been developed and evaluated for their specificity to beta cells, most of them are more suited to visualize beta cell mass rather than function. In this review, we highlight the distinction between beta cell mass and function, and the importance of developing more probes to measure beta cell function. Additionally, we also explore various existing probes that can be employed to measure beta cell mass and function in vivo, as well as the caveats in probe development for in vivo beta cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wen Ying Neo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Larissa Miasiro Ciaramicoli
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Alvin Purnomo Soetedjo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, C5 Building, Room 203, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Velikyan I, Eriksson O. Advances in GLP-1 receptor targeting radiolabeled agent development and prospective of theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:437-461. [PMID: 31903131 PMCID: PMC6929622 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of theranostics/radiotheranostics and prospective of personalized medicine in diabetes and oncology, this review presents prior and current advances in the development of radiolabeled imaging and radiotherapeutic exendin-based agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. The review covers chemistry, preclinical, and clinical evaluation. Such critical aspects as structure-activity-relationship, stability, physiological potency, kidney uptake, and dosimetry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo QY, Cai W. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:16-31. [PMID: 31378283 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
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Imaging of Human Insulin Secreting Cells with Gd-DOTA-P88, a Paramagnetic Contrast Agent Targeting the Beta Cell Biomarker FXYD2γa. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092100. [PMID: 30134599 PMCID: PMC6225257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging and quantification of human beta cell mass remains a major challenge. We performed pre-clinical in vivo validation of a peptide previously discovered by our group, namely, P88 that targets a beta cell specific biomarker, FXYD2γa. We conjugated P88 with DOTA and then complexed it with GdCl₃ to obtain the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) contrast agent (CA) Gd-DOTA-P88. A scrambled peptide was used as a negative control CA, namely Gd-DOTA-Scramble. The CAs were injected in immunodeficient mice implanted with EndoC-βH1 cells, a human beta cell line that expresses FXYD2γa similarly to primary human beta cells. The xenograft-bearing mice were analyzed by MRI. At the end, the mice were euthanized and the CA biodistribution was evaluated on the excised tissues by measuring the Gd concentration with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The MRI and biodistribution studies indicated that Gd-DOTA-P88 accumulates in EndoC-βH1 xenografts above the level observed in the background tissue, and that its uptake is significantly higher than that observed for Gd-DOTA-Scramble. In addition, the Gd-DOTA-P88 showed good xenograft-to-muscle and xenograft-to-liver uptake ratios, two potential sites of human islets transplantation. The CA shows good potential for future use to non-invasively image implanted human beta cells.
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Oliveira BL, Guo Z, Bernardes GJL. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions in chemical biology. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:4895-4950. [PMID: 28660957 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emerging inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction stands out from other bioorthogonal reactions by virtue of its unmatchable kinetics, excellent orthogonality and biocompatibility. With the recent discovery of novel dienophiles and optimal tetrazine coupling partners, attention has now been turned to the use of IEDDA approaches in basic biology, imaging and therapeutics. Here we review this bioorthogonal reaction and its promising applications for live cell and animal studies. We first discuss the key factors that contribute to the fast IEDDA kinetics and describe the most recent advances in the synthesis of tetrazine and dienophile coupling partners. Both coupling partners have been incorporated into proteins for tracking and imaging by use of fluorogenic tetrazines that become strongly fluorescent upon reaction. Selected notable examples of such applications are presented. The exceptional fast kinetics of this catalyst-free reaction, even using low concentrations of coupling partners, make it amenable for in vivo radiolabelling using pretargeting methodologies, which are also discussed. Finally, IEDDA reactions have recently found use in bioorthogonal decaging to activate proteins or drugs in gain-of-function strategies. We conclude by showing applications of the IEDDA reaction in the construction of biomaterials that are used for drug delivery and multimodal imaging, among others. The use and utility of the IEDDA reaction is interdisciplinary and promises to revolutionize chemical biology, radiochemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Z Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - G J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK. and Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, 1649-028, Portugal.
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14
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Dialer LO, Jodal A, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Béhé M. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled silicon containing exendin-4 peptide as a PET probe for imaging insulinoma. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:1. [PMID: 29503858 PMCID: PMC5824708 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-017-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analogues of exendin-4 have been radiolabeled for imaging the glucagon-like peptide type 1 receptors (GLP-1R) which are overexpressed in insulinoma. The aim of this research was to synthesize an 18F–labeled silicon containing exendin-4 peptide (18F-2) and to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo behavior in CHL-GLP-1 receptor positive tumor-bearing mice. 18F–labeled silicon containing exendin-4 peptide (18F-2) was prepared via one-step nucleophilic substitution of a silane precursor with 18F–fluoride in the presence of acetic acid and K222. 18F-2 was then administered to tumor-bearing mice for PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments. Results 18F-2 was produced in a radiochemical yield (decay corrected) of 1.5% and a molar activity of max. 16 GBq/μmol. The GLP-1R positive tumors were clearly visualized by PET imaging. Biodistribution studies showed reduced uptake of 18F-2 in the kidneys compared to radiometal labeled exendin-4 derivatives. The radiotracer showed specific tumour uptake which remained steady over 2 h. Conclusions This exendin-4 analogue, 18F-2, is a potential probe for imaging GLP-1R positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas O Dialer
- 1Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS) of ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Jodal
- 2Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Research Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- 1Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS) of ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,2Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Research Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- 1Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS) of ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- 2Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS), Research Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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15
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Kimura H, Ogawa Y, Fujimoto H, Mukai E, Kawashima H, Arimitsu K, Toyoda K, Fujita N, Yagi Y, Hamamatsu K, Murakami T, Murakami A, Ono M, Nakamoto Y, Togashi K, Inagaki N, Saji H. Evaluation of 18F-labeled exendin(9-39) derivatives targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor for pancreatic β-cell imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:463-469. [PMID: 29273416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
β-cell mass (BCM) is known to be decreased in subjects with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Quantitative analysis for BCM would be useful for understanding how T2D progresses and how BCM affects treatment efficacy and for earlier diagnosis of T2D and development of new therapeutic strategies. However, a noninvasive method to measure BCM has not yet been developed. We developed four 18F-labeled exendin(9-39) derivatives for β-cell imaging by PET: [18F]FB9-Ex(9-39), [18F]FB12-Ex(9-39), [18F]FB27-Ex(9-39), and [18F]FB40-Ex(9-39). Affinity to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) was evaluated with dispersed islet cells of ddY mice. Uptake of exendin(9-39) derivatives in the pancreas as well as in other organs was evaluated by a biodistribution study. Small-animal PET study was performed after injecting [18F]FB40-Ex(9-39). FB40-Ex(9-39) showed moderate affinity to the GLP-1R. Among all of the derivatives, [18F]FB40-Ex(9-39) resulted in the highest uptake of radioactivity in the pancreas 30 min after injection. Moreover, it showed significantly less radioactivity accumulated in the liver and kidney, resulting in an overall increase in the pancreas-to-organ ratio. In the PET imaging study, pancreas was visualized at 30 min after injection of [18F]FB40-Ex(9-39). [18F]FB40-Ex(9-39) met the basic requirements for an imaging probe for GLP-1R in pancreatic β-cells. Further enhancement of pancreatic uptake and specific binding to GLP-1R will lead to a clear visualization of pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eri Mukai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kawashima
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Misasagi-shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kenji Arimitsu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toyoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yagi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Keita Hamamatsu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Murakami
- Research & Development Division, Arkray, Inc., Yousuien-nai, 59 Gansuin-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0008, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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16
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99mTc-labeled glimepiride as a tracer for targeting pancreatic β-cells mass: preparation and preclinical evaluation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Yang CT, Ghosh KK, Padmanabhan P, Langer O, Liu J, Halldin C, Gulyás BZ. PET probes for imaging pancreatic islet cells. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Azad BB, Rota V, Yu L, Mcgirr R, Amant AHS, Lee TY, Dhanvantari S, Luyt LG. Synthesis and Evaluation of Optical and PET GLP-1 Peptide Analogues for GLP-1R Imaging. Mol Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Behnam Azad
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Vanessa Rota
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Lihai Yu
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Rebecca Mcgirr
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - André H. St. Amant
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Departments of Chemistry, Medical Biophysics, Medicine, Pathology, Medical Imaging, Oncology, The University of Western Ontario; Lawson Health Research Institute; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON
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19
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Fani M, Peitl PK, Velikyan I. Current Status of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Theranostics of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E30. [PMID: 28295000 PMCID: PMC5374434 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine plays a pivotal role in the management of patients affected by neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor analogs are by far the most advanced radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy (radiotheranostics) of NENs. Their clinical success emerged receptor-targeted radiolabeled peptides as an important class of radiopharmaceuticals and it paved the way for the investigation of other radioligand-receptor systems. Besides the somatostatin receptors (sstr), other receptors have also been linked to NENs and quite a number of potential radiolabeled peptides have been derived from them. The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) is highly expressed in benign insulinomas, the Cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2)/Gastrin receptor is expressed in different NENs, in particular medullary thyroid cancer, and the Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) receptor was found to be expressed in gastrointestinal and bronchial NENs, where interestingly, it is present in most of the sstr-negative and GLP-1R-negative NENs. Also in the field of sstr targeting new discoveries brought into light an alternative approach with the use of radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists, instead of the clinically used agonists. The purpose of this review is to present the current status and the most innovative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment (theranostics) of neuroendocrine neoplasms using a cadre of radiolabeled regulatory peptides targeting their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Läppchen T, Tönnesmann R, Eersels J, Meyer PT, Maecke HR, Rylova SN. Radioiodinated Exendin-4 Is Superior to the Radiometal-Labelled Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Probes Overcoming Their High Kidney Uptake. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170435. [PMID: 28103285 PMCID: PMC5245897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 receptors are ideal targets for preoperative imaging of benign insulinoma and for quantifying the beta cell mass. The existing clinical tracers targeting GLP-1R are all agonists with low specific activity and very high kidney uptake. In order to solve those issues we evaluated GLP-1R agonist Ex-4 and antagonist Ex(9-39) radioiodinated at Tyr40 side by side with [Nle14,Lys40(Ahx-DOTA-68Ga)NH2]Ex-4 (68Ga-Ex-4) used in the clinic. The Kd, Bmax, internalization and binding kinetics of [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex-4 and [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex(9-39) were studied in vitro using Ins-1E cells. Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in nude mice bearing Ins-1E xenografts. In vitro evaluation demonstrated high affinity binding of the [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex-4 agonist to the Ins-1E cells with fast internalization kinetics reaching a plateau after 30 min. The antagonist [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex(9-39) did not internalize and had a 4-fold higher Kd value compared to the agonist. In contrast to [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex(9-39), which showed low and transient tumor uptake, [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex-4 demonstrated excellent in vivo binding properties with tumor uptake identical to that of 68Ga-Ex-4, but substantially lower kidney uptake resulting in a tumor-to-kidney ratio of 9.7 at 1 h compared to 0.3 with 68Ga-Ex-4. Accumulation of activity in thyroid and stomach for both peptides, which was effectively blocked by irenat, confirms that in vivo deiodination is the mechanism behind the low kidney retention of iodinated peptides. The 124I congener of [Nle14,125I-Tyr40-NH2]Ex-4 demonstrated a similar favourable biodistribution profile in the PET imaging studies in contrast to the typical biodistribution pattern of [Nle14,Lys40(Ahx-DOTA-68Ga)NH2]Ex-4. Our results demonstrate that iodinated Ex-4 is a very promising tracer for imaging of benign insulinomas. It solves the problem of high kidney uptake of the radiometal-labelled tracers by improving the tumor-to-kidney ratio measured for [Nle14,Lys40(Ahx-DOTA-68Ga)NH2]Ex-4 by 32 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Läppchen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roswitha Tönnesmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jos Eersels
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp T. Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut R. Maecke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svetlana N. Rylova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Jodal A, Schibli R, Béhé M. Targets and probes for non-invasive imaging of β-cells. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:712-727. [PMID: 28025655 PMCID: PMC5323463 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-cells, located in the islets of the pancreas, are responsible for production and secretion of insulin and play a crucial role in blood sugar regulation. Pathologic β-cells often cause serious medical conditions affecting blood glucose level, which severely impact life quality and are life-threatening if untreated. With 347 million patients, diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases, and will continue to be one of the largest socioeconomic challenges in the future. The diagnosis still relies mainly on indirect methods like blood sugar measurements. A non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality would allow direct evaluation of β-cell mass and would be a huge step towards personalized medicine. Hyperinsulinism is another serious condition caused by β-cells that excessively secrete insulin, like for instance β-cell hyperplasia and insulinomas. Treatment options with drugs are normally not curative, whereas curative procedures usually consist of the resection of affected regions for which, however, an exact localization of the foci is necessary. In this review, we describe potential tracers under development for targeting β-cells with focus on radiotracers for PET and SPECT imaging, which allow the non-invasive visualization of β-cells. We discuss either the advantages or limitations for the various tracers and modalities. This article concludes with an outlook on future developments and discuss the potential of new imaging probes including dual probes that utilize functionalities for both a radioactive and optical moiety as well as for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jodal
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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22
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Mikkola K, Yim CB, Lehtiniemi P, Kauhanen S, Tarkia M, Tolvanen T, Nuutila P, Solin O. Low kidney uptake of GLP-1R-targeting, beta cell-specific PET tracer, 18F-labeled [Nle 14,Lys 40]exendin-4 analog, shows promise for clinical imaging. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:91. [PMID: 27957723 PMCID: PMC5153397 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several radiometal-labeled, exendin-based tracers that target glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1R) have been intensively explored for β cell imaging. The main obstacle has been the high uptake of tracer in the kidneys. This study aimed to develop a novel GLP1-R-specific tracer, with fluorine-18 attached to exendin-4, to label β cells for clinical imaging with PET (positron emission tomography). We hypothesized that this tracer would undergo reduced kidney uptake. 18F-labeled [Nle14,Lys40]exendin-4 analog ([18F]exendin-4) was produced via Cu-catalyzed click chemistry. The biodistribution of [18F]exendin-4 was assessed with ex vivo organ γ-counting and in vivo PET imaging. We also tested the in vivo stability of the radiotracer. The localization of 18F radioactivity in rat and human pancreatic tissue sections was investigated with autoradiography. Receptor specificity was assessed with unlabeled exendin-3. Islet labeling was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. The doses of radiation in humans were estimated based on biodistribution results in rats. Results [18F]exendin-4 was synthesized with high yield and high specific activity. Results showed specific, sustained [18F]exendin-4 uptake in pancreatic islets. In contrast to previous studies that tested radiometal-labeled exendin-based tracers, we observed rapid renal clearance of [18F]exendin-4. Conclusions [18F]exendin-4 showed promise as a tracer for clinical imaging of pancreatic β cells, due to its high specific uptake in native β cells and its concomitant low kidney radioactivity uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Mikkola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Cheng-Bin Yim
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Saila Kauhanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Miikka Tarkia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Tolvanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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23
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Li J, Karunananthan J, Pelham B, Kandeel F. Imaging pancreatic islet cells by positron emission tomography. World J Radiol 2016; 8:764-774. [PMID: 27721939 PMCID: PMC5039672 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i9.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was estimated that every year more than 30000 persons in the United States - approximately 80 people per day - are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). T1D is caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet (β cells) cells. Islet transplantation has become a promising therapy option for T1D patients, while the lack of suitable tools is difficult to directly evaluate of the viability of the grafted islet over time. Positron emission tomography (PET) as an important non-invasive methodology providing high sensitivity and good resolution, is able to accurate detection of the disturbed biochemical processes and physiological abnormality in living organism. The successful PET imaging of islets would be able to localize the specific site where transplanted islets engraft in the liver, and to quantify the level of islets remain alive and functional over time. This information would be vital to establishing and evaluating the efficiency of pancreatic islet transplantation. Many novel imaging agents have been developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of PET islet imaging. In this article, we summarize the latest developments in carbon-11, fluorine-18, copper-64, and gallium-68 labeled radioligands for the PET imaging of pancreatic islet cells.
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24
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El Bekay R, Coín-Aragüez L, Fernández-García D, Oliva-Olivera W, Bernal-López R, Clemente-Postigo M, Delgado-Lista J, Diaz-Ruiz A, Guzman-Ruiz R, Vázquez-Martínez R, Lhamyani S, Roca-Rodríguez MM, Veledo SF, Vendrell J, Malagón MM, Tinahones FJ. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on the differentiation and metabolism of human adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1820-34. [PMID: 26993859 PMCID: PMC4867741 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and cause weight loss in obese subjects by as yet unknown mechanisms. We recently demonstrated that the GLP-1 receptor, which is present in adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction of human adipose tissue (AT), is up-regulated in AT of insulin-resistant morbidly obese subjects compared with healthy lean subjects. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of in vitro and in vivo administration of GLP-1 and its analogues on AT and adipocyte functions from T2D morbidly obese subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed the effects of GLP-1 on human AT and isolated adipocytes in vitro and the effects of GLP-1 mimetics on AT of morbidly obese T2D subjects in vivo. KEY RESULTS GLP-1 down-regulated the expression of lipogenic genes when administered during in vitro differentiation of human adipocytes from morbidly obese patients. GLP-1 also decreased the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes in AT explants and mature adipocytes, while increasing that of lipolytic markers and adiponectin. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GLP-1 decreased free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). GLP-1-induced responses were only partially blocked by GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin (9–39). Moreover, administration of exenatide or liraglutide reduced adipogenic and inflammatory marker mRNA in AT of T2D obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of GLP-1 are associated with changes in the adipogenic potential and ability of AT to expand, via activation of the canonical GLP-1 receptor and an additional, as yet unknown, receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa El Bekay
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Leticia Coín-Aragüez
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-García
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Bernal-López
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Clemente-Postigo
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Guzman-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Vázquez-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Said Lhamyani
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Mar Roca-Rodríguez
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBERDEM, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Pere Virgili Institute, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María M Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/Universidad de Cordoba, CIBERobn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
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25
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Rylova SN, Waser B, Del Pozzo L, Tönnesmann R, Mansi R, Meyer PT, Reubi JC, Maecke HR. Approaches to Improve the Pharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Ligands Using Antagonistic Tracers. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1282-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.168948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Eter WA, Parween S, Joosten L, Frielink C, Eriksson M, Brom M, Ahlgren U, Gotthardt M. SPECT-OPT multimodal imaging enables accurate evaluation of radiotracers for β-cell mass assessments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24576. [PMID: 27080529 PMCID: PMC4832194 DOI: 10.1038/srep24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) has become a promising experimental approach to monitor changes in β-cell mass (BCM) during diabetes progression. SPECT imaging of pancreatic islets is most commonly cross-validated by stereological analysis of histological pancreatic sections after insulin staining. Typically, stereological methods do not accurately determine the total β-cell volume, which is inconvenient when correlating total pancreatic tracer uptake with BCM. Alternative methods are therefore warranted to cross-validate β-cell imaging using radiotracers. In this study, we introduce multimodal SPECT - optical projection tomography (OPT) imaging as an accurate approach to cross-validate radionuclide-based imaging of β-cells. Uptake of a promising radiotracer for β-cell imaging by SPECT, (111)In-exendin-3, was measured by ex vivo-SPECT and cross evaluated by 3D quantitative OPT imaging as well as with histology within healthy and alloxan-treated Brown Norway rat pancreata. SPECT signal was in excellent linear correlation with OPT data as compared to histology. While histological determination of islet spatial distribution was challenging, SPECT and OPT revealed similar distribution patterns of (111)In-exendin-3 and insulin positive β-cell volumes between different pancreatic lobes, both visually and quantitatively. We propose ex vivo SPECT-OPT multimodal imaging as a highly accurate strategy for validating the performance of β-cell radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A Eter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saba Parween
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Eriksson
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Luo Y, Pan Q, Yao S, Yu M, Wu W, Xue H, Kiesewetter DO, Zhu Z, Li F, Zhao Y, Chen X. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor PET/CT with 68Ga-NOTA-Exendin-4 for Detecting Localized Insulinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:715-20. [PMID: 26795291 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.167445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preoperative localization of insulinoma is a clinical dilemma. We aimed to investigate whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) PET/CT with (68)Ga-NOTA-MAL-cys(40)-exendin-4 ((68)Ga-NOTA-exendin-4) is efficient in detecting insulinoma. METHODS In our prospective cohort study, patients with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia were enrolled. CT, MRI, endoscopic ultrasound, and (99m)Tc-hydrazinonicotinamide-TOC SPECT/CT were done according to standard protocols. GLP-1R PET/CT was performed 30-60 min after the injection of (68)Ga-NOTA-exendin-4. The gold standard for diagnosis was the histopathologic results after surgery. RESULTS Of 52 recruited patients, 43 patients with histopathologically proven insulinomas were included for the imaging studies. Nine patients did not undergo surgical intervention. (68)Ga-NOTA-exendin-4 PET/CT correctly detected insulinomas in 42 of 43 patients with high tumor uptake (mean SUVavg ± SD, 10.2 ± 4.9; mean SUVmax ± SD, 23.6 ± 11.7), resulting in sensitivity of 97.7%. In contrast, (99m)Tc-hydrazinonicotinamide-TOC SPECT/CT showed a low sensitivity of 19.5% (8/41) in this group of patients; however, it successfully localized the tumor that was false-negative with GLP-1R PET/CT. The sensitivities of CT, MR, and endoscopic ultrasonography were 74.4% (32/43), 56.0% (14/25), and 84.0% (21/25), respectively. CONCLUSION (68)Ga-NOTA-exendin-4 PET/CT is a highly sensitive imaging technique for the localization of insulinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huadan Xue
- Department of Radiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China; and
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eter WA, Bos D, Frielink C, Boerman OC, Brom M, Gotthardt M. Graft revascularization is essential for non-invasive monitoring of transplanted islets with radiolabeled exendin. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15521. [PMID: 26490110 PMCID: PMC4614800 DOI: 10.1038/srep15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a novel promising strategy to cure type 1 diabetes. However, the long-term outcome is still poor, because both function and survival of the transplant decline over-time. Non-invasive imaging methods have the potential to enable monitoring of islet survival after transplantation and the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on transplantation outcome. (111)In-labeled exendin-3 is a promising tracer to visualize native and transplanted islets by SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). In the present study, we hypothesized that islet microvasculature plays an important role determining the uptake of exendin-3 in islets when monitoring transplant survival. We observed (111)In-exendin-3 accumulation in the transplant as early as three days after transplantation and an increase in the uptake up to three weeks post-transplantation. Islet-revascularization correlated with the increase in (111)In-exendin-3 uptake, whereas fully re-established islet vasculature coincided with a stabilized uptake of the radiotracer in the transplant. Here, we demonstrate the importance of islet vasculature for in vivo delivery of radiotracers to transplanted islets and we demonstrate that optimal and stable uptake of exendin four weeks after transplantation opens the possibility for long-term monitoring of islet survival by SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A Eter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Desirée Bos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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30
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Medina-García V, Ocampo-García BE, Ferro-Flores G, Santos-Cuevas CL, Aranda-Lara L, García-Becerra R, Ordaz-Rosado D, Melendez-Alafort L. A freeze-dried kit formulation for the preparation of Lys(27)(99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC)-Exendin(9-39)/99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-Octreotide to detect benign and malignant insulinomas. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:911-6. [PMID: 26364504 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
About 90% of insulinomas are benign and 5%-15% are malignant. Benign insulinomas express the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and low levels of somatostatin receptors (SSTR), while malignant insulinomas over-express SSTR or GLP-1R in low levels. A kit for the preparation of Lys(27)((99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC)-Exendin(9-39)/(99m)Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr(3)Octreotide was formulated to detect 100% of insulinomas. The formulation showed radiochemical purity of 97±1%, high stability in human serum, and GLP-1R and SSTR affinity. The biodistribution and imaging studies demonstrated properties suitable for its use as a target-specific agent for the simultaneous molecular imaging of GRP-1R- and/or SSTR-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Medina-García
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Rocio García-Becerra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, 14000, Mexico
| | - David Ordaz-Rosado
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, 14000, Mexico
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31
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Berclaz C, Pache C, Bouwens A, Szlag D, Lopez A, Joosten L, Ekim S, Brom M, Gotthardt M, Grapin-Botton A, Lasser T. Combined Optical Coherence and Fluorescence Microscopy to assess dynamics and specificity of pancreatic beta-cell tracers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10385. [PMID: 25988507 PMCID: PMC4437378 DOI: 10.1038/srep10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of a beta-cell tracer is a major quest in diabetes research. However, since MRI, PET and SPECT cannot resolve individual islets, optical techniques are required to assess the specificity of these tracers. We propose to combine Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) with fluorescence detection in a single optical platform to facilitate these initial screening steps from cell culture up to living rodents. OCM can image islets and vascularization without any labeling. Thereby, it alleviates the need of both genetically modified mice to detect islets and injection of external dye to reveal vascularization. We characterized Cy5.5-exendin-3, an agonist of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), for which other imaging modalities have been used and can serve as a reference. Cultured cells transfected with GLP1R and incubated with Cy5.5-exendin-3 show full tracer internalization. We determined that a dose of 1 μg of Cy5.5-exendin-3 is sufficient to optically detect in vivo the tracer in islets with a high specificity. In a next step, time-lapse OCM imaging was used to monitor the rapid and specific tracer accumulation in murine islets and its persistence over hours. This optical platform represents a versatile toolbox for selecting beta-cell specific markers for diabetes research and future clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Berclaz
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Arno Bouwens
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Szlag
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Antonio Lopez
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Selen Ekim
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theo Lasser
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Burtea C, Laurent S, Crombez D, Delcambre S, Sermeus C, Millard I, Rorive S, Flamez D, Beckers MC, Salmon I, Vander Elst L, Eizirik DL, Muller RN. Development of a peptide-functionalized imaging nanoprobe for the targeting of (FXYD2)γa as a highly specific biomarker of pancreatic beta cells. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:398-412. [PMID: 25930968 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by a progressive decline of the pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM), which is responsible for insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycaemia. There are currently no reliable methods to measure non-invasively the BCM in diabetic patients. Our work describes a phage display-derived peptide (P88) that is highly specific to (FXYD2)γa expressed by human beta cells and is proposed as a molecular vector for the development of functionalized imaging probes. P88 does not bind to the exocrine pancreas and is able to detect down to ~156 human pancreatic islets/mm(3) in vitro after conjugation to ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO), as proven by the R2 measured on MR images. For in vivo evaluation, MRI studies were carried out on nude mice bearing Capan-2 tumours that also express (FXYD2)γa. A strong negative contrast was obtained subsequent to the injection of USPIO-P88, but not in negative controls. On human histological sections, USPIO-P88 seems to be specific to pancreatic beta cells, but not to duodenum, stomach or kidney tissues. USPIO-P88 thus represents a novel and promising tool for monitoring pancreatic BCM in diabetic patients. The quantitative correlation between BCM and R2 remains to be demonstrated in vivo, but the T2 mapping and the black pixel estimation after USPIO-P88 injection could provide important information for the future pancreatic BCM evaluation by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Burtea
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Deborah Crombez
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Delcambre
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Corine Sermeus
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Millard
- Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Rorive
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.,DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Daisy Flamez
- Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Claire Beckers
- Eurogentec S.A., Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 5, B-4102, Seraing, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.,DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert N Muller
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, Mendeleev Building, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
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Xu Y, Pan D, Xu Q, Zhu C, Wang L, Chen F, Yang R, Luo S, Yang M. Insulinoma imaging with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor targeting probe (18)F-FBEM-Cys (39)-exendin-4. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1479-88. [PMID: 24838847 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a specific target for insulinomas imaging since it is overexpressed in the tumor. Exendin-4 exhibits high affinity for the GLP-1R. In this study, a novel (18)F-labeled exendin-4 analog, (18)F-FBEM-Cys(39)-exendin-4, was synthesized and its potentials for GLP-1R imaging were also evaluated. METHODS (18)F-FBEM was synthesized by coupling (18)F-fluorobenzoic acid ((18)F-FBA) with N-(2-aminoethyl) maleimide, and the reaction conditions were optimized. Cys(39)-exendin-4 was then conjugated with (18)F-FBEM to obtain (18)F-FBEM-Cys(39)-exendin-4. The GLP-1R targeting potential and pharmacokinetic profile of the tracer were analyzed in INS-1 insulinoma and MDA-MB-435 breast tumor model, respectively. RESULTS Under the optimal conditions, the yield of radiolabeled (18)F-FBEM was 49.1 ± 2.0 % (based on (18)F-FBA, non-decay corrected). The yield of (18)F-FBEM-Cys(39)-exendin-4 was 35.1 ± 2.6 % (based on the starting (18)F-FBEM, non-decay corrected). The radiochemical purity of (18)F-FBEM-Cys(39)-exendin-4 is >95 %, and the specific activity was at least 35 GBq/μmol. The GLP-1R-positive INS-1 insulinoma xenograft was clearly visible with good contrast to background, whereas GLP-1R-negative MDA-MB435 breast tumor was barely visible. Low levels of radioactivity were also detected at pancreas and lungs due to few GLP-1R expressions. GLP-1R binding specificity was demonstrated by reduced INS-1 tumor uptake of the tracer after coinjection with an excess of unlabeled Cys(39)-exendin-4 at 1 h postinjection. CONCLUSION The thiol-reactive reagent, (18)F-FBEM, was prepared with high yield and successfully conjugated to Cys(39)-exendin-4. Favorable preclinical data showing specific and effective tumor targeting by (18)F-FBEM-Cys(39)-exendin-4 suggest that the tracer may be a potential probe for insulinomas imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China,
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Tiedge M. Inside the pancreas: progress and challenges of human beta cell mass quantification. Diabetologia 2014; 57:856-9. [PMID: 24599112 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accurate quantification of beta cell mass in humans is one of the key challenges in understanding the role of beta cell loss and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Autopsy studies indicate that beta cell loss is not only a hallmark of autoimmune diabetes but also plays a pivotal role in type 2 diabetes, owing to the toxic effects of lipids, glucose and cytokines. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive clinical techniques for beta cell mass quantification, which should be optimally integrated into standard diagnostic equipment in hospitals. In this issue of Diabetologia (Brom et al DOI 10.1007/s00125-014-3166-3) it is reported that single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data with (111)indium-labelled glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin-3 correlate with the morphometric analysis of beta cell mass in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes. With this validation, the authors were able to demonstrate a significant loss of beta cell mass in C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients. Thus, (111)indium-labelled exendin-3 could serve as a model tracer for future studies of larger cohorts of diabetic patients to monitor the dynamics of beta cell loss and regeneration. Despite the recent progress from SPECT imaging data there remain open questions that await clarification in the near future such as variations in GLP-1 receptor density and physiological variation of beta cell mass in relation to beta cell function. The use of GLP-1-based tracer analysis may open new clinical avenues for non-invasive quantification of beta cell mass in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and prediabetic individuals with high titres of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tiedge
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057, Rostock, Germany,
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Wang P, Yoo B, Yang J, Zhang X, Ross A, Pantazopoulos P, Dai G, Moore A. GLP-1R-targeting magnetic nanoparticles for pancreatic islet imaging. Diabetes 2014; 63:1465-74. [PMID: 24458362 PMCID: PMC4178324 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive assessment of pancreatic β-cell mass would tremendously aid in managing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Toward this goal, we synthesized an exendin-4 conjugated magnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticle probe targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic β-cells. In vitro studies in βTC-6, the β-cell line, showed specific accumulation of the targeted probe (termed MN-Ex10-Cy5.5) compared with nontargeted (termed MN-Cy5.5). In vivo magnetic resonance imaging showed a significant transverse relaxation time (T2) shortening in the pancreata of mice injected with the MN-Ex10-Cy5.5 probe compared with control animals injected with the nontargeted probe at 7.5 and 24 h after injection. Furthermore, ΔT2 of the pancreata of prediabetic NOD mice was significantly higher than that of diabetic NOD mice after the injection of MN-Ex10-Cy5.5, indicating the decrease of probe accumulation in these animals due to β-cell loss. Of note, ΔT2 of prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice injected with MN-Cy5.5 was not significantly changed, reflecting the nonspecific mode of accumulation of nontargeted probe. We believe our results point to the potential for using this agent for monitoring the disease development and response of T1D to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Byunghee Yoo
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jingsheng Yang
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alana Ross
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pamela Pantazopoulos
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Guangping Dai
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Brom M, Woliner-van der Weg W, Joosten L, Frielink C, Bouckenooghe T, Rijken P, Andralojc K, Göke BJ, de Jong M, Eizirik DL, Béhé M, Lahoutte T, Oyen WJG, Tack CJ, Janssen M, Boerman OC, Gotthardt M. Non-invasive quantification of the beta cell mass by SPECT with ¹¹¹In-labelled exendin. Diabetologia 2014; 57:950-9. [PMID: 24488022 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A reliable method for in vivo quantification of pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM) could lead to further insight into the pathophysiology of diabetes. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, abundantly expressed on beta cells, may be a suitable target for imaging. We investigated the potential of radiotracer imaging with the GLP-1 analogue exendin labelled with indium-111 for determination of BCM in vivo in a rodent model of beta cell loss and in patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals. METHODS The targeting of (111)In-labelled exendin was examined in a rat model of alloxan-induced beta cell loss. Rats were injected with 15 MBq (111)In-labelled exendin and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) acquisition was performed 1 h post injection, followed by dissection, biodistribution and ex vivo autoradiography studies of pancreatic sections. BCM was determined by morphometric analysis after staining with an anti-insulin antibody. For clinical evaluation SPECT was acquired 4, 24 and 48 h after injection of 150 MBq (111)In-labelled exendin in five patients with type 1 diabetes and five healthy individuals. The tracer uptake was determined by quantitative analysis of the SPECT images. RESULTS In rats, (111)In-labelled exendin specifically targets the beta cells and pancreatic uptake is highly correlated with BCM. In humans, the pancreas was visible in SPECT images and the pancreatic uptake showed high interindividual variation with a substantially lower uptake in patients with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These studies indicate that (111)In-labelled exendin may be suitable for non-invasive quantification of BCM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01825148, EudraCT: 2012-000619-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Zeglis BM, Emmetiere F, Pillarsetty N, Weissleder R, Lewis JS, Reiner T. Building Blocks for the Construction of Bioorthogonally Reactive Peptides via Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. ChemistryOpen 2014; 3:48-53. [PMID: 24808990 PMCID: PMC4000166 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for post-synthetic modifications and reactive prosthetic groups has long been a limiting factor in the synthesis and study of peptidic and peptidomimetic imaging agents. In this regard, the application of biologically and chemically orthogonal reactions to the design and development of novel radiotracers has the potential to have far-reaching implications in both the laboratory and the clinic. Herein, we report the synthesis and development of a series of modular and versatile building blocks for inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder copper-free click chemistry: tetrazine-functionalized artificial amino acids. Following the development of a novel peptide coupling protocol for peptide synthesis in the presence of tetrazines, we successfully demonstrated its effectiveness and applicability. This versatile methodology has the potential to have a transformational impact, opening the door for the rapid, facile, and modular synthesis of bioorthogonally reactive peptide probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Zeglis
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Fabien Emmetiere
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Nagavarakishore Pillarsetty
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA) ; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
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18F-radiolabeled GLP-1 analog exendin-4 for PET/CT imaging of insulinoma in small animals. Nucl Med Commun 2014; 34:701-8. [PMID: 23652208 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283614187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from the β cells of pancreatic islets. They are usually relatively inaccessible for surgical intervention. High expression levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor have been detected in insulinoma. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of F-radiolabeled GLP-1 analog exendin-4 for the diagnosis of insulinoma using PET/computed tomography imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GLP-1 receptor-specific molecular probe [F]FB-exendin-4 was prepared by the conjugation of exendin-4 and N-succinimidyl-4-[F] fluorobenzoate ([F]SFB). High expression of GLP-1 by the RIN-m5f insulinoma line and GLP-1 receptor specificity were evaluated by determining the saturation curve for in-vitro binding of I-radiolabeled exendin-4 and by investigation of the competitive binding between I-radiolabeled and unlabeled exendin-4. Further, the in-vivo biodistribution and micro-PET/computed tomography images of insulinoma-bearing mice were studied. RESULTS An overall radiochemical yield of 35.6±2.3% (decay corrected, n=5) and specific radioactivity of around 30 GBq/µmol were achieved for [F]FB-exendin-4, and the radiochemical purity was over 98%. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies confirmed the specificity of [F]FB-exendin-4 to insulinoma cells. CONCLUSION [F]FB-exendin-4 has been found to be an effective molecular imaging probe for detecting insulinomas.
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Clardy SM, Keliher EJ, Mohan JF, Sebas M, Benoist C, Mathis D, Weissleder R. Fluorescent exendin-4 derivatives for pancreatic β-cell analysis. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:171-7. [PMID: 24328216 DOI: 10.1021/bc4005014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reliably identify pancreatic β-cells would have far reaching implications for a greater understanding of β-cell biology, measurement of β-cell mass in diabetes, islet transplantation, and drug development. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is highly expressed on the surface of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Using systematic modifications of the GLP1R ligand, exendin-4, we screened over 25 compounds and identified a palette of fluorescent exendin-4 with high GLP1R binding affinity. We show considerable differences in affinity, as well as utility of the top candidates for flow cytometry and microscopy of β-cells. Some of the developed compounds should be particularly useful for basic and translational β-cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Clardy
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Positron emission tomography study on pancreatic somatostatin receptors in normal and diabetic rats with 68Ga-DOTA-octreotide: a potential PET tracer for beta cell mass measurement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:79-84. [PMID: 24220338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, and the loss or dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells has been reported before the appearance of clinical symptoms and hyperglycemia. To evaluate beta cell mass (BCM) for improving the detection and treatment of DM at earlier stages, we focused on somatostatin receptors that are highly expressed in the pancreatic beta cells, and developed a positron emission tomography (PET) probe derived from octreotide, a metabolically stable somatostatin analog. Octreotide was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), a chelating agent, and labeled with (68)Gallium ((68)Ga). After intravenous injection of (68)Ga-DOTA-octreotide, a 90-min emission scan of the abdomen was performed in normal and DM model rats. The PET studies showed that (68)Ga-DOTA-octreotide radioactivity was highly accumulated in the pancreas of normal rats and that the pancreatic accumulation was significantly reduced in the rats administered with an excess amount of unlabeled octreotide or after treatment with streptozotocin, which was used for the chemical induction of DM in rats. These results were in good agreement with the ex vivo biodistribution data. These results indicated that the pancreatic accumulation of (68)Ga-DOTA-octreotide represented specific binding to the somatostatin receptors and reflected BCM. Therefore, PET imaging with (68)Ga-DOTA-octreotide could be a potential tool for evaluating BCM.
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Glaser M, Iveson P, Hoppmann S, Indrevoll B, Wilson A, Arukwe J, Danikas A, Bhalla R, Hiscock D. Three Methods for 18F Labeling of the HER2-Binding Affibody Molecule ZHER2:2891 Including Preclinical Assessment. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1981-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Selvaraju RK, Velikyan I, Johansson L, Wu Z, Todorov I, Shively J, Kandeel F, Korsgren O, Eriksson O. In vivo imaging of the glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor in the pancreas with 68Ga-labeled DO3A-exendin-4. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1458-63. [PMID: 23761918 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is mainly expressed on β-cells in the islets of Langerhans and is therefore an attractive target for imaging of the β-cell mass. In the present study, (68)Ga-labeled exendin-4 was evaluated for PET imaging and quantification of GLP-1R in the pancreas. METHODS Dose escalation studies of (68)Ga-labeled 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethylaza)cyclododecane-10-azaacetyl (DO3A)-exendin-4 were performed in rats (organ distribution) and cynomolgus monkeys (PET/CT imaging) to determine the GLP-1R-specific tissue uptake in vivo. Pancreatic uptake (as determined by organ distribution) in healthy rats was compared with that in diabetic rats. GLP-1R occupancy in the cynomolgus pancreas was quantified with a 1-tissue-compartment model. RESULTS In rodents, uptake in the pancreas was decreased from the baseline by up to 90% (P < 0.0001) by coadministration of DO3A-exendin-4 at 100 μg/kg. Pancreatic uptake in diabetic animals was decreased by more than 80% (P < 0.001) compared with that in healthy controls, as measured by organ distribution. GLP-1R occupancy in the cynomolgus pancreas after coinjection of DO3A-exendin-4 at 0.15-20 μg/kg ranged from 49% to 97%, as estimated by compartment modeling. CONCLUSION These results strongly support the notion that (68)Ga-DO3A-exendin-4 uptake in the pancreas is mediated by specific receptor binding. In addition, pancreatic uptake was decreased by selective destruction of β-cells. This result suggests that GLP-1R can be quantified in vivo, which has major implications for the prospect of imaging of native β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Selvaraju
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wu Z, Liu S, Hassink M, Nair I, Park R, Li L, Todorov I, Fox JM, Li Z, Shively JE, Conti PS, Kandeel F. Development and evaluation of 18F-TTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4: a PET probe for imaging transplanted islets. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:244-51. [PMID: 23297075 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Because islet transplantation has become a promising treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes, a noninvasive imaging method is greatly needed to monitor these islets over time. Here, we developed an (18)F-labeled exendin-4 in high specific activity for islet imaging by targeting the glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). METHODS Tetrazine ligation was used to radiolabel exendin-4 with (18)F. The receptor binding of (19/18)F-tetrazine trans-cyclooctene (TTCO)-Cys(40)-exendin-4 was evaluated in vitro with INS-1 cell and in vivo on INS-1 tumor (GLP-1R positive) and islet transplantation models. RESULTS (18)F-TTCO-Cys(40)-exendin-4 was obtained in high specific activity and could specifically bind to GLP-1R in vitro and in vivo. Unlike the radiometal-labeled exendin-4, (18)F-TTCO-Cys(40)-exendin-4 has much lower kidney uptake. (18)F-TTCO-Cys(40)-exendin-4 demonstrated its great potential for transplanted islet imaging: the liver uptake value derived from small-animal PET images correlated well with the transplanted β-cell mass determined by immunostaining. Autoradiography showed that the localizations of radioactive signal indeed corresponded to the distribution of islet grafts in the liver of islet-transplanted mice. CONCLUSION (18)F-TTCO-Cys(40)-exendin-4 demonstrated specific binding to GLP-1R. This PET probe provides a method to noninvasively image intraportally transplanted islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Dahl K, Schou M, Halldin C. Radiofluorination and reductive amination using a microfluidic device. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dahl
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Psychiatric Research; Karolinska Hospital; S-171 76; Stockholm; Sweden
| | | | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Psychiatric Research; Karolinska Hospital; S-171 76; Stockholm; Sweden
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Keliher EJ, Reiner T, Thurber GM, Upadhyay R, Weissleder R. Efficient 18F-Labeling of Synthetic Exendin-4 Analogues for Imaging Beta Cells. ChemistryOpen 2012; 1:177-183. [PMID: 23997998 PMCID: PMC3758109 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of exendin derivatives have been developed to target glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors on beta cells in vivo. Modifications of exendin analogues have been shown to have significant effects on pharmacokinetics and, as such, have been used to develop a variety of therapeutic compounds. Here, we show that an exendin-4, modified at position 12 with a cysteine conjugated to a tetrazine, can be labeled with 18F-trans-cyclooctene and converted into a PET imaging agent at high yields and with good selectivity. The agent accumulates in beta cells in vivo and has sufficiently high accumulation in mouse models of insulinomas to enable in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Keliher
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-726-8226 E-mail:
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-726-8226 E-mail:
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-726-8226 E-mail:
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-726-8226 E-mail:
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617-726-8226 E-mail:
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (USA)
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