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Thirant C, Peltier A, Durand S, Kramdi A, Louis-Brennetot C, Pierre-Eugène C, Gautier M, Costa A, Grelier A, Zaïdi S, Gruel N, Jimenez I, Lapouble E, Pierron G, Sitbon D, Brisse HJ, Gauthier A, Fréneaux P, Grossetête S, Baudrin LG, Raynal V, Baulande S, Bellini A, Bhalshankar J, Carcaboso AM, Geoerger B, Rohrer H, Surdez D, Boeva V, Schleiermacher G, Delattre O, Janoueix-Lerosey I. Reversible transitions between noradrenergic and mesenchymal tumor identities define cell plasticity in neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2575. [PMID: 37142597 PMCID: PMC10160107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noradrenergic and mesenchymal identities have been characterized in neuroblastoma cell lines according to their epigenetic landscapes and core regulatory circuitries. However, their relationship and relative contribution in patient tumors remain poorly defined. We now document spontaneous and reversible plasticity between the two identities, associated with epigenetic reprogramming, in several neuroblastoma models. Interestingly, xenografts with cells from each identity eventually harbor a noradrenergic phenotype suggesting that the microenvironment provides a powerful pressure towards this phenotype. Accordingly, such a noradrenergic cell identity is systematically observed in single-cell RNA-seq of 18 tumor biopsies and 15 PDX models. Yet, a subpopulation of these noradrenergic tumor cells presents with mesenchymal features that are shared with plasticity models, indicating that the plasticity described in these models has relevance in neuroblastoma patients. This work therefore emphasizes that intrinsic plasticity properties of neuroblastoma cells are dependent upon external cues of the environment to drive cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Peltier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Simon Durand
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amira Kramdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Louis-Brennetot
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pierre-Eugène
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Margot Gautier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ana Costa
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Grelier
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sakina Zaïdi
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Gruel
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
| | - Irène Jimenez
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Déborah Sitbon
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Hervé J Brisse
- Institut Curie, Department of Imaging, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Paul Fréneaux
- Institut Curie, Department of Biopathology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laura G Baudrin
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Raynal
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Paris, France. Institut Curie, Single Cell Initiative, Paris, France
| | - Angela Bellini
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Jaydutt Bhalshankar
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM U1015, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Didier Surdez
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Boeva
- Inserm, U1016, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
- ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science, Institute for Machine Learning, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Schleiermacher
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique (RTOP), Laboratoire "Gilles Thomas", Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Janoueix-Lerosey
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, Paris, France.
- SIREDO: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Bakhtazad A, Vousooghi N, Nasehi M, Sanadgol N, Garmabi B, Zarrindast MR. The effect of microinjection of CART 55-102 into the nucleus accumbens shell on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats: Involvement of the NMDA receptor. Peptides 2020; 129:170319. [PMID: 32335205 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The addictive properties of opioids may be mediated to some extent by cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the reward pathway. Moreover, some claims CART interacts with the glutamate system. Here, we evaluated whether intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell infusions of CART induces Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) or Conditioned Place Aversion (CPA) and affects morphine reward. We also measured NR1 subunit expressions of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in various parts of the reward pathway (NAc, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) after conditioning tests. Animals with bilateral intra-NAc shell cannulas were place-conditioned with several doses of subcutaneous morphine prior to intra-NAc shell infusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed a dose-dependent increase in the NR1 expression in all examined parts. When rats were conditioned with intra-NAc shell infusions of CART, CPP and CPA induced with 2.5 and 5 μg/side respectively and IHC showed NR1elevation with 2.5 and reduction with 5 μg/side in all areas. Sub-rewarding dose of CART administration (1.25 μg/side) prior to sub-rewarding dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) induced CPP and NR1 increased in all examined tissues in IHC. However, infusion of an aversive dose of CART (5 μg/side) prior to the rewarding dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) produced neither CPP nor CPA and NR1 in the NAc and hippocampus decreased significantly. It seems that the rewarding or aversive effects of intra-NAc shell CART and its facilitating or inhibiting effects on morphine reward are dose-dependent. Additionally, NMDA may be closely involved in the affective properties of opioids and CART in the reward pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Bakhtazad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Genetics Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Genetics Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A multifaceted neuropeptide. Peptides 2018; 110:56-77. [PMID: 30391426 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, the continuous discovery of novel neuropeptides has been the key to the better understanding of how the central nervous system has integrated with neuronal signals and behavioral responses. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was discovered in 1995 in the rat striatum but later was found to be highly expressed in the hypothalamus. The widespread distribution of CART peptide in the brain complicated the understanding of the role played by this neurotransmitter. The main objective of the current compact review is to piece together the fragments of available information about origin, expression, distribution, projection, and function of CART peptides. Accumulative evidence suggests CART as a neurotransmitter and neuroprotective agent that is mainly involved in regulation of feeding, addiction, stress, anxiety, innate fear, neurological disease, neuropathic pain, depression, osteoporosis, insulin secretion, learning, memory, reproduction, vision, sleep, thirst and body temperature. In spite of the vast number of studies about the CART, the overall pictures about the CART functions are sketchy. First, there is a lack of information about cloned receptor, specific agonist and antagonist. Second, CART peptides are detected in discrete sets of neurons that can modulate countless activities and third; CART peptides exist in several fragments due to post-translational processing. For these reasons the overall picture about the CART peptides are sketchy and confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Balkan B, Pogun S. Nicotinic Cholinergic System in the Hypothalamus Modulates the Activity of the Hypothalamic Neuropeptides During the Stress Response. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:371-387. [PMID: 28730966 PMCID: PMC6018196 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170720092442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus harbors high levels of cholinergic neurons and axon terminals. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which play an important role in cholinergic neurotransmission, are expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus. Accumulating evidence reveals a regulatory role for nicotine in the regulation of the stress responses. The present review will discuss the hypothalamic neuropeptides and their interaction with the nicotinic cholinergic system. The anatomical distribution of the cholinergic neurons, axon terminals and nicotinic receptors in discrete hypothalamic nuclei will be described. The effect of nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission and nicotine exposure on hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis regulation at the hypothalamic level will be analyzed in view of the different neuropeptides involved. METHODS Published research related to nicotinic cholinergic regulation of the HPA axis activity at the hypothalamic level is reviewed. RESULTS The nicotinic cholinergic system is one of the major modulators of the HPA axis activity. There is substantial evidence supporting the regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, most of the studies showing the nicotinic regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides have employed systemic administration of nicotine. Additionally, we know little about the nicotinic receptor distribution on neuropeptide-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamus and the physiological responses they trigger in these neurons. CONCLUSION Disturbed functioning of the HPA axis and hypothalamic neuropeptides results in pathologies such as depression, anxiety disorders and obesity, which are common and significant health problems. A better understanding of the nicotinic regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides will aid in drug development and provide means to cope with these diseases. Considering that nicotine is also an abused substance, a better understanding of the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system on the HPA axis will aid in developing improved therapeutic strategies for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Balkan
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sakire Pogun
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Parker LM, Damanhuri HA, Fletcher SP, Goodchild AK. Hydralazine administration activates sympathetic preganglionic neurons whose activity mobilizes glucose and increases cardiovascular function. Brain Res 2015; 1604:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Z, Janiuk I, Zbucki R. Dynamics of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript containing cell changes in the adrenal glands of two kidney, one clip rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1292-9. [PMID: 24939825 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking into consideration the homeostatic disorders resulting from renal hypertension and the essential role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in maintaining homeostasis by regulating many functions of the body, the question arises as to what extent the renovascular hypertension affects the morphology and dynamics of changes of CART-containing cells in the adrenal glands. The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution, morphology, and dynamics of changes of CART-containing cells in the adrenal glands of "two kidney, one clip" (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model in rats. The studies were carried out on the adrenal glands of rats after 3, 14, 28, 42, and 91 days from the renal artery clipping procedure. To identify neuroendocrine cells, immunohistochemical reaction was performed with the use of a specific antibody against CART. It was revealed that renovascular hypertension causes changes in the endocrine cells containing CART in the adrenal glands of rats. The changes observed in the endocrine cells depend on the time when the rats with experimentally induced hypertension were examined. In the first period of hypertension, the number and immunoreactivity of CART-containing cells were decreased, while from the 28-day test, it significantly increased, as compared to the control rats. CART is relevant to the regulation of homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and seems to be involved in renovascular hypertension. The results of the present work open the possibility of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of arterial hypertension, since CART function is involved in their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Zaneta Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Janiuk
- Department of Nutrition and Food Assessment, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Robert Zbucki
- 1 Clinical Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, University Clinical Hospital, 15-264 Bialystok, Poland
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Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp): distribution and function in rat urinary bladder. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:351-9. [PMID: 24740629 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the distribution of CARTp(55-102) in rat lower urinary tract and evaluated its effect on urinary bladder function in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and a vertical isolated tissue bath system were used. Neurons, clusters of nonneuronal endocrine cells, and nerve fibers stained positive for CARTp(55-102) in young adult rat urinary bladder. The CARTp-expressing neuronal elements were nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR, whereas all nonneuronal CARTp-IR elements stained positively only for TH (100 %). In isolated bladder strips, CARTp significantly increased the amplitude of electric field stimulation (EFS)-induced detrusor contractions at stimulation frequencies ≤12.5 Hz (p ≤ 0.001) as well as amplitude and frequency of spontaneous phasic urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) contractions (p ≤ 0.05). The responses to CARTp stimulation were dose-dependent and increased in the presence of the urothelium. To determine if the CARTp increase in nerve-mediated contractions may involve an action of CARTp on specific neural pathways, we blocked cholinergic, purinergic, and adrenergic pathways and determined CARTp actions on EFS-medicated contractions. CARTp enhancement of EFS-mediated contractions does not involve alteration in purinergic, adrenergic, or cholinergic pathways. The study demonstrates that CARTp(55-102) is highly expressed in rat urinary bladder. CARTp increased the amplitude of EFS-induced detrusor contractions as well as the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous phasic urinary bladder smooth muscle contractions. We conclude that CARTp may alter the release of compounds from the urothelium that leads to an enhancement of UBSM contractility/excitability.
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Subhedar NK, Nakhate KT, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM. CART in the brain of vertebrates: circuits, functions and evolution. Peptides 2014; 54:108-30. [PMID: 24468550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) with its wide distribution in the brain of mammals has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Last two decades have witnessed a steady rise in the information on the genes that encode this neuropeptide and regulation of its transcription and translation. CART is highly enriched in the hypothalamic nuclei and its relevance to energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine control has been understood in great details. However, the occurrence of this peptide in a range of diverse circuitries for sensory, motor, vegetative, limbic and higher cortical areas has been confounding. Evidence that CART peptide may have role in addiction, pain, reward, learning and memory, cognition, sleep, reproduction and development, modulation of behavior and regulation of autonomic nervous system are accumulating, but an integration has been missing. A steady stream of papers has been pointing at the therapeutic potentials of CART. The current review is an attempt at piecing together the fragments of available information, and seeks meaning out of the CART elements in their anatomical niche. We try to put together the CART containing neuronal circuitries that have been conclusively demonstrated as well as those which have been proposed, but need confirmation. With a view to finding out the evolutionary antecedents, we visit the CART systems in sub-mammalian vertebrates and seek the answer why the system is shaped the way it is. We enquire into the conservation of the CART system and appreciate its functional diversity across the phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
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Kim JH, Choi JH. Pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of hypothalamic obesity in children and adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 18:161-7. [PMID: 24904871 PMCID: PMC4027083 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2013.18.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of body weight by balancing the intake of food, energy expenditure, and body fat stores, as evidenced by the fact that most monogenic syndromes of morbid obesity result from mutations in genes expressed in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic obesity is a result of impairment in the hypothalamic regulatory centers of body weight and energy expenditure, and is caused by structural damage to the hypothalamus, radiotherapy, Prader-Willi syndrome, and mutations in the LEP, LEPR, POMC, MC4R and CART genes. The pathophysiology includes loss of sensitivity to afferent peripheral humoral signals, such as leptin, dysregulated insulin secretion, and impaired activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Dysregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 activity and melatonin may also have a role in the development of hypothalamic obesity. Intervention of this complex entity requires simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms that are deranged in patients with hypothalamic obesity. Despite a great deal of theoretical understanding, effective treatment for hypothalamic obesity has not yet been developed. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that control food intake and energy homeostasis and pathophysiology of hypothalamic obesity can be the cornerstone of the development of new treatments options. Early identification of patients at-risk can relieve the severity of weight gain by the provision of dietary and behavioral modification, and antiobesity medication. This review summarizes recent advances of the pathophysiology, endocrine characteristics, and treatment strategies of hypothalamic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parker LM, Kumar NN, Lonergan T, Goodchild AK. Neurochemical codes of sympathetic preganglionic neurons activated by glucoprivation. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2703-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Parker
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Macquarie University; Macquarie Park; 2109 New South Wales; Australia
| | - Natasha N. Kumar
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Macquarie University; Macquarie Park; 2109 New South Wales; Australia
| | - Tina Lonergan
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Macquarie University; Macquarie Park; 2109 New South Wales; Australia
| | - Ann K. Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Macquarie University; Macquarie Park; 2109 New South Wales; Australia
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Blechová M, Nagelová V, Záková L, Demianová Z, Zelezná B, Maletínská L. New analogs of the CART peptide with anorexigenic potency: the importance of individual disulfide bridges. Peptides 2013; 39:138-44. [PMID: 23174349 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptide is an anorexigenic neuropeptide that acts in the hypothalamus. The receptor and the mechanism of action of this peptide are still unknown. In our previous study, we showed that the CART peptide binds specifically to PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells in both the native and differentiated into neuronal phenotype. Two biologically active forms, CART(55-102) and CART(61-102), with equal biological activity, contain three disulfide bridges. To clarify the importance of each of these disulfide bridges in maintaining the biological activity of CART(61-102), an Ala scan at particular S-S bridges forming cysteines was performed, and analogs with only one or two disulfide bridges were synthesized. In this study, a stabilized CART(61-102) analog with norleucine instead of methionine at position 67 was also prepared and was found to bind to PC12 cells with an anorexigenic potency similar to that of CART(61-102). The binding study revealed that out of all analogs tested, [Ala(68,86)]CART(61-102), which contains two disulfide bridges (positions 74-94 and 88-101), preserved a high affinity to both native PC12 cells and those that had been differentiated into neurons. In food intake and behavioral tests with mice after intracerebroventricular administration, this analog showed strong and long-lasting anorexigenic potency. Therefore, the disulfide bridge between cysteines 68 and 86 in CART(61-102) can be omitted without a loss of biological activity, but the preservation of two other disulfide bridges and the full-length peptide are essential for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kawabe T, Kawabe K, Sapru HN. Effect of barodenervation on cardiovascular responses elicited from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53111. [PMID: 23300873 PMCID: PMC3531379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN) in the rat elicited increases as well as decreases in blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). The type of response elicited from the ARCN (i.e., increase or decrease in BP and SNA) depended on the level of baroreceptor activity which, in turn, was determined by baseline BP in rats with intact baroreceptors. Based on this information, it was hypothesized that baroreceptor unloading may play a role in the type of response elicited from the ARCN. Therefore, the effect of barodenervation on the ARCN-induced cardiovascular and sympathetic responses and the neurotransmitters in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) mediating the excitatory responses elicited from the ARCN were investigated in urethane-anesthetized adult male Wistar rats. Bilateral barodenervation converted decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and greater splanchnic nerve activity (GSNA) elicited by chemical stimulation of the ARCN with microinjections of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid to increases in MAP and GSNA and exaggerated the increases in heart rate (HR). Combined microinjections of NBQX and D-AP7 (ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists) into the PVN in barodenervated rats converted increases in MAP and GSNA elicited by the ARCN stimulation to decreases in MAP and GSNA and attenuated increases in HR. Microinjections of SHU9119 (a melanocortin 3/4 receptor antagonist) into the PVN in barodenervated rats attenuated increases in MAP, GSNA and HR elicited by the ARCN stimulation. ARCN neurons projecting to the PVN were immunoreactive for proopiomelanocortin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It was concluded that increases in MAP and GSNA and exaggeration of tachycardia elicited by the ARCN stimulation in barodenervated rats may be mediated via release of alpha-MSH and/or ACTH and glutamate from the ARCN neurons projecting to the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawabe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kazumi Kawabe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hreday N. Sapru
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey- New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cardiovascular responses to chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the rat: role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45180. [PMID: 23028831 PMCID: PMC3444474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of cardiovascular responses to chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN) was studied in urethane-anesthetized adult male Wistar rats. At the baseline mean arterial pressure (BLMAP) close to normal, ARCN stimulation elicited decreases in MAP and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). The decreases in MAP elicited by ARCN stimulation were attenuated by either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), or beta-endorphin receptor blockade in the ipsilateral hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Combined blockade of GABA-A, NPY1 and opioid receptors in the ipsilateral PVN converted the decreases in MAP and SNA to increases in these variables. Conversion of inhibitory effects on the MAP and SNA to excitatory effects following ARCN stimulation was also observed when the BLMAP was decreased to below normal levels by an infusion of sodium nitroprusside. The pressor and tachycardic responses to ARCN stimulation at below normal BLMAP were attenuated by blockade of melanocortin 3/4 (MC3/4) receptors in the ipsilateral PVN. Unilateral blockade of GABA-A receptors in the ARCN increased the BLMAP and heart rate (HR) revealing tonic inhibition of the excitatory neurons in the ARCN. ARCN stimulation elicited tachycardia regardless of the level of BLMAP. ARCN neurons projecting to the PVN were immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), NPY, and beta-endorphin. These results indicated that: 1) at normal BLMAP, decreases in MAP and SNA induced by ARCN stimulation were mediated via GABA-A, NPY1 and opioid receptors in the PVN, 2) lowering of BLMAP converted decreases in MAP following ARCN stimulation to increases in MAP, and 3) at below normal BLMAP, increases in MAP and HR induced by ARCN stimulation were mediated via MC3/4 receptors in the PVN. These results provide a base for future studies to explore the role of ARCN in cardiovascular diseases.
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Region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA in rat hypothalamic nuclei induced by forced swim stress. Brain Res 2012; 1479:62-71. [PMID: 22960117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) mRNA and peptides are highly expressed in the paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMH) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei of the hypothalamus. It has been suggested that these nuclei regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system activity, and feeding behavior. Our previous studies showed that forced swim stress augmented CART peptide expression significantly in whole hypothalamus of male rats. In another study, forced swim stress increased the number of CART-immunoreactive cells in female PVN, whereas no effect was observed in male PVN or in the ARC nucleus of either sex. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of forced swim stress on CART mRNA expression in PVN, DMH and ARC nuclei in both male and female rats. Twelve male (stressed and controls, n=6 each) and 12 female (stressed and controls, n=6 each) Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Control animals were only handled, whereas forced swim stress procedure was applied to the stressed groups. Brains were dissected and brain sections containing PVN, DMH and ARC nuclei were prepared. CART mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization. In male rats, forced swim stress upregulated CART mRNA expression in DMH and downregulated it in the ARC. In female rats, forced swim stress increased CART mRNA expression in PVN and DMH, whereas a decrease was observed in the ARC nucleus. Our results show that forced swim stress elicits region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA expression in rat hypothalamus that may help in explaining some of the effects of stress.
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Landerholm K, Shcherbina L, Falkmer SE, Järhult J, Wierup N. Expression of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Is Associated with Worse Survival in Small Bowel Carcinoid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3668-76. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Forced swim stress elicits region-specific changes in CART expression in the stress axis and stress regulatory brain areas. Brain Res 2012; 1432:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chang L, Chen Y, Li J, Liu Z, Wang Z, Chen J, Cao W, Xu Y. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript modulates peripheral immunity and protects against brain injury in experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:260-9. [PMID: 20869431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can induce immediate activation and later inhibition of the peripheral immune system which may contribute to a worse outcome. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides have been reported to have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in various cell and animal experimental models, respectively. In this study, CART's role in experimental stroke and the relevant immune-regulating mechanisms was investigated. In male C57BL/6 mice subjected to 120 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), with or without CART treatment or sham operation, peripheral immune parameters and serum catecholamins (CAs) were analyzed. CART reduced blood CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in MCAO mice at 24 h, while upregulated spleen CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines expressions in MCAO mice at 96 h. In addition, in comparison to control mice, CART-treated mice demonstrated elevated serum CAs at 6 and 24 h, whereas reduced serum levels of CAs and blood regulatory T (Treg) cells at 96 h. The cytokine expression, infarct volume and neurological deficits in mouse brain were also measured. CART reduced post-stroke infarct volume and improved neurological functions, with reduced expression of inflammatory factors in the injured brain. Findings indicate that CART plays an important role in modulating post-stroke immune response and exerts a neuroprotective effect in experimental stroke. Findings also suggest that the possible mechanism of CART's protective action in stroke is the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) pathway since CAs, Treg cells and interleukin (IL)-10 are the major modulators of SNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
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Landerholm K, Falkmer SE, Järhult J, Sundler F, Wierup N. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 94:228-36. [PMID: 21832817 DOI: 10.1159/000329044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an anorexigenic regulatory peptide highly expressed in the brain's appetite control centers, but also in peripheral neurons and in endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla, thyroid, pancreatic islets, and in the gastrointestinal tract. Plasma levels of CART were recently shown to be elevated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), but the cellular sources of CART in NETs have remained unknown. The aim of the study was to establish whether CART is expressed in various types of NETs and, if so, to examine the frequency, distribution and phenotype of CART-expressing cells. METHODS Tumor specimens from 133 NETs originating in the stomach, ileum, rectum, pancreas and thyroid were examined with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The expression of CART was quantified and the CART-expressing cells were phenotyped by double staining for established markers and hormones. RESULTS CART-expressing tumor cells were found in the majority of the examined NETs. The expression pattern of CART was highly heterogeneous not only between tumors, but also within individual tumors. In 14% of the NETs, CART was found in a major population of the tumor cells. CONCLUSION CART is produced in the majority of NETs, regardless of tumor origin. This likely explains the elevated levels of circulating CART in certain NETs patients, as recently described. CART could therefore prove to be a useful tool in the diagnostics of NETs not only in blood samples, but also in histopathological specimens.
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Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first defined as the significant polyphagia and weight gain that occurs after extensive suprasellar operations for excision of hypothalamic tumours. However, polyphagia and weight gain complicate other disorders related to the hypothalamus, including those that cause structural damage to the hypothalamus like tumours, trauma, radiotherapy; genetic disorders such as Prader-Willi syndrome; side effects of psychotropic drugs; and mutations in several genes involved in hypothalamic satiety signalling. Moreover, 'simple' obesity is associated with polymorphisms in several genes involved in hypothalamic weight-regulating pathways. Thus, understanding HyOb may enhance our understanding of 'simple' obesity. This review will claim that HyOb is a far wider phenomenon than hitherto understood by the narrow definition of post-surgical weight gain. It will emphasize the similarity in clinical characteristics and therapeutic approaches for HyOb, as well as its mechanisms. HyOb, regardless of its aetiology, is a result of impairment in hypothalamic regulatory centres of body weight and energy expenditure. The pathophysiology includes loss of sensitivity to afferent peripheral humoral signals, such as, leptin on the one hand and dysfunctional afferent signals, on the other hand. The most important afferent signals deranged are energy regulation by the sympathetic nervous system and regulation of insulin secretion. Dys-regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) activity and melatonin may also have a role in the development of HyOb. The complexity of the syndrome requires simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms that are deranged in the HyOb patient. We review the studies evaluating possible treatment strategies, including sympathomimetics, somatostatin analogues, triiodothyronine, sibutramine, and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hochberg
- Rambam Medical Center and Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Rogge G, Jones D, Hubert GW, Lin Y, Kuhar MJ. CART peptides: regulators of body weight, reward and other functions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:747-58. [PMID: 18802445 PMCID: PMC4418456 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade or so, CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptides have emerged as major neurotransmitters and hormones. CART peptides are widely distributed in the CNS and are involved in regulating many processes, including food intake and the maintenance of body weight, reward and endocrine functions. Recent studies have produced a wealth of information about the location, regulation, processing and functions of CART peptides, but additional studies aimed at elucidating the physiological effects of the peptides and at characterizing the CART receptor(s) are needed to take advantage of possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rogge
- Neuroscience Division, Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Maixnerová J, Hlavácek J, Blokesová D, Kowalczyk W, Elbert T, Sanda M, Blechová M, Zelezná B, Slaninová J, Maletínská L. Structure-activity relationship of CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptide fragments. Peptides 2007; 28:1945-53. [PMID: 17766010 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptides are neuropeptides abundant in the central nervous system and periphery found to be involved in the regulation of food intake behavior and other physiological processes. Recently, we reported specific binding of (125)I-CART(61-102) to the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, both intact cells and cell membranes. In this study, several fragments of CART(61-102) corresponding to its structural loops were synthesized and tested for their potency in binding experiments using PC12 intact cells and cell membranes and in feeding test with fasted mice. From all shorter peptides tested, only CART(74-86) and CART(62-86) containing disulfide bridges kept partial binding potency of the original molecule with K(i) in 10(-5) and 10(-4)M range. However, these fragments were not able to inhibit food intake after their central administration up to a dose of 4 nmol/mouse. The results showed that a compact structure containing three disulfide bridges is necessary for preservation of full biological activity of CART peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Maixnerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Wierup N, Gunnarsdóttir A, Ekblad E, Sundler F. Characterisation of CART-containing neurons and cells in the porcine pancreas, gastro-intestinal tract, adrenal and thyroid glands. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:51. [PMID: 17625001 PMCID: PMC1934373 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide CART is widely expressed in central and peripheral neurons, as well as in endocrine cells. Known peripheral sites of expression include the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the pancreas, and the adrenal glands. In rodent pancreas CART is expressed both in islet endocrine cells and in nerve fibers, some of which innervate the islets. Recent data show that CART is a regulator of islet hormone secretion, and that CART null mutant mice have islet dysfunction. CART also effects GI motility, mainly via central routes. In addition, CART participates in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis. We investigated CART expression in porcine pancreas, GI-tract, adrenal glands, and thyroid gland using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS CART immunoreactive (IR) nerve cell bodies and fibers were numerous in pancreatic and enteric ganglia. The majority of these were also VIP IR. The finding of intrinsic CART containing neurons indicates that pancreatic and GI CART IR nerve fibers have an intrinsic origin. No CART IR endocrine cells were detected in the pancreas or in the GI tract. The adrenal medulla harboured numerous CART IR endocrine cells, most of which were adrenaline producing. In addition CART IR fibers were frequently seen in the adrenal cortex and capsule. The capsule also contained CART IR nerve cell bodies. The majority of the adrenal CART IR neuronal elements were also VIP IR. CART IR was also seen in a substantial proportion of the C-cells in the thyroid gland. The majority of these cells were also somatostatin IR, and/or 5-HT IR, and/or VIP IR. CONCLUSION CART is a major neuropeptide in intrinsic neurons of the porcine GI-tract and pancreas, a major constituent of adrenaline producing adrenomedullary cells, and a novel peptide of the thyroid C-cells. CART is suggested to be a regulatory peptide in the porcine pancreas, GI-tract, adrenal gland and thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wierup
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Gunnarsdóttir
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank Sundler
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:74-89. [PMID: 17940424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32802e6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maletínská L, Maixnerová J, Matysková R, Haugvicová R, Sloncová E, Elbert T, Slaninová J, Zelezná B. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide specific binding in pheochromocytoma cells PC12. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559:109-14. [PMID: 17292884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptides have been studied for ten years. We report specific binding of 125I-CART(61-102) to the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line, both intact cells and cell membranes. Saturation binding to intact plated cells resulted in Kd of 0.48+/-0.16 nM and Bmax of 2228+/-529 binding sites/cell. 125I-CART(61-102) was also bound to PC12 cells differentiated using nerve growth factor to the neuronal phenotype with non-specific binding below 20%, and Kd of 1.90+/-0.27 nM and Bmax of 11,194+/-261 binding sites/cell. In competitive binding experiments, CART(61-102), CART(55-102) and di-iodinated CART(61-102) were bound to PC12 cell membranes with Ki in low nM range; their affinity to intact non-differentiated and differentiated cells was in low 10(-8) M range. In order to prove that iodination did not eliminate the pharmacological properties of CART, we tested the biological activity of di-iodinated CART(61-102). It decreased food intake in in vivo feeding experiment on fasted mice in a dose of 1 microg/mouse to the same extent as CART(61-102) in a dose of 0.5 microg/mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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