1
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Cohen S, Ost KS, Doran KS. Impact of interkingdom microbial interactions in the vaginal tract. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012018. [PMID: 38457371 PMCID: PMC10923463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirli Cohen
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kyla S. Ost
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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2
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Li X, Luo M, Song H, Dong Z. Whole-Genome Resource of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae BaA, the Causative Agent of Black Root Rot Morinda officinalis. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:542-545. [PMID: 36587237 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1507-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Green Prevention and Control in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Handa Song
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Green Prevention and Control in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Green Prevention and Control in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510225 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Deqing Zhongkai Agricultural Technical Innovation Research Co. Ltd., 526600 Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
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3
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Candidalysin Is the Hemolytic Factor of Candida albicans. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120874. [PMID: 36548771 PMCID: PMC9785678 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans produces an important virulence factor, the hypha-associated Ece1-derived secreted peptide toxin candidalysin, which is crucial for the establishment of mucosal and systemic infections. C. albicans has also long been known to be hemolytic, yet the hemolytic factor has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that candidalysin is the hemolytic factor of C. albicans. Its hemolytic activity is modulated by fragments of another Ece1 peptide, P7. Hemolysis by candidalysin can be neutralized by the purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS). PPADS also affects candidalysin's ability to intercalate into synthetic membranes. We also describe the neutralization potential of two anti-candidalysin nanobodies, which are promising candidates for future anti-Candida therapy. This work provides evidence that the historically proposed hemolytic factor of C. albicans is in fact candidalysin and sheds more light on the complex roles of this toxin in C. albicans biology and pathogenicity.
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4
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Hartman E, Wallblom K, van der Plas MJA, Petrlova J, Cai J, Saleh K, Kjellström S, Schmidtchen A. Bioinformatic Analysis of the Wound Peptidome Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620707. [PMID: 33613550 PMCID: PMC7888259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is a common and serious medical condition with an unmet need for improved diagnostic tools. A peptidomic approach, aided by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, could provide novel means of identifying new peptide biomarkers for wound healing and infection assessment. Wound fluid is suitable for peptidomic analysis since it is both intimately tied to the wound environment and is readily available. In this study we investigate the peptidomes of wound fluids derived from surgical drainages following mastectomy and from wound dressings following facial skin grafting. By applying sorting algorithms and open source third party software to peptidomic label free tandem mass spectrometry data we provide an unbiased general methodology for analyzing and differentiating between peptidomes. We show that the wound fluid peptidomes of patients are highly individualized. However, differences emerge when grouping the patients depending on wound type. Furthermore, the abundance of peptides originating from documented antimicrobial regions of hemoglobin in infected wounds may contribute to an antimicrobial wound environment, as determined by in silico analysis. We validate our findings by compiling literature on peptide biomarkers and peptides of physiological significance and cross checking the results against our dataset, demonstrating that well-documented peptides of immunological significance are abundant in infected wounds, and originate from certain distinct regions in proteins such as hemoglobin and fibrinogen. Ultimately, we have demonstrated the power using sorting algorithms and open source software to help yield insights and visualize peptidomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hartman
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Wallblom
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariena J. A. van der Plas
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jitka Petrlova
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jun Cai
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karim Saleh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Division of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Konečná K, Klimentová J, Benada O, Němečková I, Janďourek O, Jílek P, Vejsová M. A comparative analysis of protein virulence factors released via extracellular vesicles in two Candida albicans strains cultivated in a nutrient-limited medium. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103666. [PMID: 31412284 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathways for the delivery of virulence effector molecules into the extracellular environment of Candida albicans relies on the release of membrane-bound carriers which are called extracellular vesicles (EVs). Only a few studies aimed at investigating Candida albicans extracellular vesicles protein cargo and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of C. albicans infections have been conducted to date. In this study, we mainly focused on a search for proteins with a demonstrated linkage to pathogenesis in EVs isolated from two C. albicans strains, the model strain ATCC 90028 and the clinical isolate from a woman suffering from vulvovaginal candidiasis. For the purpose of mimicking one of many hostile conditions during a host-pathogen interaction, C. albicans strains in a nutrient-limited medium were cultivated. We have hypothesized that this unfavourable, stressful condition could contribute to the induction of virulence effector molecules being released at a more extensive rate. In conclusion, 34 proteins with an undisputed linkage to C. albicans pathogenesis were detected in the extracellular vesicle cargoes of both strains. In case of the clinical isolate strain, no unique virulence-associated proteins were detected. In the C. albicans ATCC 90028 model strain, three unique proteins were detected, namely: agglutinin-like protein 3 (Als3), secreted aspartic protease 8 (Sap8) and cell surface superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] 6 (Sod6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klimentová
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Němečková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jílek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Vejsová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Center, Czech Republic
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6
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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7
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Souto XM, Ramos LS, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Identification of cell-associated and secreted serine-type peptidases in multidrug-resistant emergent pathogens belonging to the Candida haemulonii complex. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:245-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Studies on the interactions of neutral Galleria mellonella cecropin D with living bacterial cells. Amino Acids 2018; 51:175-191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Ramani K, Garg AV, Jawale CV, Conti HR, Whibley N, Jackson EK, Shiva SS, Horne W, Kolls JK, Gaffen SL, Biswas PS. The Kallikrein-Kinin System: A Novel Mediator of IL-17-Driven Anti-Candida Immunity in the Kidney. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005952. [PMID: 27814401 PMCID: PMC5096720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of life-threatening disseminated Candida albicans infections is increasing in hospitalized patients, with fatalities as high as 60%. Death from disseminated candidiasis in a significant percentage of cases is due to fungal invasion of the kidney, leading to renal failure. Treatment of candidiasis is hampered by drug toxicity, the emergence of antifungal drug resistance and lack of vaccines against fungal pathogens. IL-17 is a key mediator of defense against candidiasis. The underlying mechanisms of IL-17-mediated renal immunity have so far been assumed to occur solely through the regulation of antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly activation of neutrophils. Here, we identify an unexpected role for IL-17 in inducing the Kallikrein (Klk)-Kinin System (KKS) in C. albicans-infected kidney, and we show that the KKS provides significant renal protection in candidiasis. Microarray data indicated that Klk1 was upregulated in infected kidney in an IL-17-dependent manner. Overexpression of Klk1 or treatment with bradykinin rescued IL-17RA-/- mice from candidiasis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-17-KKS pathways restored renal function and prolonged survival by preventing apoptosis of renal cells following C. albicans infection. Furthermore, combining a minimally effective dose of fluconazole with bradykinin markedly improved survival compared to either drug alone. These results indicate that IL-17 not only limits fungal growth in the kidney, but also prevents renal tissue damage and preserves kidney function during disseminated candidiasis through the KKS. Since drugs targeting the KKS are approved clinically, these findings offer potential avenues for the treatment of this fatal nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abhishek V. Garg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chetan V. Jawale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natasha Whibley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sruti S. Shiva
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Partha S. Biswas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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10
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Galleria mellonella lysozyme induces apoptotic changes in Candida albicans cells. Microbiol Res 2016; 193:121-131. [PMID: 27825480 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella has been increasingly used as a model host to determine Candida albicans virulence and efficacy of antifungal treatment. The G. mellonella lysozyme, similarly to its human counterpart, is a member of the c-type family of lysozymes that exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, in contrast to the relatively well explained bactericidal action, the mechanism of fungistatic and/or fungicidal activity of lysozymes is still not clear. In the present study we provide the direct evidences that the G. mellonella lysozyme binds to the protoplasts as well as to the intact C. albicans cells and decreases the survival rate of both these forms in a time-dependent manner. No enzymatic activity of the lysozyme towards typical chitinase and β-glucanase substrates was detected, indicating that hydrolysis of main fungal cell wall components is not responsible for anti-Candida activity of the lysozyme. On the other hand, pre-treatment of cells with tetraethylammonium, a potassium channel blocker, prevented them from the lysozyme action, suggesting that lysozyme acts by induction of programmed cell death. In fact, the C. albicans cells treated with the lysozyme exhibited typical apoptotic features, i.e. loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine exposure in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, as well as chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.
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11
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Förster TM, Mogavero S, Dräger A, Graf K, Polke M, Jacobsen ID, Hube B. Enemies and brothers in arms: Candida albicans and gram-positive bacteria. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1709-1715. [PMID: 27552083 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important human opportunistic fungal pathogen which is frequently found as part of the normal human microbiota. It is well accepted that the fungus interacts with other components of the resident microbiota and that this impacts the commensal or pathogenic outcome of C. albicans colonization. Different types of interactions, including synergism or antagonism, contribute to a complex balance between the multitude of different species. Mixed biofilms of C. albicans and streptococci are a well-studied example of a mutualistic interaction often potentiating the virulence of the individual members. In contrast, other bacteria like lactobacilli are known to antagonize C. albicans, and research has just started elucidating the mechanisms behind these interactions. This scenario is even more complicated by a third player, the host. This review focuses on interactions between C. albicans and gram-positive bacteria whose investigation will without doubt ultimately help understanding C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Förster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonia Dräger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Graf
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Polke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
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12
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Immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:293-317. [PMID: 27518203 PMCID: PMC5219038 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. A primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. Aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. Likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebrates, namely hemocyanin and hemerythrin, act as potent immune effectors under certain physiological conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the true extent of oxygen-transport protein dynamics in innate immunity, and to impress upon the reader the multi-functionality of these ancient proteins on the basis of their structures. In this context, erythrocyte-pathogen antibiosis and the immune competences of various erythroid cells are compared across diverse taxa.
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13
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Bochenska O, Rapala-Kozik M, Wolak N, Kamysz W, Grzywacz D, Aoki W, Ueda M, Kozik A. Inactivation of human kininogen-derived antimicrobial peptides by secreted aspartic proteases produced by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Biol Chem 2015; 396:1369-75. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ten secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) of Candida albicans cleave numerous peptides and proteins in the host organism and deregulate its homeostasis. Human kininogens contain two internal antimicrobial peptide sequences, designated NAT26 and HKH20. In our current study, we characterized a Sap-catalyzed cleavage of kininogen-derived antimicrobial peptides that results in the loss of the anticandidal activity of these peptides. The NAT26 peptide was effectively inactivated by all Saps, except Sap10, whereas HKH20 was completely degraded only by Sap9. Proteolytic deactivation of the antifungal potential of human kininogens can help the pathogens to modulate or evade the innate immunity of the host.
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14
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Zdybicka-Barabas A, Mak P, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Lysozyme and defense peptides as suppressors of phenoloxidase activity in Galleria mellonella. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 87:1-12. [PMID: 25044335 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade supplies quinones and other reactive compounds for melanin formation, protein cross-linking, hemolymph coagulation, and killing of microbial invaders as well as parasites. The high cytotoxicity of the generated compounds requires a strict control of the activation of the proPO system and phenoloxidase (PO) activity to minimize damage to host tissues and cells. The PO activity in hemolymph of Escherichia coli challenged Galleria mellonella larvae increased, with a temporal drop 1 h after the challenge, reaching the highest level 24 h after the challenge. In the present study, a potential role of G. mellonella defense peptides and lysozyme in controlling the proPO system was investigated. The effects of purified defense peptides (anionic peptides 1 and 2, cecropin D-like peptide, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptides 1 and 2) and lysozyme were analyzed. Four compounds, namely lysozyme, Galleria defensin, proline-rich peptide 1, and anionic peptide 2, decreased the hemolymph PO activity considerably, whereas the others did not affect the enzyme activity level. Our results indicate that these hemolymph factors could play multiple and distinct roles in the insect immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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15
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Sowa-Jasiłek A, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Stączek S, Wydrych J, Mak P, Jakubowicz T, Cytryńska M. Studies on the role of insect hemolymph polypeptides: Galleria mellonella anionic peptide 2 and lysozyme. Peptides 2014; 53:194-201. [PMID: 24472857 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lysozymes are well known antimicrobial polypeptides exhibiting antibacterial and antifungal activities. Their antibacterial potential is related to muramidase activity and non-enzymatic activity resembling the mode of action of cationic defense peptides. However, the mechanisms responsible for fungistatic and/or fungicidal activity of lysozyme are still not clear. In the present study, the anti-Candida albicans activity of Galleria mellonella lysozyme and anionic peptide 2 (AP2), defense factors constitutively present in the hemolymph, was examined. The lysozyme inhibited C. albicans growth in a dose-dependent manner. The decrease in the C. albicans survival rate caused by the lysozyme was accompanied by a considerable reduction of the fungus metabolic activity, as revealed by LIVE/DEAD staining. In contrast, although AP2 reduced C. albicans metabolic activity, it did not influence its survival rate. Our results suggest fungicidal action of G. mellonella lysozyme and fungistatic activity of AP2 toward C. albicans cells. In the presence of AP2, the anti-C. albicans activity of G. mellonella lysozyme increased. Moreover, when the fungus was incubated with both defense factors, true hyphae were observed besides pseudohyphae and yeast-like C. albicans cells. Atomic force microscopy analysis of the cells exposed to the lysozyme and/or AP2 revealed alterations in the cell surface topography and properties in comparison with the control cells. The results indicate synergistic action of G. mellonella AP2 and lysozyme toward C. albicans. The presence of both factors in the hemolymph of naive larvae suggests their important role in the early stages of immune response against fungi in G. mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Sowa-Jasiłek
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stączek
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Teresa Jakubowicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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