1
|
Hamid N, Malik MO, Hajira B, Shah I, Azhar M. Food temperature altered macronutrients induced changes in satiety hormones; glucagon - like peptide -1 and cholecystokinin and their correlation with subjective satiety. J Family Community Med 2024; 31:237-243. [PMID: 39176010 PMCID: PMC11338393 DOI: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_356_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of dietary macronutrients for weight management depend on the integrity of gut hormones. The role of food temperature in the release of satiety hormones and satiety needs elucidation. We aimed to determine the impact of different food temperatures with varying macronutrient compositions on satiety-related gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) and find the correlation of satiety hormones with appetite scores and remainder-day food (energy) intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen healthy participants (eight males and five females) aged 25-35 years with body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 with no medical illnesses or eating disorders consumed three compositions of meals (high carbohydrate, high fat, and high protein meals) each at three temperatures (cold, warm, and hot) in a randomized, double-blinded, controlled crossover design. Plasma concentrations of peptide hormones were determined at 0, 30, and 240 minutes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 24-hours food recall was used for remainder-day food intake (remainder energy). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. The change in plasma levels of gut hormones with time was assessed using Friedman test; Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to compare GLP-1 and CCK hormonal levels across nine meals. RESULTS A comparison of the three meals at the three temperatures (total of nine groups), showed that the GLP-1 and CCK plasma concentrations were significantly different (P < 0.001). GLP-1 and CCK responses increased more after hot meals than cold meals. Overall, high-fat meals had more effective gut hormone secretions. The area under the curve was increased for GLP-1 in high-fat meals and for CCK in hot meals. The peptide hormones (GLP-1 and CCK) were positively correlated with satiety scores and inversely with remainder food intake. CONCLUSION The temperature of food was found to be an effective stimulus for the regulation of CCK and GLP-1 secretion. Hot food temperature increased satiety hormones (CCK and GLP-1), independent of food macronutrient composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naila Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad O. Malik
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Bibi Hajira
- Department of Human Nutrition Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Shah
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Azhar
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baynham R, Lucas SJE, Weaver SRC, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Rendeiro C. Fat Consumption Attenuates Cortical Oxygenation during Mental Stress in Young Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3969. [PMID: 37764753 PMCID: PMC10534483 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental stress has been associated with cardiovascular events and stroke, and has also been linked with poorer brain function, likely due to its impact on cerebral vasculature. During periods of stress, individuals often increase their consumption of unhealthy foods, especially high-fat foods. Both high-fat intake and mental stress are known to impair endothelial function, yet few studies have investigated the effects of fat consumption on cerebrovascular outcomes during periods of mental stress. Therefore, this study examined whether a high-fat breakfast prior to a mental stress task would alter cortical oxygenation and carotid blood flow in young healthy adults. In a randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over, postprandial intervention study, 21 healthy males and females ingested a high-fat (56.5 g fat) or a low-fat (11.4 g fat) breakfast 1.5 h before an 8-min mental stress task. Common carotid artery (CCA) diameter and blood flow were assessed at pre-meal baseline, 1 h 15 min post-meal at rest, and 10, 30, and 90 min following stress. Pre-frontal cortex (PFC) tissue oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) and cardiovascular activity were assessed post-meal at rest and during stress. Mental stress increased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and PFC tissue oxygenation. Importantly, the high-fat breakfast reduced the stress-induced increase in PFC tissue oxygenation, despite no differences in cardiovascular responses between high- and low-fat meals. Fat and stress had no effect on resting CCA blood flow, whilst CCA diameter increased following consumption of both meals. This is the first study to show that fat consumption may impair PFC perfusion during episodes of stress in young healthy adults. Given the prevalence of consuming high-fat foods during stressful periods, these findings have important implications for future research to explore the relationship between food choices and cerebral haemodynamics during mental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Baynham
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.B.)
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.B.)
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samuel R. C. Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.B.)
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.B.)
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Foreman R, Miedzybrodzka EL, Eiríksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Bannon C, Wheller R, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Kay RG. Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of ppCCK(21-44): A Surrogate to Monitor Human Cholecystokinin Secretion. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2950-2958. [PMID: 37591880 PMCID: PMC10476265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted postprandially from duodenal enteroendocrine cells and circulates in the low picomolar range. Detection of this digestion and appetite-regulating hormone currently relies on the use of immunoassays, many of which suffer from insufficient sensitivity in the physiological range and cross-reactivity problems with gastrin, which circulates at higher plasma concentrations. As an alternative to existing techniques, a liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based method was developed to measure CCK-derived peptides in cell culture supernatants. The method was initially applied to organoid studies and was capable of detecting both CCK8 and an N-terminal peptide fragment (prepro) ppCCK(21-44) in supernatants following stimulation. Extraction optimization was performed using statistical modeling software, enabling a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for ppCCK(21-44) capable of detecting this peptide in the low pM range in human plasma and secretion buffer solutions. Plasma samples from healthy individuals receiving a standardized meal (Ensure) after an overnight fast were analyzed; however, the method only had sensitivity to detect ppCCK(21-44). Secretion studies employing human intestinal organoids and meal studies in healthy volunteers confirmed that ppCCK(21-44) is a suitable surrogate analyte for measuring the release of CCK in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
E. Foreman
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
- Peptidomics
and Proteomics Core Facility, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic
Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Cambridge CB2
0QQ, U.K.
| | - Emily L. Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Christopher Bannon
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Robert Wheller
- Drug
Development Solutions, Part of Alliance Pharma Ltd., Fordham CB7 5WW, U.K.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
| | - Richard G. Kay
- Wellcome-MRC
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level
4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.
- Peptidomics
and Proteomics Core Facility, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic
Science, Addenbrooke’s
Hospital, Cambridge CB2
0QQ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lundquist P, Khodus G, Niu Z, Thwala LN, McCartney F, Simoff I, Andersson E, Beloqui A, Mabondzo A, Robla S, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Keita ÅV, Sima E, Csaba N, Sundbom M, Preat V, Brayden DJ, Alonso MJ, Artursson P. Barriers to the Intestinal Absorption of Four Insulin-Loaded Arginine-Rich Nanoparticles in Human and Rat. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14210-14229. [PMID: 35998570 PMCID: PMC9527806 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs and biologics provide opportunities for treatments of many diseases. However, due to their poor stability and permeability in the gastrointestinal tract, the oral bioavailability of peptide drugs is negligible. Nanoparticle formulations have been proposed to circumvent these hurdles, but systemic exposure of orally administered peptide drugs has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the absorption mechanisms of four insulin-loaded arginine-rich nanoparticles displaying differing composition and surface characteristics, developed within the pan-European consortium TRANS-INT. The transport mechanisms and major barriers to nanoparticle permeability were investigated in freshly isolated human jejunal tissue. Cytokine release profiles and standard toxicity markers indicated that the nanoparticles were nontoxic. Three out of four nanoparticles displayed pronounced binding to the mucus layer and did not reach the epithelium. One nanoparticle composed of a mucus inert shell and cell-penetrating octarginine (ENCP), showed significant uptake by the intestinal epithelium corresponding to 28 ± 9% of the administered nanoparticle dose, as determined by super-resolution microscopy. Only a small fraction of nanoparticles taken up by epithelia went on to be transcytosed via a dynamin-dependent process. In situ studies in intact rat jejunal loops confirmed the results from human tissue regarding mucus binding, epithelial uptake, and negligible insulin bioavailability. In conclusion, while none of the four arginine-rich nanoparticles supported systemic insulin delivery, ENCP displayed a consistently high uptake along the intestinal villi. It is proposed that ENCP should be further investigated for local delivery of therapeutics to the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundquist
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgiy Khodus
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhigao Niu
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Lungile Nomcebo Thwala
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fiona McCartney
- UCD
School of Veterinary Medicine, University
College Dublin, Belfield D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Ivailo Simoff
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Andersson
- Department
of Surgery in Norrköping, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Norrköping, Sweden
- Department
of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aloise Mabondzo
- CEA,
Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay, Department of Pharmacology
and Immunoanalysis, Gif sur Yvette FR 91191, France
| | - Sandra Robla
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M. Hellström
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department
of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Sima
- Department
of Surgical Sciences−Upper Abdominal Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department
of Surgical Sciences−Upper Abdominal Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronique Preat
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J. Brayden
- UCD
School of Veterinary Medicine, University
College Dublin, Belfield D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Maria Jose Alonso
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Per Artursson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim HT, Desouza AH, Umhoefer H, Han J, Anzia L, Sacotte SJ, Williams RA, Blumer JT, Bartosiak JT, Fontaine DA, Baan M, Kibbe CR, Davis DB. Cholecystokinin attenuates β-cell apoptosis in both mouse and human islets. Transl Res 2022; 243:1-13. [PMID: 34740874 PMCID: PMC9504967 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass and increased β-cell apoptosis are fundamental to the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes but is often ineffective due to the death of the islet graft within the first few years after transplant. Therapeutic strategies to directly target pancreatic β-cell survival are needed to prevent and treat diabetes and to improve islet transplant outcomes. Reducing β-cell apoptosis is also a therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone typically produced in the gut after food intake, with positive effects on obesity and glucose metabolism in mouse models and human subjects. We have previously shown that pancreatic islets also produce CCK. The production of CCK within the islet promotes β-cell survival in rodent models of diabetes and aging. We demonstrate a direct effect of CCK to reduce cytokine-mediated apoptosis in a β-cell line and in isolated mouse islets in a receptor-dependent manner. However, whether CCK can protect human β-cells was previously unknown. Here, we report that CCK can also reduce cytokine-mediated apoptosis in isolated human islets and CCK treatment in vivo decreases β-cell apoptosis in human islets transplanted into the kidney capsule of diabetic NOD/SCID mice. Collectively, these data identify CCK as a novel therapy that can directly promote β-cell survival in human islets and has therapeutic potential to preserve β-cell mass in diabetes and as an adjunct therapy after transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tae Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Arnaldo H Desouza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heidi Umhoefer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeeyoung Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lucille Anzia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steven J Sacotte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rashaun A Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joseph T Blumer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacob T Bartosiak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Danielle A Fontaine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mieke Baan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carly R Kibbe
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin.
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jais A, Brüning JC. Arcuate Nucleus-Dependent Regulation of Metabolism-Pathways to Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:314-328. [PMID: 34490882 PMCID: PMC8905335 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Particularly the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) is of pivotal importance for primary sensing of adiposity signals, such as leptin and insulin, and circulating nutrients, such as glucose. Importantly, energy state-sensing neurons in the ARC not only regulate feeding but at the same time control multiple physiological functions, such as glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and innate immune responses. These findings have defined them as master regulators, which adapt integrative physiology to the energy state of the organism. The disruption of this fine-tuned control leads to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure as well as deregulation of peripheral metabolism. Improving our understanding of the cellular, molecular, and functional basis of this regulatory principle in the CNS could set the stage for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we summarize novel insights with a particular emphasis on ARC neurocircuitries regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis and sensing factors that inform the brain of the organismal energy status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cawthon CR, de La Serre CB. The critical role of CCK in the regulation of food intake and diet-induced obesity. Peptides 2021; 138:170492. [PMID: 33422646 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 1973, Gibbs, Young, and Smith showed that exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) administration reduces food intake in rats. This initial report has led to thousands of studies investigating the physiological role of CCK in regulating feeding behavior. CCK is released from enteroendocrine I cells present along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. CCK binding to its receptor CCK1R leads to vagal afferent activation providing post-ingestive feedback to the hindbrain. Vagal afferent neurons' (VAN) sensitivity to CCK is modulated by energy status while CCK signaling regulates gene expression of other feeding related signals and receptors expressed by VAN. In addition to its satiation effects, CCK acts all along the GI tract to optimize digestion and nutrient absorption. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is characterized by reduced sensitivity to CCK and every part of the CCK system is negatively affected by chronic intake of energy-dense foods. EEC have recently been shown to adapt to diet, CCK1R is affected by dietary fats consumption, and the VAN phenotypic flexibility is lost in DIO. Altered endocannabinoid tone, changes in gut microbiota composition, and chronic inflammation are currently being explored as potential mechanisms for diet driven loss in CCK signaling. This review discusses our current understanding of how CCK controls food intake in conditions of leanness and how control is lost in chronic energy excess and obesity, potentially perpetuating excessive intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cawthon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adriano LS, Dionísio AP, Pinto de Abreu FA, Wurlitzer NJ, Cordeiro de Melo BR, Ferreira Carioca AA, de Carvalho Sampaio HA. Acute postprandial effect of yacon syrup ingestion on appetite: A double blind randomized crossover clinical trial. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109648. [PMID: 33233227 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yacon syrup is a rich source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS); however, its diet supplementation effect on subjective sensation and appetite biomarkers in human is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the acute postprandial effect of yacon syrup ingestion on appetite. The double-blind crossover clinical trial was carried out with 40 adult women: 20 eutrophic and 20 obese grade I. On each day, the first blood collection was performed after a 12-h fast. Then, the volunteers ingested either intervention A (breakfast + 40 g of placebo) or intervention B (breakfast + 40 g of yacon syrup, containing 14 g of FOS). New aliquots of blood were collected at 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Appetite was assessed by estimating ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels and by assessing subjective appetite sensation. Analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. No effect of yacon syrup was observed on postprandial ghrelin and GLP-1 levels at all times evaluated. Similar observations were made after stratifying the analysis by BMI (body mass index) (eutrophic and obese). The effect of yacon syrup on postprandial subjective sensations of hunger, satiety, fullness, and desire to eat was not evident in the total group of women evaluated and even after BMI stratification. We concluded that yacon syrup had no effect on postprandial ghrelin and GLP-1 levels and on the subjective appetite sensation in young adult women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Silveira Adriano
- Department of Nutrition, State University of Ceara, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, University of Fortaleza, 60811-905 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dionísio
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita Street, 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Nedio Jair Wurlitzer
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Dra Sara Mesquita Street, 2270, 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gay MD, Safronenka A, Cao H, Liu FH, Malchiodi ZX, Tucker RD, Kroemer A, Shivapurkar N, Smith JP. Targeting the Cholecystokinin Receptor: A Novel Approach for Treatment and Prevention of Hepatocellular Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:17-30. [PMID: 33115780 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing cancer worldwide in part due to the obesity epidemic and fatty liver disease, particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Chronic inflammation with the release of cytokines and chemokines with activation of hepatic stellate cells results in changes of the liver extracellular matrix (ECM) that predisposes to the development of HCC. Blood levels of the gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are increased in humans and mice consuming a high-fat diet. We found that the CCK-B receptor (CCK-BR) expression increased in the livers of mice with NASH. Treatment of mice with a CCK-BR antagonist, proglumide, prevented NASH, lowered hepatic inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reduced oxidative stress, decreased F4/80+ hepatic macrophages, and prevented HCC. CCK-AR and CCK-BR expression was increased in both murine and human HCC cell lines compared with that of normal liver, and CCK stimulated the growth of wild-type and CCK-A receptor knockout HCC cells in vitro, but not CCK-BR knockout cells suggesting that the CCK-BR mediates proliferation. Proglumide therapy significantly reduced growth by 70% and 73% in mice bearing Dt81Hepa1-6 or in RIL-75 HCC tumors, respectively. IHC of a human liver tissue array with a selective CCK-BR antibody revealed staining of human HCC and no staining in normal liver. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This investigation demonstrates the role of the gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and how CCK-BR blockade reverses the premalignant state of the hepatic extracellular matrix hence, rendering it less susceptible to the development of HCC. Thereby, CCK-BR blockade is a novel approach for the prevention/treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha D Gay
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Anita Safronenka
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Felice H Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Zoe X Malchiodi
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Robin D Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC
| | - Narayan Shivapurkar
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Jill P Smith
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC. .,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Non-responders After Gastric Bypass Surgery for Morbid Obesity: Peptide Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis. Obes Surg 2020; 29:4008-4017. [PMID: 31338735 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 20% of patients operated with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) experience poor long-term weight result. This study compared levels of leptin and gut hormones in long-term weight responders with non-responders after RYGBP. In a subgroup analysis, hormone levels were assessed in T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) and normoglycemic participants. METHODS Insulin, glucose, leptin, acyl-ghrelin, total PYY, active GLP-1, and GIP were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in post-RYGBP subjects: 22 non-responders (BMI 40.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2 after an excess BMI loss [EBMIL] of 26.0 ± 15.9%) and 18 responders (BMI 29.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2 after an EBMIL of 74.9 ± 18.2%). Subjects were matched for preoperative age, BMI, and years of follow-up. Measures of glucose homeostasis were calculated, and body composition was measured. RESULTS Fat mass-adjusted fasting leptin correlated negatively with %EBMIL (r = - 0.57, p < 0.01). Non-responders presented higher levels of leptin during the OGTT. Leptin decreased and ghrelin returned to baseline levels earlier in non-responders. Despite having higher insulin resistance than responders, non-responders demonstrated similar OGTT responses of GLP-1, GIP, and PYY. T2DM participants demonstrated lower GLP-1 levels than normoglycemic participants of similar weight. CONCLUSION Fasting leptin is associated with weight result after RYGBP, and hormonal responses to a glucose oral load might work towards promoting obesity in long-term non-responders after RYGBP. Poor long-term weight result and glycemic status after RYGBP are each associated with differences in peptide hormone levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rehfeld JF. Measurement of cholecystokinin in plasma with reference to nutrition related obesity studies. Nutr Res 2020; 76:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
12
|
A Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist Halts Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Prevents Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:189-203. [PMID: 31297627 PMCID: PMC6946881 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common inflammatory liver condition that may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Risk factors for NASH include a saturated fat diet, altered lipid metabolism, and genetic and epigenetic factors, including microRNAs. Serum levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) are elevated in mice and humans that consume a high-saturated fat diet. CCK receptors (CCK-Rs) have been reported on fibroblasts which when activated can induce fibrosis; however, their role in hepatic fibrosis remains unknown. We hypothesized that elevated levels of CCK acting on the CCK-Rs play a role in the development of NASH and in NASH-associated HCC. METHODS We performed a NASH Prevention study and Reversal study in mice fed a saturated fat 75% choline-deficient-ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet for 12 or 18 weeks. In each study, half of the mice received untreated drinking water, while the other half received water supplemented with the CCK-R antagonist proglumide. CCK-R expression was evaluated in mouse liver and murine HCC cells. RESULTS CCK receptor antagonist treatment not only prevented NASH but also reversed hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis and normalized hepatic transaminases after NASH was established. Thirty-five percent of the mice on the CDE diet developed HCC compared with none in the proglumide-treated group. We found that CCK-BR expression was markedly upregulated in mouse CDE liver and HCC cells compared with normal hepatic parenchymal cells, and this expression was epigenetically regulated by microRNA-148a. CONCLUSION These results support the novel role of CCK receptors in the pathogenesis of NASH and HCC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Flechtner-Mors M, Thoma U, Wittmann R, Boehm BO, Mors M, Steinacker JM, Schumann U. The Effect of Potato Protease Inhibitor II on Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety in Humans During Weight Reduction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:521-534. [PMID: 32161479 PMCID: PMC7049780 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s201853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It is questioned whether the potato protein protease inhibitor II (PI2) reduces appetite and exerts effects on the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). OBJECTIVE To investigate PI2 impact on gastrointestinal hormones and appetite measures during weight reduction. DESIGN In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial over 20 weeks, fifty-two overweight/obese participants (BMI 25.2-38.0 kg/m2) received a protein-rich diet (30%) adjusted to 500 kcal below their individual daily needs. Subjects ingested a capsule containing either PI2 (150 mg) or placebo twice daily 1 hr before lunch and dinner. At week 0 and week 10 participants joined breakfast test meals to determine CCK, GLP-1, ghrelin, leptin, glucose and insulin concentrations in a time course experimental manner. Appetite sensations were measured on test meal days and in week 4, 9, 14 and 19 using visual analogue scales. RESULTS Weight loss at week 10 and 20 in the PI2 group was 4.3±3.1 kg and 5.6±4.1 kg, in the control group: 4.7±4.0 kg and 6.8±3.7 kg. A significant effect of PI2 on circulating CCK levels was observed at week 10. The other hormones were unaffected by PI2. At week 10, PI2 group subjects showed higher satiety and decreased desire to eat compared to placebo. During study duration, PI2 showed a significant impact on appetite ratings prior to lunch, one hour before dinner and just before dinner. CONCLUSION PI2 increased circulating CCK plasma levels during the diet intervention. Likewise, PI2 modulated appetite sensation from week 4 to 20. The study demonstrated that the PI2 can modulate a key satiety signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Flechtner-Mors
- University Medical Center Ulm, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: Marion Flechtner-Mors Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 14, Ulm89075, GermanyTel + 49 731 50045330Fax + 49 731 50045333 Email
| | - Ulrike Thoma
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Regina Wittmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mona Mors
- University Medical Center Ulm, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- University Medical Center Ulm, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- University Medical Center Ulm, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet acutely decreases postprandial and diurnal glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes patients. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:910-917. [PMID: 29644957 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess whether a simple substitution of carbohydrate in the conventionally recommended diet with protein and fat would result in a clinically meaningful reduction in postprandial hyperglycaemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In all, sixteen subjects with T2DM treated with metformin only, fourteen male, with a median age of 65 (43-70) years, HbA1c of 6·5 % (47 mmol/l) (5·5-8·3 % (37-67 mmol/l)) and a BMI of 30 (sd 4·4) kg/m2 participated in the randomised, cross-over study. A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet was compared with an iso-energetic conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Macronutrient contents of the CRHP/CD diets consisted of 31/54 % energy from carbohydrate, 29/16 % energy from protein and 40/30 % energy from fat, respectively. Each diet was consumed on 2 consecutive days in a randomised order. Postprandial glycaemia, pancreatic and gut hormones, as well as satiety, were evaluated at breakfast and lunch. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet reduced postprandial AUC of glucose by 14 %, insulin by 22 % and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide by 17 % (all P<0·001), respectively. Correspondingly, glucagon AUC increased by 33 % (P<0·001), cholecystokinin by 24 % (P=0·004) and satiety scores by 7 % (P=0·035), respectively. A moderate reduction in carbohydrate with an increase in fat and protein in the diet, compared with an energy-matched CD diet, greatly reduced postprandial glucose excursions and resulted in increased satiety in patients with well-controlled T2DM.
Collapse
|
15
|
Difficulties in Translating Appetite Sensations Effect of Turmeric-Based Beverage When Given Prior to Isoenergetic Medium- or High-Fat Meals in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040736. [PMID: 30934903 PMCID: PMC6520817 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The established effect of turmeric and its curcuminoids on appetite sensations was previously shown to be mediated by gut hormones release. In in vitro and preclinical studies, curcumin was shown to induce GLP-1 secretion and improve postprandial glycemia. In humans, consumption of 220 mL turmeric-based beverage (TUR, containing 185 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)) prior to white wheat bread (WWB, 50 g available carbohydrate) reduced early postprandial glucose levels and induced peptide tyrosine–tyrosine (PYY) release, as well as lowered ‘desire to eat’ and ‘prospective consumption’ in a postprandial setting, compared to control. In the present study, 12 healthy participants (5 men, 7 women) were admitted. An identical beverage was given and consumed prior to isoenergetic (423 kcal) medium-fat (MF) or high-fat (HF) meals. Appetite sensations including perceived ‘hunger’, ‘desire to eat’, ‘satiety’, ‘fullness’, ‘prospective consumption’, and ‘thirst’ were measured using visual analogue scales. MF induced 18% (p = 0.039) higher ‘satiety’ compared to HF. TUR consumption prior to either MF or HF did not modulate the perceived appetite sensations. Whether macronutrient-induced appetite sensations override the actual turmeric effects warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nadella S, Burks J, Al-Sabban A, Inyang G, Wang J, Tucker RD, Zamanis ME, Bukowski W, Shivapurkar N, Smith JP. Dietary fat stimulates pancreatic cancer growth and promotes fibrosis of the tumor microenvironment through the cholecystokinin receptor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G699-G712. [PMID: 29927319 PMCID: PMC6293257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from the duodenum in response to dietary fat to aid in digestion, and plasma CCK levels are elevated with the consumption of high-fat diets. CCK is also a trophic peptide for the pancreas and has also been shown to stimulate growth of pancreatic cancer. In the current investigation, we studied the influence of a diet high in saturated fat on the growth of pancreatic cancer in syngeneic murine models before the mice became obese to exclude the confounding factors associated with obesity. The high-fat diet significantly increased growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer compared with the control diet, and the stimulatory effect was blocked by the CCK-receptor antagonist proglumide. We then selectively knocked out the CCK receptor on the pancreatic cancer cells using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats technology and showed that without CCK-receptors, dietary fat was unable to stimulate cancer growth. We next demonstrated that dietary fat failed to influence pancreatic cancer xenograft growth in genetically engineered CCK peptide knockout mice. The tumor-associated fibrosis that is so prevalent in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment was significantly decreased with CCK-receptor antagonist therapy because fibroblasts also have CCK receptors. The CCK-receptor antagonist proglumide also altered tumor metalloprotease expression and increased tumor suppressor genes by a PCR array. Our studies confirm that a diet high in saturated fat promotes growth of pancreatic cancer and the action is mediated by the CCK-receptor pathway. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Diets high in long-chain saturated fats promote growth of pancreatic cancer independent of obesity. The mechanism through which dietary fat promotes cancer is mediated through the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor pathway. Therapy with a CCK-receptor antagonist altered the tumor microenvironment by reducing fibrosis, increasing cluster of differentiation 8+ lymphocytes, increasing tumor suppressor genes, and thus decreasing metastases. Use of CCK-receptor antagonist therapy with standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer may improve response by altering the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nadella
- 1Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Julian Burks
- 2Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Gloria Inyang
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Juan Wang
- 1Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robin D. Tucker
- 4Department of Comparative Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Marie E. Zamanis
- 2Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - William Bukowski
- 1Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Narayan Shivapurkar
- 1Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jill P. Smith
- 1Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia,2Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Samkani A, Skytte MJ, Thomsen MN, Astrup A, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Rehfeld JF, Krarup T, Haugaard SB. Acute Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction on Glycemia, Lipemia and Appetite Regulating Hormones in Normal-Weight to Obese Subjects. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091285. [PMID: 30213037 PMCID: PMC6163561 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial responses to food are highly dependent on the macronutrient composition of the diet. We investigated the acute effects of transition from the recommended moderately high carbohydrate (HC) diet towards a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, lipemia, and appetite-regulating hormones in non-diabetic adults. Fourteen subjects, including five males (Mean ± SD: age 62 ± 6.5; BMI 32 ± 7.6 kg/m2; hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 40 ± 3.0 mmol/mol; HOMA2-IR 2.1 ± 0.9) were included in this randomized, cross-over study. Iso-caloric diets were consumed for two consecutive days with a median wash-out period of 21 days (range 2–8 weeks) between diets (macronutrient energy composition: CRHP/HC; 31%/54% carbohydrate, 29%/16% protein, 40%/30% fat). Postprandial glucose, insulin secretion rate (ISR), triglycerides (TGs), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and satiety ratings were assessed after ingestion of breakfast (Br) and lunch (Lu), and gut hormones and glucagon were assessed after ingestion of Br. Compared with the HC diet, the CRHP diet reduced peak glucose concentrations (Br 11%, p = 0.024; Lu 11%, p < 0.001), glucose excursions (Br 80%, p = 0.20; Lu 85%, p < 0.001), and ISR (Br 31%; Lu 64%, both p < 0.001) whereas CRHP, as compared with HC, increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (Br 27%, p = 0.015) and glucagon values (Br 249%, p < 0.001). NEFA and TG levels increased in the CRHP diet as compared with the HC diet after Br, but no difference was found after Lu (NEFA Br 22%, p < 0.01; TG Br 42%, p = 0.012). Beta-cell glucose sensitivity, insulin clearance, cholecystokinin values, and subjective satiety ratings were unaffected. It is possible to achieve a reduction in postprandial glycemia and insulin without a deleterious effect on beta-cell glucose sensitivity by substituting part of dietary carbohydrate with iso-caloric protein and fat in subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The metabolic effects are more pronounced after the second meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Section for Translational Physiology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Section for Translational Physiology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pasman WJ, Hendriks HFJ, Minekus MM, de Ligt RAF, Scholtes-Timmerman MJ, Clabbers NDS, Leonards NM, Johnson J, Bellmann S. Subjective feelings of appetite of wholegrain breakfasts evaluated under controlled, laboratory and 'at home' conditions. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:285-291. [PMID: 29913230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite regulating properties of foods are usually investigated under laboratory conditions, whereas in real life, foods are consumed under at home conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of breakfasts when tested in a laboratory condition and in an at home condition. Appetite regulating properties of two bread breakfasts and two cereal breakfasts were also compared. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this randomized cross-over trial balanced for laboratory and at home test conditions, thirty-two women consumed five breakfasts, i.e. two bread breakfasts, two cereal breakfasts and one fried-egg breakfast. Visual analogue scales for measuring appetite were captured via an on-line scoring system and were analyzed as incremental area under the curve, as satiation phase and as satiety phase. RESULTS Location effects were limited to two small effects only. An overall location effect in hunger feelings was observed (p = 0.040), which occurred specifically during the short satiation period (p = 0.0002) where hunger feelings scored higher under laboratory conditions. Similarly, a location effect was observed for desire to eat (p = 0.001); this was again higher under laboratory conditions. No other location effects were observed. Bread breakfasts did not differ in their appetite regulating properties. The Steel Cut oatmeal breakfast was reported to be more satiating (p = 0.001) as compared to the ready-to-eat cereal. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the five breakfasts varied somewhat in their appetite regulating properties, evaluation under laboratory conditions overall did not result in different appetite scores compared to the at home conditions. This suggests that at home testing may be a useful alternative to laboratory test conditions for nutrition research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jodee Johnson
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Forester SM, Widaman AM, Krishnan S, Witbracht MG, Horn WF, Laugero KD, Keim NL. A Clear Difference Emerges in Hormone Patterns Following a Standard Midday Meal in Young Women Who Regularly Eat or Skip Breakfast. J Nutr 2018; 148:685-692. [PMID: 29897486 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple hormones are involved in the regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism. Past intervention studies showed a benefit of eating breakfast on satiety, but this was possibly confounded by the disruption of habitual meal patterns. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare hormonal responses, including insulin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), and cholecystokinin (CCK), between habitual breakfast eaters (Br-Es) and habitual skippers (Br-Ss) to a standard midday meal. METHODS Thirty-two women [mean ± SD age: 22.6 ± 3.3 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.8 ± 2.0] participated in a cross-sectional study that consisted of a 3-h test protocol that included a standard test meal served at 1230 with pre- and postmeal blood sampling. The protocol required that Br-Es eat a typical breakfast between 0700 and 1000, whereas Br-Ss had no breakfast meal and had fasted for 12 h. Blood was drawn 35 and 5 min prelunch and 5, 20, 35, 50, and 110 min postlunch. RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a group difference for PYY3-36 (P = 0.001), with the Br-E group exhibiting 50-90% higher concentrations throughout the test period. Leptin tended to be different (P = 0.08) between groups, with higher mean ± SD values for the Br-S group (27.6 ± 29.6 ng/mL) compared with the Br-E group (11.5 ± 9.8 ng/mL). Partial least squares regression analysis confirmed that these 2 hormones were important contributors to the patterns of the hormones, anthropometric, clinical, and behavioral variables that differed between groups; insulin and CCK were important as well. CONCLUSION We found differences between the Br-E and Br-S groups in circulating gut and adipose-derived hormones measured midday, indicating that the breakfast habit is associated with the hormonal milieu before and after a midday meal. The different patterns may be short-lived or may impact metabolism later in the day. This report is a secondary analysis of a trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01427556.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrianne M Widaman
- Nutrition, Food Science & Packaging Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA
| | - Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.,US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Davis, CA
| | - Megan G Witbracht
- University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, CA
| | - William F Horn
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Davis, CA
| | - Kevin D Laugero
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.,US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Davis, CA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.,US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reid AMA, Dunn IC. Gastrointestinal distribution of chicken gastrin-cholecystokinin family transcript expression and response to short-term nutritive state. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:64-70. [PMID: 29061367 PMCID: PMC5693036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The related peptide hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin are conserved throughout vertebrate clades and implicated in energy homeostasis. CCK is generally accepted as a satiety hormone in poultry, but the role of gastrin remains poorly studied. Functional dissection of these ligands is required to characterise the molecular control of growth & satiety in the domestic chicken, for which there is an increasingly pressing mandate. There are limited descriptions of physiological distributions for the two genes in birds, and these are mostly reliant on immunohistochemistry which can prove problematic due to the shared structure of the targets. Therefore, we have defined the tissue distributions of CCK and gastrin in the chicken, focussing on the gastrointestinal tract, by using transcript-dependent techniques to improve reliability by increasing specificity. Though considerably more highly expressed in the brain, gastrointestinal CCK transcripts were dispersed throughout the small intestine and particularly around the proximal ileum. Gastrin expression was strictly limited to the gastric antrum region of the intestinal tract, albeit very highly expressed. We demonstrate that CCK mRNA expression does not respond as expected for a short-term satiety hormone, and that the short-term response of gastrin expression is paradoxical compared to its role in mammals. These results partially corroborate previous peptide distribution studies and initiate exploration of the nutrient-responsive roles of these hormones in avian energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus M A Reid
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Myers A, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 30063436 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- a School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Anna Myers
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John E Blundell
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gibbons C, Blundell JE, Caudwell P, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Näslund E, Finlayson G. The Role of Episodic Postprandial Peptides in Exercise-Induced Compensatory Eating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4051-4059. [PMID: 28938473 PMCID: PMC5673273 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Context Prolonged physical activity gives rise to variable degrees of body weight and fat loss, and is associated with variability in appetite control. Whether these effects are modulated by postprandial, peptides is unclear. We examined the role of postprandial peptide response in compensatory eating during 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and in response to high-fat, low-carbohydrate (HFLC) and low-fat, high-carbohydrate (LFHC) meals. Methods Of the 32 overweight/obese individuals, 16 completed 12 weeks of aerobic exercise and 16 nonexercising control subjects were matched for age and body mass index. Exercisers were classified as responders or nonresponders depending on net energy balance from observed compared with expected body composition changes from measured energy expenditure. Plasma samples were collected before and after meals to compare profiles of total and acylated ghrelin, insulin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and total peptide YY (PYY) between HFLC and LFHC meals, pre- and postexercise, and between groups. Results No differences between pre- and postintervention peptide release. Responders had greater suppression of acylated ghrelin (P < 0.05) than nonresponders, as well as higher postprandial levels of GLP-1 (P < 0.001) and total PYY (P < 0.001) compared with nonresponders and control subjects. Conclusion No impact on postprandial peptide release was found after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise. Responders to exercise-induced weight loss showed greater suppression of acylated ghrelin and greater release of GLP-1 and total PYY at baseline. Therefore, episodic postprandial peptide profiles appear to form part of the pre-existing physiology of exercise responders and suggest differences in satiety potential may underlie exercise-induced compensatory eating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gibbons
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Phillipa Caudwell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Krogshøjvej 55, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Per M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The scope of this review is to summarize recent studies assessing the role of meal composition on appetite sensation. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, data confirm a positive effect on appetite sensations following protein-rich meals, suggesting that at least 25-30-g protein/meal provide potential improvements on appetite, but further long-term studies are required to confirm the results. A greater interest has been showed in the interaction between short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota, following dietary fiber consumption, and appetite sensation, but research is ongoing. Finally, as reflected in the recent literature, new systematic reviews should be carried out to assess the effect of dietary fibers on appetite sensation. SUMMARY Meal composition, in terms of nutrients, widely differs in the ability to affect appetite sensation. This mostly depends on the content of protein and dietary fibers in a meal. The effect of higher protein intake on appetite sensation has been well documented with positive results, whereas dietary fibers, although the majority of evidence suggests positive results, still show inconsistent data because of various methodological approaches. Generally, more research both in the short and long term is required to investigate the underlying mechanism associated with appetite sensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Cioffi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hoddy KK, Gibbons C, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Gabel K, Finlayson G, Varady KA. Changes in hunger and fullness in relation to gut peptides before and after 8 weeks of alternate day fasting. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1380-1385. [PMID: 27062219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alternate day fasting (ADF; 25% energy intake "fast day", alternated with an ad libitum intake "feed day") is effective for weight loss. Whether or not ADF modulates hunger, fullness and gut peptides in a way that enhances dietary compliance and weight loss, remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of ADF on postprandial appetite ratings and gut peptides. METHODS Obese subjects (n = 59) participated in an 8-week ADF protocol where food was provided on the fast day. RESULTS Body weight decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.9 ± 0.6 kg after 8 weeks of diet. Reductions (P < 0.05) in fat mass (-2.2 ± 0.2 kg), fat free mass (-1.4 ± 0.2 kg), visceral fat mass (-0.1 ± 0.1 kg), and resting metabolic rate (RMR; -104 ± 28 kcal/day) were also observed. Fasting leptin and insulin decreased (P < 0.05), while AUC ghrelin levels increased (P < 0.05). Despite these metabolic changes, there was no increase in subjective hunger by the end of the study. Furthermore, fullness and PYY increased (P < 0.05). Fat free mass and RMR were not related to hunger or ghrelin at any time point. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the absence of a compensatory increase in hunger in conjunction with an increase in sensations of fullness may contribute to the weight loss efficacy of an 8-week ADF regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Hoddy
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Cynthia M Kroeger
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John F Trepanowski
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrienne Barnosky
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelsey Gabel
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mercer JG. Editorial for Full4Health special issue of 'Peptides': Peptides in the food-gut-brain axis and roles in hunger and satiety. Peptides 2016; 77:1-2. [PMID: 26643958 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Mercer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health,University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| |
Collapse
|