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Li Q, Wan C, Zhang Z, Liu G, Wang S. CTSC promoted the migration and invasion of glioma cells via activation of STAT3/SERPINA3 axis. Gene 2024; 893:147948. [PMID: 37925117 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CTSC) has been reported to be upregulated in several cancers, however, there are still many missing links about the role of CTSC in glioma. To address this knowledge gap, the present study employed bioinformatics analysis, Transwell assay, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays to investigate the expression level of CTSC in glioma tissues, its relationship with survival period, and its effect on the migration and invasion ability of glioma cells. The findings revealed that CTSC was upregulated in glioma and was associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, CTSC was found to promote cell migration and invasion abilities as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A further study found that CTSC induced SERPINA3 and STAT3 expression in glioma cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that STAT3 signaling mediated upregulation of SERPINA3 expression by CTSC. In sum, our findings suggest that CTSC activates the STAT3/SERPINA3 axis to promote migration and invasion of glioma cells, which may lead to new potential therapeutic approaches for humans with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenguang Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Aghdassi AA, Pham C, Zierke L, Mariaule V, Korkmaz B, Rhimi M. Cathepsin C role in inflammatory gastroenterological, renal, rheumatic, and pulmonary disorders. Biochimie 2024; 216:175-180. [PMID: 37758158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC, syn. Dipeptidyl peptidase I) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase expressed in several tissues including inflammatory cells. This enzyme is important for maintaining multiple cellular functions and for processing immune cell-derived proteases. While mutations in the CatC gene were reported in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder featuring hyperkeratosis and periodontitis, evidence from clinical and preclinical studies points toward pro-inflammatory effects of CatC in various disease processes that are mainly mediated by the activation of neutrophil serine proteinases. Moreover, tumor-promoting effects were ascribed to CatC. The aim of this review is to highlight current knowledge of the CatC as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lukas Zierke
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Chalmers JD, Kettritz R, Korkmaz B. Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239151. [PMID: 38162644 PMCID: PMC10755895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a critical role in the innate immune response to infection and the control of inflammation. A key component of this process is the release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), primarily neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and NSP4, which have essential functions in immune modulation and tissue repair following injury. Normally, NSP activity is controlled and modulated by endogenous antiproteases. However, disruption of this homeostatic relationship can cause diseases in which neutrophilic inflammation is central to the pathology, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis, as well as many non-pulmonary pathologies. Although the pathobiology of these diseases varies, evidence indicates that excessive NSP activity is common and a principal mediator of tissue damage and clinical decline. NSPs are synthesized as inactive zymogens and activated primarily by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 1, also known as cathepsin C. Preclinical data confirm that inactivation of this protease reduces activation of NSPs. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 potentially reduces the contribution of aberrant NSP activity to the severity and/or progression of multiple inflammatory diseases. Initial clinical data support this view. Ongoing research continues to explore the role of NSP activation by dipeptidyl peptidase 1 in different disease states and the potential clinical benefits of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Chalmers
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, University of Tours, Tours, France
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4
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Liu B, Korkmaz B, Kraft P, Mayer T, Sayour AA, Grundl MA, Domain R, Karck M, Szabó G, Korkmaz-Icöz S. Pharmacological inhibition of the cysteine protease cathepsin C improves graft function after heart transplantation in rats. J Transl Med 2023; 21:799. [PMID: 37946197 PMCID: PMC10636924 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart transplantation (HTX) is the standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. However, reperfusion following an ischemic period can contribute to myocardial injury. Neutrophil infiltration, along with the subsequent release of tissue-degrading neutrophil elastase (NE)-related serine proteases and oxygen-derived radicals, is associated with adverse graft outcomes. The inhibition of cathepsin C (CatC) has been shown to block NE-related protease activation. We hypothesized that the CatC inhibitor BI-9740 improves graft function after HTX. METHODS In a rat model of HTX, the recipient Lewis rats were orally administered with either a placebo (n = 12) or BI-9740 (n = 11, 20 mg/kg) once daily for 12 days. Donor hearts from untreated Lewis rats were explanted, preserved in a cardioplegic solution, and subsequently heterotopically implanted. In vivo left-ventricular (LV) graft function was assessed after 1 h of reperfusion. The proteolytic activity of neutrophil serine proteases was determined in bone marrow lysates from BI-9740-treated and control rats. Additionally, myocardial morphological changes were examined, and heart samples underwent immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS The NE-related proteolytic activity in bone marrow cell lysates was markedly decreased in the BI-9740-treated rats compared to those of the placebo group. Histopathological lesions, elevated CatC and myeloperoxidase-positive cell infiltration, and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity with an increased number of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1-positive cells were lowered in the hearts of animals treated with BI-9740 compared to placebo groups. Regarding the functional parameters of the implanted graft, improvements were observed in both systolic function (LV systolic pressure 110 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6 mmHg; dP/dtmax 2782 ± 149 vs 2076 ± 167 mmHg/s, LV developed pressure, at an intraventricular volume of 200 µl, p < 0.05) and diastolic function in the hearts of BI-9740 treated animals compared with those receiving the only placebo. Furthermore, the administration of BI-9740 resulted in a shorter graft re-beating time compared to the placebo group. However, this study did not provide evidence of DNA fragmentation, the generation of both superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, correlating with the absence of protein alterations related to apoptosis, as evidenced by western blot in grafts after HTX. CONCLUSIONS We provided experimental evidence that pharmacological inhibition of CatC improves graft function following HTX in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoer Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Patricia Kraft
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex A Sayour
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Marc A Grundl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), 06120, Halle, Germany.
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Abstract
Mast cell granules are packed with proteases, which are released with other mediators by degranulating stimuli. Several of these proteases are targets of potentially therapeutic inhibitors based on hypothesized contributions to diseases, notably asthma and ulcerative colitis for β-tryptases, heart and kidney scarring for chymases, and airway infection for dipeptidyl peptidase-I. Small-molecule and antibody-based β-tryptase inhibitors showing preclinical promise were tested in early-phase human trials with some evidence of benefit. Chymase inhibitors were given safely in Phase II trials without demonstrating benefits, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-I inhibitor improved bronchiectasis, in effects likely related to inactivation of the enzyme in neutrophils.
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Song J, Zhu N, Pan X, Guo L, Kong X. Expression and significance of cathepsin C and cathepsin D during pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:92. [PMID: 37794357 PMCID: PMC10548605 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin C (Cat C) is involved in the inflammatory-immune system and can be degraded by cathepsin D (Cat D). Preeclampsia (PE) and the inflammation-immunity relationship is currently a hot research topic, but there are still few studies. The aim was to investigate the expression and significance of Cat C and D in the serum of nonpregnant women, patients in various stages of pregnancy and patients with PE, and in the placenta of patients with normal pregnancy and PE. METHODS Sixty young healthy nonpregnant women were selected: 180 normal pregnant women, including 60 each in the first, second, and third trimesters, and 100 women with PE, including 39 women with severe preeclampsia. The levels of Cat C and D in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression levels of Cat C and D in placentas were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The serum of Cat C in the first trimester was significantly lower than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.001), whereas Cat D was significantly higher than that in the nonpregnant group (P < 0.01). The levels of Cat C and D in the second trimester and third trimester were significantly higher than those in the first trimester (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in Cat C and D between the second trimester and third trimester. The levels of Cat C in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly higher than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of Cat D in the serum and placentas of patients with PE were significantly lower than those in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the severity of PE (P < 0.001). Age, primigravida proportion, and body mass index were significantly higher in the PE group than in the control group (P < 0.05), which were high-risk factors for PE. CONCLUSIONS Cat C and D are associated with the maintenance of normal pregnancy. In patients with preeclampsia, a significant increase in Cat C and a significant decrease in Cat D levels may lead to the occurrence and development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xinchen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Guo
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Abideen SA, Khan M, Al-Harbi AI, Ahmad S. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin C (CatC) as a potential approach for cancer therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8682-8689. [PMID: 36264138 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2135603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have established that proteolytic enzyme inhibition holds significant promise in cancer prevention and treatment. Cathepsin C (CatC) is conserved lysosomal cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, which is the key for pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine protease activation and biological functioning. This makes CatC as a promising therapeutic drug target for the management of different cancer types. Considering this, using a wide range of computer aided drug-designing applications, several inhibitors are shortlisted against CatC active pocket, which interact with the enzyme with high affinity and form strong intermolecular interaction network. Compared to control, three molecules ASN_06916232, ASN_06917112 and ASN_06916892 are filtered as best binders of the CatC active pocket with binding energy value of -10.9 kcal/mol, -10.9 kcal/mol and -10.7 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds interact with several important active side residues of CatC such as Ser233, Cys234, Gly277, Asn380 and His38. Furthermore, the complexes of these compounds with CatC reveal very stable dynamics with average RMSD value less than 3 Å. The binding energy analysis further indicates the compounds to have very stable van der Waals and electrostatic energies. In conclusion, these molecules are promising and require experimental validation to prove them as anti-CatC molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ainul Abideen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Murad Khan
- Shanghai Center for System Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alhanouf I Al-Harbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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8
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Thornton LB, Key M, Micchelli C, Stasic AJ, Kwain S, Floyd K, Moreno SN, Dominy BN, Whitehead DC, Dou Z. A cathepsin C-like protease mediates the post-translation modification of Toxoplasma gondii secretory proteins for optimal invasion and egress. mBio 2023; 14:e0017423. [PMID: 37326431 PMCID: PMC10470614 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00174-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens use proteases for their infections, such as digestion of proteins for nutrients and activation of their virulence factors. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii must invade host cells to establish its intracellular propagation. To facilitate invasion, the parasites secrete invasion effectors from microneme and rhoptry, two unique organelles in apicomplexans. Previous work has shown that some micronemal invasion effectors experience a series of proteolytic cleavages within the parasite's secretion pathway for maturation, such as the aspartyl protease (TgASP3) and the cathepsin L-like protease (TgCPL), localized within the post-Golgi compartment and the endolysosomal system, respectively. Furthermore, it has been shown that the precise maturation of micronemal effectors is critical for Toxoplasma invasion and egress. Here, we show that an endosome-like compartment (ELC)-residing cathepsin C-like protease (TgCPC1) mediates the final trimming of some micronemal effectors, and its loss further results in defects in the steps of invasion, egress, and migration throughout the parasite's lytic cycle. Notably, the deletion of TgCPC1 completely blocks the activation of subtilisin-like protease 1 (TgSUB1) in the parasites, which globally impairs the surface-trimming of many key micronemal invasion and egress effectors. Additionally, we found that Toxoplasma is not efficiently inhibited by the chemical inhibitor targeting the malarial CPC ortholog, suggesting that these cathepsin C-like orthologs are structurally different within the apicomplexan phylum. Collectively, our findings identify a novel function of TgCPC1 in processing micronemal proteins within the Toxoplasma parasite's secretory pathway and expand the understanding of the roles of cathepsin C protease. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii is a microbial pathogen that is well adapted for disseminating infections. It can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals. Approximately one-third of the human population carries toxoplasmosis. During infection, the parasites sequentially secrete protein effectors from the microneme, rhoptry, and dense granule, three organelles exclusively found in apicomplexan parasites, to help establish their lytic cycle. Proteolytic cleavage of these secretory proteins is required for the parasite's optimal function. Previous work has revealed that two proteases residing within the parasite's secretory pathway cleave micronemal and rhoptry proteins, which mediate parasite invasion and egress. Here, we demonstrate that a cathepsin C-like protease (TgCPC1) is involved in processing several invasion and egress effectors. The genetic deletion of TgCPC1 prevented the complete maturation of some effectors in the parasites. Strikingly, the deletion led to a full inactivation of one surface-anchored protease, which globally impaired the trimming of some key micronemal proteins before secretion. Therefore, this finding represents a novel post-translational mechanism for the processing of virulence factors within microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Brock Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Melanie Key
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chiara Micchelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel Kwain
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine Floyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Silvia N.J. Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian N. Dominy
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel C. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zhicheng Dou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Chen KJ, Zhang J, LaSala D, Basso J, Chun D, Zhou Y, McDonald PP, Perkins WR, Cipolla DC. Brensocatib, an oral, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1, mitigates interferon-α-accelerated lupus nephritis in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185727. [PMID: 37441081 PMCID: PMC10333524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have been implicated in initiating and perpetuating systemic lupus erythematosus and the resultant kidney damage in lupus nephritis (LN) patients, in part through an excessive release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). NSP zymogens are activated by dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1) during neutrophil maturation and released by mature neutrophils in response to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, a potential strategy to attenuate disease progression in LN would be to inhibit DPP1. We tested whether brensocatib, a highly selective and reversible DPP1 inhibitor, could mitigate LN progression in an interferon-alpha (IFNα)-accelerated NZB/W F1 mouse model. To confirm brensocatib's pharmacodynamic effect on NSPs in this mouse strain, repeated dose studies were conducted for 7 and 14 days in naïve NZB/W F1 mice via oral gavage twice a day. Brensocatib at 2 and 20 mg/kg/day achieved a significant reduction in bone marrow NSP activities after 7 days of daily administration. To initiate LN disease progression, the mice were injected with an IFNα-expressing adenovirus. After 2 weeks, three brensocatib doses (or vehicle) were administered for 6 more weeks. Throughout the 8-week study, brensocatib treatment (20 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced the occurrence of severe proteinuria compared to the vehicle control. Brensocatib treatment also entailed a significant reduction in the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, indicating decreased kidney damage, as well as a significant reduction in blood urea nitrogen level, suggesting improved renal function. Based on kidney histopathology analysis, brensocatib treatment significantly lowered both the renal tubular protein score and the nephropathy score compared to the vehicle group. A trend towards reduced glomerulonephritis score with brensocatib treatment was also observed. Lastly, brensocatib significantly reduced LN mouse kidney infiltration by various inflammatory cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that brensocatib alters disease progression in LN mice and warrant further evaluation of DPP1 inhibition in LN.
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Jiang H, Dong Z, Xia X, Li X. Cathepsins in oral diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203071. [PMID: 37334378 PMCID: PMC10272612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are a type of lysosomal globulin hydrolase and are crucial for many physiological processes, including the resorption of bone matrix, innate immunity, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Findings regarding their functions in human physiological processes and disorders have drawn extensive attention. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between cathepsins and oral diseases. We highlight the structural and functional properties of cathepsins related to oral diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms in tissue and cells and their therapeutic uses. Elucidating the associated mechanism between cathepsins and oral diseases is thought to be a promising strategy for the treatment of oral diseases and may be a starting point for further studies at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuoxiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Xu T, Xie K, Wang C, Ivanovski S, Zhou Y. Immunomodulatory nanotherapeutic approaches for periodontal tissue regeneration. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5992-6008. [PMID: 36896757 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of tooth supporting tissues, which, if left untreated, can result in tooth loss. The destruction of periodontal tissues is primarily caused by an imbalance between the host immune protection and immune destruction mechanisms. The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is to eliminate inflammation and promote the repair and regeneration of both hard and soft tissues, so as to restore the physiological structure and function of periodontium. Advancement in nanotechnologies has enabled the development of nanomaterials with immunomodulatory properties for regenerative dentistry. This review discusses the immune mechanisms of the major effector cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems, the physicochemical and biological properties of nanomaterials, and the research advancements in immunomodulatory nanotherapeutic approaches for the management of periodontitis and the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The current challenges, and prospects for future applications of nanomaterials are then discussed so that researchers at the intersections of osteoimmunology, regenerative dentistry and materiobiology will continue to advance the development of nanomaterials for improved periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kunke Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Bo'Ai Hospital of Zhongshan, 6 Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia.
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Carla Guarino, Seren S, Lemoine R, Hummel A, Margotin JE, El-Benna J, Hoarau C, Specks U, Jenne D, Korkmaz B. Constitutive and induced forms of membrane-bound proteinase 3 interact with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and promote immune activation of neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103072. [PMID: 36849007 PMCID: PMC10124916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the main target antigen of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. A small fraction of PR3 is constitutively exposed on the surface of quiescent blood neutrophils in a proteolytically inactive form. When activated, neutrophils expose an induced form of membrane-bound PR3 (PR3mb) on their surface as well, which is enzymatically less active than unbound PR3 in solution due to its altered conformation. In this work, our objective was to understand the respective role of constitutive and induced PR3mb in the immune activation of neutrophils triggered by murine anti-PR3 mAbs and human PR3-ANCA. We quantified immune activation of neutrophils by the measurement of the production of superoxide anions and secreted protease activity in the cell supernatant before and after treatment of the cells by alpha-1 protease inhibitor (α1PI) that clears induced PR3mb from the cell surface. Incubation of TNFα-primed neutrophils with anti-PR3 antibodies resulted in a significant increase in superoxide anion production, membrane activation marker exposition, and secreted protease activity. When primed neutrophils were first treated with α1PI, we observed a partial reduction in antibody-induced neutrophil activation, suggesting that constitutive PR3mb is sufficient to activate neutrophils. The pre-treatment of primed neutrophils with purified antigen-binding fragments used as competitor significantly reduced cell activation by whole antibodies. This led us to the conclusion that PR3mb promoted immune activation of neutrophils. We propose that blocking and/or elimination of PR3mb offers a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate neutrophil activation in patients with PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guarino
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation", University of Tours, France and Clinical immunology and allergology Service, Tours University Hospital, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - AmberM Hummel
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jean-Edouard Margotin
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Hoarau
- EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation", University of Tours, France and Clinical immunology and allergology Service, Tours University Hospital, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - DieterE Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, F-37032, Tours, France.
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Thornton LB, Key M, Micchelli C, Stasic AJ, Kwain S, Floyd K, Moreno SNJ, Dominy BN, Whitehead DC, Dou Z. A cathepsin C-like protease post-translationally modifies Toxoplasma gondii secretory proteins for optimal invasion and egress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.21.525043. [PMID: 36712013 PMCID: PMC9882377 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.21.525043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens use proteases for their infections, such as digestion of proteins for nutrients and activation of their virulence factors. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii must invade host cells to establish its intracellular propagation. To facilitate invasion, the parasites secrete invasion effectors from microneme and rhoptry, two unique organelles in apicomplexans. Previous work has shown that some micronemal invasion effectors experience a series of proteolytic cleavages within the parasite's secretion pathway for maturation, such as the aspartyl protease (TgASP3) and the cathepsin L-like protease (TgCPL), localized within the post-Golgi compartment (1) and the endolysosomal system (2), respectively. Furthermore, it has been shown that the precise maturation of micronemal effectors is critical for Toxoplasma invasion and egress (1). Here, we show that an endosome-like compartment (ELC)-residing cathepsin C-like protease (TgCPC1) mediates the final trimming of some micronemal effectors, and its loss further results in defects in the steps of invasion, egress, and migration throughout the parasite's lytic cycle. Notably, the deletion of TgCPC1 completely blocks the activation of subtilisin-like protease 1 (TgSUB1) in the parasites, which globally impairs the surface-trimming of many key micronemal invasion and egress effectors. Additionally, we found that TgCPC1 was not efficiently inhibited by the chemical inhibitor targeting its malarial ortholog, suggesting that these cathepsin C-like orthologs are structurally different within the apicomplexan phylum. Taken together, our findings identify a novel function of TgCPC1 in the processing of micronemal proteins within the secretory pathway of Toxoplasma parasites and expand the understanding of the roles of cathepsin C protease. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma gondii is a microbial pathogen that is well adapted for disseminating infections. It can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals. Approximately one-third of the human population carries toxoplasmosis. During infection, the parasites sequentially secrete protein effectors from the microneme, rhoptry, and dense granule, three organelles exclusively found in apicomplexan parasites, to help establish their lytic cycle. Proteolytic cleavage of these secretory proteins is required for the parasite's optimal function. Previous work has revealed that two proteases residing within the parasite's secretory pathway cleave micronemal and rhoptry proteins, which mediate parasite invasion and egress. Here, we demonstrate that a cathepsin C-like protease (TgCPC1) is involved in processing several invasion and egress effectors. The genetic deletion of TgCPC1 prevented the complete maturation of some effectors in the parasites. Strikingly, the deletion led to a full inactivation of one surface-anchored protease, which globally impaired the trimming of some key micronemal proteins before secretion. Therefore, this finding represents a novel post-translational mechanism for the processing of virulence factors within microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Brock Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melanie Key
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chiara Micchelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel Kwain
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Floyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian N. Dominy
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Whitehead
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhicheng Dou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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14
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Wątroba K, Pawełczak M, Kaźmierczak M. Dipeptide analogues of fluorinated aminophosphonic acid sodium salts as moderate competitive inhibitors of cathepsin C. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:434-439. [PMID: 37091732 PMCID: PMC10113521 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the solvolysis reaction of dipeptide analogues of fluorinated aminophosphonates with simultaneous quantitative deprotection of the amino group. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first reported example of the application of fluorinated aminophosphonates in cathepsin C inhibition studies. The new molecules show moderate inhibition of the cathepsin C enzyme, which opens the door to consider them as potential therapeutic agents. Overall, our findings provide a new avenue for the development of fluorinated aminophosphonate-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wątroba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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15
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Bigot P, Chesseron S, Saidi A, Sizaret D, Parent C, Petit-Courty A, Courty Y, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Cleavage of Occludin by Cigarette Smoke-Elicited Cathepsin S Increases Permeability of Lung Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010005. [PMID: 36670867 PMCID: PMC9854811 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an irreversible disease mainly caused by smoking. COPD is characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis associated with enhanced epithelial permeability. HYPOTHESIS Lung biopsies from smokers revealed a decreased expression level of occludin, which is a protein involved in the cohesion of epithelial tight junctions. Moreover, the occludin level correlated negatively with smoking history (pack-years), COPD grades, and cathepsin S (CatS) activity. Thus, we examined whether CatS could participate in the modulation of the integrity of human lung epithelial barriers. METHODS AND RESULTS Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) triggered the upregulation of CatS by THP-1 macrophages through the mTOR/TFEB signaling pathway. In a co-culture model, following the exposure of macrophages to CSE, an enhanced level of permeability of lung epithelial (16HBE and NHBE) cells towards FITC-Dextran was observed, which was associated with a decrease in occludin level. Similar results were obtained using 16HBE and NHBE cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. The treatment of THP-1 macrophages by CatS siRNAs or by a pharmacological inhibitor restored the barrier function of epithelial cells, suggesting that cigarette smoke-elicited CatS induced an alteration of epithelial integrity via the proteolytic injury of occludin. CONCLUSIONS Alongside its noteworthy resistance to oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke oxidants and its deleterious elastin-degrading potency, CatS may also have a detrimental effect on the barrier function of epithelial cells through the cleavage of occludin. The obtained data emphasize the emerging role of CatS in smoking-related lung diseases and strengthen the relevance of targeting CatS in the treatment of emphysema and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bigot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Simon Chesseron
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Damien Sizaret
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, The University Hospital Center of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Parent
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Aerosol therapy and Biotherapeutics for Respiratory Diseases”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Agnès Petit-Courty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Team “Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation”, INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-47-36-61-51
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16
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Scurt FG, Bose K, Hammoud B, Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Gross C, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Old known and possible new biomarkers of ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102953. [PMID: 36410262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises a group of multisystem disorders involving severe, systemic, small-vessel vasculitis with short- and long term serious and life-threating complications. Despite the simplification of treatment, fundamental aspects concerning assessment of its efficacy and its adaptation to encountered complications or to the relapsing/remitting/subclinical disease course remain still unknown. The pathogenesis of AAV is complex and unique, and despite the progress achieved in the last years, much has not to be learnt. Foremost, there is still no accurate marker enabling us to monitoring disease and guide therapy. Therefore, the disease management relays often on clinical judgment and follows a" trial and error approach". In the recent years, an increasing number of new molecules s have been explored and used for this purpose including genomics, B- and T-cell subpopulations, complement system factors, cytokines, metabolomics, biospectroscopy and components of our microbiome. The aim of this review is to discuss both the role of known historical and clinically established biomarkers of AAV, as well as to highlight potential new ones, which could be used for timely diagnosis and monitoring of this devastating disease, with the goal to improve the effectiveness and ameliorate the complications of its demanding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G Scurt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - K Bose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ben Hammoud
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Brandt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Bernhardt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Gross
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Huertas J, Lee HT. Multi‑faceted roles of cathepsins in ischemia reperfusion injury (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:368. [PMID: 36300202 PMCID: PMC9644425 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are one of the most abundant proteases within the lysosomes with diverse physiological effects ranging from immune responses, cell death and intracellular protein degradation. Cathepsins are involved in extracellular and systemic functions such as systemic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is responsible for numerous diseases including myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, stroke and acute graft failure after transplant surgery. Inflammation plays a major role in the reperfusion phase of IR injury and previous research has shown that cathepsins are key mediators of the inflammation cascade as well as apoptosis. Taken together, cathepsins modulation could provide potential therapeutic approaches to attenuate IR injury. The present review summarized the current understanding of various cathepsin subtypes, their major physiologic functions, their roles in multi‑organ IR injury and detailed selective cathepsin inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Huertas
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - H. Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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19
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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20
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Aymonnier K, Amsler J, Lamprecht P, Salama A, Witko‐Sarsat V. The neutrophil: A key resourceful agent in immune‐mediated vasculitis. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:326-356. [PMID: 36408947 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The term "vasculitis" refers to a group of rare immune-mediated diseases characterized by the dysregulated immune system attacking blood vessels located in any organ of the body, including the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Vasculitides are classified according to the size of the vessel that is affected. Although this observation is not specific to small-, medium-, or large-vessel vasculitides, patients show a high circulating neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of neutrophils in these diseases. As first responders to infection or inflammation, neutrophils release cytotoxic mediators, including reactive oxygen species, proteases, and neutrophil extracellular traps. If not controlled, this dangerous arsenal can injure the vascular system, which acts as the main transport route for neutrophils, thereby amplifying the initial inflammatory stimulus and the recruitment of immune cells. This review highlights the ability of neutrophils to "set the tone" for immune cells and other cells in the vessel wall. Considering both their long-established and newly described roles, we extend their functions far beyond their direct host-damaging potential. We also review the roles of neutrophils in various types of primary vasculitis, including immune complex vasculitis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, and Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Aymonnier
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, CNRS 8104 Paris France
| | - Jennifer Amsler
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, CNRS 8104 Paris France
| | - Peter Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Alan Salama
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital University College London London UK
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21
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Tumor-associated neutrophils and neutrophil-targeted cancer therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188762. [PMID: 35853517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the frontline cells in response to microbial infections and are involved in a range of inflammatory disorders in the body. In recent years, neutrophils have gained considerable attention in their involvement of complex roles in tumor development and progression. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) that accumulate in local region could be triggered by external stimuli from tumor microenvironment (TME) and switch between anti- and pro-tumor phenotypes. The anti-tumor neutrophils kill tumor cells through direct cytotoxic effects as well as indirect effects by activating adaptive immune responses. In contrast, the pro-tumor phenotype of neutrophils might be associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression in TME. More recently, neutrophils have been proposed as a potential target in cancer therapy for their ability to diminish the pro-tumor pathways, such as by immune checkpoint blockade. This review discusses the complex roles of neutrophils in TME and highlights the strategies in neutrophil targeting in cancer treatment with a particular focus on the progresses of ongoing clinical trials involving neutrophil-targeted therapies.
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22
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Chen X, Yan Y, Du J, Shen X, He C, Pan H, Zhu J, Liu X. Non-peptidyl non-covalent cathepsin C inhibitoEEr bearing a unique thiophene-substituted pyridine: Design, structure-activity relationship and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tang W, Zhong Y, Wei Y, Deng Z, Mao J, Liu J, Valencak TG, Liu J, Xu H, Wang H. Ileum tissue single-cell mRNA sequencing elucidates the cellular architecture of pathophysiological changes associated with weaning in piglets. BMC Biol 2022; 20:123. [PMID: 35637473 PMCID: PMC9153155 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, transitioning from sole milk uptake to the intake of solid feed results in dramatic developmental changes in intestinal function and immunological status. In fact, weaning stress is often accompanied by intestinal inflammatory processes. To develop effective intervention strategies, it is necessary to characterize the developmental pattern and immune response that occurs on weaning, as we have done in this study for piglets. Results To comprehensively delineate cell heterogeneity in ileum tissues and the underlying mechanisms in weaning-induced intestinal inflammation of piglets, we have analyzed the transcriptomes of 42,149 cells from ileum mucosa of normally suckling and post-weaned piglets. There were 31 cell subtypes including epithelial, stromal, and immune cells. A bifurcating trajectory was inferred to separate secretory and absorptive lineages. Integrated cross-species datasets showed well-conserved cellular architectures and transcription signatures between human and pig. Comparative analyses of cellular components, cell–cell communications, and molecular states revealed that T cell subpopulations were significantly altered in weaned piglets. We found that T helper (Th) 17 functional plasticity across changes in the cytokine milieu and the enrichment of granzyme B (GZMB)-expressing cytotoxic T cells potentially exacerbate mucosal inflammation via mitochondrial dysfunction in epithelial cells. Conclusions Our work has elucidated the single-cell molecular characteristics of the piglet ileum before and after weaning. We have provided an atlas that portrays the landscape of the intestinal pathophysiological inflammatory process associated with weaning, finding a level of conservation between human and pig that support the use of piglets as a model for human infants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01321-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Tang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yusen Wei
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhaoxi Deng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jingliang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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24
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Kain R, Nackenhorst MC. A View on Cathepsin C as a Target for Therapy in AAV. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:875-878. [PMID: 35396261 PMCID: PMC9063890 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Fassan M, Collesei A, Angerilli V, Sbaraglia M, Fortarezza F, Pezzuto F, De Gaspari M, Businello G, Moni M, Rizzo S, Traverso G, Colosso V, Taschin E, Lunardi F, Valls AF, Schiavi F, Basso C, Calabrese F, Dei Tos AP. Multi-Design Differential Expression Profiling of COVID-19 Lung Autopsy Specimens Reveals Significantly Deregulated Inflammatory Pathways and SFTPC Impaired Transcription. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061011. [PMID: 35326463 PMCID: PMC8947344 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptomic profiling of lung damage associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the development of effective therapies to prevent COVID-19-related deaths. We selected a series of 21 autoptic lung samples, 14 of which had positive nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19-related death; their pulmonary viral load was quantified with a specific probe for SARS-CoV-2. The remaining seven cases had no documented respiratory disease and were used as controls. RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples was extracted to perform gene expression profiling by means of targeted (Nanostring) and comprehensive RNA-Seq. Two differential expression designs were carried out leading to relevant results in terms of deregulation. SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens presented a significant overexpression in genes of the type I interferon signaling pathway (IFIT1, OAS1, ISG15 and RSAD2), complement activation (C2 and CFB), macrophage polarization (PKM, SIGLEC1, CD163 and MS4A4A) and Cathepsin C (CTSC). CD163, Siglec-1 and Cathepsin C overexpression was validated by immunohistochemistry. SFTPC, the encoding gene for pulmonary-associated surfactant protein C, emerged as a key identifier of COVID-19 patients with high viral load. This study successfully recognized SARS-CoV-2 specific immune signatures in lung samples and highlighted new potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced lung damage is required to develop effective individualized pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498217931
| | - Antonio Collesei
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Angerilli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Fortarezza
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Pezzuto
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Gianluca Businello
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Margherita Moni
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Traverso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
| | - Veronica Colosso
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Elisa Taschin
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Aida Freire Valls
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., 530 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Francesca Schiavi
- Familial Cancer Clinics, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, 35127 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (E.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (V.A.); (M.S.); (G.B.); (M.M.); (G.T.); (F.L.); (A.P.D.T.)
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121 Padua, Italy; (F.F.); (F.P.); (F.C.)
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Jerke U, Eulenberg-Gustavus C, Rousselle A, Nicklin P, Kreideweiss S, Grundl MA, Eickholz P, Nickles K, Schreiber A, Korkmaz B, Kettritz R. Targeting Cathepsin C in PR3-ANCA Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:936-947. [PMID: 35292437 PMCID: PMC9063889 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ANCA autoantigens proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are exclusively expressed by neutrophils and monocytes. ANCA-mediated activation of these cells is the key driver of the vascular injury process in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) are disease mediators. Cathepsin C (CatC) from zymogens activates the proteolytic function of NSPs, including PR3. Lack of NSP zymogen activation results in neutrophils with strongly reduced NSP proteins. METHODS To explore AAV-relevant consequences of blocking NSP zymogen activation by CatC, we used myeloid cells from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, a genetic deficiency of CatC, to assess NSPs and NSP-mediated endothelial cell injury. We also examined pharmacologic CatC inhibition in neutrophil-differentiated human hematopoietic stem cells, primary human umbilical vein cells, and primary glomerular microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome showed strongly reduced NSPs in neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils from these patients produced a negative PR3-ANCA test, presented less PR3 on the surface of viable and apoptotic cells, and caused significantly less damage in human umbilical vein cells. These findings were recapitulated in human stem cells, in which a highly specific CatC inhibitor, but not prednisolone, reduced NSPs without affecting neutrophil differentiation, reduced membrane PR3, and diminished neutrophil activation upon PR3-ANCA but not MPO-ANCA stimulation. Compared with healthy controls, neutrophils from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome transferred less proteolytically active NSPs to glomerular microvascular endothelial cells, the cell type targeted in ANCA-induced necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Finally, both genetic CatC deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition, but not prednisolone, reduced neutrophil-induced glomerular microvascular endothelial cell damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings may offer encouragement for clinical studies of adjunctive CatC inhibitor in patients with PR3-AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Jerke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Eulenberg-Gustavus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Marc A Grundl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Nickles
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany .,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Varda N, Novinec M. Evolutionary Analysis of Dipeptidyl Peptidase I. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031852. [PMID: 35163774 PMCID: PMC8836896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine peptidases. Its distinctive features are the unique exclusion domain which enables the eponymous activity and homotetramerization of DPPI, and its dependence on chloride ions for enzymatic activity. The oligomeric state of DPPI is unique in this family of predominantly monomeric peptidases. However, a distant DPPI ortholog from Plasmodium falciparum has been shown to be monomeric, indicating that the oligomeric state of DPPI varies between lineages. The aim of this work was to study the evolution of DPPI, with particular attention to the structural features that determine its characteristic enzymatic activity and preferences, and to reconstruct the evolution of its oligomerization. We analyzed fifty-seven selected sequences of DPPI and confirmed its presence in three lineages, namely, Amorphea (including animals and Amoebozoa), Alveolates and the metamonad Giardia. The amino acid residues that bind the chloride ion are highly conserved in all species, indicating that the dependence on chloride ions for activity is an evolutionarily conserved feature of DPPI. The number of N-glycosylation sites is significantly increased in animals, particularly vertebrates. Analysis of homology models and subunit contacts suggests that oligomerization is likely restricted to DPPIs in the Amorphea group.
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28
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Bahuguna A, Pal Khaket T, Bajpai VK, Shukla S, Park I, Na M, Suk Huh Y, Han YK, Chul Kang S, Kim M. N-acetyldopamine dimers from Oxya chinensis sinuosa attenuates lipopolysaccharides induced inflammation and inhibits cathepsin C activity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1177-1188. [PMID: 35317232 PMCID: PMC8908036 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Antonelou M, Evans RDR, Henderson SR, Salama AD. Neutrophils are key mediators in crescentic glomerulonephritis and targets for new therapeutic approaches. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:230-238. [PMID: 33057680 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) results from a diverse set of diseases associated with immune dysregulation and the breakdown of self-tolerance to a wide range of autoantigens, some known and some that remain unknown. Experimental data demonstrate that neutrophils have an important role in the pathogenesis of CGN. Upon activation, neutrophils generate reactive oxygen species, release serine proteases and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), all of which can induce direct tissue damage. In addition, serine proteases such as myeloperoxidase and proteinase 3, presented on NETs, can be processed and recognized as autoantigens, leading to the generation and maintenance of autoimmune responses in susceptible individuals. The basis of the specificity of autoimmune responses in different patients to NET proteins is unclear, but relates at least in part to differences in human leucocyte antigen expression. Conditions associated with CGN are often characterized by aberrant neutrophil activation and NETosis and, in some, impaired NET degradation. Targeting neutrophil degranulation and NETosis is now possible using a variety of novel compounds and may provide a promising therapeutic alternative to glucocorticoid use, which has been a mainstay of management in CGN for decades and is associated with significant adverse effects. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the role of neutrophils in the development of CGN and the pathways identified in neutrophil degranulation and NETosis that may translate to novel therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilina Antonelou
- University College London, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rhys D R Evans
- University College London, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Scott R Henderson
- University College London, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alan D Salama
- University College London, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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30
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Lu F, Gong H, Lei H, Li J. Downregulation of cathepsin C alleviates endothelial cell dysfunction by suppressing p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in preeclampsia. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3019-3028. [PMID: 35037834 PMCID: PMC8974117 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction is an essential pathophysiological feature of preeclampsia (PE). It has been reported that cathepsin C is upregulated in the maternal vascular endothelium of PE patients. The excessive activation of p38 MAPK leads to various diseases, including PE. NF-κB pathway can promote uteroplacental dysfunction, endothelial stress and development of PE. Moreover, it has been verified that cathepsin C can activate p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. In the present work, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model of HUVECs was established to discuss the biological functions of cathepsin C in endothelial cell dysfunction and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The correlation between cathepsin C and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in H/R-stimulated HUVECs as well as the effects of cathepsin C and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway on viability, apoptosis, invasion, in vitro angiogenesis of HUVECs and oxidative stress were assessed. The results revealed that H/R injury elevated cathepsin C expression and activated p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in HUVECs and cathepsin C knockdown inhibited the activity of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in H/R-stimulated HUVECs. Downregulation of cathepsin C improved viability, inhibited apoptosis and enhanced invasion of H/R-stimulated HUVECs. In addition, downregulation of cathepsin C alleviated oxidative stress and induced stronger HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro. Furthermore, the protective effects of cathepsin C knockdown against endothelial cell dysfunction were reversed by p38 MAPK activator anisomycin. In other words, downregulation of cathepsin C could improve HUVEC viability and enhance anti-apoptotic capacity, anti-oxidative capability, invasive ability, as well as angiogenic potential of H/R-stimulated HUVECs by repressing p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Han Gong
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Houkang Lei
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, Province, China
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Shen XB, Chen X, Zhang ZY, Wu FF, Liu XH. Cathepsin C inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drug discovery: Challenges and opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113818. [PMID: 34492551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C, an important lysosomal cysteine protease, mediates the maturation process of neutrophil serine proteases, and participates in the inflammation and immune regulation process associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Therefore, cathepsin C is considered to be an attractive target for treating inflammatory diseases. With INS1007 (trade name: brensocatib) being granted a breakthrough drug designation by FDA for the treatment of Adult Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis and Coronavirus Disease 2019, the development of cathepsin C inhibitor will attract attentions from medicinal chemists in the future soon. Here, we summarized the research results of cathepsin C as a therapeutic target, focusing on the development of cathepsin C inhibitor, and provided guidance and reference opinions for the upcoming development boom of cathepsin C inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Bao Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhao Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fu Fang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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32
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Korkmaz B, Lamort AS, Domain R, Beauvillain C, Gieldon A, Yildirim AÖ, Stathopoulos GT, Rhimi M, Jenne DE, Kettritz R. Cathepsin C inhibition as a potential treatment strategy in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114803. [PMID: 34678221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established an association between chronic inflammation and higher risk of cancer. Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes represents a potential treatment strategy for cancer and prevention of cancer metastasis. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a highly conserved lysosomal cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase required for the activation of pro-inflammatory neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs, elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G and NSP-4). NSPs are locally released by activated neutrophils in response to pathogens and non-infectious danger signals. Activated neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are decorated with several neutrophil proteins, including NSPs. NSPs are not only NETs constituents but also play a role in NET formation and release. Although immune cells harbor large amounts of CatC, additional cell sources for this protease exists. Upregulation of CatC expression was observed in different tissues during carcinogenesis and correlated with metastasis and poor patient survival. Recent mechanistic studies indicated an important interaction of tumor-associated CatC, NSPs, and NETs in cancer development and metastasis and suggested CatC as a therapeutic target in a several cancer types. Cancer cell-derived CatC promotes neutrophil recruitment in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Because the clinical consequences of genetic CatC deficiency in humans resulting in the elimination of NSPs are mild, small molecule inhibitors of CatC are assumed as safe drugs to reduce the NSP burden. Brensocatib, a nitrile CatC inhibitor is currently tested in a phase 3 clinical trial as a novel anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with bronchiectasis. However, recently developed CatC inhibitors possibly have protective effects beyond inflammation. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological function of CatC and discuss molecular mechanisms substantiating pharmacological CatC inhibition as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Lamort
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases" and University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- University of Angers, University of Nantes, Angers University Hospital, INSERM UMR-1232, CRCINA, Innate Immunity and Immunotherapy, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2)
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Microbiota Interaction with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria 81377, Germany(2); Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité und Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113174118. [PMID: 34607961 PMCID: PMC8522270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles that also act as cell-signaling hubs. They regulate functions ranging from antigen presentation to autophagy. Spherical lysosomes can spontaneously elongate into tubules in starving or inflamed immune cells. We describe a DNA-based reagent, denoted Tudor, that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without triggering either an immune response or autophagy. Chemical imaging revealed that tubular lysosomes differ from vesicular ones in terms of their pH, calcium, and proteolytic activity. Tudor revealed a role for tubular lysosomes in that they enhance MMP9 secretion and phagocytosis in resting macrophages. The ability to tubulate lysosomes in resting immune cells without starving or inflaming them may help reveal new insights into how tubular lysosomes function. Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution, and autophagy. Tubular lysosomes are studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. Here we describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Proteolytic activity maps at single-lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative and showed proximal to distal luminal pH and Ca2+ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted but never previously observed. We identify a role for tubular lysosomes in promoting phagocytosis and activating MMP9. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without starving or activating immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.
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D’Souza SS, Zhang Y, Bailey JT, Fung ITH, Kuentzel ML, Chittur SV, Yang Q. Type I Interferon signaling controls the accumulation and transcriptomes of monocytes in the aged lung. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13470. [PMID: 34547174 PMCID: PMC8520712 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is paradoxically associated with a deteriorated immune defense (immunosenescence) and increased basal levels of tissue inflammation (inflammaging). The lung is particularly sensitive to the effects of aging. The immune cell mechanisms underlying physiological lung aging remain poorly understood. Here we reveal that aging leads to increased interferon signaling and elevated concentrations of chemokines in the lung, which is associated with infiltration of monocytes into the lung parenchyma. scRNA‐seq identified a novel Type‐1 interferon signaling dependent monocyte subset (MO‐ifn) that upregulated IFNAR1 expression and exhibited greater transcriptomal changes with aging than the other monocytes. Blockade of type‐1 interferon signaling by treatment with anti‐IFNAR1 neutralizing antibodies rapidly ablated MO‐ifn cells. Treatment with anti‐IFNAR1 antibodies also reduced airway chemokine concentrations and repressed the accumulation of the overall monocyte population in the parenchyma of the aged lung. Together, our work suggests that physiological aging is associated with increased basal level of airway monocyte infiltration and inflammation in part due to elevated type‐1 interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti S. D’Souza
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Jacob T. Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Ivan T. H. Fung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Marcy L. Kuentzel
- Center for Functional Genomics University at Albany‐SUNY Rensselaer NY USA
| | - Sridar V. Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics University at Albany‐SUNY Rensselaer NY USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
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35
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Donadieu J, Frenz S, Merz L, Sicre De Fontbrune F, Rotulo GA, Beaupain B, Biosse-Duplan M, Audrain M, Croisille L, Ancliff P, Klein C, Bellanné-Chantelot C. Chronic neutropenia: how best to assess severity and approach management? Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:945-960. [PMID: 34486458 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1976634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutropenia is a relatively common finding in medical practice and the medical approach requires a gradual and pertinent diagnostic procedure as well as adapted management. AREAS COVERED The area of chronic neutropenia remains fragmented between diverse diseases or situations. Here physicians involved in different aspects of chronic neutropenia gather both the data from medical literature till the end of May 2021 and their experience to offer a global approach for the diagnosis of chronic neutropenia as well as their medical care. EXPERT OPINION In most cases, the neutropenia is transient, frequently related to a viral infection, and not harmful. However, neutropenia can be chronic (i.e. >3 months) and related to a number of etiologies, some clinically benign, such as so-called 'ethnic' neutropenia. Autoimmune neutropenia is the common form in young children, whereas idiopathic/immune neutropenia is a frequent etiology in young females. Inherited neutropenia (or congenital neutropenia) is exceptional, with approximately 30 new cases per 106 births and 30 known subtypes. Such patients have a high risk of invasive bacterial infections, and oral infections. Supportive therapy, which is primarily based on daily administration of an antibiotic prophylaxis and/or treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), contributes to avoiding recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Donadieu
- Centre De Référence Des Neutropénies Chroniques, Registre National Des Neutropénies Congénitales, Service d'Hémato-oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau Aphp, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Frenz
- Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lauren Merz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Blandine Beaupain
- Centre De Référence Des Neutropénies Chroniques, Registre National Des Neutropénies Congénitales, Service d'Hémato-oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau Aphp, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Audrain
- Service d'Immunologie Laboratoire De Biologie Chu De Nantes 9 Quai Moncousu
| | | | - Phil Ancliff
- Pediatric Hematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, UK
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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36
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Banerjee A, Velagaleti R, Patil S, Pawar M, Yadav P, Kadam P, Qadri MM, Chakraborti S, Saini JS, Behera DB, Karanjai K, Iyer PS, Gharat LA, Das S. Development of potent and selective Cathepsin C inhibitors free of aortic binding liability by application of a conformational restriction strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128202. [PMID: 34139325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C plays a key role in the activation of several degradative enzymes linked to tissue destruction in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, Cathepsin C inhibitors could potentially be effective therapeutics for the treatment of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In our efforts towards the development of a novel series of Cathepsin C inhibitors, we started working around AZD5248 (1), an α-amino acid based scaffold having potential liability of aortic binding. A novel series of amidoacetonitrile based Cathepsin C inhibitors were developed by the application of a conformational restriction strategy on 1. In particular, this work led to the development of a potent and selective Cathepsin C inhibitor 3p, free of aortic binding liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Banerjee
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Ranganadh Velagaleti
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Sandip Patil
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Mahesh Pawar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pravin Yadav
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pradip Kadam
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Mohammad Mohsin Qadri
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Samitabh Chakraborti
- Pharmacology Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Jagmohan S Saini
- Computational Chemistry, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Dayanidhi B Behera
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Keya Karanjai
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Pravin S Iyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Pharmacology Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Computational Chemistry, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India.; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India
| | - Sanjib Das
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai 400 709, India..
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Kralova J, Pavliuchenko N, Fabisik M, Ilievova K, Spoutil F, Prochazka J, Pokorna J, Sedlacek R, Brdicka T. The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 promotes onset and severity of IL-1β-mediated autoinflammatory osteomyelitis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101131. [PMID: 34461100 PMCID: PMC8455366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of human autoinflammatory diseases manifest with severe inflammatory bone destruction. Mouse models of these diseases represent valuable tools that help us to understand molecular mechanisms triggering this bone autoinflammation. The Pstpip2cmo mouse strain is among the best characterized of these; it harbors a mutation resulting in the loss of adaptor protein PSTPIP2 and development of autoinflammatory osteomyelitis. In Pstpip2cmo mice, overproduction of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and reactive oxygen species by neutrophil granulocytes leads to spontaneous inflammation of the bones and surrounding soft tissues. However, the upstream signaling events leading to this overproduction are poorly characterized. Here, we show that Pstpip2cmo mice deficient in major regulator of Src-family kinases (SFKs) receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 display delayed onset and lower severity of the disease, while the development of autoinflammation is not affected by deficiencies in Toll-like receptor signaling. Our data also show deregulation of pro-IL-1β production by Pstpip2cmo neutrophils that are attenuated by CD45 deficiency. These data suggest a role for SFKs in autoinflammation. Together with previously published work on the involvement of protein tyrosine kinase spleen tyrosine kinase, they point to the role of receptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs, which after phosphorylation by SFKs recruit spleen tyrosine kinase for further signal propagation. We propose that this class of receptors triggers the events resulting in increased pro-IL-1β synthesis and disease initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Kralova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliia Pavliuchenko
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Fabisik
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Ilievova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Spoutil
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pokorna
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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38
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Chen X, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Liu M, Du L, Zhang H, Shen X, Zhao D, Shi JB, Liu X. Discovery and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation of a Novel Non-peptidyl Non-covalent Cathepsin C Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11857-11885. [PMID: 34374541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (Cat C) participates in inflammation and immune regulation by affecting the activation of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Therefore, cathepsin C is an attractive target for treatment of NSP-related inflammatory diseases. Here, the complete discovery process of the first potent "non-peptidyl non-covalent cathepsin C inhibitor" was described with hit finding, structure optimization, and lead discovery. Starting with hit 14, structure-based optimization and structure-activity relationship study were comprehensively carried out, and lead compound 54 was discovered as a potent drug-like cathepsin C inhibitor both in vivo and in vitro. Also, compound 54 (with cathepsin C Enz IC50 = 57.4 nM) exhibited effective anti-inflammatory activity in an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These results confirmed that the non-peptidyl and non-covalent derivative could be used as an effective cathepsin C inhibitor and encouraged us to continue further drug discovery on the basis of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Faming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Leran Du
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital 2, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
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39
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Saidi A, Wartenberg M, Madinier JB, Ilango G, Seren S, Korkmaz B, Lecaille F, Aucagne V, Lalmanach G. Monitoring Human Neutrophil Activation by a Proteinase 3 Near-Infrared Fluorescence Substrate-Based Probe. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1782-1790. [PMID: 34269060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) substrate-based probe (SBP) was conceived to monitor secreted human proteinase 3 (hPR3) activity. This probe, called pro3-SBP, is shaped by a fused peptide hairpin loop structure, which associates a hPR3 recognition domain (Val-Ala-Asp-Nva-Ala-Asp-Tyr-Gln, where Nva is norvaline) and an electrostatic zipper (consisting of complementary polyanionic (d-Glu)5 and polycationic (d-Arg)5 sequences) in close vicinity of the N- and C-terminal FRET couple (fluorescent donor, sulfoCy5.5; dark quencher, QSY21). Besides its subsequent stability, no intermolecular fluorescence quenching was detected following its complete hydrolysis by hPR3, advocating that pro3-SBP could further afford unbiased imaging. Pro3-SBP was specifically hydrolyzed by hPR3 (kcat/Km= 440 000 ± 5500 M-1·s-1) and displayed a sensitive detection threshold for hPR3 (subnanomolar concentration range), while neutrophil elastase showed a weaker potency. Conversely, pro3-SBP was not cleaved by cathepsin G. Pro3-SBP was successfully hydrolyzed by conditioned media of activated human neutrophils but not by quiescent neutrophils. Moreover, unlike unstimulated neutrophils, a strong NIRF signal was specifically detected by confocal microscopy following neutrophil ionomycin-induced degranulation. Fluorescence release was abolished in the presence of a selective hPR3 inhibitor, indicating that pro3-SBP is selectively cleaved by extracellular hPR3. Taken together, the present data support that pro3-SBP could be a convenient tool, allowing straightforward monitoring of human neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
| | - Mylène Wartenberg
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Madinier
- Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), Team: "Molecular, Structural and Chemical Biology″, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Guy Ilango
- IBiSA Electron Microscopy Platform, Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France
| | - Seda Seren
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), Team: "Molecular, Structural and Chemical Biology″, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours 37032, France.,UMR 1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team: "Proteolytic Mechanisms in Inflammation", INSERM, Tours 37032, France
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40
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Matera MG, Calzetta L, Annibale R, Russo F, Cazzola M. Classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1015-1027. [PMID: 33957839 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1925537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistent inflammation that characterizes COPD and affects its natural course also impacting on symptoms has prompted research to find molecules that can regulate the inflammatory process but still available anti-inflammatory therapies provide little or no benefit in COPD patients. Consequently, numerous anti-inflammatory molecules that are effective in animal models of COPD have been or are being evaluated in humans. AREAS COVERED In this article we describe several classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. EXPERT OPINION Although the results of many clinical trials with new molecules have often been disappointing, several studies are underway to investigate whether some of these molecules may be effective in treating specific subgroups of COPD patients. Indeed, the current perspective is to apply a more personalized treatment to the patient. This means being able to better define the patient's inflammatory state and treat it in a targeted manner. Unfortunately, the difficulty in translating encouraging experimental data into human clinical trials, the redundancy in the effects induced by signal-transmitting substances and the nonspecific effects of many classes that are undergoing clinical trials, do not yet allow specific inflammatory cell types to be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosa Annibale
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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41
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Seren S, Derian L, Keleş I, Guillon A, Lesner A, Gonzalez L, Baranek T, Si-Tahar M, Marchand-Adam S, Jenne DE, Paget C, Jouan Y, Korkmaz B. Proteinase release from activated neutrophils in mechanically ventilated patients with non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.03755-2020. [PMID: 33419887 PMCID: PMC8082325 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03755-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe cases of pneumonia are frequently associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which carries a mortality rate of about 40% [1]. Uncontrolled host inflammatory response in the lung is a key factor in the transition from pneumonia to ARDS, with alveolocapillary membrane disruption leading to interstitial and alveolar oedema [2]. Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and are the first responders to local tissue damage and infection. Recruited neutrophils are considered important actors in lung tissue injury [3]. Indeed, their broad arsenal of antimicrobial weaponry can cause direct and indirect collateral damage. Neutrophil serine proteinases (NSPs), including elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3) and cathepsin G (CatG), are released from activated cells and play a part in ARDS pathophysiology, as illustrated in both preclinical and clinical studies [4]. Thus, NSPs emerge as an untapped point for therapeutic interventions in pneumonia-induced ARDS [4]. These NSPs are readily synthesised in neutrophil precursors within the bone marrow and are converted into their active form by cathepsin C (CatC) [5]. They are stored together in cytoplasmic granules and secreted into the extracellular compartment upon stimulation [6]. COVID-19 ARDS is associated with release of biologically active neutrophil elastase-related proteinases to the airways and blood at a comparable level to non-COVID ARDShttps://bit.ly/3nihveh
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lohann Derian
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Equal contribution
| | - Irem Keleş
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Equal contribution
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Loïc Gonzalez
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Dept of Pneumology and Respiratory Functional Exploration, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) 81377 Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, "Research Center for Respiratory Diseases", University of Tours, Tours, France
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Cystatin M/E (Cystatin 6): A Janus-Faced Cysteine Protease Inhibitor with Both Tumor-Suppressing and Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081877. [PMID: 33919854 PMCID: PMC8070812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside its contribution in maintaining skin homeostasis and its probable involvement in fetal and placental development, cystatin M/E (also known as cystatin 6) was first described as a tumor suppressor of breast cancer. This review aims to provide an update on cystatin M/E with particular attention paid to its role during tumorigenesis. Cystatin M/E, which is related to type 2 cystatins, displays the unique property of being a dual tight-binding inhibitor of both legumain (also known as asparagine endopeptidase) and cysteine cathepsins L, V and B, while its expression level is epigenetically regulated via the methylation of the CST6 promoter region. The tumor-suppressing role of cystatin M/E was further reported in melanoma, cervical, brain, prostate, gastric and renal cancers, and cystatin M/E was proposed as a biomarker of prognostic significance. Contrariwise, cystatin M/E could have an antagonistic function, acting as a tumor promoter (e.g., oral, pancreatic cancer, thyroid and hepatocellular carcinoma). Taking into account these apparently divergent functions, there is an urgent need to decipher the molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of the expression and activity of cystatin M/E associated with the safeguarding homeostasis of the proteolytic balance as well as its imbalance in cancer.
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Abundant Monovalent Ions as Environmental Signposts for Pathogens during Host Colonization. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00641-20. [PMID: 33526568 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00641-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host colonization by a pathogen requires proper sensing and response to local environmental cues, to ensure adaptation and continued survival within the host. The ionic milieu represents a critical potential source of environmental cues, and indeed, there has been extensive study of the interplay between host and pathogen in the context of metals such as iron, zinc, and manganese, vital ions that are actively sequestered by the host. The inherent non-uniformity of the ionic milieu also extends, however, to "abundant" ions such as chloride and potassium, whose concentrations vary greatly between tissue and cellular locations, and with the immune response. Despite this, the concept of abundant ions as environmental cues and key players in host-pathogen interactions is only just emerging. Focusing on chloride and potassium, this review brings together studies across multiple bacterial and parasitic species that have begun to define both how these abundant ions are exploited as cues during host infection, and how they can be actively manipulated by pathogens during host colonization. The close links between ion homeostasis and sensing/response to different ionic signals, and the importance of studying pathogen response to cues in combination, are also discussed, while considering the fundamental insight still to be uncovered from further studies in this nascent area of inquiry.
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Xiao Y, Cong M, Li J, He D, Wu Q, Tian P, Wang Y, Yang S, Liang C, Liang Y, Wen J, Liu Y, Luo W, Lv X, He Y, Cheng DD, Zhou T, Zhao W, Zhang P, Zhang X, Xiao Y, Qian Y, Wang H, Gao Q, Yang QC, Yang Q, Hu G. Cathepsin C promotes breast cancer lung metastasis by modulating neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:423-437.e7. [PMID: 33450198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer-related mortality. The neutrophil-associated inflammatory microenvironment aids tumor cells in metastatic colonization in lungs. Here, we show that tumor-secreted protease cathepsin C (CTSC) promotes breast-to-lung metastasis by regulating recruitment of neutrophils and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). CTSC enzymatically activates neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 (PR3) to facilitate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) processing and nuclear factor κB activation, thus upregulating IL-6 and CCL3 for neutrophil recruitment. In addition, the CTSC-PR3-IL-1β axis induces neutrophil reactive oxygen species production and formation of NETs, which degrade thrombospondin-1 and support metastatic growth of cancer cells in the lungs. CTSC expression and secretion are associated with NET formation and lung metastasis in human breast tumors. Importantly, targeting CTSC with compound AZD7986 effectively suppresses lung metastasis of breast cancer in a mouse model. Overall, our findings reveal a mechanism of how tumor cells regulate neutrophils in metastatic niches and support CTSC-targeting approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansen Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiatao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dasa He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiuyao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenxi Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yajun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jili Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenqian Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xianzhe Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yunfei He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dong-Dong Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing-Cheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Granel J, Korkmaz B, Nouar D, Weiss SAI, Jenne DE, Lemoine R, Hoarau C. Pathogenicity of Proteinase 3-Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Implications as Biomarker and Future Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571933. [PMID: 33679731 PMCID: PMC7930335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare but serious necrotizing auto-immune vasculitis. GPA is mostly associated with the presence of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) targeting proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA), a serine protease contained in neutrophil granules but also exposed at the membrane. PR3-ANCAs have a proven fundamental role in GPA: they bind neutrophils allowing their auto-immune activation responsible for vasculitis lesions. PR3-ANCAs bind neutrophil surface on the one hand by their Fab binding PR3 and on the other by their Fc binding Fc gamma receptors. Despite current therapies, GPA is still a serious disease with an important mortality and a high risk of relapse. Furthermore, although PR3-ANCAs are a consistent biomarker for GPA diagnosis, relapse management currently based on their level is inconsistent. Indeed, PR3-ANCA level is not correlated with disease activity in 25% of patients suggesting that not all PR3-ANCAs are pathogenic. Therefore, the development of new biomarkers to evaluate disease activity and predict relapse and new therapies is necessary. Understanding factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity, i.e. their potential to induce auto-immune activation of neutrophils, offers interesting perspectives in order to improve GPA management. Most relevant factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity are involved in their interaction with neutrophils: level of PR3 autoantigen at neutrophil surface, epitope of PR3 recognized by PR3-ANCA, isotype and glycosylation of PR3-ANCA. We detailed in this review the advances in understanding these factors influencing PR3-ANCA pathogenicity in order to use them as biomarkers and develop new therapies in GPA as part of a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Granel
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France.,Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
| | - Dalila Nouar
- Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Stefanie A I Weiss
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France
| | - Cyrille Hoarau
- Université de Tours, Plateforme B Cell Ressources (BCR) EA4245, Tours, France.,Service d'Immunologie Clinique et d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Tours, France
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46
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Korkmaz B, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, Moss C, Jenne DE. Lung Protection by Cathepsin C Inhibition: A New Hope for COVID-19 and ARDS? J Med Chem 2020; 63:13258-13265. [PMID: 32692176 PMCID: PMC7413214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC) is a cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase that activates most of tissue-degrading elastase-related serine proteases. Thus, CatC appears as a potential therapeutic target to impair protease-driven tissue degradation in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A depletion of proinflammatory elastase-related proteases in neutrophils is observed in patients with CatC deficiency (Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome). To address and counterbalance unwanted effects of elastase-related proteases, chemical inhibitors of CatC are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. Neutrophils may contribute to the diffuse alveolar inflammation seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is currently a growing challenge for intensive care units due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Elimination of elastase-related neutrophil proteases may reduce the progression of lung injury in these patients. Pharmacological CatC inhibition could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the irreversible pulmonary failure threatening the life of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, Centre
d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and
Université de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry,
University of Gdansk, 80-398 Gdansk,
Poland
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM UMR-1100, Centre
d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and
Université de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
- Service de Pneumologie,
CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
| | - Celia Moss
- Birmingham
Children’s Hospital and University of
Birmingham, B4 6NH Birmingham,
U.K.
| | - Dieter E. Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center,
Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research
(DZL), Munich and Max-Planck Institute of
Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried,
Germany
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47
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Zanandrea R, Bonan CD, Campos MM. Zebrafish as a model for inflammation and drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2201-2211. [PMID: 33035664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a small teleost (bony) fish used in many areas of pharmacology and toxicology. This animal model has advantages for the discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as the potential for real-time assessment of cell migration mechanisms. Additionally, zebrafish display a repertoire of inflammatory cells, mediators, and receptors that are similar to those in mammals, including humans. Inflammatory disease modeling in either larvae or adult zebrafish represents a promising tool for the screening of new anti-inflammatory compounds, contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in chronic inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the characterization of inflammatory responses in zebrafish, emphasizing its relevance for drug discovery in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla D Bonan
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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48
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Burster T, Knippschild U, Molnár F, Zhanapiya A. Cathepsin G and its Dichotomous Role in Modulating Levels of MHC Class I Molecules. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:25. [PMID: 32815043 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CatG) is involved in controlling numerous processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. These features include the proteolytic activity of CatG and play a pivotal role in alteration of chemokines as well as cytokines, clearance of exogenous and internalized pathogens, platelet activation, apoptosis, and antigen processing. This is in contrast to the capability of CatG acting in a proteolytic-independent manner due to the net charge of arginine residues in the CatG sequence which interferes with bacteria. CatG is a double-edged sword; CatG is also responsible in pathophysiological conditions, such as autoimmunity, chronic pulmonary diseases, HIV infection, tumor progression and metastasis, photo-aged human skin, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory pain. Here, we summarize the latest findings for functional responsibilities of CatG in immunity, including bivalent regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, which underscore an additional novel role of CatG within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Zhanapiya
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) with novel compound heterozygous mutation in the exclusion and Peptidase C1A domains of Cathepsin C gene. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5681-5687. [PMID: 32601924 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Papillon Lefevre syndrome (PLS) manifests with palmoplantar keratoderma, combined with a rapidly progressive periodontitis associated with mutations in Cathepsin C (CTSC) gene. This article reports a 15-year old male proband with typical PLS traits having a novel compound heterozygote with p.Q49X mutation in exon 1 and p.Y259C missense mutation in exon 6 of CTSC gene respectively. The exon 1 mutation, p.Q49X, (found in proband's mother) was located in exclusion domain and exon 6 mutation, p.Y259C (found in proband's father), was present in peptidase C1A, papain C-terminal domain. Interestingly, missense mutation p.Y259C identified in this study was found to be not reported so far. Upon computational analysis, this missense mutation was found to be lethal. Moreover, our protein modelling approach using mutant protein revealed the presence of monomeric structure on contrary to the tetrameric structure of the wild type protein. In addition, in vitro functional characterization of mutant p.Y259C expressed in HEK293 cells showed a significant reduction in CTSC activity (0.015 ± 0.009 mU/ml) when compared with wild type protein (0.21 ± 0.008 mU/ml). Thus, in this study, we have demonstrated that the pathogenic missense mutant p.Y259C might cause PLS by impaired CTSC function.
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50
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Merchant ML, Barati MT, Caster DJ, Hata JL, Hobeika L, Coventry S, Brier ME, Wilkey DW, Li M, Rood IM, Deegens JK, Wetzels JF, Larsen CP, Troost JP, Hodgin JB, Mariani LH, Kretzler M, Klein JB, McLeish KR. Proteomic Analysis Identifies Distinct Glomerular Extracellular Matrix in Collapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1883-1904. [PMID: 32561683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) replacement of areas of glomerular capillaries in histologic variants of FSGS are unknown. This study used proteomics to test the hypothesis that glomerular ECM composition in collapsing FSGS (cFSGS) differs from that of other variants. METHODS ECM proteins in glomeruli from biopsy specimens of patients with FSGS not otherwise specified (FSGS-NOS) or cFSGS and from normal controls were distinguished and quantified using mass spectrometry, verified and localized using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy, and assessed for gene expression. The analysis also quantified urinary excretion of ECM proteins and peptides. RESULTS Of 58 ECM proteins that differed in abundance between cFSGS and FSGS-NOS, 41 were more abundant in cFSGS and 17 in FSGS-NOS. IHC showed that glomerular tuft staining for cathepsin B, cathepsin C, and annexin A3 in cFSGS was significantly greater than in other FSGS variants, in minimal change disease, or in membranous nephropathy. Annexin A3 colocalized with cathepsin B and C, claudin-1, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and CD44, but not with synaptopodin, in parietal epithelial cells (PECs) infiltrating cFSGS glomeruli. Transcripts for cathepsins B and C were increased in FSGS glomeruli compared with normal controls, and urinary excretion of both cathepsins was significantly greater in cFSGS compared with FSGS-NOS. Urinary excretion of ECM-derived peptides was enhanced in cFSGS, although in silico analysis did not identify enhanced excretion of peptides derived from cathepsin B or C. CONCLUSIONS ECM differences suggest that glomerular sclerosis in cFSGS differs from that in other FSGS variants. Infiltration of activated PECs may disrupt ECM remodeling in cFSGS. These cells and their cathepsins may be therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Merchant
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michelle T Barati
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Dawn J Caster
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jessica L Hata
- Pathology Department, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Liliane Hobeika
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Coventry
- Pathology Department, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael E Brier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel W Wilkey
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ilse M Rood
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K Deegens
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jonathan P Troost
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey B Hodgin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura H Mariani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jon B Klein
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth R McLeish
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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