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He Z, Chao H, Zhou X, Ni Q, Hu Y, Yu R, Wang M, Li C, Chen J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Cui C, Zhang L, Chen M, Chen D. A chromosome-level genome assembly provides insights into Cornus wilsoniana evolution, oil biosynthesis, and floral bud development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad196. [PMID: 38023476 PMCID: PMC10673659 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cornus wilsoniana W. is a woody oil plant with high oil content and strong hypolipidemic effects, making it a valuable species for medicinal, landscaping, and ecological purposes in China. To advance genetic research on this species, we employed PacBio together with Hi-C data to create a draft genome assembly for C. wilsoniana. Based on an 11-chromosome anchored chromosome-level assembly, the estimated genome size was determined to be 843.51 Mb. The N50 contig size and N50 scaffold size were calculated to be 4.49 and 78.00 Mb, respectively. Furthermore, 30 474 protein-coding genes were annotated. Comparative genomics analysis revealed that C. wilsoniana diverged from its closest species ~12.46 million years ago (Mya). Furthermore, the divergence between Cornaceae and Nyssaceae occurred >62.22 Mya. We also found evidence of whole-genome duplication events and whole-genome triplication γ, occurring at ~44.90 and 115.86 Mya. We further inferred the origins of chromosomes, which sheds light on the complex evolutionary history of the karyotype of C. wilsoniana. Through transcriptional and metabolic analysis, we identified two FAD2 homologous genes that may play a crucial role in controlling the oleic to linoleic acid ratio. We further investigated the correlation between metabolites and genes and identified 33 MADS-TF homologous genes that may affect flower morphology in C. wilsoniana. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for future research aimed at identifying the genetic basis of crucial traits in C. wilsoniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoyu Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingyang Ni
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueming Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ranran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Minghuai Wang
- Forest Protection Department, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jingzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yunzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Xishan Forest Farm, Dazu District, Chongqing 402360, China
| | - Chunyi Cui
- Longshan Forest Farm, Lechang 512221, China
| | - Liangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Hernández ML, Muñoz-Ocaña C, Posada P, Sicardo MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Gómez-Coca RB, Belaj A, Moreda W, Martínez-Rivas JM. Functional Characterization of Four Olive Squalene Synthases with Respect to the Squalene Content of the Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15701-15712. [PMID: 37815987 PMCID: PMC10723762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The release of new olive cultivars with an increased squalene content in their virgin olive oil is considered an important target in olive breeding programs. In this work, the variability of the squalene content in a core collection of 36 olive cultivars was first studied, revealing two olive cultivars, 'Dokkar' and 'Klon-14', with extremely low and high squalene contents in their oils, respectively. Next, four cDNA sequences encoding squalene synthases (SQS) were cloned from olive. Sequence analysis and functional expression in bacteria confirmed that they encode squalene synthases. Transcriptional analysis in distinct olive tissues and cultivars indicated that expression levels of these four SQS genes are spatially and temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner and pointed to OeSQS2 as the gene mainly involved in squalene biosynthesis in olive mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. In addition, the biosynthesis of squalene appears to be transcriptionally regulated in water-stressed olive mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Ocaña
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Posada
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel B. Gómez-Coca
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA
Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wenceslao Moreda
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Dvorianinova EM, Zinovieva OL, Pushkova EN, Zhernova DA, Rozhmina TA, Povkhova LV, Novakovskiy RO, Sigova EA, Turba AA, Borkhert EV, Krasnov GS, Ruan C, Dmitriev AA, Melnikova NV. Key FAD2, FAD3, and SAD Genes Involved in the Fatty Acid Synthesis in Flax Identified Based on Genomic and Transcriptomic Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14885. [PMID: 37834335 PMCID: PMC10573214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAD (fatty acid desaturase) and SAD (stearoyl-ACP desaturase) genes play key roles in the synthesis of fatty acids (FA) and determination of oil composition in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). We searched for FAD and SAD genes in the most widely used flax genome of the variety CDC Bethune and three available long-read assembled flax genomes-YY5, 3896, and Atlant. We identified fifteen FAD2, six FAD3, and four SAD genes. Of all the identified genes, 24 were present in duplicated pairs. In most cases, two genes from a pair differed by a significant number of gene-specific SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) or even InDels (insertions/deletions), except for FAD2a-1 and FAD2a-2, where only seven SNPs distinguished these genes. Errors were detected in the FAD2a-1, FAD2a-2, FAD3c-1, and FAD3d-2 sequences in the CDC Bethune genome assembly but not in the long-read genome assemblies. Expression analysis of the available transcriptomic data for different flax organs/tissues revealed that FAD2a-1, FAD2a-2, FAD3a, FAD3b, SAD3-1, and SAD3-2 were specifically expressed in embryos/seeds/capsules and could play a crucial role in the synthesis of FA in flax seeds. In contrast, FAD2b-1, FAD2b-2, SAD2-1, and SAD2-2 were highly expressed in all analyzed organs/tissues and could be involved in FA synthesis in whole flax plants. FAD2c-2, FAD2d-1, FAD3c-1, FAD3c-2, FAD3d-1, FAD3d-2, SAD3-1, and SAD3-2 showed differential expression under stress conditions-Fusarium oxysporum infection and drought. The obtained results are essential for research on molecular mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis, FAD and SAD editing, and marker-assisted and genomic selection for breeding flax varieties with a determined fatty acid composition of oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L. Zinovieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daiana A. Zhernova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta A. Sigova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Turba
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V. Borkhert
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chengjiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Asadi A, Shariati V, Mousavi S, Mariotti R, Hosseini Mazinani M. Meta-analysis of transcriptome reveals key genes relating to oil quality in olive. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:566. [PMID: 37740234 PMCID: PMC10517554 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive oil contains monounsaturated oleic acid up to 83% and phenolic compounds, making it an excellent source of fat. Due to its economic importance, the quantity and quality of olive oil should be improved in parallel with international standards. In this study, we analyzed the raw RNA-seq data with a meta-analysis approach to identify important genes and their metabolic pathways involved in olive oil quality. RESULTS A deep search of RNA-seq published data shed light on thirty-nine experiments associated with the olive transcriptome, four of these proved to be ideal for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis confirmed the genes identified in previous studies and released new genes, which were not identified before. According to the IDR index, the meta-analysis had good power to identify new differentially expressed genes. The key genes were investigated in the metabolic pathways and were grouped into four classes based on the biosynthetic cycle of fatty acids and factors that affect oil quality. Galactose metabolism, glycolysis pathway, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the main pathways in olive oil quality. In galactose metabolism, raffinose is a suitable source of carbon along with other available sources for carbon in fruit development. The results showed that the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA in glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism is a stable pathway to begin the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Key genes in oleic acid production as an indicator of oil quality and critical genes that played an important role in production of triacylglycerols were identified in different developmental stages. In the minor compound, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis was investigated and important enzymes were identified as an interconnected network that produces important precursors for the synthesis of a monoterpene, diterpene, triterpene, tetraterpene, and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current investigation can produce functional data related to the quality of olive oil and would be a useful step in reducing the time of cultivar screening by developing gene specific markers in olive breeding programs, releasing also new genes that could be applied in the genome editing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliAkbar Asadi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Shariati
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mehdi Hosseini Mazinani
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Km 15, Tehran - Karaj Highway, PO Box 14965161, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Contreras C, Pierantozzi P, Maestri D, Tivani M, Searles P, Brizuela M, Fernández F, Toro A, Puertas C, Trentacoste ER, Kiessling J, Mariotti R, Baldoni L, Mousavi S, Fernandez P, Moschen S, Torres M. How Temperatures May Affect the Synthesis of Fatty Acids during Olive Fruit Ripening: Genes at Work in the Field. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:54. [PMID: 36616181 PMCID: PMC9824132 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A major concern for olive cultivation in many extra-Mediterranean regions is the adaptation of recently introduced cultivars to environmental conditions different from those prevailing in the original area, such as the Mediterranean basin. Some of these cultivars can easily adapt their physiological and biochemical parameters in new agro-environments, whereas others show unbalanced values of oleic acid content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the thermal regime during oil synthesis on the expression of fatty acid desaturase genes and on the unsaturated fatty acid contents at the field level. Two cultivars (Arbequina and Coratina) were included in the analysis over a wide latitudinal gradient in Argentina. The results suggest that the thermal regime exerts a regulatory effect at the transcriptional level on both OeSAD2 and OeFAD2-2 genes and that this regulation is cultivar-dependent. It was also observed that the accumulated thermal time affects gene expression and the contents of oleic and linoleic acids in cv. Arbequina more than in Coratina. The fatty acid composition of cv. Arbequina is more influenced by the temperature regime than Coratina, suggesting its greater plasticity. Overall, findings from this study may drive future strategies for olive spreading towards areas with different or extreme thermal regimes serve as guidance for the evaluation olive varietal patrimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibeles Contreras
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Pierluigi Pierantozzi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, X5000 IMBIV—CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Martín Tivani
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
| | - Peter Searles
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, 5301 CRILAR La Rioja—UNLaR-SEGEMAR-UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco 5301, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Brizuela
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, 5301 CRILAR La Rioja—UNLaR-SEGEMAR-UNCa, CONICET, Anillaco 5301, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Fernández
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Catamarca, INTA, Sumalao 4705, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Toro
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul, INTA, Cerro Azul 3313, Argentina
| | - Carlos Puertas
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín, INTA, Junín 5573, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Kiessling
- Agencia de Extensión Rural Centenario, INTA, Plottier 8316, Argentina
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paula Fernandez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo—INTA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, INTA, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín 1650, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Viamonte 2671, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Moschen
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, INTA, CONICET, Famaillá 4132, Argentina
| | - Mariela Torres
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan 5427, Argentina
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6
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Sun D, Quan W, Wang D, Cui J, Wang T, Lin M, Wang Y, Wang N, Dong Y, Li X, Liu W, Wang F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturase ( FAD) Genes in Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314550. [PMID: 36498878 PMCID: PMC9738755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an indispensable oilseed crop, and its seeds contain many unsaturated fatty acids. FAD (fatty acid desaturase) regulates the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. In this research, we performed CsFAD gene family analysis and identified 24 CsFAD genes in Camelina, which were unevenly distributed on 14 of the 19 total chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsFAD includes four subfamilies, supported by the conserved structures and motifs of CsFAD genes. In addition, we investigated the expression patterns of the FAD family in the different tissues of Camelina. We found that CsFAD family genes were all expressed in the stem, and CsFAD2-2 was highly expressed in the early stage of seed development. Moreover, during low temperature (4 °C) stress, we identified that the expression level of CsFAD2-2 significantly changed. By observing the transient expression of CsFAD2-2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts, we found that CsFAD2-2 was located on the nucleus. Through the detection and analysis of fatty acids, we prove that CsFAD2-2 is involved in the synthesis of linolenic acid (C18:3). In conclusion, we identified CsFAD2-2 through the phylogenetic analysis of the CsFAD gene family and further determined the fatty acid content to find that CsFAD2-2 is involved in fatty acid synthesis in Camelina.
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Zhao S, Sun J, Sun J, Zhang X, Zhao C, Pan J, Hou L, Tian R, Wang X. Insights into the Novel FAD2 Gene Regulating Oleic Acid Accumulation in Peanut Seeds with Different Maturity. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2076. [PMID: 36360313 PMCID: PMC9691258 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AhFAD2 is a key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of oleic acid into linoleic acid. The high oleic acid characteristic of peanut mainly comes from the homozygous recessive mutation of AhFAD2A and AhFAD2B genes (aabb). However, even in high-oleic-acid varieties with the aabb genotype, the oleic acid content of seeds with different maturity varies significantly. Therefore, in addition to AhFAD2A and AhFAD2B, other FAD2 members or regulators may be involved in this process. Which FAD2 genes are involved in the regulatory processes associated with seed maturity is still unclear. In this study, four stable lines with different genotypes (AABB, aaBB, AAbb, and aabb) were used to analyze the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid at different stages of seed development in peanut. Three new AhFAD2 genes (AhFAD2-7, AhFAD2-8, and AhFAD2-9) were cloned based on the whole-genome sequencing results of cultivated peanuts. All peanut FAD2 genes showed tissue preference in expression; however, only the expression level of AhFAD2-7 was positively correlated with the linoleic acid concentration in peanut seeds. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of oleic acid accumulation by maturity, and AhFAD2-7 plays an important role in the maturity dependent accumulation of oleic acid and linoleic acid in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ruizheng Tian
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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8
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Wang W, Wen H, Jin Q, Yu W, Li G, Wu M, Bai H, Shen L, Wu C. Comparative transcriptome analysis on candidate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis of developing kernels for three walnut cultivars in Xinjiang. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Perez‐Arcoiza A, Luisa Hernández M, Dolores Sicardo M, Hernandez‐Santana V, Diaz‐Espejo A, Martinez‐Rivas JM. Carbon supply and water status regulate fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis at transcriptional level in the olive mesocarp. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2366-2380. [PMID: 35538021 PMCID: PMC9545970 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of carbon sources generated from leaves and fruits photosynthesis for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in the olive mesocarp and their interaction with water stress was investigated. With this aim, altered carbon source treatments were combined with different irrigation conditions. A higher decrease in mesocarp oil content was observed in fruits under girdled and defoliated shoot treatment compared to darkened fruit conditions, indicating that both leaf and fruit photosynthesis participate in carbon supply for oil biosynthesis being leaves the main source. The carbon supply and water status affected oil synthesis in the mesocarp, regulating the expression of DGAT and PDAT genes and implicating DGAT1-1, DGAT2, PDAT1-1, and PDAT1-2 as the principal genes responsible for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. A major role was indicated for DGAT2 and PDAT1-2 in well-watered conditions. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acid content together with FAD2-1, FAD2-2 and FAD7-1 expression levels were augmented in response to modified carbon supply in the olive mesocarp. Furthermore, water stress caused an increase in DGAT1-1, DGAT1-2, PDAT1-1, and FAD2-5 gene transcript levels. Overall, these data indicate that oil content and fatty acid composition in olive fruit mesocarp are regulated by carbon supply and water status, affecting the transcription of key genes in both metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Perez‐Arcoiza
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - M. Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Present address:
Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry and PhotosynthesisUniversity of Seville‐CSICSevilleSpain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - Virginia Hernandez‐Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular EcophysiologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - Antonio Diaz‐Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular EcophysiologyInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS, CSIC)SevilleSpain
| | - José M. Martinez‐Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant ProductsInstituto de la Grasa (IG‐CSIC)SevilleSpain
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10
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Cappetta E, De Palma M, D’Alessandro R, Aiello A, Romano R, Graziani G, Ritieni A, Paolo D, Locatelli F, Sparvoli F, Docimo T, Tucci M. Development of a High Oleic Cardoon Cell Culture Platform by SAD Overexpression and RNAi-Mediated FAD2.2 Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913374. [PMID: 35845700 PMCID: PMC9285897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective tools for the sustainable supply of phyto-ingredients and natural substances with reduced environmental footprints can help mitigate the dramatic scenario of climate change. Plant cell cultures-based biorefineries can be a technological advancement to face this challenge and offer a potentially unlimited availability of natural substances, in a standardized composition and devoid of the seasonal variability of cultivated plants. Monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids are attracting considerable attention as supplements for biodegradable plastics, bio-additives for the cosmetic industry, and bio-lubricants. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) callus cultures accumulate fatty acids and polyphenols and are therefore suitable for large-scale production of biochemicals and valuable compounds, as well as biofuel precursors. With the aim of boosting their potential uses, we designed a biotechnological approach to increase oleic acid content through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated metabolic engineering. Bioinformatic data mining in the C. cardunculus transcriptome allowed the selection and molecular characterization of SAD (stearic acid desaturase) and FAD2.2 (fatty acid desaturase) genes, coding for key enzymes in oleic and linoleic acid formation, as targets for metabolic engineering. A total of 22 and 27 fast-growing independent CcSAD overexpressing (OE) and CcFAD2.2 RNAi knocked out (KO) transgenic lines were obtained. Further characterization of five independent transgenic lines for each construct demonstrated that, successfully, SAD overexpression increased linoleic acid content, e.g., to 42.5%, of the relative fatty acid content, in the CcSADOE6 line compared with 30.4% in the wild type (WT), whereas FAD2.2 silencing reduced linoleic acid in favor of the accumulation of its precursor, oleic acid, e.g., to almost 57% of the relative fatty acid content in the CcFAD2.2KO2 line with respect to 17.7% in the WT. Moreover, CcSADOE6 and CcFAD2.2KO2 were also characterized by a significant increase in total polyphenolic content up to about 4.7 and 4.1 mg/g DW as compared with 2.7 mg/g DW in the WT, mainly due to the accumulation of dicaffeoyl quinic and feruloyl quinic acids. These results pose the basis for the effective creation of an engineered cardoon cells-based biorefinery accumulating high levels of valuable compounds from primary and specialized metabolism to meet the industrial demand for renewable and sustainable sources of innovative bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cappetta
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, Portici, Italy
| | - Monica De Palma
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, Portici, Italy
| | - Rosa D’Alessandro
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandra Aiello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Raffaele Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Paolo
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Locatelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Docimo
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, Portici, Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, Portici, Italy
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11
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Transcriptome and miRNA sequencing analyses reveal the regulatory mechanism of α-linolenic acid biosynthesis in Paeonia rockii. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Comparative Analysis and Structural Modeling of Elaeis oleifera FAD2, a Fatty Acid Desaturase Involved in Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of American Oil Palm. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040529. [PMID: 35453727 PMCID: PMC9032008 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Palm oil has become the world’s most important vegetable oil in terms of production quantity, and its overall demand is exponentially growing with the global population. The fatty acid composition and particularly the oleic/linoleic acid ratio are major factors influencing palm oil quality. In this study, we focused on FAD2, a fatty acid desaturase enzyme involved in the desaturation and conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid in Elaeis oleifera, identified through in silico annotation analysis. Our phylogenetic and comparative studies revealed two SNP markers, SNP278 and SNP851, significantly correlated with the oleic/linoleic acid contents. Our study provides fundamental insights into the mechanism of fatty acids synthesis in oil palm and could support the application of molecular biology techniques to enhance the enzymatic activity and substrate affinity of EoFAD2. Abstract American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) is an important source of dietary oil that could fulfill the increasing worldwide demand for cooking oil. Therefore, improving its production is crucial and could be realized through breeding and genetic engineering approaches aiming to obtain high-yielding varieties with improved oil content and quality. The fatty acid composition and particularly the oleic/linoleic acid ratio are major factors influencing oil quality. Our work focused on a fatty acid desaturase (FAD) enzyme involved in the desaturation and conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. Following the in silico identification and annotation of Elaeis oleifera FAD2, its molecular and structural features characterization was performed to better understand the mechanistic bases of its enzymatic activity. EoFAD2 is 1173 nucleotides long and encodes a protein of 390 amino acids that shares similarities with other FADs. Interestingly, the phylogenetic study showed three distinguished groups where EoFAD2 clustered among monocotyledonous taxa. EoFAD2 is a membrane-bound protein with five transmembrane domains presumably located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The homodimer organization model of EoFAD2 enzyme and substrates and respective substrate-binding residues were predicted and described. Moreover, the comparison between 24 FAD2 sequences from different species generated two interesting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the oleic/linoleic acid contents.
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13
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Choudhary AK, Mishra G. Functional characterization and expression profile of microsomal FAD2 and FAD3 genes involved in linoleic and α-linolenic acid production in Leucas cephalotes. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1233-1244. [PMID: 34220042 PMCID: PMC8212227 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genus Leucas belongs to Lamiaceae, and has attained more attention due to the presence of unusual allenic fatty acids called laballenic and phlomic acid in majority of its species. This genus has been known since traditional medicinal times and has numerous economical, nutritional, and industrial properties. So far genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses of lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in Leucas has not been reported. The objective of this study is to identify, isolate, analyze expression profiles, and functionally characterize the membrane-associated desaturases responsible for unsaturated fatty acid accumulation in Leucas cephalotes. Full-length LcFAD2 and LcFAD3 cDNAs were isolated and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 for functional characterization. Substrate feeding assay using S. cerevisiae confirmed that the LcFAD2 enzyme catalyzes desaturation of both palmitoleic (16:1∆9) and oleic (18:1∆9) acids to form palmitolinoleic (16:2∆9,12) and linoleic (18:2∆9,12) acids respectively. As a contrast, the heterologous activity of LcFAD2 enzyme in S. cerevisiae led to the synthesis of palmitolinoleic (16:2∆9,12) acid, an unusual fatty acid that is not found naturally in Leucas cephalotes. While the LcFAD3 enzyme catalyzed linoleic acid (18:2∆9,12) into α-linolenic acid (18:3∆9,12,15). Furthermore, transcript abundance of LcFAD2 and LcFAD3 cDNAs were estimated from various plant parts such as roots, shoots, leaves, petals and developing seeds. Our results have shown that the differential transcriptional activity of LcFAD2 and LcFAD3 desaturase genes differs significantly in developing seeds, petals, leaves, stems, and roots of L. cephalotes. Furthermore, for the industrial production of these essential fatty acids, namely, linoleic and α-linolenic acid, FAD2 and FAD3 enzyme activity could be exploited from this upcoming significant oil plant, Leucas cephalotes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01016-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girish Mishra
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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14
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Hernández ML, Moretti S, Sicardo MD, García Ú, Pérez A, Sebastiani L, Martínez-Rivas JM. Distinct Physiological Roles of Three Phospholipid:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Genes in Olive Fruit with Respect to Oil Accumulation and the Response to Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751959. [PMID: 34868139 PMCID: PMC8632719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three different cDNA sequences, designated OepPDAT1-1, OepPDAT1-2, and OepPDAT2, encoding three phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDAT) have been isolated from olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual). Sequence analysis showed the distinctive features typical of the PDAT family and together with phylogenetic analysis indicated that they encode PDAT. Gene expression analysis in different olive tissues showed that transcript levels of these three PDAT genes are spatially and temporally regulated and suggested that, in addition to acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, OePDAT1-1 may contribute to the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in the seed, whereas OePDAT1-2 could be involved in the triacylglycerols content in the mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. The relative contribution of PDAT and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzymes to the triacylglycerols content in olive appears to be tissue-dependent. Furthermore, water regime, temperature, light, and wounding regulate PDAT genes at transcriptional level in the olive fruit mesocarp, indicating that PDAT could be involved in the response to abiotic stresses. Altogether, this study represents an advance in our knowledge on the regulation of oil accumulation in oil fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Samuele Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Úrsula García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: José M. Martínez-Rivas,
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15
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Hernández ML, Sicardo MD, Belaj A, Martínez-Rivas JM. The Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Fruit Mesocarp Is Mainly Controlled by OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 Genes Together With the Different Specificity of Extraplastidial Acyltransferase Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653997. [PMID: 33763103 PMCID: PMC7982730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of olive oil has an important effect on the oil quality to such an extent that oils with a high oleic and low linoleic acid contents are preferable from a nutritional and technological point of view. In the present work, we have first studied the diversity of the fatty acid composition in a set of eighty-nine olive cultivars from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA Cordoba (WOGBC-IFAPA), and in a core collection (Core-36), which includes 28 olive cultivars from the previously mentioned set. Our results indicate that oleic and linoleic acid contents displayed the highest degree of variability of the different fatty acids present in the olive oil of the 89 cultivars under study. In addition, the independent study of the Core-36 revealed two olive cultivars, Klon-14 and Abou Kanani, with extremely low and high linoleic acid contents, respectively. Subsequently, these two cultivars were used to investigate the specific contribution of different fatty acid desaturases to the linoleic acid content of mesocarp tissue during olive fruit development and ripening. Fatty acid desaturase gene expression levels, together with lipid analysis, suggest that not only OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 but also the different specificities of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes are responsible for the variability of the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in olive cultivars. All this information allows for an advancement in the knowledge of the linoleic acid biosynthesis in different olive cultivars, which can impact olive breeding programs to improve olive oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Luisa Hernández,
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- José M. Martínez-Rivas,
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16
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Hajiahmadi Z, Abedi A, Wei H, Sun W, Ruan H, Zhuge Q, Movahedi A. Identification, evolution, expression, and docking studies of fatty acid desaturase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:778. [PMID: 33167859 PMCID: PMC7653692 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) introduce a double bond into the fatty acids acyl chain resulting in unsaturated fatty acids that have essential roles in plant development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Wheat germ oil, one of the important by-products of wheat, can be a good alternative for edible oils with clinical advantages due to the high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the wheat FAD gene family (TaFADs). Results 68 FAD genes were identified from the wheat genome. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, wheat FADs clustered into five subfamilies, including FAB2, FAD2/FAD6, FAD4, DES/SLD, and FAD3/FAD7/FAD8. The TaFADs were distributed on chromosomes 2A-7B with 0 to 10 introns. The Ka/Ks ratio was less than one for most of the duplicated pair genes revealed that the function of the genes had been maintained during the evolution. Several cis-acting elements related to hormones and stresses in the TaFADs promoters indicated the role of these genes in plant development and responses to environmental stresses. Likewise, 72 SSRs and 91 miRNAs in 36 and 47 TaFADs have been identified. According to RNA-seq data analysis, the highest expression in all developmental stages and tissues was related to TaFAB2.5, TaFAB2.12, TaFAB2.15, TaFAB2.17, TaFAB2.20, TaFAD2.1, TaFAD2.6, and TaFAD2.8 genes while the highest expression in response to temperature stress was related to TaFAD2.6, TaFAD2.8, TaFAB2.15, TaFAB2.17, and TaFAB2.20. Furthermore, docking simulations revealed several residues in the active site of TaFAD2.6 and TaFAD2.8 in close contact with the docked oleic acid that could be useful in future site-directed mutagenesis studies to increase the catalytic efficiency of them and subsequently improve agronomic quality and tolerance of wheat against environmental stresses. Conclusions This study provides comprehensive information that can lead to the detection of candidate genes for wheat genetic modification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07199-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajiahmadi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, 4199613776, Iran
| | - Amin Abedi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, 4199613776, Iran
| | - Hui Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Honghua Ruan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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17
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Transformation and Characterization of Δ12-Fatty Acid Acetylenase and Δ12-Oleate Desaturase Potentially Involved in the Polyacetylene Biosynthetic Pathway from Bidens pilosa. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111483. [PMID: 33153230 PMCID: PMC7693981 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa is commonly used as an herbal tea component or traditional medicine for treating several diseases, including diabetes. Polyacetylenes have two or more carbon–carbon triple bonds or alkynyl functional groups and are mainly derived from fatty acid and polyketide precursors. Here, we report the cloning of full-length cDNAs that encode Δ12-fatty acid acetylenase (designated BPFAA) and Δ12-oleate desaturase (designated BPOD) from B. pilosa, which we predicted to play a role in the polyacetylene biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, expression vectors carrying BPFAA or BPOD were constructed and transformed into B. pilosa via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Genomic PCR analysis confirmed the presence of transgenes and selection marker genes in the obtained transgenic lines. The copy numbers of transgenes in transgenic lines were determined by Southern blot analysis. Furthermore, 4–5 FAA genes and 2–3 OD genes were detected in wild-type (WT) plants. Quantitative real time-PCR revealed that some transgenic lines had higher expression levels than WT. Western blot analysis revealed OD protein expression in the selected transformants. High-performance liquid chromatography profiling was used to analyze the seven index polyacetylenic compounds, and fluctuation patterns were found.
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18
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Hernández ML, Lima-Cabello E, Alché JDD, Martínez-Rivas JM, Castro AJ. Lipid Composition and Associated Gene Expression Patterns during Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Olive (Olea europaea L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1348-1364. [PMID: 32384163 PMCID: PMC7377348 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen lipids are essential for sexual reproduction, but our current knowledge regarding lipid dynamics in growing pollen tubes is still very scarce. Here, we report unique lipid composition and associated gene expression patterns during olive pollen germination. Up to 376 genes involved in the biosynthesis of all lipid classes, except suberin, cutin and lipopolysaccharides, are expressed in olive pollen. The fatty acid profile of olive pollen is markedly different compared with other plant organs. Triacylglycerol (TAG), containing mostly C12-C16 saturated fatty acids, constitutes the bulk of olive pollen lipids. These compounds are partially mobilized, and the released fatty acids enter the β-oxidation pathway to yield acetyl-CoA, which is converted into sugars through the glyoxylate cycle during the course of pollen germination. Our data suggest that fatty acids are synthesized de novo and incorporated into glycerolipids by the 'eukaryotic pathway' in elongating pollen tubes. Phosphatidic acid is synthesized de novo in the endomembrane system during pollen germination and seems to have a central role in pollen tube lipid metabolism. The coordinated action of fatty acid desaturases FAD2-3 and FAD3B might explain the increase in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids observed in germinating pollen. Continuous synthesis of TAG by the action of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme, but not phosphoplipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), also seems plausible. All these data allow for a better understanding of lipid metabolism during the olive reproductive process, which can impact, in the future, on the increase in olive fruit yield and, therefore, olive oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Elena Lima-Cabello
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Juan de D Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio J Castro
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +34-958-181609
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19
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Contreras C, Mariotti R, Mousavi S, Baldoni L, Guerrero C, Roka L, Cultrera N, Pierantozzi P, Maestri D, Gentili L, Tivani M, Torres M. Characterization and validation of olive FAD and SAD gene families: expression analysis in different tissues and during fruit development. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4345-4355. [PMID: 32468255 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-ACP desaturases (SADs) and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play a critical role in plant lipid metabolism and also affect oil fatty acid composition introducing double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains to produce unsaturated fatty acids. In the present study, the genomic sequences of three SAD and three FAD candidate genes were characterized in olive and their expression was evaluated in different plant tissues. OeSAD genes corresponded to olive SAD1 and SAD2 and to a newly identified OeSAD4, sharing the conserved protein structure with other plant species. On the other hand, the full-length genomic sequences of two microsomal OeFAD genes (FAD2-1 and FAD2-2) and the plastidial FAD6, were released. When the level of expression was tested on different tissues of cv. Leccino, OeSAD1 and OeSAD2 were mainly expressed in the fruits, while OeFAD genes showed the lowest expression in this tissue. The mRNA profiling of all genes was directly studied in fruits of Leccino and Coratina cultivars during fruit development. In both genotypes, the expression level of OeSAD1 and OeSAD2 had the highest value during and after the pit-hardening period, when oil accumulation in fruit mesocarp is intensively increasing. Furthermore, the expression level of both OeFAD2 genes, which were the main candidates for oleic acid desaturation, were almost negligible during fruit ripening. These results have made possible to define candidate genes of the machinery regulation of fatty acid composition in olive oil, providing information on their sequence, gene structure and chromosomal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Contreras
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan, Argentina
| | - R Mariotti
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy.
| | - S Mousavi
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - L Baldoni
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - C Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - L Roka
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N Cultrera
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Perugia, Italy
| | - P Pierantozzi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan, Argentina
| | - D Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Gentili
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan, Argentina
| | - M Tivani
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan, Argentina
| | - M Torres
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Juan, Argentina
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20
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Yang T, Wang X, Dong T, Xu W, Liu A. Isolation and functional analyses of PvFAD2 and PvFAD3 involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from Sacha Inchi ( Plukenetia volubilis). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9169. [PMID: 32607277 PMCID: PMC7315619 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of ω-3 fatty acid-rich vegetable oils is essential to enrich the production of functional foods. Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a unique oilseed crop with much potential. Its seeds contain rich polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially linoleic acid (LA, C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3). Endoplasmic reticulum -located ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (FAD) are responsible for the biosynthesis of LA and ALA, respectively, in plant seeds. Here, we isolated two full-length FAD genes from Sacha Inchi, named PvFAD2 and PvFAD3, which encoded predicted amino acid residues of 384 and 379 in protein, respectively. Protein sequence and subcellular localization analysis revealed that they were located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that PvFAD2 and PvFAD3 could catalyze LA and ALA synthesis, respectively. The stability and catalytic efficiency of the PvFAD3 protein may be closely related to temperature. In transgenic tobacco, using seed-specific expression promoters, PvFAD2 and PvFAD3 significantly promotes the production of LA (from 68% to 70.5%) and ALA (from 0.7% to 3.1%) in seed oil. These results show that PvFAD2 and PvFAD3 do, indeed, function as crucial enzymes for PUFAs biosynthesis, and provide a key gene source for the sustainable production of lipids with tailored fatty acid compositions via genetic engineering in other oil crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianquan Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingnan Dong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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21
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Luisa Hernández M, Dolores Sicardo M, Arjona PM, Martínez-Rivas JM. Specialized Functions of Olive FAD2 Gene Family Members Related to Fruit Development and the Abiotic Stress Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:427-441. [PMID: 31730170 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Three different cDNA sequences, designated OepFAD2-3, OepFAD2-4 and OepFAD2-5, encoding three microsomal oleate desaturases (FAD2) have been isolated from olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual). Sequence analysis and functional expression in yeast of the corresponding cDNAs confirm that they encode microsomal oleate desaturases. Gene expression and lipid analysis indicate that these three genes are not involved in the linoleic acid present in seed lipids, while OeFAD2-5, together with OeFAD2-2, contributes mostly to the linoleic acid present in the mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. Our results have also shown that olive FAD2-3, FAD2-4 and FAD2-5 gene expression is not only spatially and temporally regulated in olive fruit, but also is cultivar-dependent, as well as regulated by water regime, temperature, light and wounding. All these data suggest specialized physiological roles for the olive FAD2 gene family members with respect to both aspects of the biosynthesis of the linoleic acid, either present in storage lipids that constitute the olive oil or being part of membrane lipids, which are involved in the response to abiotic stresses, and highlight the differences on FAD2 gene regulation between oilseeds and oil fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - M Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Patricia M Arjona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
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22
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Salimonti A, Carbone F, Romano E, Pellegrino M, Benincasa C, Micali S, Tondelli A, Conforti FL, Perri E, Ienco A, Zelasco S. Association Study of the 5'UTR Intron of the FAD2-2 Gene With Oleic and Linoleic Acid Content in Olea europaea L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32117401 PMCID: PMC7031445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is the most ancient and spread tree crop in the Mediterranean basin. An important quality trait for the extra virgin olive oil is the fatty acid composition. In particular, a high content of oleic acid and low of linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acid is considered very relevant in the health properties of the olive oil. The oleate desaturase enzyme encoding-gene (FAD2-2) is the main responsible for the linoleic acid content in the olive fruit mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil revealing to be the most important candidate gene for the linoleic acid biosynthesis. In this study, an in silico and structural analysis of the 5'UTR intron of the FAD2-2 gene was conducted with the aim to explore the natural sequence variability and its role in the gene expression regulation. In order to identify functional allele variants, the 5'UTR intron was isolated and partially sequenced in 97 olive cultivars. The sequence analysis allowed to find a 117-bp insertion including two long duplications never found before in FAD2-2 genes in olive and the existence of many intron-mediated enhancement (IME) elements. The sequence polymorphism analysis led to detect 39 SNPs. The candidate gene association study conducted for oleic and linoleic acids content revealed seven SNPs and one indel significantly associated able to explain a phenotypic variation ranging from 7% to 16% among the years. Our study highlighted new structural variants within the FAD2-2 gene in olive, putatively involved in the regulation mechanisms of gene expression associated with the variation of the content of oleic and linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Salimonti
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Elvira Romano
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Benincasa
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | - Sabrina Micali
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tondelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, CREA, Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy
| | - Francesca L. Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Enzo Perri
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Samanta Zelasco
- Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, CREA, Rende, Italy
- *Correspondence: Samanta Zelasco,
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23
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Fan R, Li L, Cai G, Ye J, Liu M, Wang S, Li Z. Molecular cloning and function analysis of FAD2 gene in Idesia polycarpa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 168:112114. [PMID: 31499273 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Idesia polycarpa is a valuable oil-producing tree and can potentially be used for edible oil and biofuel production. The fruits of I. polycarpa are unique in that they contain both saturated and unsaturated lipids. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), also as known as omega-6 fatty acid desaturase in endoplasmic, is a key enzyme for linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid biosynthesis. However, bioinformatics and expression of FAD2 in I. polycarpa are still absent. Here, to gain insight into the lipid and linoleic synthesis of I. polycarpa, we compared the fruits from different growth stages. Lipid accumulation rates, final lipid content, linoleic accumulation rates and final linoleic content were significantly different among the different stages. In a further step, the FAD2 gene from fruits of I. polycarpa, named IpFAD2, was cloned and characterized. A partial fragment of 169 bp of IpFAD2 was amplified by degenerate PCR. Full cDNA of IpFAD2 was obtained by the RACE technique. The open-reading frame of IpFAD2 was 1149 bp in length, encoding 382 amino acids. A comparison of the deduced amino acids sequence of IpFAD2 with FAD2 from other species showed high similarities, ranging from 78.8 to 92.6%. The IpFAD2-predicted protein has a theoretical molecular mass of 44.03 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.04. It has five transmembrane helices located on the endoplasmic reticulum. The IpFAD2-predicted protein was classified as belonging to the Membrane-FADS-like superfamily based on its conserved domain analysis. Expression analysis based on qRT-PCR indicated that IpFAD2 was expressed in different fruit growth stages, with the highest expression level at 80 DAP and the lowest at 130 DAP. The expression of IpFAD2 was positively correlated with the linoleic accumulation rates in I. polycarpa fruits. Prokaryotic expression in Escherichia. Coli BL21(DE3) indicated that IpFAD2 gene could encode a bio-functional omega-6 fatty acid desaturase. Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the isolated IpFAD2 proteins could catalyse linoleic synthesis. This is the first cloning and expression analysis of FAD2 from I. polycarpa, significantly contributing to our understanding of the role of IpFAD2 in linoleic synthesis, esp. in terms of genetic engineering breeding for linoleic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishen Fan
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gui Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Yantai Forestry Science Institute, Yantai, Shandong, 712100, China
| | - Zhouqi Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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24
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Miao X, Zhang L, Hu X, Nan S, Chen X, Fu H. Cloning and functional analysis of the FAD2 gene family from desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:481. [PMID: 31703625 PMCID: PMC6839233 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linoleic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for all eukaryotes. Microsomal delta-12 (Δ12) oleate desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid biosynthesis. Desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala is rich in linoleic acid, it has a large FAD2 gene family with twenty-six members. The aim of this work is to unveil the difference and potentially functionality of AsFAD2 family members. RESULTS Full-length cDNAs of twenty-one AsFAD2 genes were obtained from A. sphaerocephala. The putative polypeptides encoded by AsFAD2 family genes showed a high level of sequence similarity and were relatively conserved during evolution. The motif composition was also relatively conservative. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the AsFAD2-1 gene was strongly expressed in developing seeds, which may be closely associated with the high accumulating ability of linoleic acid in A. sphaerocephala seeds. Although different AsFAD2 family members showed diverse response to salt stress, the overall mRNA levels of the AsFAD2 family genes was stable. Transient expression of AsFAD2 genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that the encoded proteins were all located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that only three AsFAD2 enzymes, AsFAD2-1, - 10, and - 23, were Δ12 oleate desaturases, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid, whereas AsFAD2-1 and AsFAD2-10 could also produce palmitolinoleic acid. CONCLUSIONS This research reported the cloning, expression studies, subcellular localization and functional identification of the large AsFAD2 gene family. These results should be helpful in understanding fatty acid biosynthesis in A. sphaerocephala, and has the potential to be applied in the study of plant fatty acids traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
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25
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Bruno L, Picardi E, Pacenza M, Chiappetta A, Muto A, Gagliardi O, Muzzalupo I, Pesole G, Bitonti MB. Changes in gene expression and metabolic profile of drupes of Olea europaea L. cv Carolea in relation to maturation stage and cultivation area. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:428. [PMID: 31619170 PMCID: PMC6796363 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an emblematic oil tree crop in the Mediterranean basin. Currently, despite olive features as a moderately thermophilic species, its cultivation is worldwide spreading due to the health-related impact of olive products on human nutrition. A point of concern for the expanding olive cultivation is related to the influence that, in addition to genotype, environmental factors exerts on drupe development and metabolism with consequent impact on fruit key traits. In this context, the aim of the present work was to gain further information on the genetic networks controlling drupe maturation phase and, mainly, on their modulation in response to environmental cues. RESULTS To achieve this goal, a comparative transcriptome-wide investigation was carried out on drupes of Olea europaea cultivar Carolea, collected from plants growing in areas at different altitude level and therefore experiencing different climatic conditions. Two maturation stages of drupe were analysed: green mature and turning-purple. Metabolic characterization of drupe was also performed. At both transcriptomic and metabolic level differences were detected in the pathway of fatty acids (FAs) and phenol compounds, in relation to both drupe maturation stage and cultivation area. Among the most relevant differences detected during the transition from GM to TP stages there were: the upregulation of FADs genes in the drupes of population growing at 700 masl, the upregulation of phenol biosynthesis-related genes in drupes growing at 10 and 200 masl and very interestingly the downregulation of specific genes involved in secoiridoids production in drupes growing at 700 masl. Globally, these results suggested that stability of FAs and phenols, mainly of secoiridoids group, is promoted at high altitude, while at lower altitude phenol biosynthesis is prolonged. CONCLUSION The obtained results showed a differential modulation of genetic pathways related to olive compound quality in relation to the cultivation area, likely imposed by the different temperature impending at each altitude. The derived molecular information appears of interest for both breeding and biotechnological programs of olive species, especially with respect to the modulation of antioxidant secoiridoid compounds which play a key role in conferring both sensorial and healthy characteristic to olive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bruno
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Pacenza
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Antonella Muto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Olimpia Gagliardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- Centro di Ricerca per l’Olivicoltura-Frutticoltura-Agrumicoltura (OFA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA) C.da Li Rocchi-Vermicelli, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Bitonti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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26
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Moretti S, Francini A, Hernández ML, Martínez-Rivas JM, Sebastiani L. Effect of saline irrigation on physiological traits, fatty acid composition and desaturase genes expression in olive fruit mesocarp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:423-430. [PMID: 31233983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salinity on physiological traits, fatty acid composition and desaturase genes expression in fruit mesocarp of olive cultivar Leccino was investigated. Significant reduction of shoot elongation (-12%) during salt treatments (80 mM NaCl) was associated with the translocation of Na in the aerial part. After 75 days of treatment, fruits from each plant were subdivided into four maturation groups (MG0, MG1, MG2, MG3) according to ripening degrees. Na accumulation increased in each MG under salinity, reaching the highest values in MG1 fruits (2654 mg kg-1 DW). Salinity caused an acceleration of the ripening process, increased fruit number and decreased total fatty acids content in MG3. An increase in oleic acid at MG1 (53%) was detected, with consequent increase in the oleic/linoleic (41%) and decrease in the polyunsaturated/monounsaturated ratios (30%). Those variations could be explained by the synergic up-regulation of OeSAD1, together with the down-regulation of OeFAD6 transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Moretti
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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27
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Lin P, Yin H, Yan C, Yao X, Wang K. Association Genetics Identifies Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Kernel Oil Content and Quality in Camellia oleifera. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2547-2562. [PMID: 30758959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera, as an important nonwood tree species for seed oil in China, has received enormous attention owing to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents benefited to human health. It is necessary to examine allelic diversity of key genes that are associated with oil production in C. oleifera cultivars with a large variation of fatty acid compositions. In this study, we performed the association analysis between four key genes (two CoSAD and two Cofad2) coding fatty acid desaturases and traits including oil content and fatty acid composition. We identified two single nucleotide insertion-deletion (InDel) and 362 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the four candidate genes by sequencing an association population (216 accessions). Single-marker (or haplotype) and traits association tests were conducted by linkage disequilibrium (LD) approaches to detect significant marker-trait associations. Validation population (279 hybrid individuals from six full-sibs families) studies were performed to validate the function of allelic variations significantly associated. In all, 90 single marker-trait and one haplotype-trait associations were significant in association population, and these loci explained 1.87-17.93% proportion of the corresponding phenotypic variance. Further, six SNP marker-trait associations ( Q < 0.10) from Cofad2-A, CoSAD1, and CoSAD2 were successfully validated in the validation population. The SNP markers identified in this study can potentially be applied for future marker-assisted selection to improve oil content and quality in C. oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Experimental Center for Subtropical Forestry , Chinese Academy of Forestry , Fenyi 336600 , China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding , Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 311400 , China
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28
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The Evolution and Biocatalysis of FAD2 Indicate Its Correlation to the Content of Seed Oil in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040849. [PMID: 30781405 PMCID: PMC6412433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids are the main components of vegetable oils. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) catalyzes oleic acid (OA) into linoleic acid (LA) transformations, which are essential to the profile of FAs in seeds. To further understand the roles of FAD2s in the synthesis of oil, the evolution and biocatalysis of FAD2s were comprehensively analyzed. The evolution history of the FAD2 gene family showed that most of the FAD2 genes formed monophyletic clades except in eudicots. The FAD2 genes in some eudicots diverged into constitutive and seed-specific expression clades. Notably, the biocatalysis of seed-specific or -abundant expression FAD2s in soybean, perilla, rice, and spruce revealed that their catalytic activity was strongly correlated with the total oil content of their seeds in nature. Additionally, it was found that I and Y in site 143 of GmaFAD2-1 were strictly conserved in the seed-specific and constitutive expression clades of Fabaceae, respectively. Furthermore, the site-directed mutation demonstrated that I and Y are vital to improving and reducing the activity of GmaFAD2s. Therefore, the results indicate that the activity of FAD2s in seeds might be a reference to the total oil content of seeds, and site 143 might have been specifically evolved to be required for the activity of FAD2s in some expression-diverged eudicots, especially in legumes.
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al Amin N, Ahmad N, Wu N, Pu X, Ma T, Du Y, Bo X, Wang N, Sharif R, Wang P. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated targeted disruption of FAD2-2 microsomal omega-6 desaturase in soybean (Glycine max.L). BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:9. [PMID: 30691438 PMCID: PMC6350355 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent innovation in the field of genome engineering encompasses numerous levels of plant genome engineering which attract the substantial excitement of plant biologist worldwide. RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 system has appeared a promising tool in site-directed mutagenesis due to its innovative utilization in different branches of biology. CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system have supersedes all previously existed strategies and their associated pitfalls encountered with site-specific mutagenesis. RESULTS Here we demonstrated an efficient sequence specific integration/mutation of FAD2-2 gene in soybean using CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease system. A single guided RNA sequence was designed with the help of a number of bioinformatics tools aimed to target distinct sites of FAD2-2 loci in soybean. The binary vector (pCas9-AtU6-sgRNA) has been successfully transformed into soybean cotyledon using Agrobacterium tumafacien. Taken together our findings complies soybean transgenic mutants subjected to targeted mutation were surprisingly detected in our target gene. Furthermore, the detection of Cas9 gene, BAR gene, and NOS terminator were carried out respectively. Southern blot analysis confirmed the stable transformation of Cas9 gene into soybean. Real time expression with qRT-PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis confirmed the efficient CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA induced mutation within the target sequence of FAD2-2 loci. The integration of FAD2-2 target region in the form of substitution, deletions and insertions were achieved with notably high frequency and rare off-target mutagenesis. CONCLUSION High frequent mutation efficiency was recorded as 21% out of all transgenic soybean plants subjected to targeted mutagenesis. Furthermore, Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) indicates the entire fatty acid profiling obtained from the mutants seeds of soybean. A considerable modulation in oleic acid content up to (65.58%) whereas the least level of linoleic acid is (16.08%) were recorded. Based on these finding CRISPR-Cas9 system can possibly sum up recent development and future challenges in producing agronomically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor al Amin
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical, Development Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Xiumin Pu
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Tong Ma
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Yeyao Du
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Xiaoxue Bo
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Rahat Sharif
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
| | - Piwu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Plant Biotechnology Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin China
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Hernández ML, Sicardo MD, Alfonso M, Martínez-Rivas JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Stearoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Genes in Response to Abiotic Stresses Leads to Changes in the Unsaturated Fatty Acids Composition of Olive Mesocarp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:251. [PMID: 30891055 PMCID: PMC6411816 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD) catalyzes the first desaturation step leading to oleic acid, which can be further desaturated to linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Therefore, SAD plays an essential role in determining the overall content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). We have investigated how SAD genes expression and UFA composition are regulated in olive (Olea europaea) mesocarp tissue from Picual and Arbequina cultivars in response to different abiotic stresses. The results showed that olive SAD genes are transcriptionally regulated by temperature, darkness and wounding. The increase in SAD genes expression levels observed in Picual mesocarp exposed to low temperature brought about a modification in the UFA content of microsomal membrane lipids. In addition, darkness caused the down-regulation of SAD genes transcripts, together with a decrease in the UFA content of chloroplast lipids. The differential role of olive SAD genes in the wounding response was also demonstrated. These data point out that different environmental stresses can modify the UFA composition of olive mesocarp through the transcriptional regulation of SAD genes, affecting olive oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Luisa Hernández, ;
| | | | - Miguel Alfonso
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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Zhang Q, Yu R, Sun D, Rahman MM, Xie L, Hu J, He L, Kilaru A, Niu L, Zhang Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Efficient Mechanism of α-Linolenic Acid in Tree Peony Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010065. [PMID: 30586917 PMCID: PMC6337502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) species are woody oil crops with high unsaturated fatty acid content, including α-linolenic acid (ALA/18:3; >40% of the total fatty acid). Comparative transcriptome analyses were carried out to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for high and low ALA content in the developing seeds of P. rockii and P. lutea, respectively. Expression analysis of acyl lipid metabolism genes revealed upregulation of select genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis, acyl editing, desaturation, and triacylglycerol assembly in seeds of P. rockii relative to P. lutea. Also, in association with ALA content in seeds, transcript levels for fatty acid desaturases (SAD, FAD2, and FAD3), which encode enzymes necessary for polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis, were higher in P. rockii compared to P. lutea. Furthermore, the overexpression of PrFAD2 and PrFAD3 in Arabidopsis increased linoleic and ALA content, respectively, and modulated the final ratio 18:2/18:3 in the seed oil. In conclusion, we identified the key steps and validated the necessary desaturases that contribute to efficient ALA synthesis in a woody oil crop. Together, these results will aid to increase essential fatty acid content in seeds of tree peonies and other crops of agronomic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Rui Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Lihang Xie
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jiayuan Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Lixia He
- Gansu Forestry Science and Technology Extend Station, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Long W, Hu M, Gao J, Chen S, Zhang J, Cheng L, Pu H. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two New Mutant BnFAD2 Alleles That Confer Elevated Oleic Acid Content in Rapeseed. Front Genet 2018; 9:399. [PMID: 30294343 PMCID: PMC6158388 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a vital oil crop worldwide. High oleic acid content is a desirable quality trait for rapeseed oil, which makes it more beneficial to human health. However, many germplasm resources with high oleic acid content in rapeseed have not been evaluated with regard to their genotypes, making it difficult to select the best strains with this trait for the breeding of high oleic acid rapeseed variety. This work was to explore the gene-regulation mechanism of this trait using a new super-high oleic acid content (∼85%) line N1379T as genetic material. In this study, the sequences of four homologous fatty acid desaturase (BnFAD2) genes were compared between super-high (∼85%, N1379T) and normal (∼63%) oleic acid content lines. Results showed that there were two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BnFAD2-1 and BnFAD2-2, respectively, which led to the amino acid changes (E106K and G303E) in the corresponding proteins. Functional analysis of both genes in yeast confirmed that these SNPs were loss-of-function mutations, thus limiting the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid and resulting in the considerable accumulation of oleic acid. Moreover, two specific cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers for the two SNPs were developed to identify genotypes of each line in the F2 and BC1 populations. Furthermore, these two mutant loci of BnFAD2-1 and BnFAD2-2 genes were positively associated with elevated oleic acid levels and had a similar effect with regard to the increase of oleic acid content. Taken together, these two novel SNPs in two different BnFAD2 genes jointly regulated the high oleic acid trait in this special germplasm. The study provided insight into the genetic regulation involved in oleic acid accumulation and highlighted the use of new alleles of BnFAD2-1 and BnFAD2-2 in breeding high oleic acid rapeseed varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Long
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maolong Hu
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqin Gao
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiming Pu
- Key Lab of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of the Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Velázquez-Palmero D, Romero-Segura C, García-Rodríguez R, Hernández ML, Vaistij FE, Graham IA, Pérez AG, Martínez-Rivas JM. An Oleuropein β-Glucosidase from Olive Fruit Is Involved in Determining the Phenolic Composition of Virgin Olive Oil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1902. [PMID: 29163620 PMCID: PMC5682033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic composition of virgin olive oil is determined by the enzymatic and/or chemical reactions that take place during olive fruit processing. Of these enzymes, β-glucosidase activity plays a relevant role in the transformation of the phenolic glycosides present in the olive fruit, generating different secoiridoid derivatives. The main goal of the present study was to characterize olive fruit β-glucosidase genes and enzymes responsible for the phenolic composition of virgin olive oil. To achieve that, we have isolated an olive β-glucosidase gene from cultivar Picual (OepGLU), expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and purified its corresponding recombinant enzyme. Western blot analysis showed that recombinant OepGLU protein is detected by an antibody raised against the purified native olive mesocarp β-glucosidase enzyme, and exhibits a deduced molecular mass of 65.0 kDa. The recombinant OepGLU enzyme showed activity on the major olive phenolic glycosides, with the highest levels with respect to oleuropein, followed by ligstroside and demethyloleuropein. In addition, expression analysis showed that olive GLU transcript level in olive fruit is spatially and temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner. Furthermore, temperature, light and water regime regulate olive GLU gene expression in olive fruit mesocarp. All these data are consistent with the involvement of OepGLU enzyme in the formation of the major phenolic compounds present in virgin olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Velázquez-Palmero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa García-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - María L. Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fabián E. Vaistij
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ana G. Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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Dar AA, Choudhury AR, Kancharla PK, Arumugam N. The FAD2 Gene in Plants: Occurrence, Regulation, and Role. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1789. [PMID: 29093726 PMCID: PMC5651529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils rich in oleic acid are more desirable than oils rich in polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The biological switch of oleic acid to linoleic acid is facilitated by fatty acid desaturase 2 enzyme that is further classified into FAD2-1, FAD2-2, FAD2-3, and FAD2-4. The genes coding these enzymes have high sequence similarity, but differ mostly in their expression patterns. The seed-type FAD2 genes had evolved independently after segregation by duplication from constitutively expressed FAD2 genes. Temperature, light and wounding effectively regulate FAD2 expression in plants. FAD2 genes are expressed differently in different tissues of the plant, and the over-expression of FAD2 modifies physiological and vegetative characteristics. The activity of FAD2 leads to an increase in the content of dienoic fatty acids, and hence increases the resistance toward cold and salt stress. The thorough study of the FAD2 gene is important for understanding the expression, regulation and mechanism that will help in improving the quality of oil and stress resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aejaz A. Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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35
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Sebastiani L, Busconi M. Recent developments in olive (Olea europaea L.) genetics and genomics: applications in taxonomy, varietal identification, traceability and breeding. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1345-1360. [PMID: 28434019 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The latest results in DNA markers application and genomic studies in olive. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is among the most ancient tree crops worldwide and the source of oil beneficial for human health. Despite this, few data on olive genetics are available in comparison with other cultivated plant species. Molecular information is mainly linked to molecular markers and their application to the study of DNA variation in the Olea europaea complex. In terms of genomic research, efforts have been made in sequencing, heralding the era of olive genomic. The present paper represents an update of a previous review work published in this journal in 2011. The review is again mainly focused on DNA markers, whose application still constitutes a relevant percentage of the most recently published researches. Since the olive genomic era has recently started, the latest results in this field are also being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sebastiani
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Busconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Mutations in the promoter, intron and CDS of two FAD2 generate multiple alleles modulating linoleic acid level in yellow mustard. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8284. [PMID: 28811544 PMCID: PMC5557838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (C18:2) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid in the seed oil of many crops. Here, we report that mutations in the promoter, intron and CDS of the FAD2 genes SalFAD2.LIA1 and SalFAD2.LIA2 generate three alleles LIA 1a , LIA 1b and lia 1 and two alleles LIA 2 and lia 2, respectively, controlling the C18:2 variation (4.4-32.7%) in yellow mustard. The allelic effect on increasing C18:2 content is LIA 1a > LIA 1b > lia 1 , LIA 2 > lia 2, and LIA 1a > LIA 2. The five FAD 2 alleles each contain two exons, one intron and a promoter adjacent to exon 1. LIA 1a has a 1152 bp CDS, a 1221 bp intron with promoter function and a 607 bp promoter. Compared with LIA 1a , the intron of LIA 1b has reduced promoter activity and that of LIA 2 and lia 2 has no promoter function due to extensive SNP and indel mutations. lia 1 differed from LIA 1b by having an insertion of 1223 bp retrotransposon in its intron. lia 2 with mutations in the promoter has reduced promoter activity compared with LIA 2 . This study revealed that complex quantitative variation of trait phenotype in plants could be modulated by multiple alleles of oligogenic loci resulting from mutations in the regulatory region and CDS.
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Díaz ML, Cuppari S, Soresi D, Carrera A. In Silico Analysis of Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes and Proteins in Grasses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:484-499. [PMID: 28755245 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) catalyze the introduction of a double bond into acyl chains. Two FAD groups have been identified in plants: acyl-acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) and acyl-lipid or membrane-bound FAD. The former catalyze the conversion of 18:0 to 18:1 and to date have only been identified in plants. The latter are found in eukaryotes and bacteria and are responsible for multiple desaturations. In this study, we identified 82 desaturase gene and protein sequences from 10 grass species deposited in GenBank that were analyzed using bioinformatic approaches. Subcellular localization predictions of desaturase family revealed their localization in plasma membranes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticula, and mitochondria. The in silico mapping showed multiple chromosomal locations in most species. Furthermore, the presence of the characteristic histidine domains, the predicted motifs, and the finding of transmembrane regions strongly support the protein functionality. The identification of putative regulatory sites in the promotor and the expression profiles revealed the wide range of pathways in which fatty acid desaturases are involved. This study is an updated survey on desaturases of grasses that provides a comprehensive insight into diversity and evolution. This characterization is a necessary first step before considering these genes as candidates for new biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lucía Díaz
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Selva Cuppari
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS)-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Daniela Soresi
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS)-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alicia Carrera
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS)-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Woelke MR, Paulucci NS, Selva A, Garban H, de Lema MG. Δ9 desaturase from Trypanosoma cruzi : Key enzyme in the parasite metabolism. Cloning and overexpression. Microbiol Res 2017; 194:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lee KR, Lee Y, Kim EH, Lee SB, Roh KH, Kim JB, Kang HC, Kim HU. Functional identification of oleate 12-desaturase and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase genes from Perilla frutescens var. frutescens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2523-2537. [PMID: 27637203 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We described identification, expression, subcellular localization, and functions of genes that encode fatty acid desaturase enzymes in Perilla frutescens var. frutescens. Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) seeds contain approximately 40 % of oil, of which α-linolenic acid (18:3) comprise more than 60 % in seed oil and 56 % of total fatty acids (FAs) in leaf, respectively. In perilla, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized and chloroplast-localized ω-3 FA desaturase genes (PfrFAD3 and PfrFAD7, respectively) have already been reported, however, microsomal oleate 12-desaturase gene (PfrFAD2) has not yet. Here, four perilla FA desaturase genes, PfrFAD2-1, PfrFAD2-2, PfrFAD3-2 and PfrFAD7-2, were newly identified and characterized using random amplification of complementary DNA ends and sequence data from RNAseq analysis, respectively. According to the data of transcriptome and gene cloning, perilla expresses two PfrFAD2 and PfrFAD3 genes, respectively, coding for proteins that possess three histidine boxes, transmembrane domains, and an ER retrieval motif at its C-terminal, and two chloroplast-localized ω-3 FA desaturase genes, PfrFAD7-1 and PfrFAD7-2. Arabidopsis protoplasts transformed with perilla genes fused to green fluorescence protein gene demonstrated that PfrFAD2-1 and PfrFAD3-2 were localized in the ER, and PfrFAD7-1 and PfrFAD7-2 were localized in the chloroplasts. PfrFAD2 and perilla ω-3 FA desaturases were functional in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) indicated by the presence of 18:2 and 16:2 in yeast harboring the PfrFAD2 gene. 18:2 supplementation of yeast harboring ω-3 FA desaturase gene led to the production of 18:3. Therefore, perilla expresses two functional FAD2 and FAD3 genes, and two chloroplast-localized ω-3 FA desaturase genes, which support an evidence that P. frutescens cultivar is allotetraploid plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjik Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Bee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Chul Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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D'Angeli S, Altamura MM. Unsaturated Lipids Change in Olive Tree Drupe and Seed during Fruit Development and in Response to Cold-Stress and Acclimation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111889. [PMID: 27845749 PMCID: PMC5133888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive tree is a plant of economic value for the oil of its drupe. It is a cultigen complex composed of genotypes with differences in cold-hardiness. About 90% of the oil is stored in oil bodies (OBs) in the drupe during the oleogenic phase. Phenols and lipids contribute to oil quality, but the unsaturated fatty acid (FA) fraction is emerging as the most important for quality, because of the very high content in oleic acid, the presence of ω6-linoleic acid and ω3-linolenic acid, and the very low saturated FA content. Another 10% of oil is produced by the seed. Differences in unsaturated FA-enriched lipids exist among seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. Olive oil quality is also affected by the environmental conditions during fruit growth and genotype peculiarities. Production of linoleic and α-linolenic acids, fruit growth, fruit and leaf responses to low temperatures, including cuticle formation, and cold-acclimation are related processes. The levels of unsaturated FAs are changed by FA-desaturase (FAD) activities, involving the functioning of chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum. Cold induces lipid changes during drupe and seed development, affecting FADs, but its effect is related to the genotype capability to acclimate to the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D'Angeli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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41
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Parvini F, Sicardo MD, Hosseini-Mazinani M, Martínez-Rivas JM, Hernández ML. Transcriptional Analysis of Stearoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Genes from Olive (Olea europaea) in Relation to the Oleic Acid Content of the Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7770-7781. [PMID: 27690417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The specific contribution of different stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) genes to the oleic acid content in olive (Olea europaea) fruit has been studied. Toward that end, we isolated three distinct cDNA clones encoding three SAD isoforms from olive (cv. Picual), as revealed by sequence analysis. The expression levels of olive SAD genes were determined in different tissues from Picual and Arbequina cultivars, including developing mesocarp and seed, together with the unsaturated fatty acid content. Lipid and gene expression analyses indicate that OeSAD2 seems to be the main gene contributing to the oleic acid content of the olive fruit and, therefore, of the virgin olive oil. This conclusion was confirmed when the study was extended to Hojiblanca, Picudo, and Manzanilla cultivars. Furthermore, our data indicate that the olive microsomal oleate desaturase gene OeFAD2-2, but not OeSAD2, is responsible for the linoleic acid content in the virgin olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Parvini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , 14155-6463 Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University , 14115-111 Tehran, Iran
| | - M Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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42
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Wang JJ, Liu HR, Gao J, Huang YJ, Zhang B, Chen KS. Two ω-3 FADs Are Associated with Peach Fruit Volatile Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:464. [PMID: 27043529 PMCID: PMC4848920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma-related volatiles, together with sugars and acids, play an important role in determining fruit flavor quality. Characteristic volatiles of peach fruit are mainly derived from fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). In the present study, six genes encoding fatty acid desaturases (FAD) were cloned, including two ω-6 FAD genes (PpFAD2, PpFAD6) and four ω-3 FAD genes (PpFAD3-1, PpFAD3-2, PpFAD7 and PpFAD8). Heterologous expression of peach FADs in tobacco plants showed that PpFAD3-1, and PpFAD3-2 significantly reduced contents of 18:2, and accumulated significant higher levels of 18:3. In the case of volatiles, transgenic plants produced lower concentrations of hexanal and higher levels of (E)-2-hexenal. Consequently, the ratio of the (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal was about 5- and 3-fold higher than that of wild type (WT) in PpFAD3-1 and PpFAD3-2 transformants, respectively. No significant changes in volatile profiles were observed in transgenic plants overexpressing the four other peach FAD genes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that ripe fruit had high PpFAD3-1 and low PpFAD3-2 transcript levels. In contrast, high PpFAD3-2 and low PpFAD3-1 transcript levels were observed in young fruit. These results indicate a temporal regulation of these two ω-3 FADs during development and ripening, influencing peach fruit volatile formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hong-Ru Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Ji Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Jacopini S, Mariani M, de Caraffa VBB, Gambotti C, Vincenti S, Desjobert JM, Muselli A, Costa J, Berti L, Maury J. Olive Recombinant Hydroperoxide Lyase, an Efficient Biocatalyst for Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:671-83. [PMID: 26961190 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Volatile C6-aldehydes are the main contributors to the characteristic odor of plants known as "green note" and are widely used by the flavor industry. Biotechnological processes were developed to fulfill the high demand in C6-aldehydes in natural flavorants and odorants. Recombinant hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) constitute an interesting alternative to overcome drawbacks arising from the use of HPL from plant extracts. Thus, olive recombinant 13-HPL was assayed as biocatalysts to produce C6-aldehydes. Firstly, a cDNA encoding for olive HPL of Leccino variety was isolated and cloned in pQE-30 expression vector. In order to improve the enzyme solubility, its chloroplast transit peptide was deleted. Both enzymes (HPL wild type and HPL deleted) were expressed into Escherichia coli strain M15, purified, characterized, and then used for bioconversion of 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. Aldehydes produced were extracted, then identified and quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Recombinant HPL wild type (HPLwt) allowed producing 5.61 mM of hexanal and 4.39 mM of 3Z-hexenal, corresponding to high conversion yields of 93.5 and 73 %, respectively. Using HPL deleted (HPLdel) instead of HPLwt failed to obtain greater quantities of hexanal or 3Z-hexenal. No undesirable products were formed, and no isomerization of 3Z-hexenal in 2E-hexenal occurred. The olive recombinant HPLwt appears to be a promising efficient biocatalyst for the production of C6-aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jacopini
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Magali Mariani
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | | | - Claude Gambotti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Sophie Vincenti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jean-Marie Desjobert
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Alain Muselli
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Liliane Berti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jacques Maury
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France.
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Hernández ML, Sicardo MD, Martínez-Rivas JM. Differential Contribution of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Chloroplast ω-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes to the Linolenic Acid Content of Olive (Olea europaea) Fruit. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:138-51. [PMID: 26514651 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in plant lipids, which plays key roles in plant metabolism as a structural component of storage and membrane lipids, and as a precursor of signaling molecules. The synthesis of linolenic acid is catalyzed by two different ω-3 fatty acid desaturases, which correspond to microsomal- (FAD3) and chloroplast- (FAD7 and FAD8) localized enzymes. We have investigated the specific contribution of each enzyme to the linolenic acid content in olive fruit. With that aim, we isolated two different cDNA clones encoding two ω-3 fatty acid desaturases from olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual). Sequence analysis indicates that they code for microsomal (OepFAD3B) and chloroplast (OepFAD7-2) ω-3 fatty acid desaturase enzymes, different from the previously characterized OekFAD3A and OekFAD7-1 genes. Functional expression in yeast of the corresponding OepFAD3A and OepFAD3B cDNAs confirmed that they encode microsomal ω-3 fatty acid desaturases. The linolenic acid content and transcript levels of olive FAD3 and FAD7 genes were measured in different tissues of Picual and Arbequina cultivars, including mesocarp and seed during development and ripening of olive fruit. Gene expression and lipid analysis indicate that FAD3A is the gene mainly responsible for the linolenic acid present in the seed, while FAD7-1 and FAD7-2 contribute mostly to the linolenic acid present in the mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. These results also indicate the relevance of lipid trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast in determining the linolenic acid content of membrane and storage lipids in oil-accumulating photosynthetic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Dolores Sicardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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45
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Kaye Y, Grundman O, Leu S, Zarka A, Zorin B, Didi-Cohen S, Khozin-Goldberg I, Boussiba S. Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Prakash C, He G, Yin D. Insights into the novel members of the FAD2 gene family involved in high-oleate fluxes in peanut. Genome 2015; 58:375-83. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The FAD2 gene family is functionally responsible for the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid in oilseed plants. Multiple members of the FAD gene are known to occur in several oilseed species. In this study, six novel full-length cDNA sequences (named as AhFAD2-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6) were identified in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an analysis of which revealed open reading frames of 379, 383, 394, or 442 amino acids. Sequence comparisons showed that AhFAD2-1 and AhFAD2-2 shared 76% identity, while AhFAD2-2, -3, and -4 displayed highly significant homology. There was only 27% identity overlap between the microsomal ω-6 fatty acid desaturase and the chloroplast ω-6 fatty acid desaturase encoded by AhFAD2-1, -2, -3, -4, and AhFAD2-5, -6, respectively. The phylogeny tree of FAD2 transcripts showed five major groups, and AhFAD2-1 was clearly separated from other groups. Analysis of AhFAD2-1 and AhFAD2-2 transcript distribution in different peanut tissues showed that the AhFAD2-1 gene showed upward of a 70-fold increase in expression of fatty acid than the AhFAD2-2 gene in peanut developing seeds, while the AhFAD2-2 gene expressed most abundantly in peanut flowers. Because the AhFAD2-1 gene played a major role in the conversion of oleic to linoleic acid during seed development, the identification of this novel member in this study would facilitate the further genetic manipulation of peanut oil quality. The implications of overall results also suggest that there may be more candidate genes controlling levels of oleate acid in developing seeds. Results also may be due to the presence of complex gene networks controlling the fluxes between the endoplasmic reticulum and the chloroplast within the peanut cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - C.S. Prakash
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Guohao He
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Dongmei Yin
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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47
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Parvini F, Zeinanloo AA, Ebrahimie E, Tahmasebi‐Enferadi S, Hosseini‐Mazinani M. Differential expression of fatty acid desaturases in Mari and Shengeh olive cultivars during fruit development and ripening. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Parvini
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranIran
- Faculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Molecular and Biomedical ScienceAdelaide UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Crop Production and Plant BreedingFaculty of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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48
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Emmerstorfer A, Wriessnegger T, Hirz M, Pichler H. Overexpression of membrane proteins from higher eukaryotes in yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7671-98. [PMID: 25070595 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression and characterisation of the membrane proteins of higher eukaryotes is of paramount interest in fundamental and applied research. Due to the rather simple and well-established methods for their genetic modification and cultivation, yeast cells are attractive host systems for recombinant protein production. This review provides an overview on the remarkable progress, and discusses pitfalls, in applying various yeast host strains for high-level expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In contrast to the cell lines of higher eukaryotes, yeasts permit efficient library screening methods. Modified yeasts are used as high-throughput screening tools for heterologous membrane protein functions or as benchmark for analysing drug-target relationships, e.g., by using yeasts as sensors. Furthermore, yeasts are powerful hosts for revealing interactions stabilising and/or activating membrane proteins. We also discuss the stress responses of yeasts upon heterologous expression of membrane proteins. Through co-expression of chaperones and/or optimising yeast cultivation and expression strategies, yield-optimised hosts have been created for membrane protein crystallography or efficient whole-cell production of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Emmerstorfer
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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49
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Padilla MN, Hernández ML, Sanz C, Martínez-Rivas JM. Stress-dependent regulation of 13-lipoxygenases and 13-hydroperoxide lyase in olive fruit mesocarp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 102:80-8. [PMID: 24629805 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of different environmental stresses on the expression and enzyme activity levels of 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOX) and 13-hydroperoxide lyase (13-HPL) and on the volatile compounds synthesized by their sequential action has been studied in the mesocarp tissue of olive fruit from the Picual and Arbequina cultivars. The results showed that temperature, light, wounding and water regime regulate olive 13-LOXs and 13-HPL genes at transcriptional level. Low temperature and wounding brought about an increase in LOX and HPL enzyme activities. A very slight increase in the total content of six straight-chain carbons (C6) volatile compounds was also observed in the case of low temperature and wounding treatments. The physiological roles of 13-LOXs and 13-HPL in the olive fruit stress response are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carlos Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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50
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Bioinformatics study of delta-12 fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) gene in oilseeds. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5077-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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