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Meng Y, Thornburg LL, Hoeger KM, Núñez ZR, Kautz A, Evans AT, Wang C, Miller RK, Groth SW, O’Connor TG, Barrett ES. Association between sex steroid hormones and subsequent hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1213402. [PMID: 37766683 PMCID: PMC10520461 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1213402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sex steroid hormones may play a role in insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. However, evidence regarding associations between early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones and hyperglycemia during pregnancy is limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationships between first trimester sex steroid hormones and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia during pregnancy; with secondary evaluation of sex steroid hormones levels in mid-late pregnancy, concurrent with and subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Methods Retrospective analysis of a prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted. Medically low-risk participants with no known major endocrine disorders were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy (n=319). Sex steroid hormones in each trimester, including total testosterone, free testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Glucose levels of the 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test and gestational diabetes diagnosis were abstracted from medical records. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations of individual first trimester sex steroids and glucose levels. Results In adjusted models, first trimester total testosterone (β=5.24, 95% CI: 0.01, 10.46, p=0.05) and free testosterone (β=5.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 10.98, p=0.02) were positively associated with subsequent glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes diagnosis (total testosterone: OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.50, 8.78; free testosterone: OR=3.69; 95% CI: 1.56, 8.73). First trimester estrone was also positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.56, 8.55). In mid-late pregnancy, pregnant people with gestational diabetes had lower total testosterone levels (β=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.02) after adjustment for first trimester total testosterone. Conclusion Early-pregnancy sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone, were positively associated with glucose levels and gestational diabetes in mid-late pregnancy. These hormones may serve as early predictors of gestational diabetes in combination with other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Loralei L. Thornburg
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Hoeger
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zorimar Rivera- Núñez
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Amber Kautz
- Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Adam T. Evans
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institue, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Richard K. Miller
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Susan W. Groth
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas G. O’Connor
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Watkins OC, Pillai RA, Selvam P, Yong HE, Cracknell‐Hazra VK, Sharma N, Cazenave‐Gassiot A, Bendt AK, Godfrey KM, Lewis RM, Wenk MR, Chan S. Myo-inositol alters the effects of glucose, leptin and insulin on placental palmitic acid and oleic acid metabolism. J Physiol 2023; 601:4151-4169. [PMID: 37602663 PMCID: PMC10952252 DOI: 10.1113/jp285036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-regulated placental palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) metabolism is vital for optimal placental function and fetal development, but dysregulation occurs with gestational diabetes (GDM). We hypothesized that such dysregulation might arise from increased maternofetal glucose, leptin or insulin concentrations present in GDM, and that dysregulated PA and OA lipid metabolism could be moderated by myo-inositol, a natural polyol and potential GDM intervention. Placental explants from 21 women were incubated with stable isotope-labelled 13 C-PA or 13 C-OA for 48 h. Explants were treated with glucose (5, 10 mm) or leptin (13 nm) or insulin (150 nm) in combination with myo-inositol (0.3, 30, 60 μm). Forty-seven 13 C-PA lipids and 37 13 C-OA lipids were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). Compared with controls (5 mm glucose), glucose (10 mm) increased 19 13 C-OA lipids and nine 13 C-PA lipids, but decreased 13 C-OA phosphatidylethanolamine 38:5 and 13 C-PA phosphatidylethanolamine 36:4. The effects of leptin and insulin were less prominent than glucose, with leptin increasing 13 C-OA acylcarnitine 18:1, and insulin increasing four 13 C-PA triacylglycerides. Most glucose, leptin and insulin-induced alterations in lipids were attenuated by co-incubation with myo-inositol (30 or 60 μm), with attenuation also occurring in all subgroups stratified by GDM status and fetal sex. However, glucose-induced increases in acylcarnitine were not attenuated by myo-inositol and were even exaggerated in some instances. Myo-inositol therefore appears to generally act as a moderator, suppressing the perturbation of lipid metabolic processes by glucose, leptin and insulin in placenta in vitro. Whether myo-inositol protects the fetus and pregnancy from unfavourable outcomes requires further research. KEY POINTS: Incubation of placental explants with additional glucose, or to a lesser extent insulin or leptin, alters the placental production of 13 C-lipids from 13 C-palmitic acid (PA) and 13 C-oleic acid (OA) in vitro compared with untreated controls from the same placenta. Co-incubation with myo-inositol attenuated most alterations induced by glucose, insulin or leptin in 13 C-lipids, but did not affect alterations in 13 C-acylcarnitines. Alterations induced by glucose and leptin in 13 C-PA triacylglycerides and 13 C-PA phospholipids were influenced by fetal sex and gestational diabetes status, but were all still attenuated by myo-inositol co-incubation. Insulin differently affected 13 C-PA triacylglycerides and 13 C-PA phospholipids depending on fetal sex, with alterations also attenuated by myo-inositol co-incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Reshma Appukuttan Pillai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Preben Selvam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Hannah E.J. Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
| | - Victoria K.B. Cracknell‐Hazra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave‐Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Precision Medicine TRPNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Anne K. Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Rohan M. Lewis
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Precision Medicine TRPNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Shiao‐Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore
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Kang DH, Kim MJ, Mohamed EA, Kim DS, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Kang HG, Lee GS, Hong EJ, Ahn C, Jung EM, An BS, Kim SC. Regulation of uterus and placenta remodeling under high estradiol levels in gestational diabetes mellitus models†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:215-226. [PMID: 37255320 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the regulation of placentas and uterus remodeling and involvement of estradiol in gestational diabetes mellitus. To achieve this, we established in vitro and in vivo models for gestational diabetes mellitus placentas by culturing human placental choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo) under hyperglycemic concentration and treating pregnant rats with streptozotocin. We evaluated the expression of angiogenesis-related proteins. The expression of the anti-angiogenic factor, excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 was increased in our in vitro gestational diabetes mellitus model compared with the control. Moreover, the expressions of placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and the von Willebrand factor were also significantly elevated in the placenta of streptozotocin-treated rats. These data indicate the disruption of angiogenesis in the gestational diabetes mellitus placentas. The expression levels of connexin 43, a component of the gap junction and collagen type I alpha 2 chain, a component of the extracellular matrix, were decreased in the gestational diabetes mellitus uterus. These results suggest that uterus decidualization and placental angiogenesis are inhibited in gestational diabetes mellitus rats. Our results also showed upregulation of the expression of genes regulating estradiol synthesis as well as estrogen receptors in vivo models. Accordingly, the concentration of estradiol measured in the culture medium under hyperglycemic conditions, as well as in the serum and placenta of the streptozotocin-treated rats, was significantly elevated compared with the control groups. These results suggest that the dysregulated remodeling of the placenta and uterus may result in the elevation of estradiol and its signaling pathway in the gestational diabetes mellitus animal model to maintain pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Elsayed A Mohamed
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genetics, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Da Som Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Sic Jeong
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Halici-Ozturk F, Yucel Yetiskin FD, Gurlek B, Ocal FD, Yakut K, Engin-Ustun Y, Celen S, Sahin D. Longer anogenital distance in female fetus of diabetic and obese pregnant women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 62:530-536. [PMID: 37407189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies revealed that prenatal exposure to androgen excess such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with offspring's anogenital distance (AGD) length, and AGD is a biomarker of intrauterine androgen exposure. This study aims to investigate a possible relationship of fetal AGD with maternal diabetes and obesity, and to evaluate whether AGD predicts the fetal androgen exposure related to diabetes and obesity in female fetus. This study is the first to focus on the relationship between offspring's AGD and maternal diabetes and obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective study investigating 218 pregnant women (125 in control group and 93 in study group). Fetal AGD was measured from the center of anus to the posterior convergence of the fourchette by ultrasound. Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to assess the association of the fetal AGD length with maternal diabetes and obesity. RESULTS The control patients had significantly shorter fetal AGD (mean:10.7 mm, P < 0.001) compared to diabetic, obese and diabetic obese patients (mean: 12.6 mm, 12.8 mm and 12.9 mm, respectively). The results of regression analysis showed that both maternal diabetes and obesity were significantly correlated with longer AGD in female fetus. The results confirmed also that offspring's AGD measurement in utero by ultrasound is feasible and reliable. CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that both maternal diabetes and obesity are associated with intrauterine androgenic milieu during pregnancy, and fetal AGD may be used as a biomarker to predict this effect. This may provide important advantages in terms of early detection of reproductive system abnormalities related to prenatal androgen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Halici-Ozturk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Didem Yucel Yetiskin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beril Gurlek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53200, Rize, Turkey
| | - Fatma Doga Ocal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Yakut
- Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women Health Care Training and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yaprak Engin-Ustun
- Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women Health Care Training and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevki Celen
- Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women Health Care Training and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Sahin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang N, Zhang W, Ji C, Ge J, Zhang X, Li M, Wang M, Zhang T, He J, Zhu H. Metabolic alteration of circulating steroid hormones in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the related risk factors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1196935. [PMID: 37396163 PMCID: PMC10310992 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1196935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormally changed steroid hormones during pregnancy are closely related to the pathological process of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our aim was to systematically profile the metabolic alteration of circulating steroid hormones in GDM women and screen for risk factors. Methods This study was a case-control study with data measured from 40 GDM women and 70 healthy pregnant women during their 24-28 gestational weeks. 36 kinds of steroid hormones, including 3 kinds of corticosteroids, 2 kinds of progestins, 5 kinds of androgens and 26 kinds of downstream estrogens in serum were systematically measured using a combined sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method. The flux of different metabolic pathways of steroid hormones was analyzed. Logistic regression and ROC curve model analyses were performed to identify potential steroid markers closely associated with GDM development. Results Serum corticosteroids, progestins and almost all the estrogen metabolites via 16-pathway from parent estrogens were higher in GDM women compared with healthy controls. Most of the estrogen metabolites via 4-pathway and more than half of the metabolites via 2-pathway were not significantly different. 16α-hydroxyestrone (16OHE1), estrone-glucuronide/sulfate (E1-G/S) and the ratio of total 2-pathway estrogens to total estrogens were screened as three indicators closely related to the risk of GDM development. The adjusted odds ratios of GDM for the highest quartile compared with the lowest were 72.22 (95% CI 11.27-462.71, P trend <0.001) for 16OHE1 and 6.28 (95% CI 1.74-22.71, P trend <0.05) for E1-G/S. The ratio of 2-pathway estrogens to total estrogens was negatively associated with the risk of GDM. Conclusion The whole metabolic flux from cholesterol to downstream steroid hormones increased in GDM condition. The most significant changes were observed in the 16-pathway metabolism of estrogens, rather than the 2- or 4-pathway or other types of steroid hormones. 16OHE1 may be a strong marker associated with the risk for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nanjing Qlife Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajia Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meijuan Li
- Nanjing Qlife Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun He
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaijun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lin Q, Zhang Z, Meng Q, Xie Y, Liu Z, Hu C, Wang G, Qin P, Bo Q. Effects of different dietary patterns during pregnancy on birth outcomes and glucose parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes 2023:S1751-9918(23)00086-4. [PMID: 37127452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary interventions are the cornerstone of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary patterns during pregnancy on birth outcomes and glucose parameters in women with GDM. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and The CoChrane Library were searched from the time of database creation to November 30, 2021, along with manual searches. Data analyses were performed using Stata 15.4 software. RESULTS From 2461 studies, 27 RCTs involving 1923 women were eligible. The pooled results showed that dietary pattern interventions during pregnancy reduced birth weight (WMD: -0.14 kg; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.00), hemoglobin A1 C (HbA1 C) (WMD: -0.19, 95% CI: -0.34, -0.05), and macrosomia incidence (RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.48, 0.88]). Low glycemic index (GI) diet reduced macrosomia incidence (RR 0.31 [95% CI 0.11, 0.93]) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (WMD: -0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.05); a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet reduced large for gestational age (LGA) incidence (RR 0.33 [95% CI 0.13, 0.82]) and HbA1 C (WMD: -0.32; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.14); dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet reduced birth weight (WMD:-0.59 kg; 95% CI: -0.64, -0.55), insulin use (RR 0.31 [95% CI 0.18, 0.56), macrosomia incidence (RR 0.12 [95% CI 0.03, 0.50]), and cesarean sections incidence (RR 0.57 [95% CI 0.40, 0.82]). CONCLUSION Dietary patterns during pregnancy can improve certain birth outcomes and glycemic parameters. Due to limitations in the quality and number of included studies, the above findings still need to be validated by further randomized controlled trials with high quality and large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingchong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunqiu Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Panzhu Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingli Bo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Alkhatib B, Salimi S, Jabari M, Padmanabhan V, Vyas AK. Impact of Adverse Gestational Milieu on Maternal Cardiovascular Health. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad060. [PMID: 37042476 PMCID: PMC10164662 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease affects 1% to 4% of the nearly 4 million pregnancies in the United States each year and is the primary cause of pregnancy-related mortality. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with cardiovascular complications during pregnancy persisting into the postpartum period. Recently, investigations have identified an altered sex hormone milieu, such as in the case of hyperandrogenism, as a causative factor in the development of gestational cardiovascular dysfunction. The mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular disease in postpartum women are largely unknown. Animal studies have attempted to recapitulate adverse pregnancy outcomes to investigate causal relationships and molecular underpinnings of adverse gestational cardiac events and progression to the development of cardiovascular disease postpartum. This review will focus on summarizing clinical and animal studies detailing the impact of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and maternal obesity, on gestational cardiometabolic dysfunction and postpartum cardiovascular disease. Specifically, we will highlight the adverse impact of gestational hyperandrogenism and its potential to serve as a biomarker for maternal gestational and postpartum cardiovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Alkhatib
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shadi Salimi
- College of Human Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Mary Jabari
- College of Human Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | | | - Arpita Kalla Vyas
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- College of Human Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
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Parsons AM, Rajendran RR, Whitcomb LA, Bouma GJ, Chicco AJ. Characterization of trophoblast mitochondrial function and responses to testosterone treatment in ACH-3P cells. Placenta 2023; 137:70-77. [PMID: 37087951 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trophoblast mitochondria play important roles in placental energy metabolism, physiology and pathophysiology. Hyperandrogenism has been associated with mitochondrial abnormalities in pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and intrauterine growth restriction, but the direct impacts of androgen exposure on placental mitochondrial function are unknown. Given the inherent limitations of studying the human placenta during pregnancy, trophoblast cell lines are routinely used to model placental biology in vitro. The aim of this study was to characterize mitochondrial respiratory function in four commonly used trophoblast cell lines to provide a basis for selecting one well-suited to investigating the impact of androgens on trophoblast mitochondrial function. METHODS Androgen receptor expression, mitochondrial respiration (JO2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release rates were evaluated in three human trophoblast cell lines (ACH-3P, BeWo and Swan-71) and one immortalized ovine trophoblast line (iOTR) under basal and substrate-stimulated conditions using high-resolution fluorespirometry. RESULTS ACH-3P cells exhibited the greatest mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling efficiency of the four trophoblast lines tested, along with robust expression of androgen receptor protein that was found to co-localize with mitochondria by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Acute testosterone administration (10 nM) tended to decrease ACH-3P mitochondrial JO2 and increase ROS release, while chronic (7 days) testosterone exposure increased expression of mitochondrial proteins, JO2, and ROS release. DISCUSSION These studies establish ACH-3P as a suitable cell line for investigating trophoblast mitochondrial function, and provide foundational evidence supporting links between hyperandrogenism and placental mitochondrial ROS production with potential relevance to several common pregnancy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Parsons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ranjitha Raja Rajendran
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Luke A Whitcomb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Hsu TW, Chen MH, Bai YM, Chang WH, Cheng CM, Su TP, Chen TJ, Tsai SJ, Liang CS. Family coaggregation of type 1 diabetes mellitus, major depressive disorder, attention-deficiency hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in affected families: a nationwide study. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:517-525. [PMID: 36637529 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-02025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to examine the risk of T1D, major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficiency hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with T1D. METHODS We enrolled 24,555 FDRs of individuals with T1D and 1:4 matched controls (N = 98,220) based on age and sex using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 2001 and 2011. Poisson regression analyses were performed to estimate the risks of MDD, attention-deficiency hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder among the FDRs. Finally, we assessed the impact of DKA in the familial coaggregation. RESULTS After adjusting for demographic characteristics, FDRs of individuals with T1D had higher risk of T1D (reported as relative risk with 95% confidence interval: 46.07, 33.36-63.63) and MDD (1.17, 1.04-1.32) than controls. Stratified by sex, female FDRs had increased risk of MDD (1.30, 1.13-1.51), while male FDRs had increased risk of ADHD (1.21, 1.01-1.44). Stratified by kinship, parents of individuals with T1D had increased risk of MDD (1.24, 1.06-1.44); offspring of individuals with T1D had increased risk of ADHD (1.41, 1.11-1.79). Importantly, FDRs of individuals with T1D and DKA had higher risk of MDD (1.35, 1.11-1.64) and ADHD (1.40, 1.07-1.82) than controls; however, such risks were not observed in FDRs of individuals with T1D but without DKA. CONCLUSIONS The individual risks of T1D, MDD, and ADHD were increased in families that included patients with T1D, and DKA might play a role in such coaggregation with MDD and ADHD. Future studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Han Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, General Cheng Hsin Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 60, Xinmin Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11243, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abruzzese GA, Silva AF, Velazquez ME, Ferrer MJ, Motta AB. Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects in pregnancy and offspring development. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1558. [PMID: 35475329 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age. Its etiology remains unclear. It is suggested that environmental factors, and particularly the intrauterine environment, play key roles in PCOS development. Besides the role of androgens in PCOS pathogenesis, exposure to endocrine disruptors, as is Bisphenol A, could also contribute to its development. Although PCOS is considered one of the leading causes of ovarian infertility, many PCOS patients can get pregnant. Some of them by natural conception and others by assisted reproductive technique treatments. As hyperandrogenism (one of PCOS main features) affects ovarian and uterine functions, PCOS women, despite reaching pregnancy, could present high-risk pregnancies, including implantation failure, an increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Moreover, hyperandrogenism may also be maintained in these women during pregnancy. Therefore, as an altered uterine milieu, including hormonal imbalance, could affect the developing organisms, monitoring these patients throughout pregnancy and their offspring development is highly relevant. The present review focuses on the impact of androgenism and PCOS on fertility issues and pregnancy-related outcomes and offspring development. The evidence suggests that the increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse offspring outcomes of PCOS women would be due to the factors involved in the syndrome pathogenesis and the related co-morbidities. A better understanding of the involved mechanisms is still needed and could contribute to a better management of these women and their offspring. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Reproductive System Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle A Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé F Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela E Velazquez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria-José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia B Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Chatterjee B, Neelaveni K, Kenchey H, Thakur SS. An insight into major signaling pathways and protein-protein interaction networks involved in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100200. [PMID: 35279034 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with the increase of glucose in the blood rather than being absorbed by the cells. A better understanding of the signaling pathways is necessary to understand the pathophysiology of GDM. This study provides details about a series of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions involved in the pathogenesis of GDM and their evaluations in GDM development. Protein-protein interactions were found between proteins of several signaling pathways that suggest interlink between these signaling pathways. Protein-protein interactions were generated with high confidence interaction scores based on textmining, co-occurrence, coexpression, neighborhood, gene fusion, experiments and databases. The dysregulation of signaling pathways may also contribute to the increased risk of complications associated with GDM in the mother and child. Further, studies on signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of GDM would help in the development of an effective intervention to prevent GDM along with the identification of key targets for effective therapies in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Chatterjee
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Himaja Kenchey
- Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Adiposity Clinics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suman S Thakur
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
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12
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Meakin AS, Gough M, Saif Z, Clifton VL. An ex vivo approach to understanding sex-specific differences in placental androgen signalling in the presence and absence of inflammation. Placenta 2022; 120:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Neven ACH, Mousa A, Boyle JA, Teede HJ. Endocrine and metabolic interactions in healthy pregnancies and hyperinsulinemic pregnancies affected by polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:993619. [PMID: 36733795 PMCID: PMC9886898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the fetoplacental unit is key in the pronounced physiological endocrine changes which support pregnancy, fetal development and survival, birth and lactation. In healthy women, pregnancy is characterized by changes in insulin sensitivity and increased maternal androgen levels. These are accompanied by a suite of mechanisms that support fetal growth, maintain glucose homeostasis and protect both mother and fetus from adverse effects of pregnancy induced insulin and androgen excess. In pregnancies affected by endocrine, metabolic disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diabetes and obesity, there is an imbalance of beneficial and adverse impacts of pregnancy induced endocrine changes. These inter-related conditions are characterized by an interplay of hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism which influence fetoplacental function and are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, macrosomia, preterm delivery and caesarean section. However, the exact underlying mechanisms and relationships of the endocrine and metabolic milieu in these disorders and the impact they have on the prenatal endocrine environment and developing fetus remain poorly understood. Here we aim to review the complex endocrine and metabolic interactions in healthy women during normal pregnancies and those in pregnancies complicated by hyperinsulinemic disorders (PCOS, diabetes and obesity). We also explore the relationships between these endocrine and metabolic differences and the fetoplacental unit, pregnancy outcomes and the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C. H. Neven
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A. Boyle
- Monash Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jacqueline A. Boyle,
| | - Helena J. Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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14
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Sun Y, Zhu B, Meng X, Yin B, Wu K, Liu Y, Zou D, Xue J, Sun X, Zhang D, Ma Z. Effect of maternal body mass index on the steroid profile in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:999154. [PMID: 36440200 PMCID: PMC9681895 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.999154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) on steroid hormone profiles in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). METHODS We enrolled 79 women with NGT and 80 women with GDM who had a gestational age of 24-28 weeks. The participants were grouped according to their BMI. We quantified 11 steroid hormones profiles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and calculated the product-to-precursor ratios in the steroidogenic pathway. RESULTS Women with GDM and BMI<25kg/m2 showed higher concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (p<0.001), testosterone (T) (p=0.020), estrone (E1) (p=0.010) and estradiol (E2) (p=0.040) and lower Matsuda index and HOMA-β than women with NGT and BMI<25kg/m2. In women with GDM, concentrations of E1 (p=0.006) and E2 (p=0.009) declined, accompanied by reduced E2/T (p=0.008) and E1/androstenedione (A4) (p=0.010) in the BMI>25 kg/m2 group, when compared to that in the BMI<25 kg/m2 group. The values of E2/T and E1/A4 were used to evaluate the cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme activity in the steroidogenic pathway. Both aromatase activities negatively correlated with the maternal BMI and positively correlated with the Matsuda index in women with GDM. CONCLUSIONS NGT women and GDM women with normal weight presented with different steroid hormone profiles. Steroidogenic pathway profiling of sex hormones synthesis showed a significant increase in the production of DHEA, T, E1, and E2 in GDM women with normal weight. Additionally, the alteration of steroid hormone metabolism was related to maternal BMI in women with GDM, and GDM women with overweight showed reduced estrogen production and decreased insulin sensitivity compared with GDM women with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Sun
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Meng
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Yin
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiqi Wu
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Liu
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, and Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zou
- Hangzhou BIOZON Medical Laboratory co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyou Xue
- Hangzhou BIOZON Medical Laboratory co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, and Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, and Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixin Ma, ; Dan Zhang,
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixin Ma, ; Dan Zhang,
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15
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Kapustin RV, Kopteeva EV, Alekseenkova EN, Tral TG, Tolibova GK, Arzhanova ON. Placental expression of endoglin, placental growth factor, leptin, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in diabetic pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:35-39. [PMID: 34937509 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.2006513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a level of expression of endoglin (Eng), leptin (Lep), placental growth factor (PlGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) in placenta among women with pre-eclampsia and diabetes mellitus (DM), considering the method of glycemia correction and preconception care. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 124 women were divided into following groups: type 1 DM (n = 40), type 2DM (n = 31), gestational DM (n = 33), pre-eclampsia without DM (PE) (n = 10) and the control group (n = 10). The histochemical study was performed by using primary monoclonal antibodies to Eng, PlGF, Lep, and HIF-1α (Abcam, UK). RESULTS The highest level of placental expression of Eng was observed in the PE group (20.34%). The same trend was also typical for T1DM (not planned) and insulin-treated groups: T2DM and GDM. An amount of cell with an PlGF expression was significantly higher in the control group (12.2%), while the lowest was observed in the pre-eclampsia group (1.18%) and T1DM (not planned) (1.26%). The placental leptin expression within each DM group was increased among the patients with unplanned pregnancy and those who received insulin therapy. We observed the lowest Lep expression in the PE group (6.3%). High level of HIF-1α expression was detected in T1DM (not planned) (30.44%) and PE (29.64%) as compared to the control group (11.62%). In T2DM and GDM insulin groups, the HIF-1α expression was significantly higher as compared to diet groups. CONCLUSION The obtained data show that DM and pre-eclampsia are associated with changes in angiogenic and metabolic placental factor expressions. The degree of changes depends on preconception care and the control of glycemia level during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Kapustin
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Kopteeva
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N Alekseenkova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana G Tral
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of pathology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of Health Ministry of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gulrukhsor Kh Tolibova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of pathology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- I.I. Mechnikov north-Western state Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga N Arzhanova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
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Ali AA, Cui X, Pertile RAN, Li X, Medley G, Alexander SA, Whitehouse AJO, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. Developmental vitamin D deficiency increases foetal exposure to testosterone. Mol Autism 2020; 11:96. [PMID: 33298169 PMCID: PMC7727109 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders which are more common in males. The ‘prenatal sex steroid’ hypothesis links excessive sex-steroid exposure during foetal life with the behavioural differences observed in ASD. However, the reason why sex steroid exposure may be excessive remains unclear. Epidemiological studies have identified several environmental risk factors associated with ASD, including developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency. We have demonstrated in an animal model that DVD-deficiency is associated with a hyper-inflammatory response in placentas from male but not female foetuses. Vitamin D also regulates the expression of several steroidogenic enzymes in vitro. Therefore using this animal model, we have examined whether DVD-deficiency leads to increased sex-steroid levels in both the maternal and foetal compartments. Methods Female rats are fed a vitamin D deficient diet from 6 weeks before mating until tissue collection at embryonic day 18. We examined the levels of testosterone, androstenedione and corticosterone in maternal plasma, foetal brains and amniotic fluid. We further examined gene expressions of steroidogenic enzymes and DNA methylation of aromatase promoters in foetal brains as a potential molecular mechanism regulating testosterone expression. Results We show that DVD-deficiency increases testosterone levels in maternal blood. We also show elevated levels of testosterone and androstenedione in the amniotic fluid of female but not male DVD-deficient foetuses. Testosterone levels were also elevated in DVD-deficient male brains. Vitamin D, like other steroid-related hormones, regulates gene expression via methylation. Therefore we examined whether the significant elevation in testosterone in male brains was due to such a potential gene-silencing mechanism. We show that the promoter of aromatase was hyper-methylated compared to male controls. Limitations A reduction in aromatase, in addition to causing excessive testosterone, could also lead to a reduction in estradiol which was not examined here. Conclusions This study is the first to show how an epidemiologically established environmental risk factor for ASD may selectively elevate testosterone in male embryonic brains. These findings provide further mechanistic support for the prenatal sex steroid theory of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Amanat Ali
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Xiang Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Medley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Adele Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - John Joseph McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,NCRR-National Centre for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Darryl Walter Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.
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Gutaj P, Sibiak R, Jankowski M, Awdi K, Bryl R, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Wender-Ozegowska E. The Role of the Adipokines in the Most Common Gestational Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249408. [PMID: 33321877 PMCID: PMC7762997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body. Numerous experimental studies established significant alterations in the adipokine secretion patterns throughout pregnancy. The exact etiology of various gestational complications, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal growth abnormalities, needs to be fully elucidated. The discovery of adipokines raised questions about their potential contribution to the molecular pathophysiology of those diseases. Multiple studies analyzed their local mRNA expression and circulating protein levels. However, most studies report conflicting results. Several adipokines such as leptin, resistin, irisin, apelin, chemerin, and omentin were proposed as potential novel early markers of heterogeneous gestational complications. The inclusion of the adipokines in the standard predictive multifactorial models could improve their prognostic values. Nonetheless, their independent diagnostic value is mostly insufficient to be implemented into standard clinical practice. Routine assessments of adipokine levels during pregnancy are not recommended in the management of both normal and complicated pregnancies. Based on the animal models (e.g., apelin and its receptors in the rodent preeclampsia models), future implementation of adipokines and their receptors as new therapeutic targets appears promising but requires further validation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gutaj
- Department of Reproduction, Chair of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (E.W.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-854-65-55
| | - Rafał Sibiak
- Department of Reproduction, Chair of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (E.W.-O.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Karina Awdi
- Student’s Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Rut Bryl
- Department of Anatomy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Anatomy, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (R.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Ewa Wender-Ozegowska
- Department of Reproduction, Chair of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland; (R.S.); (E.W.-O.)
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Fisher JJ, Vanderpeet CL, Bartho LA, McKeating DR, Cuffe JSM, Holland OJ, Perkins AV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in placental trophoblast cells experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus. J Physiol 2020; 599:1291-1305. [PMID: 33135816 DOI: 10.1113/jp280593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur in diabetic phenotypes including type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing and defined as the onset of a diabetic phenotype during pregnancy. The role of placental mitochondria in the aetiology of GDM remains unclear and is an emerging area of research. Differing mitochondrial morphologies within the placenta may influence the pathogenesis of the disorder. This study observed mitochondrial dysfunction in GDM placenta when assessing whole tissue. Upon further investigation into mitochondrial isolates from the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, mitochondrial dysfunction appears exaggerated in syncytiotrophoblast. Assessing mitochondrial populations individually enabled the determination of differences between cell lineages of the placenta and established varying levels of mitochondrial dysfunction in GDM, in some instances establishing significance in pathways previously inconclusive or confounded when assessing whole tissue. This research lays the foundation for future work into mitochondrial dysfunction in the placenta and the role it may play in the aetiology of GDM. ABSTRACT Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with diabetic phenotypes, yet the involvement of placental mitochondria in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains inconclusive. This is in part complicated by the different mitochondrial subpopulations present in the two major trophoblast cell lineages of the placenta. To better elucidate the role of mitochondria in this pathology, this study examined key aspects of mitochondrial function in placentas from healthy pregnancies and those complicated by GDM in both whole tissue and isolated mitochondria. Mitochondrial content, citrate synthase activity, reactive oxygen species production and gene expression regulating metabolic, hormonal and antioxidant control was examined in placental tissue, before examining functional differences between mitochondrial isolates from cytotrophoblast (Cyto-Mito) and syncytiotrophoblast (Syncytio-Mito). Our study observed evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple pathways when assessing whole placental tissue from GDM pregnancies compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, by examining isolated mitochondria from the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell lineages of the placenta we established that although both mitochondrial populations were dysfunctional, they were differentially impacted. These data highlight the need to consider changes in mitochondrial subpopulations at the feto-maternal interface when studying pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Vanderpeet
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy A Bartho
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Kennedy EM, Hermetz K, Burt A, Everson TM, Deyssenroth M, Hao K, Chen J, Karagas MR, Pei D, Koestler DC, Marsit CJ. Placental microRNA expression associates with birthweight through control of adipokines: results from two independent cohorts. Epigenetics 2020; 16:770-782. [PMID: 33016211 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1827704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In the placenta, the master regulator of foetal growth and development, microRNAs shape the basic processes of trophoblast biology and specific microRNA have been associated with foetal growth. To comprehensively assess the role of microRNAs in placental function and foetal development, we have performed small RNA sequencing to profile placental microRNAs from two independent mother-infant cohorts: the Rhode Island Child Health Study (n = 225) and the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (n = 317). We modelled microRNA counts on infant birthweight percentile (BWP) in each cohort, while accounting for race, sex, parity, and technical factors, using negative binomial generalized linear models. We identified microRNAs that were differentially expressed (DEmiRs) with BWP at false discovery rate (FDR) less than 0.05 in both cohorts. hsa-miR-532-5p (miR-532) was positively associated with BWP in both cohorts. By integrating parallel whole transcriptome and small RNA sequencing in the RICHS cohort, we identified putative targets of miR-532. These targets are enriched for pathways involved in adipogenesis, adipocytokine signalling, energy metabolism, and hypoxia response, and included Leptin, which we further demonstrated to have a decreasing expression with increasing BWP, particularly in male infants. Overall, we have shown a robust and reproducible association of miR-532 with BWP, which could influence BWP through regulation of adipocytokines Leptin and Adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kennedy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Hermetz
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Burt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd M Everson
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maya Deyssenroth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Dartmouth College, Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dong Pei
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Pérez-Pérez A, Vilariño-García T, Guadix P, Dueñas JL, Sánchez-Margalet V. Leptin and Nutrition in Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071970. [PMID: 32630697 PMCID: PMC7400219 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is highly expressed in the placenta, mainly by trophoblastic cells, where it has an important autocrine trophic effect. Moreover, increased leptin levels are found in the most frequent pathology of pregnancy: gestational diabetes, where leptin may mediate the increased size of the placenta and the fetus, which becomes macrosomic. In fact, leptin mediates the increased protein synthesis, as observed in trophoblasts from gestational diabetic subjects. In addition, leptin seems to facilitate nutrients transport to the fetus in gestational diabetes by increasing the expression of the glycerol transporter aquaporin-9. The high plasma leptin levels found in gestational diabetes may be potentiated by leptin resistance at a central level, and obesity-associated inflammation plays a role in this leptin resistance. Therefore, the importance of anti-inflammatory nutrients to modify the pathology of pregnancy is clear. In fact, nutritional intervention is the first-line approach for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. However, more nutritional intervention studies with nutraceuticals, such as polyphenols or polyunsaturated fatty acids, or nutritional supplementation with micronutrients or probiotics in pregnant women, are needed in order to achieve a high level of evidence. In this context, the Mediterranean diet has been recently found to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes in a multicenter randomized trial. This review will focus on the impact of maternal obesity on placental inflammation and nutrients transport, considering the mechanisms by which leptin may influence maternal and fetal health in this setting, as well as its role in pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immnology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.P.-P.); (V.S.-M.); Tel: 34-955008111 (A.P.-P. & V.S.-M.)
| | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immnology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pilar Guadix
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain; (P.G.); (J.L.D.)
| | - José L. Dueñas
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain; (P.G.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immnology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.P.-P.); (V.S.-M.); Tel: 34-955008111 (A.P.-P. & V.S.-M.)
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21
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West S, Ollila M, Franks S, Piltonen T, Jokelainen J, Nevalainen J, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Järvelin M, Auvinen J, Tapanainen JS, Morin‐Papunen L. Overweight, obesity and hyperandrogenemia are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A follow‐up cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99:1311-1319. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sammeli West
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Meri‐Maija Ollila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Stephen Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology Imperial College London London UK
| | - Terhi Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Jari Jokelainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Unit of General Practice Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Jaana Nevalainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Katri Puukka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry NordLab Oulu Oulu University HospitalUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry NordLab Oulu Oulu University HospitalUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Children, Young People and Families National Institute for Health and Welfare Oulu Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Center for Environment and Health School of Public HealthImperial College London London UK
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Unit of General Practice Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Juha S. Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Laure Morin‐Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital of OuluUniversity of Oulu Oulu Finland
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22
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Role of adipose tissue in regulating fetal growth in gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta 2020; 102:39-48. [PMID: 33218577 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global health issue with significant short and long-term complications for both mother and baby. There is a strong need to identify an effective therapeutic that can prevent the development of GDM. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of GDM and the relationship between the adipose tissue, the placenta and fetal growth is required. The placenta regulates fetal growth by modulating nutrient transfer of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Various factors secreted by the adipose tissue, such as adipokines, adipocytokines and more recently identified extracellular vesicles, can influence inflammation and interact with placental nutrient transport. In this review, the role of the placental nutrient transporters and the adipose-derived factors that can influence their function will be discussed. A better understanding of these factors and their relationship may make a potential target for therapeutic interventions to prevent the development of GDM and its consequences.
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23
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Hetkamp T, Hammer K, Möllers M, Köster HA, Falkenberg MK, Kerschke L, Braun J, Oelmeier de Murcia K, Klockenbusch W, Schmitz R. Fetal adrenal gland size in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med 2019; 47:941-946. [PMID: 31562804 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2019-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the adrenal gland size of fetuses of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with that of healthy control fetuses. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study included measurements of the adrenal gland size of 62 GDM fetuses (GDM group) and 370 normal controls (control group) between the 19th and 41st week of gestation. A standardized transversal plane was used to measure the total width and the medulla width. The cortex width and an adrenal gland ratio (total width/medulla width) were calculated from these data. Adrenal gland size measurements were adjusted to the week of gestation and compared between the two groups in a multivariable linear regression analysis. A variance decomposition metric was used to compare the relative importance of predictors of the different adrenal gland size measurements. Results For all the investigated parameters of the adrenal gland size, increased values were found in the case of GDM (P < 0.05), while adjusting for the week of gestation. GDM seems to have a greater impact on the size of the cortex than on the size of the medulla. Conclusion The fetal adrenal gland is enlarged in pregnancy complicated by GDM. The width of the cortex seems to be particularly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hetkamp
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hammer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Möllers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helen A Köster
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maria K Falkenberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Kerschke
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Braun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oelmeier de Murcia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Klockenbusch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Arroyo-Jousse V, Jaramillo A, Castaño-Moreno E, Lépez M, Carrasco-Negüe K, Casanello P. Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165558. [PMID: 31654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal pregestational obesity is a well-known risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which maternal obesity can induce alterations in fetal and later neonatal metabolism are not fully elucidated due to its complexity and multifactorial causes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, are involved in fetal and postnatal growth trajectories, and both are altered in women with pregestational obesity. The placenta synthesizes leptin, which goes mainly to the maternal circulation and in lesser amount to the developing fetus. Maternal pregestational obesity and hyperleptinemia are associated with placental dysfunction and changes in nutrient transporters which directly affect fetal growth and development. By the other side, the embryo can produce its own leptin from early in development, which is associated to fetal weight and adiposity. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is downregulated in maternal obesity. High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the most abundant form and with most biological actions. In maternal obesity lower total and HMW adiponectin levels have been described in the mother, paralleled with high levels in the umbilical cord. Several studies have found that cord blood adiponectin levels are related with postnatal growth trajectories, and it has been suggested that low adiponectin levels in women with pregestational obesity enhance placental insulin sensitivity and activation of placental amino acid transport systems, supporting fetal overgrowth. The possible mechanisms by which maternal pregestational obesity, focusing in the actions of leptin and adiponectin, affects the fetal development and postnatal growth trajectories in their offspring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Lépez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Carrasco-Negüe
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Casanello
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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25
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Subiabre M, Villalobos-Labra R, Silva L, Fuentes G, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of insulin, adenosine, and adipokine receptors in the foetoplacental vascular dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165370. [PMID: 30660686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy associated with maternal and foetal hyperglycaemia and altered foetoplacental vascular function. Human foetoplacental microvascular and macrovascular endothelium from GDM pregnancy show increased maximal l-arginine transport capacity via the human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) isoform and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). These alterations are paralleled by lower maximal transport activity of the endogenous nucleoside adenosine via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and activation of adenosine receptors. A causal relationship has been described for adenosine-activation of A2A adenosine receptors, hCAT-1, and eNOS activity (i.e. the Adenosine/l-Arginine/Nitric Oxide, ALANO, signalling pathway). Insulin restores these alterations in GDM via activation of insulin receptor A (IR-A) form in the macrovascular but IR-A and IR-B forms in the microcirculation of the human placenta. Adipokines are secreted from adipocytes influencing the foetoplacental metabolic and vascular function. Various adipokines are dysregulated in GDM, with adiponectin and leptin playing major roles. Abnormal plasma concentration of these adipokines and the activation or their receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of GDM. However, involvement of adipokines, adenosine, and insulin receptors and membrane transporters in the aetiology of this disease of pregnancy is unknown. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of insulin and adenosine receptors and l-arginine and adenosine membranes transporters giving an overview of the key adipokines leptin and adiponectin in the foetoplacental vasculature in GDM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Transporters and Receptors in Pregnancy Metabolic Complications edited by Luis Sobrevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Silva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cell Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Cherskov A, Pohl A, Allison C, Zhang H, Payne RA, Baron-Cohen S. Polycystic ovary syndrome and autism: A test of the prenatal sex steroid theory. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 30065244 PMCID: PMC6068102 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of prenatal testosterone may increase the risk for autism spectrum conditions (autism). Given that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is also associated with elevated prenatal testosterone and its precursor sex steroids, a hypothesis from the prenatal sex steroid theory is that women with PCOS should have elevated autistic traits and a higher rate of autism among their children. Using electronic health records obtained from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) in the UK between 1990 and 2014, we conducted three matched case-control studies. Studies 1 and 2 examined the risk of PCOS in women with autism (n = 971) and the risk of autism in women with PCOS (n = 26,263), respectively, compared with matched controls. Study 3 examined the odds ratio (OR) of autism in first-born children of women with PCOS (n = 8588), matched to 41,127 controls. In Studies 1 and 2 we found increased prevalence of PCOS in women with autism (2.3% vs. 1.1%; unadjusted OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.22-3.30) and elevated rates of autism in women with PCOS (0.17% vs. 0.09%, unadjusted OR: 1.94 CI: 1.37-2.76). In Study 3 we found the odds of having a child with autism were significantly increased, even after adjustment for maternal psychiatric diagnoses, obstetric complications, and maternal metabolic conditions (unadjusted OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.28-2.00; adjusted OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06-1.73). These studies provide further evidence that women with PCOS and their children have a greater risk of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cherskov
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
| | - Alexa Pohl
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Carrie Allison
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Heping Zhang
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Rupert A. Payne
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Primary Care Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OSR UK ,0000 0004 1936 7603grid.5337.2Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK. .,CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Lenz B, Röther M, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Mühle C, Tektas OY, Kornhuber J. The androgen model of suicide completion. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 172:84-103. [PMID: 29886148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a devastating public health issue that imposes severe psychological, social, and economic burdens not only for the individuals but also for their relatives, friends, clinicians, and the general public. Among the different suicidal behaviors, suicide completion is the worst and the most relevant outcome. The knowledge of biological etiopathological mechanisms involved in suicide completion is limited. Hitherto, no objective markers, either alone or in combination, can reliably predict who will complete a suicide. However, such parameters are strongly needed to establish and optimize prediction and prevention. We introduce here a novel ideation-to-completion framework in suicide research and discuss the problems of studies aiming at identifying and validating clinically useful markers. The male gender is a specific risk factor for suicide, which suggests that androgen effects are implicated in the transition from suicidal ideation to suicide completion. We present multiple lines of direct and indirect evidence showing that both an increased prenatal androgen load (with subsequent permanent neuroadaptations) and increased adult androgen activity are involved in suicide completion. We also review data arguing that modifiable maternal behavioral traits during pregnancy contribute to the offspring's prenatal androgen load and increase the risk for suicide completion later in life. We conclude that in utero androgen exposure and adult androgen levels facilitate suicide completion in an synergistic manner. The androgen model of suicide completion provides the basis for the development of novel predictive and preventive strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany.
| | - Mareike Röther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Polyxeni Bouna-Pyrrou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Ozan Y Tektas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
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Wang D, Xu S, Ding W, Zhu C, Deng S, Qiu X, Wang Z. Decreased placental and muscular expression of the fibroblast growth factor 19 in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 10:171-181. [PMID: 29734515 PMCID: PMC6319613 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 has been shown to improve glycemic homeostasis and lipid metabolism in animal models. In humans, decreased FGF19 level has been described in diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of FGF19 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. Materials and Methods Samples for measurement were obtained from 20 women with GDM and 25 healthy controls. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression levels of FGF19, FGF21 and co‐receptor β‐klotho (KLB) in the placenta, rectus muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues were quantified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results Women with GDM had significantly lower mRNA and protein expressions of FGF19 than control women in the placenta (mRNA 0.33 ± 0.05 vs 0.72 ± 0.09; protein 0.34 ± 0.13 vs 0.85 ± 0.20) and rectus muscle (mRNA 0.83 ± 0.11 vs 1.28 ± 0.19; protein 0.78 ± 0.24 vs 1.23 ± 0.39). However, there were no significant differences between GDM women and controls with respect to the expression levels of FGF21 and β‐klotho in the placenta and rectus muscle. There were almost no detectable FGF19 and FGF21 expressions in subcutaneous fat tissue. Furthermore, β‐klotho expression levels were not different between the GDM and control group in subcutaneous fat. Conclusions FGF19 expressions are decreased in the placenta and rectus muscle of women with GDM. This might contribute to the pathophysiology or development of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqia Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songqing Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiwen Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zilian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Pérez-Pérez A, Toro A, Vilariño-García T, Maymó J, Guadix P, Dueñas JL, Fernández-Sánchez M, Varone C, Sánchez-Margalet V. Leptin action in normal and pathological pregnancies. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:716-727. [PMID: 29160594 PMCID: PMC5783877 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is now considered an important signalling molecule of the reproductive system, as it regulates the production of gonadotrophins, the blastocyst formation and implantation, the normal placentation, as well as the foeto‐placental communication. Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted mainly by adipose tissue, and the placenta is the second leptin‐producing tissue in humans. Placental leptin is an important cytokine which regulates placental functions in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Leptin seems to play a crucial role during the first stages of pregnancy as it modulates critical processes such as proliferation, protein synthesis, invasion and apoptosis in placental cells. Furthermore, deregulation of leptin levels has been correlated with the pathogenesis of various disorders associated with reproduction and gestation, including polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Due to the relevant incidence of the mentioned diseases and the importance of leptin, we decided to review the latest information available about leptin action in normal and pathological pregnancies to support the idea of leptin as an important factor and/or predictor of diverse disorders associated with reproduction and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ayelén Toro
- Laboratory of Placental Molecular Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Julieta Maymó
- Laboratory of Placental Molecular Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Guadix
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Dueñas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Cecilia Varone
- Laboratory of Placental Molecular Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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30
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Xie C, Wang W, Li X, Shao N, Li W. Gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 32:1022-1032. [PMID: 29065738 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1397117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Shao
- Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kosidou K, Dalman C, Widman L, Arver S, Lee BK, Magnusson C, Gardner RM. Maternal Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:651-659. [PMID: 27889187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, and boys are two to three times more likely to develop ADHD. Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common metabolic disorder associated with excess circulating androgens, has been associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether maternal PCOS increases the risk for ADHD in the offspring. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study using health and population data registers for all children born in Sweden from 1984 to 2008. Maternal PCOS was defined by ICD-coded register diagnosis. The outcome of ADHD was defined as an ICD-coded register diagnosis of ADHD and/or registered prescription of medications to treat ADHD. A total of 58,912 ADHD cases (68.8% male) were identified and matched to 499,998 unaffected controls by sex and birth month and year. RESULTS Maternal PCOS increased the odds of offspring ADHD by 42% after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.58). Exclusion of ADHD cases with comorbid autism spectrum disorder attenuated but did not explain the relationship (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18-1.52). The risk was somewhat elevated for ADHD with comorbid autism spectrum disorder (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.37-2.26). The risk for ADHD was higher among obese mothers with PCOS (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31-2.17) and was highest among obese mothers with PCOS and other features of metabolic syndrome (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.02-6.58). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that maternal PCOS may subtly influence the neurodevelopment of the offspring, resulting in increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Kosidou
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Dalman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnea Widman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Arver
- Division of Public Health Epidemiology, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian K Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renee M Gardner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Obesity during pregnancy affects sex steroid concentrations depending on fetal gender. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1636-1645. [PMID: 28676682 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE It is not clear whether maternal obesity along with fetal gender affect sex steroid metabolism during pregnancy. Therefore, we compared sex steroid concentrations and placental expression of steroidogenic enzymes between non-obese and obese pregnant women with non-pathological pregnancies, and investigated the influence of fetal gender on these parameters. METHODS In 35 normal weight (body mass index (BMI) 20-24.9 kg m-2) (controls) and 36 obese women (BMI 30-36 kg m-2) (obese), a fasting blood sample was obtained at first and at third trimester of gestation to measure progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and estrone by radioimmunoassay. In a subset of women, placental mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes was measured by quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. The comparisons were primarily made between controls and obese, and then separately according to fetal gender. RESULTS At first and third trimesters of gestation serum progesterone was lower whereas testosterone was higher in obese women (P<0.05, respectively). Upon analyzing according to fetal gender, lower progesterone levels were present in obese pregnant women with male fetuses at first trimester and with female fetuses at third trimester (P<0.05, respectively). Testosterone was higher in obese women with male fetuses compared to control women with male fetuses (P<0.05). The placental protein expression of P450scc was higher in obese women compared to controls (P<0.05). P450 aromatase was higher in obese women with female fetuses (P=0.009), whereas in obese women with male fetuses P450 aromatase was lower compared to control women (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Obesity in non-pathological pregnancies alters the maternal serum progesterone and testosterone concentrations depending on fetal gender. These changes can be attributed to gender-related placental adaptations, as the expression of P450 aromatase is different in placentas from females compared to males.
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33
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Berkane N, Liere P, Oudinet JP, Hertig A, Lefèvre G, Pluchino N, Schumacher M, Chabbert-Buffet N. From Pregnancy to Preeclampsia: A Key Role for Estrogens. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:123-144. [PMID: 28323944 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) results in placental dysfunction and is one of the primary causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, estrogen is produced primarily in the placenta by conversion of androgen precursors originating from maternal and fetal adrenal glands. These processes lead to increased plasma estrogen concentrations compared with levels in nonpregnant women. Aberrant production of estrogens could play a key role in PE symptoms because they are exclusively produced by the placenta and they promote angiogenesis and vasodilation. Previous assessments of estrogen synthesis during PE yielded conflicting results, possibly because of the lack of specificity of the assays. However, with the introduction of reliable analytical protocols using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, more recent studies suggest a marked decrease in estradiol levels in PE. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of estrogen synthesis, regulation in the placenta, and biological effects during pregnancy and PE. Moreover, this review highlights the links among the occurrence of PE, estrogen biosynthesis, angiogenic factors, and cardiovascular risk factors. A close link between estrogen dysregulation and PE occurrence might validate estrogen levels as a biomarker but could also reveal a potential approach for prevention or cure of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Berkane
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of University Hospital of Geneva, 1205, Genève, Switzerland.,U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Paul Oudinet
- U1195, INSERM and University Paris Sud, 94276 Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Nephrology, Tenon Hospital, APHP, 75020 Paris, France.,University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 1155, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Hormonology, Tenon Hospital, APHP, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Nicola Pluchino
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of University Hospital of Geneva, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Sorbonne University, Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Tenon Hospital, APHP, F-75020 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR-S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
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Metzler VM, de Brot S, Robinson RS, Jeyapalan JN, Rakha E, Walton T, Gardner DS, Lund EF, Whitchurch J, Haigh D, Lochray JM, Robinson BD, Allegrucci C, Fray RG, Persson JL, Ødum N, Miftakhova RR, Rizvanov AA, Hughes IA, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Heery DM, Rutland CS, Mongan NP. Androgen dependent mechanisms of pro-angiogenic networks in placental and tumor development. Placenta 2017; 56:79-85. [PMID: 28238455 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The placenta and tumors share important characteristics, including a requirement to establish effective angiogenesis. In the case of the placenta, optimal angiogenesis is required to sustain the blood flow required to maintain a successful pregnancy, whereas in tumors establishing new blood supplies is considered a key step in supporting metastases. Therefore the development of novel angiogenesis inhibitors has been an area of active research in oncology. A subset of the molecular processes regulating angiogenesis are well understood in the context of both early placentation and tumorigenesis. In this review we focus on the well-established role of androgen regulation of angiogenesis in cancer and relate these mechanisms to placental angiogenesis. The physiological actions of androgens are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand dependent transcription factor. Androgens and the AR are essential for normal male embryonic development, puberty and lifelong health. Defects in androgen signalling are associated with a diverse range of clinical disorders in men and women including disorders of sex development (DSD), polycystic ovary syndrome in women and many cancers. We summarize the diverse molecular mechanisms of androgen regulation of angiogenesis and infer the potential significance of these pathways to normal and pathogenic placental function. Finally, we offer potential research applications of androgen-targeting molecules developed to treat cancer as investigative tools to help further delineate the role of androgen signalling in placental function and maternal and offspring health in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M Metzler
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simone de Brot
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert S Robinson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jennie N Jeyapalan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- School of Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Thomas Walton
- Department of Urology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - David S Gardner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Emma F Lund
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Daisy Haigh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jack M Lochray
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, USA
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rupert G Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regina R Miftakhova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2TQ, UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10065, USA.
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Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a population-based nationwide study in Sweden. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1441-8. [PMID: 26643539 PMCID: PMC5030459 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies indicate the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms hampers the development of effective ways of detecting and preventing the disorder. Recent studies support the hypothesis that prenatal androgen exposure contributes to the development of ASD. This would suggest that maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition associated with excess androgens, would increase the risk of ASD in the offspring. We conducted a matched case-control study nested within the total population of Sweden (children aged 4-17 who were born in Sweden from 1984 to 2007). The sample consisted of 23 748 ASD cases and 208 796 controls, matched by birth month and year, sex and region of birth. PCOS and ASD were defined from ICD codes through linkage to health-care registers. Maternal PCOS increased the odds of ASD in the offspring by 59%, after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-1.88). The odds of offspring ASD were further increased among mothers with both PCOS and obesity, a condition common to PCOS that is related to more severe hyperandrogenemia (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.46-3.10). Risk estimates did not differ between sexes. In conclusion, children of women with PCOS appear to have a higher risk of developing ASD. This finding awaits confirmation, and exploration of potentially underlying mechanisms, including the role of sex steroids in the etiology of ASD.
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Jones HN, Olbrych SK, Smith KL, Cnota JF, Habli M, Ramos-Gonzales O, Owens KJ, Hinton AC, Polzin WJ, Muglia LJ, Hinton RB. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with structural and vascular placental abnormalities and leptin dysregulation. Placenta 2015; 36:1078-86. [PMID: 26278057 PMCID: PMC4609616 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe cardiovascular malformation (CVM) associated with fetal growth abnormalities. Genetic and environmental factors have been identified that contribute to pathogenesis, but the role of the placenta is unknown. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the placenta in HLHS with and without growth abnormalities. METHODS HLHS term singleton births were identified from a larger cohort when placenta tissue was available. Clinical data were collected from maternal and neonatal medical records, including anthropometrics and placental pathology reports. Placental tissues from cases and controls were analyzed to assess parenchymal morphology, vascular architecture and leptin signaling. RESULTS HLHS cases (n = 16) and gestational age-matched controls (n = 18) were analyzed. Among cases, the average birth weight was 2993 g, including 31% that were small for gestational age. When compared with controls, gross pathology of HLHS cases demonstrated significantly reduced placental weight and increased fibrin deposition, while micropathology showed increased syncytial nuclear aggregates, decreased terminal villi, reduced vasculature and increased leptin expression in syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells. DISCUSSION Placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal HLHS are characterized by abnormal parenchymal morphology, suggesting immature structure may be due to vascular abnormalities. Increased leptin expression may indicate an attempt to compensate for these vascular abnormalities. Further investigation into the regulation of angiogenesis in the fetus and placenta may elucidate the causes of HLHS and associated growth abnormalities in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Jones
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie K Olbrych
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen L Smith
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James F Cnota
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mounira Habli
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Fetal Care Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Osniel Ramos-Gonzales
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn J Owens
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrea C Hinton
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William J Polzin
- The Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Fetal Care Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Divisions of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Divisions of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Kc K, Shakya S, Zhang H. Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 66 Suppl 2:14-20. [PMID: 26045324 DOI: 10.1159/000371628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal macrosomia, defined as a birth weight ≥ 4,000 g, may affect 12% of newborns of normal women and 15-45% of newborns of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The increased risk of macrosomia in GDM is mainly due to the increased insulin resistance of the mother. In GDM, a higher amount of blood glucose passes through the placenta into the fetal circulation. As a result, extra glucose in the fetus is stored as body fat causing macrosomia, which is also called 'large for gestational age'. This paper reviews studies that explored the impact of GDM and fetal macrosomia as well as macrosomia-related complications on birth outcomes and offers an evaluation of maternal and fetal health. SUMMARY Fetal macrosomia is a common adverse infant outcome of GDM if unrecognized and untreated in time. For the infant, macrosomia increases the risk of shoulder dystocia, clavicle fractures and brachial plexus injury and increases the rate of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit. For the mother, the risks associated with macrosomia are cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and vaginal lacerations. Infants of women with GDM are at an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese at a young age (during adolescence) and are more likely to develop type II diabetes later in life. Besides, the findings of several studies that epigenetic alterations of different genes of the fetus of a GDM mother in utero could result in the transgenerational transmission of GDM and type II diabetes are of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamana Kc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Abi Salloum B, Veiga-Lopez A, Abbott DH, Burant CF, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: exposure to testosterone excess disrupts steroidal and metabolic environment in pregnant sheep. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2323-37. [PMID: 25763641 PMCID: PMC4430607 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to excess T leads to intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and adult metabolic/reproductive disorders in female sheep. We hypothesized that as early mediators of such disruptions, gestational T disrupts steroidal and metabolic homeostasis in both the mother and fetus by both androgenic and metabolic pathways. Maternal blood samples were measured weekly for levels of insulin, glucose, and progesterone from four groups of animals: control; gestational T (twice weekly im injections of 100 mg of T propionate from d 30 to d 90 of gestation); T plus an androgen antagonist, flutamide (15 mg/kg·d oral; T-Flutamide); and T plus the insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone (0.11 mg/kg·d oral; T-Rosi) (n = 10-12/group). On day 90 of gestation, maternal and umbilical cord samples were collected after a 48-hour fast from a subset (n = 6/group) for the measurement of steroids, free fatty acids, amino acids, and acylcarnitines. Gestational T decreased maternal progesterone levels by 36.5% (P < .05), which was prevented by flutamide showing direct androgenic mediation. Gestational T also augmented maternal insulin levels and decreased medium chained acylcarnitines, suggesting increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These changes were prevented by rosiglitazone, suggesting alterations in maternal fuel use. Gestational T-induced increases in fetal estradiol were not prevented by either cotreatment. Gestational T disrupted associations of steroids with metabolites and progesterone with acylcarnitines, which was prevented either by androgen antagonist or insulin sensitizer cotreatment. These findings suggest a future combination of these treatments might be required to prevent alteration in maternal/fetal steroidal and metabolic milieu(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abi Salloum
- Departments of Pediatrics (B.A.S., A.V.-L., V.P.) and Internal Medicine (C.F.B.) and Reproductive Sciences Program (V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (D.H.A.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Du M, Wang B, Fu X, Yang Q, Zhu MJ. Fetal programming in meat production. Meat Sci 2015; 109:40-7. [PMID: 25953215 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient fluctuations during the fetal stage affects fetal development, which has long-term impacts on the production efficiency and quality of meat. During the early development, a pool of mesenchymal progenitor cells proliferate and then diverge into either myogenic or adipogenic/fibrogenic lineages. Myogenic progenitor cells further develop into muscle fibers and satellite cells, while adipogenic/fibrogenic lineage cells develop into adipocytes, fibroblasts and resident fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells. Enhancing the proliferation and myogenic commitment of progenitor cells during fetal development enhances muscle growth and lean production in offspring. On the other hand, promoting the adipogenic differentiation of adipogenic/fibrogenic progenitor cells inside the muscle increases intramuscular adipocytes and reduces connective tissue, which improves meat marbling and tenderness. Available studies in mammalian livestock, including cattle, sheep and pigs, clearly show the link between maternal nutrition and the quantity and quality of meat production. Similarly, chicken muscle fibers develop before hatching and, thus, egg and yolk sizes and hatching temperature affect long-term growth performance and meat production of chicken. On the contrary, because fishes are able to generate new muscle fibers lifelong, the impact of early nutrition on fish growth performance is expected to be minor, which requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
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Review: Endocrine regulation of placental phenotype. Placenta 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Glucose, insulin, and oxygen interplay in placental hypervascularisation in diabetes mellitus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:145846. [PMID: 25258707 PMCID: PMC4167234 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The placental vasculature rapidly expands during the course of pregnancy in order to sustain the growing needs of the fetus. Angiogenesis and vascular growth are stimulated and regulated by a variety of growth factors expressed in the placenta or present in the fetal circulation. Like in tumors, hypoxia is a major regulator of angiogenesis because of its ability to stimulate expression of various proangiogenic factors. Chronic fetal hypoxia is often found in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes as a result of fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia. Both are associated with altered levels of hormones, growth factors, and proinflammatory cytokines, which may act in a proangiogenic manner and, hence, affect placental angiogenesis and vascular development. Indeed, the placenta in diabetes is characterized by hypervascularisation, demonstrating high placental plasticity in response to diabetic metabolic derangements. This review describes the major regulators of placental angiogenesis and how the diabetic environment in utero alters their expression. In the light of hypervascularized diabetic placenta, the focus was placed on proangiogenic factors.
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Calcium sensing receptor in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta 2014; 35:632-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lappas M. Markers of endothelial cell dysfunction are increased in human omental adipose tissue from women with pre-existing maternal obesity and gestational diabetes. Metabolism 2014; 63:860-73. [PMID: 24684825 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the expression and release of genes involved in endothelial cell dysfunction in human placenta and omental adipose tissue. MATERIALS/METHODS Human placenta and omental adipose tissue were obtained from non-obese and obese normal glucose tolerant (NGT) women and women with GDM at the time of Caesarean section. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the level of expression. Tissue explants were performed to determine the release of proteins of interest. RESULTS There was no effect of pre-existing maternal obesity or GDM on placental gene expression or secretion of members of the VEGF family members (PLGF and VEGF-A expression and secretion; sFlt-1 release; VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 mRNA expression); FGFR1 mRNA expression, FGF2 mRNA expression and secretion; endoglin mRNA expression and secretion (sEng); and the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. On the other hand, in omental adipose tissue, pre-existing maternal obesity and GDM were associated with increased gene expression of PLGF, endoglin and ICAM-1 and increased secretion of PLGF, sFlt-1, FGF2, sEng and sICAM-1. There was, however, no effect of maternal pre-existing obesity and GDM on VEGF-A, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, FGFR1 and VCAM-1 expression or secretion. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the presence of abnormal expression and secretion of angiogenic proteins and adhesion molecules in omental adipose tissue, but not placenta, from pregnant women with GDM and pre-existing maternal obesity. Increased angiogenic and adhesion molecules released from adipose tissue may affect angiogenesis, inflammation and or lipid and glucose metabolism in both mum and her offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Gestational diabetes is characterised by glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The disease shows facets of the metabolic syndrome including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia. Adipokines are a group of proteins secreted from adipocytes, which are dysregulated in obesity and contribute to metabolic and vascular complications. Recent studies have assessed the role of various adipokines including leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), resistin, NAMPT, SERPINA12, chemerin, progranulin, FGF-21, TIMP1, LCN2, AZGP1, apelin (APLN), and omentin in gestational diabetes. This Review provides an overview of these key adipokines, their regulation in, and potential contribution to gestational diabetes. Based on the evidence so far, the adipokines adiponectin, leptin, TNFα, and AFABP seem to be the most probable candidates involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Beckett EM, Astapova O, Steckler TL, Veiga-Lopez A, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programing: impact of testosterone on placental differentiation. Reproduction 2014; 148:199-209. [PMID: 24840528 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gestational testosterone treatment causes maternal hyperinsulinemia, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birth weight, and adult reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions. Sheep models of IUGR demonstrate placental insufficiency as an underlying cause of IUGR. Placental compromise is probably the cause of fetal growth retardation in gestational testosterone-treated sheep. This study tested whether testosterone excess compromises placental differentiation by its androgenic action and/or via altered insulin sensitivity. A comparative approach of studying gestational testosterone (aromatizable androgen) against dihydrotestosterone (non-aromatizable androgen) or testosterone plus androgen antagonist, flutamide, was used to determine whether the effects of testosterone on placental differentiation were programed by its androgenic actions. Co-treatment of testosterone with the insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone, was used to establish whether the effects of gestational testosterone on placentome differentiation involved compromised insulin sensitivity. Parallel cohorts of pregnant females were maintained for lambing and the birth weight of their offspring was recorded. Placental studies were conducted on days 65, 90, or 140 of gestation. Results indicated that i) gestational testosterone treatment advances placental differentiation, evident as early as day 65 of gestation, and culminates in low birth weight, ii) placental advancement is facilitated at least in part by androgenic actions of testosterone and is not a function of disrupted insulin homeostasis, and iii) placental advancement, while helping to increase placental efficiency, was insufficient to prevent IUGR and low-birth-weight female offspring. Findings from this study may be of relevance to women with polycystic ovary syndrome, whose reproductive and metabolic phenotype is captured by the gestational testosterone-treated offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Beckett
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - O Astapova
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - T L Steckler
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - A Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
| | - V Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics and the Reproductive Sciences ProgramUniversity of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1138 SW, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5404, USA
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Ruchat SM, Hivert MF, Bouchard L. Epigenetic programming of obesity and diabetes by in utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Rev 2014; 71 Suppl 1:S88-94. [PMID: 24147929 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that offspring exposed to maternal undernutrition, obesity, or gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for chronic diseases later in life, supporting the theory of the early origins of chronic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms through which the exposure to an altered in utero environment translates into the development of chronic diseases are not yet well understood. Recently reported promising results help to resolve this issue. They suggest that epigenetic modifications are a potential mechanism for fetal metabolic programming. This review provides an overview of the relationship between the exposure to an altered intrauterine environment and fetal metabolic programming, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus and epigenetic variations at adipokine candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie-May Ruchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
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Wang H, Cheng H, Shao Q, Dong Z, Xie Q, Zhao L, Wang Q, Kong B, Qu X. Leptin-Promoted Human Extravillous Trophoblast Invasion Is MMP14 Dependent and Requires the Cross Talk Between Notch1 and PI3K/Akt Signaling1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:78. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Zhao C, Zhang T, Shi Z, Ding H, Ling X. MicroRNA-518d regulates PPARα protein expression in the placentas of females with gestational diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2085-90. [PMID: 24639097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is thought to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as GDM‑associated complications resolve following delivery. Placenta-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the pathology of the development of GDM. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the placenta-specific miR-518d contributes to the development of GDM. It was revealed that miR-518d expression was higher in placentas taken from patients with GDM compared with control placentas, whereas the protein levels of the predicted miR-518d target gene, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), were lower in placentas from patients with GDM compared with those from control subjects. It was also demonstrated that PPARα was a direct target of miR-518d with a specific binding site at the seed sequence, which determines target specificity. In the placentas of females with GDM increased levels of miR-518d were negatively correlated with the levels of PPARα protein. As PPARα dysregulation may be related to the development of GDM, it is suggested that upregulation of miR-518d may be associated with the pathogenesis of GDM via an effect on the regulation of PPARα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
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Ge ZJ, Liang QX, Luo SM, Wei YC, Han ZM, Schatten H, Sun QY, Zhang CL. Diabetic uterus environment may play a key role in alterations of DNA methylation of several imprinted genes at mid-gestation in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:119. [PMID: 24378208 PMCID: PMC3896855 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes mellitus not only has severe deleterious effects on fetal development, but also it affects transmission to the next generation. However, the underlying mechanisms for these effects are still not clear. METHODS We investigated the methylation patterns and expressions of the imprinted genes Peg3, Snrpn, and H19 in mid-gestational placental tissues and on the whole fetus utilizing the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic mouse model for quantitative analysis of methylation by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression of Peg3 was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS We found that the expression of H19 was significantly increased, while the expression of Peg3 was significantly decreased in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. We further found that the methylation level of Peg3 was increased and that of H19 was reduced in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. When pronuclear embryos of normal females were transferred to normal/diabetic (NN/ND) pseudopregnant females, the methylation and expression of Peg3 in placentas was also clearly altered in the ND group compared to the NN group. However, when the pronuclear embryos of diabetic female were transferred to normal pesudopregnant female mice (DN), the methylation and expression of Peg3 and H19 in dpc10.5 placentas was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the effects of maternal diabetes on imprinted genes may primarily be caused by the adverse uterus environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jia Ge
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, P. R. China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Lian Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, P. R. China
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