1
|
Wu R, Xie D, Du J. The binding pattern of ferric iron and iron-binding protein in Botrytis cinerea. Comput Biol Med 2024; 178:108686. [PMID: 38850956 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Iron-binding protein (Ibp) has protective effect on pathogen exposed to H2O2 in defense response of plants. Ibp in Botrytis cinerea (BcIbp) is related to its virulence. Bcibp mutation lead to virulence deficiencies in B. cinerea. BcIbp is involved in the Fe3+ homeostasis regulation. Recognition the binding site and binding pattern of ferric iron and iron-binding protein in B. cinerea are vital to understand its function. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations, dynamic cross correlation analysis and quantum chemical energy calculation were used to explore binding pattern of ferric iron. MD results showed that the C-terminal region had little effect on the stability of residues in the Fe3+-binding pocket. Energy calculations suggested the most likely coordination pattern for ferric iron in iron-binding protein. These results will help to understand the binding of ferric iron to iron-binding protein and provide new ideas for regulating the virulence of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Wu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Donglin Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Juan Du
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Ding WJ, Xu L, Sun JQ. A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis revealed that plant growth promoting traits are ubiquitous in strains of Stenotrophomonas. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395477. [PMID: 38817968 PMCID: PMC11138164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas strains, which are often described as plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria, are ubiquitous in many environments. A total of 213 genomes of strains of Stenotrophomonas were analyzed using comparative genomics to better understand the ecological roles of these bacteria in the environment. The pan-genome of the 213 strains of Stenotrophomonas consists of 27,186 gene families, including 710 core gene families, 11,039 unique genes and 15,437 accessory genes. Nearly all strains of Stenotrophomonas harbor the genes for GH3-family cellulose degradation and GH2- and GH31-family hemicellulose hydrolase, as well as intact glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. These abilities suggest that the strains of this genus can easily obtain carbon and energy from the environment. The Stenotrophomonas strains can respond to oxidative stress by synthesizing catalase, superoxide dismutase, methionine sulfoxide reductase, and disulfide isomerase, as well as managing their osmotic balance by accumulating potassium and synthesizing compatible solutes, such as betaine, trehalose, glutamate, and proline. Each Stenotrophomonas strain also contains many genes for resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. These genes that mediate stress tolerance increase the ability of Stenotrophomonas strains to survive in extreme environments. In addition, many functional genes related to attachment and plant colonization, growth promotion and biocontrol were identified. In detail, the genes associated with flagellar assembly, motility, chemotaxis and biofilm formation enable the strains of Stenotrophomonas to effectively colonize host plants. The presence of genes for phosphate-solubilization and siderophore production and the polyamine, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin biosynthetic pathways confer the ability to promote plant growth. These strains can produce antimicrobial compounds, chitinases, lipases and proteases. Each Stenotrophomonas genome contained 1-9 prophages and 17-60 genomic islands, and the genes related to antibiotic and heavy metal resistance and the biosynthesis of polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin may be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. This study demonstrates that strains of Stenotrophomonas are highly adaptable for different environments and have strong potential for use as plant growth-promoting bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ding
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Quan Sun
- Lab for Microbial Resources, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, Zhao J, Liu M, Li J, Cheng J, Li W, Yuan M, Xiao S, Xue C. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes of Curvularia lunata. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13444. [PMID: 38481338 PMCID: PMC10938068 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are challenged by host-derived iron starvation or excess during infection, but the mechanism of plant pathogens rapidly adapting to the dynamic host iron environments to assimilate iron for invasion and colonization remains largely unexplored. Here, we found that the GATA transcription factor SreC in Curvularia lunata is required for virulence and adaption to the host iron excess environment. SreC directly binds to the ATGWGATAW element in an iron-dependent manner to regulate the switch between different iron assimilation pathways, conferring adaption to host iron environments in different trophic stages of C. lunata. SreC also regulates the transition of trophic stages and developmental processes in C. lunata. SreC-dependent adaption to host iron environments is essential to the infectious growth and survival of C. lunata. We also demonstrate that CgSreA (a SreC orthologue) plays a similar role in Colletotrichum graminicola. We conclude that Sre mediates adaption to the host iron environment during infection, and the function is conserved in hemibiotrophic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
- Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agriculture UniversityShenyangChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morina F, Mijovilovich A, Mishra A, Brückner D, Vujić B, Bokhari SNH, Špak J, Falkenberg G, Küpper H. Cadmium and Zn hyperaccumulation provide efficient constitutive defense against Turnip yellow mosaic virus infection in Noccaea caerulescens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111864. [PMID: 37689279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of Zn and Cd in anti-viral defence, Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens plants grown with deficient (0.3 µM), replete (10 µM) and excess (100 µM) Zn2+ and Cd (10 µM Zn2+ + 1 µM Cd2+) were infected with Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV). Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics analyses demonstrated direct TYMV effects on photosynthetic light reactions but N. caerulescens was more resistant against TYMV than the previously studied non-hyperaccumulator N. ochroleucum. Virus abundance and photosynthesis inhibition were the lowest in the high Zn and Cd treatments. RNAseq analysis of 10 µM Zn2+ plants revealed TYMV-induced upregulation of Ca transporters, chloroplastic ZTP29 and defence genes, but none of those that are known to be strongly involved in hyperaccumulation. Synchrotron µ-XRF tomography, however, showed that Zn hyperaccumulation remained strongest in vacuoles of epidermal storage cells regardless of infection. This was in contrast to N. ochroleucum, where apoplastic Zn drastically increased in response to TYMV. These results suggest that the antiviral response of N. caerulescens is less induced by the onset of this biotic stress, but it is rather a permanent resistant state of the plant. Real-time qPCR revealed upregulation of ferritin in Zn10 infected plants, suggesting Fe deprivation as a virus defence strategy under suboptimal Zn supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Archana Mishra
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Physics, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Bojan Vujić
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Syed Nadeem Hussain Bokhari
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Špak
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan Y, Han M, Grimm M, Schierstaedt J, Imani J, Cardinale M, Le Jean M, Nesme J, Sørensen SJ, Schikora A. Hordeum vulgare differentiates its response to beneficial bacteria. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:460. [PMID: 37789272 PMCID: PMC10548682 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, beneficial bacteria triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR) may protect plants from potential diseases, reducing yield losses caused by diverse pathogens. However, little is known about how the host plant initially responds to different beneficial bacteria. To reveal the impact of different bacteria on barley (Hordeum vulgare), bacterial colonization patterns, gene expression, and composition of seed endophytes were explored. RESULTS This study used the soil-borne Ensifer meliloti, as well as Pantoea sp. and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from barley seeds, individually. The results demonstrated that those bacteria persisted in the rhizosphere but with different colonization patterns. Although root-leaf translocation was not observed, all three bacteria induced systemic resistance (ISR) against foliar fungal pathogens. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ion- and stress-related genes were regulated in plants that first encountered bacteria. Iron homeostasis and heat stress responses were involved in the response to E. meliloti and Pantoea sp., even if the iron content was not altered. Heat shock protein-encoding genes responded to inoculation with Pantoea sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation affected the composition of seed endophytes. Investigation of the following generation indicated that the enhanced resistance was not heritable. CONCLUSIONS Here, using barley as a model, we highlighted different responses to three different beneficial bacteria as well as the influence of soil-borne Ensifer meliloti on the seed microbiome. In total, these results can help to understand the interaction between ISR-triggering bacteria and a crop plant, which is essential for the application of biological agents in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Duan
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Min Han
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasper Schierstaedt
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) - Department Plant-Microbe Systems, Theodor-Echtermeyer Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, SP6 Lecce- Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marie Le Jean
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 8 rue du Général Delestraint, Metz, 57070, France
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elazab D, Lambardi M, Capuana M. In Vitro Culture Studies for the Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3387. [PMID: 37836127 PMCID: PMC10574448 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are among the most common and dangerous contaminants; their action on plants, as well as the possibility for plants to effectively absorb and translocate them, have been studied for several years, mainly for exploitation in phytoremediation, an environmentally friendly and potentially effective technology proposed and studied for the recovery of contaminated soils and waters. In this work, the analysis has focused on the studies developed using in vitro techniques on the possibilities of mitigating, in plants, the stress due to the presence of heavy metals and/or improving their absorption. These objectives can be pursued with the use of different substances and organisms, which have been examined in detail. The following are therefore presented in this review: an analysis of the role of metals and metalloids; the use of several plant growth regulators, with their mechanisms of action in different physiological phases of the plant; the activity of bacteria and fungi; and the role of other effective compounds, such as ascorbic acid and glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Elazab
- IBE—Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR), 50019 Florence, Italy; (D.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Maurizio Lambardi
- IBE—Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR), 50019 Florence, Italy; (D.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Maurizio Capuana
- IBBR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), 50019 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weinand T, El-Hasan A, Asch F. Role of Bacillus spp. Plant Growth Promoting Properties in Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Lowland Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2327. [PMID: 37764171 PMCID: PMC10536376 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses makes them an interesting tool for sustainable agriculture. Numerous studies aim to identify new, promising bacteria isolates. Traditional culture-based methods, which focus on selecting microorganisms with plant-growth-promoting traits, such as hormone production, nutrient solubilization, and antifungal properties, are widely used. This study aims to investigate the role of plant-growth-promoting properties in bacteria-mediated stress mitigation and the suitability of traditional culture-based methods as a screening tool for the identification of beneficial bacteria. To this end, we tested three endophytic Bacillus isolates, which have previously been shown to affect tolerance against iron toxicity in lowland rice, (a) for their effect on the resistance against brown spot disease, and (b) for plant-growth-promoting traits using common culture-based methods. Both B. pumilus isolates inhibited fungal growth in vitro and reduced brown spot disease in two of three rice cultivars in planta, although they tested negative for all plant-growth-promoting traits. While B. megaterium was negative for ACC deaminase activity and nutrient solubilization, it exhibited auxin production. Nevertheless, B. megaterium did not suppress brown spot disease in any of the three rice cultivars. This study shows that bacteria do not necessarily have to possess classical plant-growth-promoting properties in order to be beneficial to plants, and it emphasizes the limitation of common culture-based methods in effectively identifying beneficial bacteria. Moreover, our results highlight the significance of the interaction between bacteria and plant cultivars in determining the beneficial effects of Bacillus spp. on plants under biotic or abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Weinand
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abbas El-Hasan
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Folkard Asch
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 13, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pandey SS. The Role of Iron in Phytopathogenic Microbe-Plant Interactions: Insights into Virulence and Host Immune Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3173. [PMID: 37687419 PMCID: PMC10563075 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element required for the growth and survival of nearly all forms of life. It serves as a catalytic component in multiple enzymatic reactions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and DNA replication. However, the excessive accumulation of iron can result in cellular toxicity due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction. Therefore, to maintain iron homeostasis, organisms have developed a complex regulatory network at the molecular level. Besides catalyzing cellular redox reactions, iron also regulates virulence-associated functions in several microbial pathogens. Hosts and pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to compete against each other over iron resources. Although the role of iron in microbial pathogenesis in animals has been extensively studied, mechanistic insights into phytopathogenic microbe-plant associations remain poorly understood. Recent intensive research has provided intriguing insights into the role of iron in several plant-pathogen interactions. This review aims to describe the recent advances in understanding the role of iron in the lifestyle and virulence of phytopathogenic microbes, focusing on bacteria and host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati 781035, India; ; Tel.: +91-361-2270095 (ext. 216)
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu XX, Zhu XF, Xue DW, Zheng SJ, Jin CW. Beyond iron-storage pool: functions of plant apoplastic iron during stress. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:941-954. [PMID: 37019715 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and its storage in the apoplast represents an important Fe pool. Plants have developed various strategies to reutilize this apoplastic Fe pool to adapt to Fe deficiency. In addition, growing evidence indicates that the dynamic changes in apoplastic Fe are critical for plant adaptation to other stresses, including ammonium stress, phosphate deficiency, and pathogen attack. In this review, we discuss and scrutinize the relevance of apoplastic Fe for plant behavior changes in response to stress cues. We mainly focus on the relevant components that modulate the actions and downstream events of apoplastic Fe in stress signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Da Wei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Xiong Z, Wu W, Ling HQ, Kong D. Iron in the Symbiosis of Plants and Microorganisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1958. [PMID: 37653875 PMCID: PMC10223382 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for most organisms. Both plants and microorganisms have developed different mechanisms for iron uptake, transport and storage. In the symbiosis systems, such as rhizobia-legume symbiosis and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, maintaining iron homeostasis to meet the requirements for the interaction between the host plants and the symbiotic microbes is a new challenge. This intriguing topic has drawn the attention of many botanists and microbiologists, and many discoveries have been achieved so far. In this review, we discuss the current progress on iron uptake and transport in the nodules and iron homeostasis in rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The discoveries with regard to iron uptake in AM fungi, iron uptake regulation in AM plants and interactions between iron and other nutrient elements during AM symbiosis are also summarized. At the end of this review, we propose prospects for future studies in this fascinating research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Zimo Xiong
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Hong-Qing Ling
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Danyu Kong
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China; (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molnár Z, Solomon W, Mutum L, Janda T. Understanding the Mechanisms of Fe Deficiency in the Rhizosphere to Promote Plant Resilience. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1945. [PMID: 37653862 PMCID: PMC10224236 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant constraints on agricultural productivity is the low availability of iron (Fe) in soil, which is directly related to biological, physical, and chemical activities in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere has a high iron requirement due to plant absorption and microorganism density. Plant roots and microbes in the rhizosphere play a significant role in promoting plant iron (Fe) uptake, which impacts plant development and physiology by influencing nutritional, biochemical, and soil components. The concentration of iron accessible to these live organisms in most cultivated soil is quite low due to its solubility being limited by stable oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, and oxides. The dissolution and solubility rates of iron are also significantly affected by soil pH, microbial population, organic matter content, redox processes, and particle size of the soil. In Fe-limiting situations, plants and soil microbes have used active strategies such as acidification, chelation, and reduction, which have an important role to play in enhancing soil iron availability to plants. In response to iron deficiency, plant and soil organisms produce organic (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phytosiderophores, microbial siderophores, and phenolics) and inorganic (protons) chemicals in the rhizosphere to improve the solubility of poorly accessible Fe pools. The investigation of iron-mediated associations among plants and microorganisms influences plant development and health, providing a distinctive prospect to further our understanding of rhizosphere ecology and iron dynamics. This review clarifies current knowledge of the intricate dynamics of iron with the end goal of presenting an overview of the rhizosphere mechanisms that are involved in the uptake of iron by plants and microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Wogene Solomon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Lamnganbi Mutum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang B, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Wu G, Li K, Hou R, Guo B, Tang B, Zhao Y, Liu F. SstF, a novel sulforaphane-sensing transcription factor of Xanthomonas campestris, is required for sulforaphane tolerance and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:452-465. [PMID: 36829260 PMCID: PMC10098062 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding the host defence system is necessary for the survival of pathogens. However, the mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria sense and resist host defence signals are still unknown. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a secondary metabolite of crucifers. It not only plays an important role in maintaining the local defence response but also directly inhibits the growth of some pathogens. In this study, we identified a key SFN tolerance-related gene, saxF, in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot in crucifers. More interestingly, we found that the transcription of saxF was regulated by the novel transcription factor SFN-sensing transcription factor (SstF). As a LysR family transcription factor, SstF can sense SFN and regulate the expression of saxF cluster genes to increase SFN resistance by directly binding to the promoter of saxF. In addition, we found that SstF and saxF also play an important role in positively regulating the virulence of Xcc. Collectively, our results illustrate a previously unknown mechanism by which Xcc senses the host defence signal SFN and activates the expression of SFN tolerance-related genes to increase virulence. Therefore, this study provides a remarkable result; that is, during pathogen-plant co-evolution, new functions of existing scaffolds are activated, thus improving the proficiency of the pathogenic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Zhizhou Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Guichun Wu
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Kaihuai Li
- College of AgricultureGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Rongxian Hou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Baodian Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Bao Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huertas R, Karpinska B, Ngala S, Mkandawire B, Maling'a J, Wajenkeche E, Kimani PM, Boesch C, Stewart D, Hancock RD, Foyer CH. Biofortification of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges. Food Energy Secur 2023; 12:e406. [PMID: 38440694 PMCID: PMC10909572 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding. These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Huertas
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Sophia Ngala
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Bertha Mkandawire
- The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN)PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Joyce Maling'a
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Elizabeth Wajenkeche
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Paul M. Kimani
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | | | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | | | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Kesel J, Bonneure E, Frei M, De Meyer T, Mangelinckx S, Kyndt T. Diproline-induced resistance to parasitic nematodes in the same and subsequent rice generations: Roles of iron, nitric oxide and ethylene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112007. [PMID: 36824193 PMCID: PMC9941634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance (IR) is a plant phenotype characterized by lower susceptibility to biotic challenges upon elicitation by so-called IR stimuli. Earlier, we identified diproline (cyclo(l-Pro-l-Pro)) as IR stimulus that protects rice (Oryza sativa) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola (Mg). In the current study, detailed transcriptome analyses at different time points, and under uninfected and nematode-infected conditions revealed that this rice IR phenotype is correlated with induction of genes related to iron (Fe), ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. An infection experiment under Fe limiting conditions confirmed that diproline-IR is only effective under optimal Fe supply. Although total root Fe levels were not affected in diproline-treated plants, phytosiderophore secretion was found to be induced by this treatment. Experiments on mutant and transgenic rice lines impaired in ET or ROS/RNS metabolism confirmed that these metabolites are involved in diproline-IR. Finally, we provide evidence for transgenerational inheritance of diproline-IR (diproline-TIR), as two successive generations of diproline-treated ancestors exhibited an IR phenotype while themselves never being exposed to diproline. Transcriptome analyses on the offspring plants revealed extensive overlap between the pathways underpinning diproline-IR and diproline-TIR. Although diproline induces significant systemic changes in global DNA methylation levels early after treatment, such changes in DNA methylation were not detected in the descendants of these plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TIR in rice and the first transcriptional assessment of TIR in monocots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eli Bonneure
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Frei
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Y, Li H, Zhao G, Bai Q, Huang M, Luo D, Li X. Ethylicin Inhibition of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola In Vitro and In Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1405-1416. [PMID: 36644843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of rice with the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes the serious disease bacterial leaf streak (BLS). We studied the effect of ethylicin, a broad-spectrum bactericide, on Xoc both in vivo and in vitro. Ethylicin increases the defensive enzyme activities and defensive genes expression of rice. Ethylicin also significantly inhibited Xoc activity in vitro compared with other commercial bactericides. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ethylicin was 2.12 μg/mL. It has been shown that ethylicin can inhibit Xoc quorum sensing through the production of extracellular polysaccharides and enzymes, which disrupt the Xoc cell membrane. We used proteomic analysis to identify two oxidative phosphorylation pathway proteins (ACU12_RS13405 and ACU12_RS13355) which affected the virulence of Xoc and validated them using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results indicate that ethylicin can increase the defense responses of rice and control Xoc proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Hongde Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Guili Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang550003, China
| | - Qian Bai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang C, Yan Y, Huang M, Ma G, Wang L, Xie X, Xue W, Li X. Myricetin Derivative LP11 Targets Cucumber Mosaic Virus 2b Protein to Achieve In Vivo Antiviral Activity in Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15360-15370. [PMID: 36448924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein plays a key role in the process of CMV infecting plants and symptom formation and is a potential molecular target for the control of this important plant virus. The exploitation of antiviral compounds is one of the strategies with the highest input: output ratio in plant protection. In this study, the CMV 2b recombinant protein was cloned, purified, and identified as the target protein by mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we carried out preliminary functional screening of the LP series of myricetin derivatives designed and synthesized in our laboratory and commercial antiviral compounds by microscale thermophoresis (MST), which showed that LP compounds LP4, LP11, LP13, and LP20 interacted well with CMV 2b, with dissociation constant (Kd) values of 1.39, 0.88, 1.52, and 1.77 μM, respectively. Among the commercially available antiviral compounds, ningnanmycin (NNM) was the most active, with a Kd value of 4.09 μM. Then, the strongest binding force to CMV 2b was identified to be from LP11 by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments, with a Kd of 1.19 μM. Among the commercial compounds, NNM had the strongest binding force with CMV 2b, with a Kd of 4.62 μM. Through the screening of commercial compounds and LP series compounds by MST and ITC, LP11, NNM (positive control), LP16 (negative control), and the blank control group were selected to test the in vivo impact of LP11 on CMV. Specifically, the screened compounds were sprayed onto CMV-inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana plants to determine their impact on the regulation of CMV pathogenic gene expression, symptoms, and virus titer. The results showed that LP11 had a strong ability to inhibit CMV infection of tobacco at the transcriptional and translational levels. By mutating the CMV 2b protein, the 15th amino acid leucine and the 18th amino acid methionine at the N-terminal region were shown to be potential sites for binding to compound LP11. This finding provided a theoretical basis for screening and developing anti-CMV agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yunlong Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Guangming Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morina F, Küpper H. Trace metals at the frontline of pathogen defence responses in non-hyperaccumulating plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6516-6524. [PMID: 35876626 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal hyperaccumulation is an exclusive evolutionary trait contributing to efficient plant defence against biotic stress. The defence can be based on direct metal toxicity or the joint effects of accumulated metal and organic compounds, the latter being based on integrated signalling networks. While the role of metals in biotic stress defence of hyperaccumulators has been intensively studied, their role in the pathogen immunity of non-accumulator plants is far less understood. New findings show that in metal non-hyperaccumulating plants, localized hot spots of zinc, manganese, and iron increase plant immunity, while manipulation of nutrient availability may be used for priming against subsequent pathogen attack. Recent findings on the role of metals in plant-pathogen interactions are discussed considering the narrow line between deficiency and toxicity, host-pathogen nutrient competition and synergistic effects of simultaneous metal and biotic stress. We discuss the suitability of the direct-defence and joint-effects hypotheses in non-hyperaccumulating plants, and the involvement of metals as active centres of immunity-related enzymes. We also consider future challenges in revealing the mechanisms underlying metal-mediated plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramakrishnan M, Arivalagan J, Satish L, Mohan M, Samuel Selvan Christyraj JR, Chandran SA, Ju HJ, John L A, Ramesh T, Ignacimuthu S, Kalishwaralal K. Selenium: a potent regulator of ferroptosis and biomass production. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135531. [PMID: 35780987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the notion that selenium (Se) plays a beneficial role in plant development for modern crop production and is considered an essential micronutrient and the predominant source of plants. However, the essential role of selenium in plant metabolism remains unclear. When used in moderate concentrations, selenium promotes plant physiological processes such as enhancing plant growth, increasing antioxidant capacity, reducing reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and offering stress resistance by preventing ferroptosis cell death. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered mechanism of regulated cell death (RCD) with unique features such as iron-dependant accumulation of lipid peroxides, is distinctly different from other known forms of cell death. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity plays a significant role in scavenging the toxic by-products of lipid peroxidation in plants. A low level of GPX activity in plants causes high oxidative stress, which leads to ferroptosis. An integrated view of ferroptosis and selenium in plants and the selenium-mediated nanofertilizers (SeNPs) have been discussed in more recent studies. For instance, selenium supplementation enhanced GPX4 expression and increased TFH cell (Follicular helper T) numbers and the gene transcriptional program, which prevent lipid peroxidase and protect cells from ferroptosis. However, though ferroptosis in plants is similar to that in animals, only few studies have focused on plant-specific ferroptosis; the research on ferroptosis in plants is still in its infancy. Understanding the implication of selenium with relevance to ferroptosis is indispensable for plant bioresource technology. In this review, we hypothesize that blocking ferroptosis cell death improves plant immunity and protects plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. We also examine how SeNPs can be the basis for emerging unconventional and advanced technologies for algae/bamboo biomass production. For instance, algae treated with SeNPs accumulate high lipid profile in algal cells that could thence be used for biodiesel production. We also suggest that further studies in the field of SeNPs are essential for the successful application of this technology for the large-scale production of plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, & The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, Marine Algal Research Station, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam 623519, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Mohan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; VAXIGEN International Research Center Private Limited, India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sam Aldrin Chandran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401 India
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Anoopa John L
- The Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Deapartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University,P.O.Box:173, AI-Kharaj 11942,Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tripathi R, Tewari R, Singh KP, Keswani C, Minkina T, Srivastava AK, De Corato U, Sansinenea E. Plant mineral nutrition and disease resistance: A significant linkage for sustainable crop protection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883970. [PMID: 36340341 PMCID: PMC9631425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complete and balanced nutrition has always been the first line of plant defense due to the direct involvement of mineral elements in plant protection. Mineral elements affect plant health directly by modulating the activity of redox enzymes or improving the plant vigor indirectly by altering root exudates, and changing microflora population dynamics, rhizosphere soil nutrient content, pH fluctuation, lignin deposition, and phytoalexin biosynthesis. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important macronutrients having a significant impact on the host-pathogen axis. N negatively affects the plant's physical defense along with the production of antimicrobial compounds, but it significantly alleviates defense-related enzyme levels that can eventually assist in systemic resistance. Potassium (K) is an essential plant nutrient, when it is present in adequate concentration, it can certainly increase the plant's polyphenolic concentrations, which play a critical role in the defense mechanism. Although no distinguished role of phosphorus (P) is observed in plant disease resistance, a high P content may increase the plant's susceptibility toward the invader. Manganese (Mn) is one of the most important micronutrients, which have a vital effect on photosynthesis, lignin biosynthesis, and other plant metabolic functions. Zinc (Zn) is a part of enzymes that are involved in auxin synthesis, infectivity, phytotoxin, and mycotoxin production in pathogenic microorganisms. Similarly, many other nutrients also have variable effects on enhancing or decreasing the host susceptibility toward disease onset and progression, thereby making integrative plant nutrition an indispensable component of sustainable agriculture. However, there are still many factors influencing the triple interaction of host-pathogen-mineral elements, which are not yet unraveled. Thereby, the present review has summarized the recent progress regarding the use of macro- and micronutrients in sustainable agriculture and their role in plant disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Rashmi Tewari
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - K. P. Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Ugo De Corato
- Division of Bioenergy, Biorefinery and Green Chemistry (BBC-BIC), Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Resources (TERIN), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bari, Italy
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Benemerita, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu L, Huang J, Lu X, Zhou C. Development of plant systemic resistance by beneficial rhizobacteria: Recognition, initiation, elicitation and regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952397. [PMID: 36017257 PMCID: PMC9396261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been demonstrated to be closely linked with plants since their earliest evolution, to help early land plants adapt to environmental threats. Mounting evidence has indicated that plants can release diverse kinds of signal molecules to attract beneficial bacteria for mediating the activities of their genetics and biochemistry. Several rhizobacterial strains can promote plant growth and enhance the ability of plants to withstand pathogenic attacks causing various diseases and loss in crop productivity. Beneficial rhizobacteria are generally called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that induce systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogen infection. These ISR-eliciting microbes can mediate the morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants. In the last decade, the mechanisms of microbial signals, plant receptors, and hormone signaling pathways involved in the process of PGPR-induced ISR in plants have been well investigated. In this review, plant recognition, microbial elicitors, and the related pathways during plant-microbe interactions are discussed, with highlights on the roles of root hair-specific syntaxins and small RNAs in the regulation of the PGPR-induced ISR in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fu D, Li J, Yang X, Li W, Zhou Z, Xiao S, Xue C. Iron redistribution induces oxidative burst and resistance in maize against Curvularia lunata. PLANTA 2022; 256:46. [PMID: 35867182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ΔClnps6 induced iron redistribution in maize B73 leaf cells and resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst to enhance plant resistance against Curvularia lunata. Iron is an indispensable co-factor of various crucial enzymes that are involved in cellular metabolic processes and energy metabolism in eukaryotes. For this reason, plants and pathogens compete for iron to maintain their iron homeostasis, respectively. In our previous study, ΔClnps6, the extracellular siderophore biosynthesis deletion mutant of Curvularia lunata, was sensitive to exogenous hydrogen peroxide and virulence reduction. However, the mechanism was not studied. Here, we report that maize B73 displayed highly resistance to ΔClnps6. The plants recruited more iron at cell wall appositions (CWAs) to cause ROS bursts. Intracellular iron deficiency induced by iron redistribution originated form up-regulated expression of genes involved in intracellular iron consumption in leaves and absorption in roots. The RNA-sequencing data also showed that the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologue (ZmRBOH4) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme 4 (ZmNADP-ME4) involved in ROS production was up-regulated in maize B73 after ΔClnps6 infection. Simultaneously, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes lipoxygenase (ZmLOX), allene oxide synthase (ZmAOS), GA degradation gene gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase (ZmGA2OX6) and ABA degradation genes abscisic acid hydroxylase (ZmABH1, ZmABH2) involved in iron homeostasis were up-regulated expression. Ferritin1 (ZmFER1) positive regulated maize resistance against C. lunata via ROS burst under Fe-limiting conditions. Overall, our results showed that iron played vital roles in activating maize resistance in B73-C. lunata interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zengran Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gu Q, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yuan B, Zhang M, Tan Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Keller NP, Gao X, Ma Z. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 by a transcription factor FgPacC controls fungal adaption to host-derived iron stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6190-6210. [PMID: 35687128 PMCID: PMC9226496 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poaceae plants can locally accumulate iron to suppress pathogen infection. It remains unknown how pathogens overcome host-derived iron stress during their successful infections. Here, we report that Fusarium graminearum (Fg), a destructive fungal pathogen of cereal crops, is challenged by host-derived high-iron stress. Fg infection induces host alkalinization, and the pH-dependent transcription factor FgPacC undergoes a proteolytic cleavage into the functional isoform named FgPacC30 under alkaline host environment. Subsequently FgPacC30 binds to a GCCAR(R = A/G)G element at the promoters of the genes involved in iron uptake and inhibits their expression, leading to adaption of Fg to high-iron stress. Mechanistically, FgPacC30 binds to FgGcn5 protein, a catalytic subunit of Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, leading to deregulation of histone acetylation at H3K18 and H2BK11, and repression of iron uptake genes. Moreover, we identified a protein kinase FgHal4, which is highly induced by extracellular high-iron stress and protects FgPacC30 against 26S proteasome-dependent degradation by promoting FgPacC30 phosphorylation at Ser2. Collectively, this study uncovers a novel inhibitory mechanism of the SAGA complex by a transcription factor that enables a fungal pathogen to adapt to dynamic microenvironments during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqin Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shalev O, Ashkenazy H, Neumann M, Weigel D. Commensal Pseudomonas protect Arabidopsis thaliana from a coexisting pathogen via multiple lineage-dependent mechanisms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1235-1244. [PMID: 34897280 PMCID: PMC9038753 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPlants are protected from pathogens not only by their own immunity but often also by colonizing commensal microbes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a group of cryptically pathogenic Pseudomonas strains often dominates local populations. This group coexists in nature with commensal Pseudomonas strains that can blunt the deleterious effects of the pathogens in the laboratory. We have investigated the interaction between one of the Pseudomonas pathogens and 99 naturally co-occurring commensals, finding plant protection to be common among non-pathogenic Pseudomonas. While protective ability is enriched in one specific lineage, there is also a substantial variation for this trait among isolates of this lineage. These functional differences do not align with core-genome phylogenies, suggesting repeated gene inactivation or loss as causal. Using genome-wide association, we discovered that different bacterial genes are linked to plant protection in each lineage. We validated a protective role of several lineage-specific genes by gene inactivation, highlighting iron acquisition and biofilm formation as prominent mechanisms of plant protection in this Pseudomonas lineage. Collectively, our work illustrates the importance of functional redundancy in plant protective traits across an important group of commensal bacteria.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nakei MD, Venkataramana PB, Ndakidemi PA. Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobia: Ecology, Characterization, Diversity, and Growth Promoting Functions. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.824444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in population continues to threaten the sustainability of agricultural systems since agricultural output must be optimized to meet the global rise in food demand. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the regions with a fast-growing population but decreasing crop productivity. Pests and diseases, as well as inadequate nitrogen (N) levels in soils, are some of the biggest restrictions to agricultural production in SSA. N is one of the most important plant-limiting elements in agricultural soils, and its deficit is usually remedied by using nitrogenous fertilizers. However, indiscriminate use of these artificial N fertilizers has been linked to environmental pollution calling for alternative N fertilization mechanisms. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important legumes in the world. Several species of rhizobia from the four genera, Bardyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Ensifer (formerly Sinorhizobium), are observed to effectively fix N with soybean as well as perform various plant-growth promoting (PGP) functions. The efficiency of the symbiosis differs with the type of rhizobia species, soybean cultivar, and biotic factors. Therefore, a complete understanding of the ecology of indigenous soybean-nodulating rhizobia concerning their genetic diversity and the environmental factors associated with their localization and dominance in the soil is important. This review aimed to understand the potential of indigenous soybean-nodulating rhizobia through a synthesis of the literature regarding their characterization using different approaches, genetic diversity, symbiotic effectiveness, as well as their functions in biological N fixation (BNF) and biocontrol of soybean soil-borne pathogens.
Collapse
|
25
|
Buoso S, Musetti R, Marroni F, Calderan A, Schmidt W, Santi S. Infection by phloem-limited phytoplasma affects mineral nutrient homeostasis in tomato leaf tissues. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153659. [PMID: 35299031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are sieve-elements restricted wall-less, pleomorphic pathogenic microorganisms causing devastating damage to over 700 plant species worldwide. The invasion of sieve elements by phytoplasmas has several consequences on nutrient transport and metabolism, anyway studies about changes of the mineral-nutrient profile following phytoplasma infections are scarce and offer contrasting results. Here, we examined changes in macro- and micronutrient concentration in tomato plant upon 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' infection. To investigate possible effects of 'Ca. P. solani' infection on mineral element allocation, the mineral elements were separately analysed in leaf midrib, leaf lamina and root. Moreover, we focused our analysis on the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding trans-membrane transporters of mineral nutrients. To this aim, a manually curated inventory of differentially expressed genes encoding transporters in tomato leaf midribs was mined from the transcriptional profile of healthy and infected tomato leaf midribs. Results highlighted changes in ion homeostasis in the host plant, and significant modulations at transcriptional level of genes encoding ion transporters and channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Calderan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murgia I, Marzorati F, Vigani G, Morandini P. Plant iron nutrition: the long road from soil to seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1809-1824. [PMID: 34864996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential plant micronutrient since many cellular processes including photosynthesis, respiration, and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species depend on adequate Fe levels; however, non-complexed Fe ions can be dangerous for cells, as they can act as pro-oxidants. Hence, plants possess a complex homeostatic control system for safely taking up Fe from the soil and transporting it to its various cellular destinations, and for its subcellular compartmentalization. At the end of the plant's life cycle, maturing seeds are loaded with the required amount of Fe needed for germination and early seedling establishment. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how the microbiota in the rhizosphere influence and interact with the strategies adopted by plants to take up iron from the soil. We also focus on the process of seed-loading with Fe, and for crop species we also consider its associated metabolism in wild relatives. These two aspects of plant Fe nutrition may provide promising avenues for a better comprehension of the long pathway of Fe from soil to seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Assunção AGL, Cakmak I, Clemens S, González-Guerrero M, Nawrocki A, Thomine S. Micronutrient homeostasis in plants for more sustainable agriculture and healthier human nutrition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1789-1799. [PMID: 35134869 PMCID: PMC8921004 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this respect, the mineral micronutrient content of food crops deserves particular attention. Micronutrient deficiencies in cultivated soils and plants are a global problem that adversely affects crop production and plant nutritional value, as well as human health and well-being. In this review, we call for awareness of the importance and relevance of micronutrients in crop production and quality. We stress the need for better micronutrient nutrition in human populations, not only in developing but also in developed nations, and describe strategies to identify and characterize new varieties with high micronutrient content. Furthermore, we explain how adequate nutrition of plants with micronutrients impacts metabolic functions and the capacity of plants to express tolerance mechanisms against abiotic and biotic constraints. Finally, we provide a brief overview and a critical discussion on current knowledge, future challenges, and specific technological needs for research on plant micronutrient homeostasis. Research in this area is expected to foster the sustainable development of nutritious and healthy food crops for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G L Assunção
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology and Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Escudero V, Ferreira Sánchez D, Abreu I, Sopeña-Torres S, Makarovsky-Saavedra N, Bernal M, Krämer U, Grolimund D, González-Guerrero M, Jordá L. Arabidopsis thaliana Zn2+-efflux ATPases HMA2 and HMA4 are required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:339-350. [PMID: 34463334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient at low concentrations, but toxic at slightly higher ones. It has been proposed that hyperaccumulator plants may use the excess zinc to fend off pathogens and herbivores. However, there is little evidence of a similar response in other plants. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana leaves inoculated with the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM (PcBMM) accumulate zinc and manganese at the infection site. Zinc accumulation did not occur in a double mutant in the zinc transporters HEAVY METAL ATPASE2 and HEAVY METAL ATPASE4 (HMA2 and HMA4), which has reduced zinc translocation from roots to shoots. Consistent with a role in plant immunity, expression of HMA2 and HMA4 was up-regulated upon PcBMM inoculation, and hma2hma4 mutants were more susceptible to PcBMM infection. This phenotype was rescued upon zinc supplementation. The increased susceptibility to PcBMM infection was not due to the diminished expression of genes involved in the salicylic acid, ethylene, or jasmonate pathways since they were constitutively up-regulated in hma2hma4 plants. Our data indicate a role of zinc in resistance to PcBMM in plants containing ordinary levels of zinc. This layer of immunity runs in parallel to the already characterized defence pathways, and its removal has a direct effect on resistance to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Darío Ferreira Sánchez
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, microXAS Beamline Project, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Natalia Makarovsky-Saavedra
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Bernal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants. Ruhr University Bochum. Universitätstrasse, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants. Ruhr University Bochum. Universitätstrasse, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Grolimund
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, microXAS Beamline Project, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223. Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zehra A, Raytekar NA, Meena M, Swapnil P. Efficiency of microbial bio-agents as elicitors in plant defense mechanism under biotic stress: A review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100054. [PMID: 34841345 PMCID: PMC8610294 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MBCAs played beneficial role to protect plants from harmful pathogens to control plant diseases. MBCAs also support in plant growth promotion and stress tolerance. MBCAs act as elicitors to induce a signal to stimulate the plant defense mechanism against pathogens. Reticine A-induced hypersensitive reaction, systemic accumulation of H2O2 and salicylic acid.
Numerous harmful microorganisms and insect pests have the ability to cause plant infections or damage, which is mostly controlled by toxic chemical agents. These chemical compounds and their derivatives exhibit hazardous effects on habitats and human life too. Hence, there's a need to develop novel, more effective and safe bio-control agents. A variety of microbes such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi possess a great potential to fight against phytopathogens and thus can be used as bio-control agents instead of harmful chemical compounds. These naturally occurring microorganisms are applied to the plants in order to control phytopathogens. Moreover, practicing them appropriately for agriculture management can be a way towards a sustainable approach. The MBCAs follow various modes of action and act as elicitors where they induce a signal to activate plant defense mechanisms against a variety of pathogens. MBCAs control phytopathogens and help in disease suppression through the production of enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, antagonist activity involving hyper-parasitism, induced resistance, competitive inhibition, etc. Efficient recognition of pathogens and prompt defensive response are key factors of induced resistance in plants. This resistance phenomenon is pertaining to a complex cascade that involves an increased amount of defensive proteins, salicylic acid (SA), or induction of signaling pathways dependent on plant hormones. Although, there's a dearth of information about the exact mechanism of plant-induced resistance, the studies conducted at the physiological, biochemical and genetic levels. These studies tried to explain a series of plant defensive responses triggered by bio-control agents that may enhance the defensive capacity of plants. Several natural and recombinant microorganisms are commercially available as bio-control agents that mainly include strains of Bacillus, Pseudomonads and Trichoderma. However, the complete understanding of microbial bio-control agents and their interactions at cellular and molecular levels will facilitate the screening of effective and eco-friendly bio-agents, thereby increasing the scope of MBCAs. This article is a comprehensive review that highlights the importance of microbial agents as elicitors in the activation and regulation of plant defense mechanisms in response to a variety of pathogens.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABA, Abscisic acid
- BABA, β-Aminobutyric acid
- BTH, Benzothiadiazole
- CKRI, Cross kingdom RNA interference
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- Defense mechanism
- ET, Ethylene
- ETI, Effector-triggered immunity
- Elicitors
- Fe, Iron
- GSH, Glutathione
- HAMP, Herbivore-associated molecular patterns
- HG, Heptaglucan
- HIR, Herbivore induced resistance
- HRs, Hormonal receptors
- ISR, Induced systemic resistance
- ISS, Induced systemic susceptibility
- Induced resistance
- JA, Jasmonic acid
- LAR, Local acquired resistance
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharides
- MAMPs, Microbe-associated molecular patterns
- MBCAs, Microbial biological control agents
- Microbiological bio-control agent
- N, Nitrogen
- NO, Nitric oxide
- P, Phosphorous
- PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PGP, Plant growth promotion
- PGPB, Plant growth promoting bacteria
- PGPF, Plant growth promoting fungi
- PGPR, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
- PRPs, Pathogenesis-related proteins
- PRRs, Pattern recognition receptors
- PTI, Pattern triggered immunity
- Plant defense
- Plant disease
- RLKs, Receptor-like-kinases
- RLPs, Receptor-like-proteins
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SA, Salicylic acid
- SAR, Systemic acquired resistance
- TFs, Transcription factors
- TMV, Tobacco mosaic virus
- VOCs, Volatile organic compounds
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
| | | | - Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sharif R, Raza A, Chen P, Li Y, El-Ballat EM, Rauf A, Hano C, El-Esawi MA. HD-ZIP Gene Family: Potential Roles in Improving Plant Growth and Regulating Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081256. [PMID: 34440430 PMCID: PMC8394574 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the molecular foundation of the gene-regulatory systems underlying agronomic parameters or/and plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses is crucial for crop improvement. Thus, transcription factors, which alone or in combination directly regulated the targeted gene expression levels, are appropriate players for enlightening agronomic parameters through genetic engineering. In this regard, homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) genes family concerned with enlightening plant growth and tolerance to environmental stresses are considered key players for crop improvement. This gene family containing HD and LZ domain belongs to the homeobox superfamily. It is further classified into four subfamilies, namely HD-ZIP I, HD-ZIP II, HD-ZIP III, and HD-ZIP IV. The first HD domain-containing gene was discovered in maize cells almost three decades ago. Since then, with advanced technologies, these genes were functionally characterized for their distinct roles in overall plant growth and development under adverse environmental conditions. This review summarized the different functions of HD-ZIP genes in plant growth and physiological-related activities from germination to fruit development. Additionally, the HD-ZIP genes also respond to various abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli by regulating defense response of plants. This review, therefore, highlighted the various significant aspects of this important gene family based on the recent findings. The practical application of HD-ZIP biomolecules in developing bioengineered plants will not only mitigate the negative effects of environmental stresses but also increase the overall production of crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
| | - Enas M. El-Ballat
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23430, Pakistan;
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Mohamed A. El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dangol S, Nguyen NK, Singh R, Chen Y, Wang J, Lee HG, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 Signaling Is Required for Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710794. [PMID: 34408766 PMCID: PMC8365360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is required for plant cell death responses to invading microbial pathogens. Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death occurs in rice (Oryza sativa) during an incompatible rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. Here, we show that rice MAP kinase (OsMEK2 and OsMPK1) signaling cascades are involved in iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death responses of rice to M. oryzae infection using OsMEK2 knock-out mutant and OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 overexpression rice plants. The OsMPK1:GFP and OsWRKY90:GFP transcription factor were localized to the nuclei, suggesting that OsMPK1 in the cytoplasm moves into the nuclei to interact with the WRKY90. M. oryzae infection in ΔOsmek2 knock-out plants did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and also downregulated OsMPK1, OsWRKY90, OsRbohB, and OsPR-1b expression. However, 35S:OsMEK2 overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent cell death in rice. The downstream MAP kinase (OsMPK1) overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death response to virulent M. oryzae infection. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 suppressed iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death in 35S:OsMPK1 overexpression plants. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron- and lipid ROS-dependent, but OsMEK2-independent, ferroptotic cell death during M. oryzae infection. Disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was lipid ROS-dependent, but iron-independent in the ΔOsmek2 knock-out mutant during the late M. oryzae infection stage. These combined results suggest that OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death, and blast disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was ROS-dependent but iron-independent in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung KooK Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xing Y, Xu N, Bhandari DD, Lapin D, Sun X, Luo X, Wang Y, Cao J, Wang H, Coaker G, Parker JE, Liu J. Bacterial effector targeting of a plant iron sensor facilitates iron acquisition and pathogen colonization. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2015-2031. [PMID: 33751120 PMCID: PMC8290286 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of nutrients from different species is necessary for pathogen colonization. Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for nearly all organisms, but little is known about how pathogens manipulate plant hosts to acquire iron. Here, we report that AvrRps4, an effector protein delivered by Pseudomonas syringae bacteria to plants, interacts with and targets the plant iron sensor protein BRUTUS (BTS) to facilitate iron uptake and pathogen proliferation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection of rps4 and eds1 by P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing AvrRps4 resulted in iron accumulation, especially in the plant apoplast. AvrRps4 alleviates BTS-mediated degradation of bHLH115 and ILR3(IAA-Leucine resistant 3), two iron regulatory proteins. In addition, BTS is important for accumulating immune proteins Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) at both the transcriptional and protein levels upon Pst (avrRps4) infections. Our findings suggest that AvrRps4 targets BTS to facilitate iron accumulation and BTS contributes to RPS4/EDS1-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xuming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Swamy BPM, Marathi B, Ribeiro-Barros AIF, Calayugan MIC, Ricachenevsky FK. Iron Biofortification in Rice: An Update on Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647341. [PMID: 34122472 PMCID: PMC8187908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the most versatile model for cereals and also an economically relevant food crop; as a result, it is the most suitable species for molecular characterization of Fe homeostasis and biofortification. Recently there have been significant efforts to dissect genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Fe translocation into rice grains; such information is highly useful for Fe biofortification of cereals but very limited in other species, such as maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Given rice's centrality as a model for Poaceae species, we review the current knowledge on genes playing important roles in Fe transport, accumulation, and distribution in rice grains and QTLs that might explain the variability in Fe concentrations observed in different genotypes. More than 90 Fe QTLs have been identified over the 12 rice chromosomes. From these, 17 were recorded as stable, and 25 harbored Fe-related genes nearby or within the QTL. Among the candidate genes associated with Fe uptake, translocation, and loading into rice grains, we highlight the function of transporters from the YSL and ZIP families; transporters from metal-binding molecules, such as nicotianamine and deoxymugineic acid; vacuolar iron transporters; citrate efflux transporters; and others that were shown to play a role in steps leading to Fe delivery to seeds. Finally, we discuss the application of these QTLs and genes in genomics assisted breeding for fast-tracking Fe biofortification in rice and other cereals in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Balram Marathi
- Agricultural College, Warangal, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ana I. F. Ribeiro-Barros
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mark Ian C. Calayugan
- Institute of Crop Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sulfur Deprivation Modulates Salicylic Acid Responses via Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061065. [PMID: 34073325 PMCID: PMC8230334 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction, yet only a few studies connect the nutritional status to plant innate immunity. The backbone of plant defense response is mainly controlled by two major hormones: salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). This study investigated changes in the macronutrient concentration (deficiency/excess of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur) on the expression of PR1, a well-characterized marker in the SA-pathway, and PDF1.2 and LOX2 for the JA-pathway, analyzing plants carrying the promoter of each gene fused to GUS as a reporter. After histochemical GUS assays, we determined that PR1 gene was strongly activated in response to sulfur (S) deficiency. Using RT-PCR, we observed that the induction of PR1 depended on the function of Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-Related gene 1 (NPR1) and SA accumulation, as PR1 was not expressed in npr1-1 mutant and NahG plants under S-deprived conditions. Plants treated with different S-concentrations showed that total S-deprivation was required to induce SA-mediated defense responses. Additionally, bioassays revealed that S-deprived plants, induced resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. DC3000 and increase susceptibility to the necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea. In conclusion, we observed a relationship between S and SA/JA-dependent defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lv X, Yuan M, Pei Y, Liu C, Wang X, Wu L, Cheng D, Ma X, Sun X. The Enhancement of Antiviral Activity of Chloroinconazide by Aglinate-based Nanogel and Its Plant Growth Promotion Effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4992-5002. [PMID: 33904309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency and prolonging the duration of pesticides are of great significance in agricultural production. In this work, based on the antiviral compound chloroinconazide (CHI) synthesized previously, the improvement of the fabricated CHI-loaded alginate-based nanogel (CHI@ALGNP) was studied. It was found that CHI@ALGNP showed higher foliar adhesion than CHI and exhibited a sustained release for up to 7 days. CHI@ALGNP could also continuously activate the reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels and induce the increase of salicylic acid content and the expression of its responsive gene PR2 for a long time, thus achieving sustained resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Strikingly, CHI@ALGNP could release Ca2+ and Mg2+ to promote the growth of N. benthamiana. Taken together, for the first time, we have shown the improvement of a nanogel carrier to the antiviral activity and growth promotion of small molecular pesticides. As the alginate-based nanogel can be easily applied to the spray-based pesticide delivery technology, our study provides a new strategy for the development of new pesticide preparations and the application of multifunctional pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengting Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuehong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangchuan Wang
- National Center for Enterprise Technology of Jingbo Agrochemicals Technology Co. LED, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Lei Wu
- National Center for Enterprise Technology of Jingbo Agrochemicals Technology Co. LED, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Daoquan Cheng
- National Center for Enterprise Technology of Jingbo Agrochemicals Technology Co. LED, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chou MY, Shrestha S, Rioux R, Koch P. Hyperlocal Variation in Soil Iron and the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Determines Dollar Spot Development in Amenity Turfgrass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e00149-21. [PMID: 33741622 PMCID: PMC8117751 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00149-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dollar spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Clarireedia spp., is an economically important foliar disease of amenity turfgrass in temperate climates worldwide. This disease often occurs in a highly variable manner, even on a local scale with relatively uniform environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms behind this local variation, focusing on contributions of the soil and rhizosphere microbiome. Turfgrass, rhizosphere, and bulk soil samples were collected from within a 256-m2 area of healthy turfgrass, transported to a controlled environment chamber, and inoculated with Clarireedia jacksonii Bacterial communities were profiled by targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and 16 different soil chemical properties were assessed. Despite their initial uniform appearance, the samples differentiated into highly susceptible and moderately susceptible groups following inoculation in the controlled environment chamber. The highly susceptible samples harbored a unique rhizosphere microbiome with suggestively lower relative abundance of putative antibiotic-producing bacterial taxa and higher predicted abundance of genes associated with xenobiotic biodegradation pathways. In addition, stepwise regression revealed that bulk soil iron content was the only significant soil characteristic that positively regressed with decreased dollar spot susceptibility during the peak disease development stage. These findings suggest that localized variation in soil iron induces the plant to select for a particular rhizosphere microbiome that alters the disease outcome. More broadly, further research in this area may indicate how plot-scale variability in soil properties can drive variable plant disease development through alterations in the rhizosphere microbiome.IMPORTANCE Dollar spot is the most economically important disease of amenity turfgrass, and more fungicides are applied targeting dollar spot than any other turfgrass disease. Dollar spot symptoms are small (3 to 5 cm), circular patches that develop in a highly variable manner within plot scale even under seemingly uniform conditions. The mechanism behind this variable development is unknown. This study observed that differences in dollar spot development over a 256-m2 area were associated with differences in bulk soil iron concentration and correlated with a particular rhizosphere microbiome. These findings provide interesting avenues for future research to further characterize the mechanisms behind the highly variable development of dollar spot, which may inform innovative control strategies. Additionally, these results suggest that small changes in soil properties can alter plant activity and hence the plant-associated microbial community, which has important implications for a broad array of agricultural and horticultural plant pathosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Smita Shrestha
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Renee Rioux
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul Koch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A Breach in Plant Defences: Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Targets Ethylene Signalling to Overcome Actinidia chinensis Pathogen Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094375. [PMID: 33922148 PMCID: PMC8122719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene interacts with other plant hormones to modulate many aspects of plant metabolism, including defence and stomata regulation. Therefore, its manipulation may allow plant pathogens to overcome the host’s immune responses. This work investigates the role of ethylene as a virulence factor for Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the aetiological agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit. The pandemic, highly virulent biovar of this pathogen produces ethylene, whereas the biovars isolated in Japan and Korea do not. Ethylene production is modulated in planta by light/dark cycle. Exogenous ethylene application stimulates bacterial virulence, and restricts or increases host colonisation if performed before or after inoculation, respectively. The deletion of a gene, unrelated to known bacterial biosynthetic pathways and putatively encoding for an oxidoreductase, abolishes ethylene production and reduces the pathogen growth rate in planta. Ethylene production by Psa may be a recently and independently evolved virulence trait in the arms race against the host. Plant- and pathogen-derived ethylene may concur in the activation/suppression of immune responses, in the chemotaxis toward a suitable entry point, or in the endophytic colonisation.
Collapse
|
38
|
Trapet PL, Verbon EH, Bosma RR, Voordendag K, Van Pelt JA, Pieterse CMJ. Mechanisms underlying iron deficiency-induced resistance against pathogens with different lifestyles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2231-2241. [PMID: 33188427 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a poorly available mineral nutrient which affects the outcome of many cross-kingdom interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, Fe starvation limits infection by necrotrophic pathogens. Here, we report that Fe deficiency also reduces disease caused by the hemi-biotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, indicating that Fe deficiency-induced resistance is effective against pathogens with different lifestyles. Furthermore, we show that Fe deficiency-induced resistance is not caused by withholding Fe from the pathogen but is a plant-mediated defense response that requires activity of ethylene and salicylic acid. Because rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) is associated with a transient up-regulation of the Fe deficiency response, we tested whether Fe deficiency-induced resistance and ISR are similarly regulated. However, Fe deficiency-induced resistance functions independently of the ISR regulators MYB72 and BGLU42, indicating that both types of induced resistance are regulated in a different manner. Mutants opt3 and frd1, which display misregulated Fe homeostasis under Fe-sufficient conditions, show disease resistance levels comparable with those of Fe-starved wild-type plants. Our results suggest that disturbance of Fe homeostasis, through Fe starvation stress or other non-homeostatic conditions, is sufficient to prime the plant immune system for enhanced defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Trapet
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline H Verbon
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renda R Bosma
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Voordendag
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A Van Pelt
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Miller CN, Busch W. Using natural variation to understand plant responses to iron availability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2154-2164. [PMID: 33458759 PMCID: PMC7966951 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron bioavailability varies dramatically between soil types across the globe. This has given rise to high levels of natural variation in plant iron responses, allowing members of even a single species to thrive across a wide range of soil types. In recent years we have seen the use of genome-wide association analysis to identify natural variants underlying plant responses to changes in iron availability in both Arabidopsis and important crop species. These studies have provided insights into which genes have been important in shaping local adaptation to iron availability in different plant species and have allowed the discovery of novel regulators and mechanisms, not previously identified using mutagenesis approaches. Furthermore, these studies have allowed the identification of markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of future elite varieties with increased resilience to iron stress and improved nutritional quality. The studies highlighted here show that, in addition to studying plant responses to iron alone, it is important to consider these responses within the context of plant nutrition more broadly and to also consider iron regulation in relation to additional traits of agronomic importance such as yield and disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Miller
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu Y, Kong D, Wu HL, Ling HQ. Iron in plant-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2114-2124. [PMID: 33161430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for most organisms. As an indispensable co-factor of many enzymes, iron is involved in various crucial metabolic processes that are required for the survival of plants and pathogens. Conversely, excessive iron produces highly active reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to the cells of plants and pathogens. Therefore, plants and pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to modulate iron status at a moderate level for maintaining their fitness. Over the past decades, many efforts have been made to reveal these mechanisms, and some progress has been made. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the roles of iron in plant-pathogen interactions and propose prospects for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danyu Kong
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui-Lan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xu N, Yang Q, Yang X, Wang M, Guo M. Reconstruction and analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:348-360. [PMID: 33433944 PMCID: PMC7865084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease and is a widely used tool for generating transgenic plants owing to its virulence. The pathogenic process involves a shift from an independent to a living form within a host plant. However, comprehensive analyses of metabolites, genes, and reactions contributing to this complex process are lacking. To gain new insights about the pathogenicity from the viewpoints of physiology and cellular metabolism, a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) was reconstructed for A. tumefaciens. The model, referred to as iNX1344, contained 1,344 genes, 1,441 reactions, and 1,106 metabolites. It was validated by analyses of in silico cell growth on 39 unique carbon or nitrogen sources and the flux distribution of carbon metabolism. A. tumefaciens metabolic characteristics under three ecological niches were modelled. A high capacity to access and metabolize nutrients is more important for rhizosphere colonization than in the soil, and substantial metabolic changes were detected during the shift from the rhizosphere to tumour environments. Furthermore, by integrating transcriptome data for tumour conditions, significant alterations in central metabolic pathways and secondary metabolite metabolism were identified. Overall, the GSMM and constraint-based analysis could decode the physiological and metabolic features of A. tumefaciens as well as interspecific interactions with hosts, thereby improving our understanding of host adaptation and infection mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Mingqi Wang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Minliang Guo
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rigault M, Citerne S, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Dellagi A. Salicylic acid is a key player of Arabidopsis autophagy mutant susceptibility to the necrotrophic bacterium Dickeya dadantii. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3624. [PMID: 33574453 PMCID: PMC7878789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous vesicular process for protein and organelle recycling in eukaryotes. In plant, autophagy is reported to play pivotal roles in nutrient recycling, adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. The role of autophagy in plant immunity remains poorly understood. Several reports showed enhanced susceptibility of different Arabidopsis autophagy mutants (atg) to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Interaction of necrotrophic bacterial pathogens with autophagy is overlooked. We then investigated such interaction by inoculating the necrotrophic enterobacterium Dickeya dadantii in leaves of the atg2 and atg5 mutants and an ATG8a overexpressing line. Overexpressing ATG8a enhances plant tolerance to D. dadantii. While atg5 mutant displayed similar susceptibility to the WT, the atg2 mutant exhibited accelerated leaf senescence and enhanced susceptibility upon infection. Both phenotypes were reversed when the sid2 mutation, abolishing SA signaling, was introduced in the atg2 mutant. High levels of SA signaling in atg2 mutant resulted in repression of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway known to limit D. dadantii progression in A. thaliana. We provide evidence that in atg2 mutant, the disturbed hormonal balance leading to higher SA signaling is the main factor causing increased susceptibility to the D. dadantii necrotroph by repressing the JA pathway and accelerating developmental senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), 78000, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), 78000, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), 78000, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St Cyr (RD 10), 78000, Versailles Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Burragoni SG, Jeon J. Applications of endophytic microbes in agriculture, biotechnology, medicine, and beyond. Microbiol Res 2021; 245:126691. [PMID: 33508761 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes are emerging as integral components of plant microbiomes. Some of them play pivotal roles in plant development and plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses, whereas others produce useful and/or interesting secondary metabolites. The appreciation of their abilities to affect plant phenotypes and produce useful compounds via genetic and molecular interactions has paved the way for these abilities to be exploited for health and welfare of plants, humans and ecosystems. Here we comprehensively review current and potential applications of endophytes in the agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. In addition, we briefly discuss the research objectives that should be focused upon in the coming years in order for endophytes and their metabolites to be fully harnessed for potential use in diverse areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Goud Burragoni
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Plasmopara viticola infection affects mineral elements allocation and distribution in Vitis vinifera leaves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18759. [PMID: 33127977 PMCID: PMC7603344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola is one of the most important pathogens infecting Vitis vinifera plants. The interactions among P. viticola and both susceptible and resistant grapevine plants have been extensively characterised, at transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic levels. However, the involvement of plants ionome in the response against the pathogen has been completely neglected so far. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the possible role of leaf ionomic modulation during compatible and incompatible interactions between P. viticola and grapevine plants. In susceptible cultivars, a dramatic redistribution of mineral elements has been observed, thus uncovering a possible role for mineral nutrients in the response against pathogens. On the contrary, the resistant cultivars did not present substantial rearrangement of mineral elements at leaf level, except for manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe). This might demonstrate that, resistant cultivars, albeit expressing the resistance gene, still exploit a pathogen response mechanism based on the local increase in the concentration of microelements, which are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, these data also highlight the link between the mineral nutrition and plants' response to pathogens, further stressing that appropriate fertilization strategies can be fundamental for the expression of response mechanisms against pathogens.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cai H, Tao N, Guo C. Systematic Investigation of the Effects of Macro-elements and Iron on Soybean Plant Response to Fusarium oxysporum Infection. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:398-405. [PMID: 33082724 PMCID: PMC7542030 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2020.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient manipulation is a promising strategy for controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. Although many studies have investigated the relationships between certain elements and plant diseases, few have comprehensively explored how differing mineral nutrition levels might affect plant-fungal pathogen interactions, namely plant susceptibility and resistance. Here, we systematically explored the effects of the seven mineral elements that plants require in the greatest amounts for normal development on the susceptibility of soybean plants (Glycine max) to Fusarium oxysporum infection in controlled greenhouse conditions. Nitrogen (N) negligibly affected plant susceptibility to infection in the range 4 to 24 mM for both tested soybean cultivars. At relatively high concentrations, phosphorus (P) increased plant susceptibility to infection, which led to severely reduced shoot and root dry weights. Potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) induced plant resistance to infection as their concentrations were increased. For K and Ca, moderate concentrations had a positive effect on plant resistance to the pathogen, whereas relatively high doses of either element adversely affected plant growth and promoted disease symptoms. Further experiments were conducted, assessing disease suppression by selected combinations of macro-elements and Fe at screened concentrations, i.e., K (9 mM) plus Fe (0.2 mM), and S (4 mM) plus Fe (0.2 mM). The disease index was significantly reduced by the combination of K plus Fe. In conclusion, this systematic investigation of soybean plant responses to F. oxysporum infection provides a solid basis for future environmentally-friendly choices for application in soybean disease control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Co-corresponding authors. Hongsheng Cai, Phone) +86-451-88060576, E-mail) , Changhong Guo, Phone) +86-451-88060576, E-mail) , ORCID, Hongsheng Cai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9968-8719
| | - Nan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Co-corresponding authors. Hongsheng Cai, Phone) +86-451-88060576, E-mail) , Changhong Guo, Phone) +86-451-88060576, E-mail) , ORCID, Hongsheng Cai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9968-8719
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Defects in the Ferroxidase That Participates in the Reductive Iron Assimilation System Results in Hypervirulence in Botrytis Cinerea. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01379-20. [PMID: 32753496 PMCID: PMC7407086 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01379-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungus B. cinerea causes enormous economic losses, estimated at anywhere between $10 billion and $100 billion worldwide, under both pre- and postharvest conditions. Here, we present the characterization of a loss-of-function mutant in a component involved in iron acquisition that displays hypervirulence. While in different microbial systems iron uptake mechanisms appear to be critical to achieve full pathogenic potential, we found that the absence of the ferroxidase that is part of the reductive iron assimilation system leads to hypervirulence in this fungus. This is an unusual and rather underrepresented phenotype, which can be modulated by iron levels in the plant and provides an unexpected link between iron acquisition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and pathogenesis in the Botrytis-plant interaction. The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray-mold disease, which infects a wide variety of species. The outcome of this host-pathogen interaction, a result of the interplay between plant defense and fungal virulence pathways, can be modulated by various environmental factors. Among these, iron availability and acquisition play a crucial role in diverse biological functions. How B. cinerea obtains iron, an essential micronutrient, during infection is unknown. We set out to determine the role of the reductive iron assimilation (RIA) system during B. cinerea infection. This system comprises the BcFET1 ferroxidase, which belongs to the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of proteins, and the BcFTR1 membrane-bound iron permease. Gene knockout and complementation studies revealed that, compared to the wild type, the bcfet1 mutant displays delayed conidiation, iron-dependent sclerotium production, and significantly reduced whole-cell iron content. Remarkably, this mutant exhibited a hypervirulence phenotype, whereas the bcftr1 mutant presents normal virulence and unaffected whole-cell iron levels and developmental programs. Interestingly, while in iron-starved plants wild-type B. cinerea produced slightly reduced necrotic lesions, the hypervirulence phenotype of the bcfet1 mutant is no longer observed in iron-deprived plants. This suggests that B. cinerea bcfet1 knockout mutants require plant-derived iron to achieve larger necrotic lesions, whereas in planta analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed increased ROS levels only for infections caused by the bcfet1 mutant. These results suggest that increased ROS production, under an iron sufficiency environment, at least partly underlie the observed infection phenotype in this mutant.
Collapse
|
47
|
Dey S, Regon P, Kar S, Panda SK. Chelators of iron and their role in plant's iron management. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1541-1549. [PMID: 32801485 PMCID: PMC7415063 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper transport of metal and their homeostasis is very crucial for the growth and development of plants. Plants root are the primary organs which comes in contact with the stress and thus few modifications occurs, often determining the nutrient efficiency or sometimes as a stress tolerance mechanism. Plant utilizes two strategies for the uptake of iron viz, strategy I-reduction based and strategy II-chelation based. In this review we attempted for a better understanding of how the chelators acts in the mechanism of iron uptake from soils to plants and how iron is distributed in the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dey
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Preetom Regon
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Saradia Kar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Sanjib Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Herlihy JH, Long TA, McDowell JM. Iron homeostasis and plant immune responses: Recent insights and translational implications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13444-13457. [PMID: 32732287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and the plant immune system are both critical for plant vigor in natural ecosystems and for reliable agricultural productivity. Mechanistic studies of plant iron home-ostasis and plant immunity have traditionally been carried out in isolation from each other; however, our growing understanding of both processes has uncovered significant connections. For example, iron plays a critical role in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates during immunity and has been recently implicated as a critical factor for immune-initiated cell death via ferroptosis. Moreover, plant iron stress triggers immune activation, suggesting that sensing of iron depletion is a mechanism by which plants recognize a pathogen threat. The iron deficiency response engages hormone signaling sectors that are also utilized for plant immune signaling, providing a probable explanation for iron-immunity cross-talk. Finally, interference with iron acquisition by pathogens might be a critical component of the immune response. Efforts to address the global burden of iron deficiency-related anemia have focused on classical breeding and transgenic approaches to develop crops biofortified for iron content. However, our improved mechanistic understanding of plant iron metabolism suggests that such alterations could promote or impede plant immunity, depending on the nature of the alteration and the virulence strategy of the pathogen. Effects of iron biofortification on disease resistance should be evaluated while developing plants for iron biofortification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cai L, Cai L, Jia H, Liu C, Wang D, Sun X. Foliar exposure of Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles on Nicotiana benthamiana: Evidence for nanoparticles uptake, plant growth promoter and defense response elicitor against plant virus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122415. [PMID: 32143161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are recently employed as a new strategy to directly kill pathogens (e.g., bacteria and fungus) and acted as nanofertilizers. However, the influences of this foliar deposition of nanoparticles on plant physiology particularly plant immunity are poorly understood. The uptake and physiological effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs), and plant resistance response against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) after foliar spraying were studied. Specifically, Fe3O4NPs entered leaf cells and were transported and accumulated throughout the whole Nicotiana benthamiana plant, and increased plant dry and fresh weights, activated plant antioxidants, and upregulated SA synthesis and the expression of SA-responsive PR genes (i.e., PR1 and PR2), thereby enhancing plant resistance against TMV. Conversely, the viral infection was not inhibited in the NahG transgenic plants treated by Fe3O4NPs, suggesting the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) induced by Fe3O4NPs in the production of plant resistance. Moreover, no inhibition was observed of the infection after inoculating with the pretreated TMV mixtures. Thus, the deposition of Fe3O4NPs induced the accumulation of endogenous SA, which was correlated with the plant resistance against TMV infection. Such information is vital for valuing the risk of Fe3O4NPs products and broadens the researching and applying nanoparticles in the fight against plant diseases meantime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liuti Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Huanyu Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Daibin Wang
- Chongqing Tobacco Science Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xianchao Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Saad MM, Eida AA, Hirt H. Tailoring plant-associated microbial inoculants in agriculture: a roadmap for successful application. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3878-3901. [PMID: 32157287 PMCID: PMC7450670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are now recognized as metaorganisms which are composed of a host plant associated with a multitude of microbes that provide the host plant with a variety of essential functions to adapt to the local environment. Recent research showed the remarkable importance and range of microbial partners for enhancing the growth and health of plants. However, plant-microbe holobionts are influenced by many different factors, generating complex interactive systems. In this review, we summarize insights from this emerging field, highlighting the factors that contribute to the recruitment, selection, enrichment, and dynamic interactions of plant-associated microbiota. We then propose a roadmap for synthetic community application with the aim of establishing sustainable agricultural systems that use microbial communities to enhance the productivity and health of plants independently of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Considering global warming and climate change, we suggest that desert plants can serve as a suitable pool of potentially beneficial microbes to maintain plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we propose a framework for advancing the application of microbial inoculants in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Saad
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Eida
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|