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Liu H, Lu S, Chen M, Gao N, Yang Y, Hu H, Ren Q, Liu X, Chen H, Zhu Q, Li S, Su J. Towards Stem/Progenitor Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Degeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10740-4. [PMID: 38809490 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and includes conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Stargardt's disease (STGD). These diseases result in the permanent loss of vision due to the progressive and irreversible degeneration of retinal cells, including photoreceptors (PR) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The adult human retina has limited abilities to regenerate and repair itself, making it challenging to achieve complete self-replenishment and functional repair of retinal cells. Currently, there is no effective clinical treatment for RD. Stem cell therapy, which involves transplanting exogenous stem cells such as retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or activating endogenous stem cells like Müller Glia (MG) cells, holds great promise for regenerating and repairing retinal cells in the treatment of RD. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of stem cell-based therapies for RD. However, the clinical translation of these therapies for the reconstruction of substantial vision still faces significant challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy strategies for RD, summarizes recent advances in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and highlights the major challenges in using stem/progenitor cell-based therapies for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shuaiyan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ming Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Na Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huijuan Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qing Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qunyan Zhu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China
| | - Shasha Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325011, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, China.
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Dujardin C, Habeler W, Monville C, Letourneur D, Simon-Yarza T. Advances in the engineering of the outer blood-retina barrier: From in-vitro modelling to cellular therapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:151-177. [PMID: 37637086 PMCID: PMC10448242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer blood-retina barrier (oBRB), crucial for the survival and the proper functioning of the overlying retinal layers, is disrupted in numerous diseases affecting the retina, leading to the loss of the photoreceptors and ultimately of vision. To study the oBRB and/or its degeneration, many in vitro oBRB models have been developed, notably to investigate potential therapeutic strategies against retinal diseases. Indeed, to this day, most of these pathologies are untreatable, especially once the first signs of degeneration are observed. To cure those patients, a current strategy is to cultivate in vitro a mature oBRB epithelium on a custom membrane that is further implanted to replace the damaged native tissue. After a description of the oBRB and the related diseases, this review presents an overview of the oBRB models, from the simplest to the most complex. Then, we propose a discussion over the used cell types, for their relevance to study or treat the oBRB. Models designed for in vitro applications are then examined, by paying particular attention to the design evolution in the last years, the development of pathological models and the benefits of co-culture models, including both the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid. Lastly, this review focuses on the models developed for in vivo implantation, with special emphasis on the choice of the material, its processing and its characterization, before discussing the reported pre-clinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dujardin
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Walter Habeler
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université D’Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre D’étude des Cellules Souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Christelle Monville
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université D’Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
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Shome I, Thathapudi NC, Aramati BMR, Kowtharapu BS, Jangamreddy JR. Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3891-3909. [PMID: 37347455 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization ("wet" form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells ("dry" form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Shome
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Neethi C Thathapudi
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bindu Madhav Reddy Aramati
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Dong C, Zou D, Duan H, Hu X, Zhou Q, Shi W, Li Z. Ex vivo cultivated retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation for the treatment of rabbit corneal endothelial dysfunction. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:34. [PMID: 37528478 PMCID: PMC10394777 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction, and the need to find functional alternative seed cells of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) is urgent. Here, we determined the feasibility of using the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as an equivalent substitute for the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction. METHODS RPE cells and CECs in situ were obtained from healthy New Zealand male rabbits, and the similarities and differences between them were analyzed by electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Rabbit primary RPE cells and CECs were isolated and cultivated ex vivo, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity and cellular permeability were detected at passage 2. The injection of cultivated rabbit primary RPE cells, CECs and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE cells was performed on rabbits with corneal endothelial dysfunction. Then, the therapeutic effects were evaluated by corneal transparency, central corneal thickness, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS The rabbit RPE cells were similar in form to CECs in situ and ex vivo, showing a larger regular hexagonal shape and a lower cell density, with numerous tightly formed cell junctions and hemidesmosomes. Moreover, RPE cells presented a stronger barrier and ionic pumping capacity than CECs. When intracamerally injected into the rabbits, the transplanted primary RPE cells could dissolve corneal edema and decrease corneal thickness, with effects similar to those of CECs. In addition, the transplantation of hESC-derived RPE cells exhibited a similar therapeutic effect and restored corneal transparency and thickness within seven days. qRT-PCR results showed that the expressions of CEC markers, like CD200 and S100A4, increased, and the RPE markers OTX2, BEST1 and MITF significantly decreased in the transplanted RPE cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that rabbits transplanted with hESC-derived RPE cells maintained normal corneal thickness and exhibited slight pigmentation in the central cornea one month after surgery. Immunostaining results showed that the HuNu-positive transplanted cells survived and expressed ZO1, ATP1A1 and MITF. CONCLUSION RPE cells and CECs showed high structural and functional similarities in barrier and pump characteristics. Intracameral injection of primary RPE cells and hESC-derived RPE cells can effectively restore rabbit corneal clarity and thickness and maintain normal corneal function. This study is the first to report the effectiveness of RPE cells for corneal endothelial dysfunction, suggesting the feasibility of hESC-derived RPE cells as an equivalent substitute for CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Dong
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiangyue Hu
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
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O-GlcNAcylation regulates phagocytosis by promoting Ezrin localization at the cell cortex. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00042-5. [PMID: 36796536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that serves as a cellular nutrient sensor and participates in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, it remains uncertain whether O-GlcNAcylation is involved in the regulation of phagocytosis. Here, we demonstrate a rapid increase in protein O-GlcNAcylation in response to phagocytotic stimuli. Knockout of O-GlcNAc transferase or pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation dramatically blocks phagocytosis, resulting in the disruption of retinal structure and function. Mechanistic studies reveal that O-GlcNAc transferase interacts with Ezrin, a membrane-cytoskeleton linker protein, to catalyze its O-GlcNAcylation. Our data further show that Ezrin O-GlcNAcylation promotes its localization to the cell cortex, thereby stimulating the membrane-cytoskeleton interaction needed for efficient phagocytosis. These findings identify a previously unrecognized role for protein O-GlcNAcylation in phagocytosis with important implications in both health and diseases.
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Zhang T, Huang X, Liu S, Bai X, Zhu X, Clegg DO, Jiang M, Sun X. Determining the optimal stage for cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:454. [PMID: 36064625 PMCID: PMC9446586 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (hESC-derived RPE) are a promising source for cell-replacement therapy to treat retinal degenerative diseases, but research on RPE cryopreservation is limited. This study aimed to determine the best phase for RPE cryopreservation to preserve the post-thaw function and uncover the mechanism underlying RPE freezing tolerance. Methods hESC-derived RPE cells were cryopreserved at various time points after seeding. After thawing, the survival and attachment rates, RPE marker gene expression, apical-basal polarity, PEDF secretion, transepithelial resistance, and phagocytotic ability of post-thaw RPE cells were evaluated. RNA sequencing was performed on RPE cells at three-time points, differentially expressed genes were identified, and gene ontology, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, and protein–protein interaction analyses were used to investigate the key pathways or molecules associated with RPE cell freezing tolerance. Results RPE frozen at passage 2 day 5 (P2D5) had the highest cell viability and attachment after thawing. They also retained properly localized expression of RPE marker genes and biological functions such as PEDF secretion, high transepithelial resistance, and phagocytic ability. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that RPE cells at P2D5 expressed high levels of cell cycle/DNA replication and ECM binding associated genes, as well as THBS1, which may serve as a possible hub gene involved in freezing tolerance. We also confirmed that the RPE cells at P2D5 were in the exponential stage with active DNA replication. Conclusions We propose that freezing hESC-derived RPE cells during their exponential phase results in the best post-thawing outcome in terms of cell viability and preservation of RPE cell properties and functions. The high expression levels of the cell cycle and ECM binding associated genes, particularly THBS1, may contribute to better cell recovery at this stage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03141-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyu Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujun Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Bai
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dennis O Clegg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Mei Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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Grigoryan EN. Pigment Epithelia of the Eye: Cell-Type Conversion in Regeneration and Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030382. [PMID: 35330132 PMCID: PMC8955580 DOI: 10.3390/life12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelial cells (PECs) of the retina (RPE), ciliary body, and iris (IPE) are capable of altering their phenotype. The main pathway of phenotypic switching of eye PECs in vertebrates and humans in vivo and/or in vitro is neural/retinal. Besides, cells of amphibian IPE give rise to the lens and its derivatives, while mammalian and human RPE can be converted along the mesenchymal pathway. The PECs’ capability of conversion in vivo underlies the lens and retinal regeneration in lower vertebrates and retinal diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy and fibrosis in mammals and humans. The present review considers these processes studied in vitro and in vivo in animal models and in humans. The molecular basis of conversion strategies in PECs is elucidated. Being predetermined onto- and phylogenetically, it includes a species-specific molecular context, differential expression of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenomic changes. The accumulated knowledge regarding the mechanisms of PECs phenotypic switching allows the development of approaches to specified conversion for many purposes: obtaining cells for transplantation, creating conditions to stimulate natural regeneration of the retina and the lens, blocking undesirable conversions associated with eye pathology, and finding molecular markers of pathology to be targets of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Huang L, Himawan E, Belhadj S, Pérez García RO, Paquet Durand F, Schipper N, Buzgo M, Simaite A, Marigo V. Efficient Delivery of Hydrophilic Small Molecules to Retinal Cell Lines Using Gel Core-Containing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:74. [PMID: 35056970 PMCID: PMC8780956 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) formulation for drug delivery of small hydrophilic cargos to the retina. The new formulation, based on a gel core and composite shell, allowed up to two-fold increase in the encapsulation efficiency. The type of hydrophobic polyester used in the composite shell mixture affected the particle surface charge, colloidal stability, and cell internalization profile. We validated SLNs as a drug delivery system by performing the encapsulation of a hydrophilic neuroprotective cyclic guanosine monophosphate analog, previously demonstrated to hold retinoprotective properties, and the best formulation resulted in particles with a size of ±250 nm, anionic charge > -20 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of ±60%, criteria that are suitable for retinal delivery. In vitro studies using the ARPE-19 and 661W retinal cell lines revealed the relatively low toxicity of SLNs, even when a high particle concentration was used. More importantly, SLN could be taken up by the cells and the release of the hydrophilic cargo in the cytoplasm was visually demonstrated. These findings suggest that the newly developed SLN with a gel core and composite polymer/lipid shell holds all the characteristics suitable for the drug delivery of small hydrophilic active molecules into retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Erico Himawan
- Research and Development Department, InoCure s.r.o, 11000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Soumaya Belhadj
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.B.); (F.P.D.)
| | - Raúl Oswaldo Pérez García
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; (R.O.P.G.); (N.S.)
| | - François Paquet Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.B.); (F.P.D.)
| | - Nicolaas Schipper
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; (R.O.P.G.); (N.S.)
| | - Matej Buzgo
- Research and Development Department, InoCure s.r.o, 11000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Aiva Simaite
- Research and Development Department, InoCure s.r.o, 11000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Haghighat M, Iranbakhsh A, Baharara J, Ebadi M, Sotoodehnejadnematalahia F. Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Retinol and Alginate/Gelatin-Based Scaffolds on Differentiation Capacity of Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into Retinal Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 15:183-194. [PMID: 34711698 PMCID: PMC9148832 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Retinal stem cells (RSCs) resided in ciliary epithelium have shown to possess a high capacity to self-renew and differentiate into retinal cells. RSCs could be induced to differentiate when they are exposed to stimuli like natural compounds and suitable contexts such as biomaterials. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Retinol and alginate/gelatin-based scaffolds on differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originated from mouse ciliary epithelium. Methods and Results MSCs were extracted from mouse ciliary epithelium, and their identity was verified by detecting specific surface antigens. To provide a three-dimensional in vitro culture system, 2% alginate, 0.5% gelatin and the mixed alginate-gelatin hydrogels were fabricated and checked by SEM. Retinol treatment was performed on MSCs expanded on alginate/gelatin hydrogels and the survival rate and the ability of MSCs to differentiate were examined through measuring expression alterations of retina-specific genes by ICC and qPCR. The cell population isolated from ciliary epithelium contained more than 93.4% cells positive for MSC-specific marker CD105. Alginate/gelatin scaffolds showed to provide an acceptable viability (over 70%) for MSC cultures. Retinol treatment could induce a high expression of rhodopsin protein in MSCs expanded in alginate and alginate-gelatin mixtures. An elevated presentation of Nestin, RPE65 and Rhodopsin genes was detected in retinol-treated cultures expanded on alginate and alginate-gelatin scaffolds. Conclusions The results presented here elucidate that retinol treatment of MSCs grown on alginate scaffolds would promote the mouse ciliary epithelium-derived MSCs to differentiate towards retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Haghighat
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Iranbakhsh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Baharara
- Department of Biology, Applied Biology Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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10
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Xu HJ, Li QY, Zou T, Yin ZQ. Development-related mitochondrial properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from hEROs. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1138-1150. [PMID: 34414076 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the temporal mitochondrial characteristics of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived retinal organoids (hEROs-RPE), to verify the optimal period for using hEROs-RPE as donor cells from the aspect of mitochondria and to optimize RPE cell-based therapeutic strategies for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS RPE cells were obtained from hEROs and from spontaneous differentiation (SD-RPE). The mitochondrial characteristics were analyzed every 20d from day 60 to 160. Mitochondrial quantity was measured by MitoTracker Green staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was adopted to assess the morphological features of the mitochondria, including their distribution, length, and cristae. Mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs) were determined by JC-1 staining and evaluated by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured by a luminometer. Differences between two groups were analyzed by the independent-samples t-test, and comparisons among multiple groups were made using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test when equal variance was not assumed. RESULTS hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells from day 60 to 160 were successfully differentiated from hESCs and expressed RPE markers (Pax6, MITF, Bestrophin-1, RPE65, Cralbp). RPE features, including a cobblestone-like morphology with tight junctions (ZO-1), pigments and microvilli, were also observed in both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells. The mitochondrial quantities of hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells both peaked at day 80. However, the cristae of hEROs-RPE mitochondria were less mature and abundant than those of SD-RPE mitochondria at day 80, with hEROs-RPE mitochondria becoming mature at day 100. Both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells showed low ROS levels from day 100 to 140 and maintained a normal MMP during this period. However, hEROs-RPE mitochondria maintained a longer time to produce high levels of ATP (from day 120 to 140) than SD-RPE cells (only day 120). CONCLUSION hEROs-RPE mitochondria develop more slowly and maintain a longer time to supply high-level energy than SD-RPE mitochondria. From the mitochondrial perspective, hEROs-RPE cells from day 100 to 140 are an optimal cell source for treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jue Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi-You Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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11
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Features of Retinal Neurogenesis as a Key Factor of Age-Related Neurodegeneration: Myth or Reality? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147373. [PMID: 34298993 PMCID: PMC8303671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in the developed countries. Incomplete knowledge about its pathogenesis prevents the search for effective methods of prevention and treatment of AMD, primarily of its "dry" type which is by far the most common (90% of all AMD cases). In the recent years, AMD has become "younger": late stages of the disease are now detected in relatively young people. It is known that AMD pathogenesis-according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina-is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear. In the adult mammalian retina, de novo neurogenesis is very limited. Therefore, the structural and functional features that arise during its maturation and formation can exert long-term effects on further ontogenesis of this tissue. The aim of this review was to discuss possible contributions of the changes/disturbances in retinal neurogenesis to the early development of AMD.
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12
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Napoli D, Biagioni M, Billeri F, Di Marco B, Orsini N, Novelli E, Strettoi E. Retinal Pigment Epithelium Remodeling in Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105381. [PMID: 34065385 PMCID: PMC8161377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In retinitis pigmentosa (RP), one of many possible genetic mutations causes rod degeneration, followed by cone secondary death leading to blindness. Accumulating evidence indicates that rod death triggers multiple, non-cell-autonomous processes, which include oxidative stress and inflammation/immune responses, all contributing to cone demise. Inflammation relies on local microglia and recruitment of immune cells, reaching the retina through breakdowns of the inner blood retinal barrier (iBRB). Leakage in the inner retina vasculature suggests similarly altered outer BRB, formed by junctions between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, which are crucial for retinal homeostasis, immune response, and privilege. We investigated the RPE structural integrity in three models of RP (rd9, rd10, and Tvrm4 mice) by immunostaining for zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), an essential regulatory component of tight junctions. Quantitative image analysis demonstrated discontinuities in ZO-1 profiles in all mutants, despite different degrees of photoreceptor loss. ZO-1 interruption zones corresponded to leakage of in vivo administered, fluorescent dextran through the choroid-RPE interface, demonstrating barrier dysfunction. Dexamethasone, administered to rd10 mice for rescuing cones, also rescued RPE structure. Thus, previously undetected, stereotyped abnormalities occur in the RPE of RP mice; pharmacological targeting of inflammation supports a feedback loop leading to simultaneous protection of cones and the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Napoli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-0503153157 (E.S.)
| | - Martina Biagioni
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
| | - Federico Billeri
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Di Marco
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
| | - Noemi Orsini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
- Regional Doctorate School in Neuroscience, Universities of Florence, Pisa and Siena, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Novelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
| | - Enrica Strettoi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.B.); (F.B.); (B.D.M.); (N.O.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (E.S.); Tel.: +39-0503153157 (E.S.)
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13
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Ru L, Wu N, Wei K, Zeng Y, Li Q, Weng C, Ren C, Ren B, Huo D, Li Y, Hu X, Qin Z, Fang Y, Zhu C, Liu Y. Improving cell survival and engraftment in vivo via layer-by-layer nanocoating of hESC-derived RPE cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:495. [PMID: 33239074 PMCID: PMC7687756 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (hESC-RPE) cell transplants have served as a cell therapy for treating retinal degenerative diseases. However, how to optimize the survival and engraftment of hESC-RPE cells is a great challenge. METHODS Here, we report hESC-RPE cells that are embedded with polyelectrolytes gelatin and alginate by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique, based on the opposite charge of alternate layers. Cells were assessed for cell survival, immunogenicity, and function in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS This strategy obviously decreased the immunogenicity of hESC-RPE cells without affecting its activity. LbL-RPE cell transplants into the subretinal space of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats optimized cell engraftment and decreased immunogenicity compared to untreated RPE cell transplants (immunosuppression was not used during the 21-week study). Visual-functional assay with electroretinogram recordings (ERGs) also showed higher B wave amplitudes in RCS rats with LbL-RPE cell transplants. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that transplanted LbL-RPE cells have better viability and grafting efficiency, optimized immunogenicity, and visual function. Therefore, LbL engineering is a promising method to increase the efficacy of hESC-RPE cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Ru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Keyu Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiyou Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuanhuang Weng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chunge Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bangqi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yijian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xisu Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zuoxin Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yajie Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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14
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Li QY, Zou T, Gong Y, Chen SY, Zeng YX, Gao LX, Weng CH, Xu HW, Yin ZQ. Functional assessment of cryopreserved clinical grade hESC-RPE cells as a qualified cell source for stem cell therapy of retinal degenerative diseases. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108305. [PMID: 33080300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The biosafety and efficiency of transplanting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been evaluated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. For further large-scale application, cryopreserved RPE cells must be used; thus, it is highly important to investigate the influence of cryopreservation and thawing on the biological characteristics of hESC-RPE cells and their post-transplantation vision-restoring function. Here, via immunofluorescence, qPCR, transmission electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we showed that cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells retained the specific gene expression profile, morphology, ultrastructure, and maturity-related functions of induced RPE cells. Additionally, cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells exhibited a polarized monolayer, tight junction, and gap junction structure and an in vitro nanoparticle phagocytosis capability similar to those of induced hESC-RPE cells. However, the level of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) secretion was significantly decreased in cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells. Royal College of Surgeons rats with cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells engrafted into the subretinal space exhibited a significant decrease in the b-wave amplitude compared with rats engrafted with induced hESC-RPE cells at 4 weeks post transplantation. However, the difference disappeared at 8 weeks and 12 weeks post operation. No significant difference in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was observed between the two groups. Our data showed that even after cryopreservation and thawing, cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells are still qualified as a donor cell source for cell-based therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-You Li
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yu Gong
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Li-Xiong Gao
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, The 6th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Huang Weng
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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15
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Singh MS, Park SS, Albini TA, Canto-Soler MV, Klassen H, MacLaren RE, Takahashi M, Nagiel A, Schwartz SD, Bharti K. Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 75:100779. [PMID: 31494256 PMCID: PMC7056514 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise as a potential treatment for currently incurable retinal degenerative diseases that cause poor vision and blindness. Recently, safety data have emerged from several Phase I/II clinical trials of retinal stem cell transplantation. These clinical trials, usually run in partnership with academic institutions, are based on sound preclinical studies and are focused on patient safety. However, reports of serious adverse events arising from cell therapy in other poorly regulated centers have now emerged in the lay and scientific press. While progress in stem cell research for blindness has been greeted with great enthusiasm by patients, scientists, doctors and industry alike, these adverse events have raised concerns about the safety of retinal stem cell transplantation and whether patients are truly protected from undue harm. The aim of this review is to summarize and appraise the safety of human retinal stem cell transplantation in the context of its potential to be developed into an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Susanna S Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California-Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Thomas A Albini
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford University Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA; USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Edythe and Eli Broad Stem Cell Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kapil Bharti
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 90892, USA
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Shrestha R, Wen YT, Tsai RK. Effective Differentiation and Biological Characterization of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1155-1167. [PMID: 31984806 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1722180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are therapeutic cells that have been shown to be promising in the rescue of lost photoreceptors. In this study, we generated hiPSC from human epidermal keratinocytes and subsequently differentiated them into RPE cells to investigate their ability to influence the retinal functions of the Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats. METHODS Keratinocytes were reprogrammed to hiPSC using a non-integrating Sendai reprogramming system. Established hiPSCs were differentiated into RPE cells, and complete characterization was performed. Next, the suspension of hiPSC-RPE cells was transplanted into the subretinal space of 3-week-old RCS rats (n = 12). Posttransplantation evaluations were performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The hiPSC colonies were identical to embryonic stem-like cells that revealed the expression of pluripotency markers and retention of the normal genome. These cells exhibited the ability to differentiate into an amalgam of germ layers and produce RPE cells. The differentiated RPE cells exhibited an identical pigmented morphology that expressed RPE-specific markers, such as CRALBP, BESTROPHIN, RPE65, and MERTK. At 8 weeks of longitudinal culture, the RPE cells exhibited maximum pigmentation with in vitro phagocytotic activity. Furthermore, transplantation data showed improved retinal function till week 12 post-transplantation and a significantly higher number of rod/cone ratios in transplanted eyes compared to non-surgery control eyes. CONCLUSION hiPSC-derived RPE cells exhibited naïve RPE cell properties and functionality that provided trophic support and the transient rescue of photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupendra Shrestha
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University , Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University , Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation , Hualien, Taiwan
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Kutluer M, Huang L, Marigo V. Targeting molecular pathways for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1784-1791. [PMID: 32246618 PMCID: PMC7513962 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration is a major cause of incurable blindness characterized by loss of retinal photoreceptor cells. Inherited retinal degeneration is characterized by high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity with several genes mutated in patients affected by these genetic diseases. The high genetic heterogeneity of these diseases hampers the development of effective therapeutic interventions for the cure of a large cohort of patients. Common cell demise mechanisms can be envisioned as targets to treat patients regardless the specific mutation. One of these targets is the increase of intracellular calcium ions, that has been detected in several murine models of inherited retinal degeneration. Recently, neurotrophic factors that favor the efflux of calcium ions to concentrations below toxic levels have been identified as promising molecules that should be evaluated as new treatments for retinal degeneration. Here, we discuss therapeutic options for inherited retinal degeneration and we will focus on neuroprotective approaches, such as the neuroprotective activity of the Pigment epithelium-derived factor. The characterization of specific targets for neuroprotection opens new perspectives together with many questions that require deep analyses to take advantage of this knowledge and develop new therapeutic approaches. We believe that minimizing cell demise by neuroprotection may represent a promising treatment strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kutluer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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18
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Sørensen NB. Subretinal surgery: functional and histological consequences of entry into the subretinal space. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97 Suppl A114:1-23. [PMID: 31709751 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gene-therapy, stem-cell transplantation and surgical robots hold the potential for treatment of currently untreatable retinal degenerative diseases. All of the techniques require entry into the subretinal space, which is a potential space located between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Knowledge about obstacles and critical steps in relation to subretinal procedures is therefore needed. This thesis explores the functional and histological consequences of separation of the retina from the RPE, extensive RPE damage, a large cut in the retina (retinotomy) and RPE phagocytosis in a porcine model. METHODS Experiments were performed in 106 female domestic pigs of Danish landrace distributed over five studies. Under general anesthesia, different procedures for expansion of the subretinal space were conducted. Outcomes were visual function measured electrophysiologically with multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and retinal morphology examined histologically. Study I: The effect of anesthesia on mfERG was examined by repeated recordings for 3 hr in isoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Outcome was mfERG amplitude. Study II: Consequences of a large separation of the photoreceptors from the RPE were examined by injecting a perfluorocarbon-liquid (decalin) into the subretinal space. Two weeks after, in a second surgery, decalin was withdrawn. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 4 weeks after decalin injection. Study III: Extensive RPE damage was examined by expanding the subretinal space with saline and removing large sheets of RPE-cells through a retinotomy. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the procedure. Study IV: Consequences of a large retinotomy were examined by similar procedures as in Study III, but in study IV only a few RPE cells were removed. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 2 and 6 weeks after surgery. Study V: Clearance of the subretinal space was examined by injecting fluorescent latex beads of various sizes into the subretinal space. Outcome was histologic location of the beads at different time intervals after the procedure. RESULTS Study I: MfERG amplitudes decreased linearly as a function of time in propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Duration of mfERG recording could be decreased without compromising quality, and thereby could time in anesthesia be reduced. Study II: MfERG and histology remained normal after reattachment of a large and 2-week long separation of the photoreceptors and RPE. Repeated entry into the subretinal space was well tolerated. Fluid injection into the subretinal space constitutes a risk of RPE-damage. Study III: Removal of large sheets of retinal pigment epithelial cells triggered a widespread rhegmatogenous-like retinal detachment resulting in visual loss. Study IV: A large retinotomy with limited damage of the RPE was well tolerated, and visual function was preserved. Study V: Subretinal latex beads up to 4 μm were phagocytosed by the RPE and passed into the sub-RPE space. Beads up to 2 μm travelled further through the Bruch's membrane and were found in the choroid, sclera and inside blood vessels. CONCLUSION A large expansion of the subretinal space, repeated entry, a large retinotomy and limited RPE damage is well tolerated and retinal function is preserved. Subretinal injection of fluid can damage the RPE and extensive RPE damage can induce a rhegmatogenous-like retinal detachment with loss of visual function. Foreign substances exit the subretinal space and can reach the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Buus Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet København Denmark
- Department of Neurology Zealand University Hospital Køge Denmark
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Power M, Das S, Schütze K, Marigo V, Ekström P, Paquet-Durand F. Cellular mechanisms of hereditary photoreceptor degeneration - Focus on cGMP. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100772. [PMID: 31374251 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying hereditary photoreceptor degeneration are still poorly understood, a problem that is exacerbated by the enormous genetic heterogeneity of this disease group. However, the last decade has yielded a wealth of new knowledge on degenerative pathways and their diversity. Notably, a central role of cGMP-signalling has surfaced for photoreceptor cell death triggered by a subset of disease-causing mutations. In this review, we examine key aspects relevant for photoreceptor degeneration of hereditary origin. The topics covered include energy metabolism, epigenetics, protein quality control, as well as cGMP- and Ca2+-signalling, and how the related molecular and metabolic processes may trigger photoreceptor demise. We compare and integrate evidence on different cell death mechanisms that have been associated with photoreceptor degeneration, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and PARthanatos. A special focus is then put on the mechanisms of cGMP-dependent cell death and how exceedingly high photoreceptor cGMP levels may cause activation of Ca2+-dependent calpain-type proteases, histone deacetylases and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. An evaluation of the available literature reveals that a large group of patients suffering from hereditary photoreceptor degeneration carry mutations that are likely to trigger cGMP-dependent cell death, making this pathway a prime target for future therapy development. Finally, an outlook is given into technological and methodological developments that will with time likely contribute to a comprehensive overview over the entire metabolic complexity of photoreceptor cell death. Building on such developments, new imaging technology and novel biomarkers may be used to develop clinical test strategies, that fully consider the genetic heterogeneity of hereditary retinal degenerations, in order to facilitate clinical testing of novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Power
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neurosciences (CIN), University of Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Soumyaparna Das
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience (GTC), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Per Ekström
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanism Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Han Y, Shang Q, Yao J, Ji Y. Hydrogen sulfide: a gaseous signaling molecule modulates tissue homeostasis: implications in ophthalmic diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 30926772 PMCID: PMC6441042 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as a gasotransmitter in the regulation of organ development and maintenance of homeostasis in tissues. Its abnormal levels are associated with multiple human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, myocardial injury, and ophthalmic diseases. Excessive exposure to H2S could lead to cellular toxicity, orchestrate pathological process, and increase the risk of various diseases. Interestingly, under physiological status, H2S plays a critical role in maintaining cellular physiology and limiting damages to tissues. In mammalian species, the generation of H2S is catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-methylthio pyruvate aminotransferase (3MST) and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These enzymes are found inside the mammalian eyeballs at different locations. Their aberrant expression and the accumulation of substrates and intermediates can change the level of H2S by orders of magnitude, causing abnormal structures or functions in the eyes. Detailed investigations have demonstrated that H2S donors' administration could regulate intraocular pressure, protect retinal cells, inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation by modulating the function of intra or extracellular proteins in ocular tissues. Thus, several slow-releasing H2S donors have been shown to be promising drugs for treating multiple diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological function of H2S metabolism and its application in ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Léveillard T, Klipfel L. Mechanisms Underlying the Visual Benefit of Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030557. [PMID: 30696106 PMCID: PMC6387096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of retinal cells has been studied in animals to establish proof of its potential benefit for the treatment of blinding diseases. Photoreceptor precursors have been grafted in animal models of Mendelian-inherited retinal degenerations, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells have been used to restore visual function in animal models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and recently in patients. Cell therapy over corrective gene therapy in inherited retinal degeneration can overcome the genetic heterogeneity by providing one treatment for all genetic forms of the diseases. In AMD, the existence of multiple risk alleles precludes a priori the use of corrective gene therapy. Mechanistically, the experiments of photoreceptor precursor transplantation reveal the importance of cytoplasmic material exchange between the grafted cells and the host cells for functional rescue, an unsuspected mechanism and novel concept. For transplantation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells, the mechanisms behind the therapeutic benefit are only partially understood, and clinical trials are ongoing. The fascinating studies that describe the development of methodologies to produce cells to be grafted and demonstrate the functional benefit for vision are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Klipfel
- Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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22
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Detailed Visual Cortical Responses Generated by Retinal Sheet Transplants in Rats with Severe Retinal Degeneration. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10709-10724. [PMID: 30396913 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1279-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat retinal degeneration, healthy fetal retinal sheets have been successfully transplanted into both rodent models and humans, with synaptic connectivity between transplant and degenerated host retina having been confirmed. In rodent studies, transplants have been shown to restore responses to flashes of light in a region of the superior colliculus corresponding to the location of the transplant in the host retina. To determine the quality and detail of visual information provided by the transplant, visual responsivity was studied here at the level of visual cortex where higher visual perception is processed. For our model, we used the transgenic Rho-S334ter line-3 rat (both sexes), which loses photoreceptors at an early age and is effectively blind at postnatal day 30. These rats received fetal retinal sheet transplants in one eye between 24 and 40 d of age. Three to 10 months following surgery, visually responsive neurons were found in regions of primary visual cortex matching the transplanted region of the retina that were as highly selective as normal rat to stimulus orientation, size, contrast, and spatial and temporal frequencies. Conversely, we found that selective response properties were largely absent in nontransplanted line-3 rats. Our data show that fetal retinal sheet transplants can result in remarkably normal visual function in visual cortex of rats with a degenerated host retina and represents a critical step toward developing an effective remedy for the visually impaired human population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa lead to profound vision loss in millions of people worldwide. Many patients lose both retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Hence, there is a great demand for the development of efficient techniques that allow for long-term vision restoration. In this study, we transplanted dissected fetal retinal sheets, which can differentiate into photoreceptors and integrate with the host retina of rats with severe retinal degeneration. Remarkably, we show that transplants generated visual responses in cortex similar in quality to normal rats. Furthermore, transplants preserved connectivity within visual cortex and the retinal relay from the lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex, supporting their potential application in curing vision loss associated with retinal degeneration.
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23
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Ko GYP. Circadian regulation in the retina: From molecules to network. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:194-216. [PMID: 30270466 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian retina is the most unique tissue among those that display robust circadian/diurnal oscillations. The retina is not only a light sensing tissue that relays light information to the brain, it has its own circadian "system" independent from any influence from other circadian oscillators. While all retinal cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) possess circadian oscillators, these oscillators integrate by means of neural synapses, electrical coupling (gap junctions), and released neurochemicals (such as dopamine, melatonin, adenosine, and ATP), so the whole retina functions as an integrated circadian system. Dysregulation of retinal clocks not only causes retinal or ocular diseases, it also impacts the circadian rhythm of the whole body, as the light information transmitted from the retina entrains the brain clock that governs the body circadian rhythms. In this review, how circadian oscillations in various retinal cells are integrated, and how retinal diseases affect daily rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Y-P Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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24
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Liu Y, Xu HW, Wang L, Li SY, Zhao CJ, Hao J, Li QY, Zhao TT, Wu W, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Qian C, Wang L, Yin ZQ. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium transplants as a potential treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration. Cell Discov 2018; 4:50. [PMID: 30245845 PMCID: PMC6143607 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy may provide a safe and promising treatment for retinal diseases. Wet age-related macular degeneration (wet-AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in China. We developed a clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line, Q-CTS-hESC-2, under xeno-free conditions that differentiated into retinal pigment epithelial cells (Q-CTS-hESC-2-RPE). A clinical trial with three wet-AMD patients was initiated in order to study the safety and tolerance to Q-CTS-hESC-2-RPE cell transplants. The choroidal neovascularization membrane was removed and then a suspension of 1 × 106 Q-CTS-hESC-2-RPE cells were injected into a subfoveal pocket. The patients were followed for 12 months during which no adverse effects resulting from the transplant were observed. Anatomical evidence suggested the existence of new RPE-like cell layer in the previously damaged area. Visual and physiological testing indicated limited functional improvement, albeit to different degrees between patients. This study provides some promising early results concerning the use of transplanted hESC-RPE cells to alleviate wet-AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hai Wei Xu
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Lei Wang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shi Ying Li
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Cong Jian Zhao
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jie Hao
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qi You Li
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tong Tao Zhao
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Wei Wu
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yi Wang
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Qi Zhou
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Cheng Qian
- 4Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University(Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Liu Wang
- 2State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- 1Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
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25
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The peripheral eye: A neurogenic area with potential to treat retinal pathologies? Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 68:110-123. [PMID: 30201383 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous degenerative diseases affecting visual function, including glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa, are produced by the loss of different types of retinal cells. Cell replacement therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for treating these and other retinal diseases. The retinal margin or ciliary body (CB) of mammals has been proposed as a potential source of cells to be used in degenerative conditions affecting the retina because it has been reported it might hold neurogenic potential beyond embryonic development. However, many aspects of the origin and biology of the CB are unknown and more recent experiments have challenged the capacity of CB cells to generate different types of retinal neurons. Here we review the most recent findings about the development of the marginal zone of the retina in different vertebrates and some of the mechanisms underlying the proliferative and neurogenic capacity of this fascinating region of the vertebrates eye. In addition, we performed experiments to isolate CB cells from the mouse retina, generated neurospheres and observed that they can be expanded with a proliferative ratio similar to neural stem cells. When induced to differentiate, cells derived from the CB neurospheres start to express early neural markers but, unlike embryonic stem cells, they are not able to fully differentiate in vitro or generate retinal organoids. Together with previous reports on the neurogenic capacity of CB cells, also reviewed here, our results contribute to the current knowledge about the potentiality of this peripheral region of the eye as a therapeutic source of functional retinal neurons in degenerative diseases.
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26
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Miyata M, Hata M, Ooto S, Ogino K, Gotoh N, Morooka S, Hasegawa T, Hirashima T, Sugahara M, Kuroda Y, Yamashiro K, Yoshimura N. CHOROIDAL AND RETINAL ATROPHY OF BIETTI CRYSTALLINE DYSTROPHY PATIENTS WITH CYP4V2 MUTATIONS COMPARED TO RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA PATIENTS WITH EYS MUTATIONS. Retina 2018; 37:1193-1202. [PMID: 27658286 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare atrophy of the choroid and retina between Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD) patients and EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with a similar degree of central visual field defects, age, and axial length (AL). METHODS Nine eyes of nine BCD patients with CYP4V2 mutations (BCD group) were examined. Moreover, we selected 10 eyes of 10 RP patients with EYS mutations matched for age, axial length, and mean deviation (measured with the 10-2 SITA standard program; EYS-RP group), and 10 eyes of 10 normal volunteers matched for age and axial length (control group). Macular thicknesses of the choroid and retina were measured via swept-source optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The macular choroid was significantly thinner in the BCD group than in the EYS-RP and control groups, although the thickness did not significantly differ between the EYS-RP and control groups. The macular retina was significantly thinner in the BCD and EYS-RP groups than in the control group, although the thickness did not significantly differ between the BCD and EYS-RP groups at most sites. CONCLUSION Bietti crystalline dystrophy patients with CYP4V2 mutations showed more severe macular choroid atrophy as compared to EYS-related RP patients. These different damage patterns suggest differences in choroidal expression between CYP4V2 and EYS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Miyata
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Wu W, Zeng Y, Li Z, Li Q, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Features specific to retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from three-dimensional human embryonic stem cell cultures - a new donor for cell therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22819-33. [PMID: 27009841 PMCID: PMC5008403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation is a particularly promising treatment of retinal degenerative diseases affecting RPE-photoreceptor complex. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide an abundant donor source for RPE transplantation. Herein, we studied the time-course characteristics of RPE cells derived from three-dimensional human ESCs cultures (3D-RPE). We showed that 3D-RPE cells possessed morphology, ultrastructure, gene expression profile, and functions of authentic RPE. As differentiation proceeded, 3D-RPE cells could mature gradually with decreasing proliferation but increasing functions. Besides, 3D-RPE cells could form polarized monolayer with functional tight junction and gap junction. When grafted into the subretinal space of Royal College of Surgeons rats, 3D-RPE cells were safe and efficient to rescue retinal degeneration. This study showed that 3D-RPE cells were a new donor for cell therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhengya Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyou Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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28
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Letelier J, Bovolenta P, Martínez-Morales JR. The pigmented epithelium, a bright partner against photoreceptor degeneration. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:203-215. [PMID: 29113536 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1395876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sight depends on the intimate association between photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells. The evolutionary origin of this cellular tandem can be traced back to the emergence of bilateral animals, at least 450 million years ago, as they define the minimal unit of the ancestral prototypic eye. Phototransduction is a demanding process from the energetic and homeostatic points of view, and not surprisingly photoreceptive cells are particularly susceptible to damage and degeneration. Here, we will examine the different ancillary roles that the pigmented cells play in the physiology and homeostasis of photoreceptors, linking each one of these processes to the most common hereditary retinal diseases. We will discuss the challenges and opportunities of recent therapeutic advances based on cell and gene replacement. The transition from animal models to clinical trials will be addressed for each one of the different therapeutic strategies with a special focus on those depending on retinal-pigmented epithelial cells. Finally, we will discuss the potential impact of combining CRISPR technologies with gene and cell therapy approaches, which - in the frame of the personalized medicine revolution - may constitute a leap forward in the treatment of retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Letelier
- a Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA) , Seville , Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- b Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," (CSIC/UAM) and CIBERER, ISCIII , Madrid , Spain
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29
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Sorkio A, Haimi S, Verdoold V, Juuti-Uusitalo K, Grijpma D, Skottman H. Poly(trimethylene carbonate) as an elastic biodegradable film for human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3134-3144. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Sorkio
- BioMediTech; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Suvi Haimi
- BioMediTech; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine and Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; University of Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Verdoold
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine and Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; University of Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Grijpma
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine and Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; University of Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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30
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Agrahari V, Agrahari V, Mandal A, Pal D, Mitra AK. How are we improving the delivery to back of the eye? Advances and challenges of novel therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:1145-1162. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1272569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Agrahari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Agrahari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Abhirup Mandal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ashim K. Mitra
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The following review will provide an update on stem cell therapy with a focus on completed and ongoing human trials. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has brought stem cell therapy from proof-of-concept animal models to human clinical trials. Although in its infancy, valuable safety and efficacy data are starting to emerge from trials looking at cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt's macular dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, and ischemic retinopathies. SUMMARY Although clinical trials continue to enroll and evaluate stem cell therapy in patients with retinal diseases, preliminary results using both cellular replacement and trophic models have provided initial support for this exciting therapy. Results of these pivotal trials will form a key foundation for moving forward toward the ultimate goal of preventing blinding disease.
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32
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Increased aqueous flare is associated with thickening of inner retinal layers in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33921. [PMID: 27653207 PMCID: PMC5031997 DOI: 10.1038/srep33921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa(RP) is a hereditary retinal disease that causes photoreceptor, outer retinal, degeneration. Although the pathogenesis is still unclear, there have been numerous reports regarding inner retinal changes in RP eyes. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the changes in the thicknesses of different retinal layers of RP eyes, and its association with aqueous flare, which is used for measuring the intensity of intraocular inflammation. A total of 125 eyes of 64 patients with RP and 13 normal eyes were studied. The thicknesses of total neural retina,nerve fiber layer(NFL),ganglion cell layer(GCL),inner plexiform layer(IPL),inner nuclear layer(INL),outer layers and foveal thickness were measured in the optical coherence tomographic images. Aqueous flare was measured with a laser flare-cell meter. The associations between those parameters, visual acuity and visual field were determined in RP eyes using multivariate analysis. The results of this study showed the significant thickening of NFL, GCL and INL, the significant thinning of outer layers and the association of them with increased aqueous flare, whereas NFL and INL thickening associated with outer retinal thinning. These results can suggest the involvement of intraocular inflammation in the pathogenesis of inner retinal thickening as a secondary change following outer retinal degeneration.
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33
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Fronk AH, Vargis E. Methods for culturing retinal pigment epithelial cells: a review of current protocols and future recommendations. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416650838. [PMID: 27493715 PMCID: PMC4959307 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416650838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is an important part of the vertebrate eye, particularly in studying the causes and possible treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium is difficult to access in vivo due to its location at the back of the eye, making experimentation with age-related macular degeneration treatments problematic. An alternative to in vivo experimentation is cultivating the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro, a practice that has been going on since the 1970s, providing a wide range of retinal pigment epithelial culture protocols, each producing cells and tissue of varying degrees of similarity to natural retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with a ready list of retinal pigment epithelial protocols, their effects on cultured tissue, and their specific possible applications. Protocols using human and animal retinal pigment epithelium cells, derived from tissue or cell lines, are discussed, and recommendations for future researchers included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Fronk
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Iwai-Takekoshi L, Ramos A, Schaler A, Weinreb S, Blazeski R, Mason C. Retinal pigment epithelial integrity is compromised in the developing albino mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3696-3716. [PMID: 27097562 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the developing murine eye, melanin synthesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) coincides with neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Disruption of pigmentation in the albino RPE is associated with delayed neurogenesis in the ventrotemporal retina, the source of ipsilateral RGCs, and a reduced ipsilateral RGC projection. To begin to unravel how melanogenesis and the RPE regulate RGC neurogenesis and cell subpopulation specification, we compared the features of albino and pigmented mouse RPE cells during the period of RGC neurogenesis (embryonic day, E, 12.5 to 18.5) when the RPE is closely apposed to developing RGC precursors. At E12.5 and E15.5, although albino and pigmented RPE cells express RPE markers Otx2 and Mitf similarly, albino RPE cells are irregularly shaped and have fewer melanosomes compared with pigmented RPE cells. The adherens junction protein P-cadherin appears loosely distributed within the albino RPE cells rather than tightly localized on the cell membrane, as in pigmented RPE. Connexin 43 (gap junction protein) is expressed in pigmented and albino RPE cells at E13.5 but at E15.5 albino RPE cells have fewer small connexin 43 puncta, and a larger fraction of phosphorylated connexin 43 at serine 368. These results suggest that the lack of pigment in the RPE results in impaired RPE cell integrity and communication via gap junctions between RPE and neural retina during RGC neurogenesis. Our findings should pave the way for further investigation of the role of RPE in regulating RGC development toward achieving proper RGC axon decussation. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3696-3716, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Iwai-Takekoshi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Ramos
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ari Schaler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Weinreb
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Blazeski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Oldhafer F, Bock M, Falk CS, Vondran FWR. Immunological aspects of liver cell transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6:42-53. [PMID: 27011904 PMCID: PMC4801804 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the field of regenerative medicine, the liver is of major interest for adoption of regenerative strategies due to its well-known and unique regenerative capacity. Whereas therapeutic strategies such as liver resection and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can be considered standards of care for the treatment of a variety of liver diseases, the concept of liver cell transplantation (LCTx) still awaits clinical breakthrough. Success of LCTx is hampered by insufficient engraftment/long-term acceptance of cellular allografts mainly due to rejection of transplanted cells. This is in contrast to the results achieved for OLT where long-term graft survival is observed on a regular basis and, hence, the liver has been deemed an immune-privileged organ. Immune responses induced by isolated hepatocytes apparently differ considerably from those observed following transplantation of solid organs and, thus, LCTx requires refined immunological strategies to improve its clinical outcome. In addition, clinical usage of LCTx but also related basic research efforts are hindered by the limited availability of high quality liver cells, strongly emphasizing the need for alternative cell sources. This review focuses on the various immunological aspects of LCTx summarizing data available not only for hepatocyte transplantation but also for transplantation of non-parenchymal liver cells and liver stem cells.
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Evaluation of Photoreceptors in Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy with CYP4V2 Mutations Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 161:196-205.e1. [PMID: 26521715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate photoreceptors in Bietti crystalline dystrophy patients with CYP4V2 mutations using high-resolution images of the macula obtained with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). DESIGN Prospective observational case series with comparison to healthy controls. METHODS Seven eyes of 7 Bietti crystalline dystrophy patients with CYP4V2 mutations and 12 normal eyes of 12 age- and axial length-matched healthy volunteers were studied. All participants underwent ophthalmologic examinations and AO-SLO assessments. All patients underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, Humphrey field analysis, and electroretinography. AO-SLO images were analyzed 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm from the center of the fovea in the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants. RESULTS Mean ± standard deviation cone density (cells/mm(2)) 0.5 mm from the center of the fovea was 17,209 ± 2276 in patients and 20 493 ± 2758 in controls, which was statistically different (P = .001); however, mean cone density 1.0 mm from the center of the fovea was 15 685 ± 2302 in patients and 15 705 ± 1848 in controls, which was not statistically different (P = .20). There was no correlation between cone density and mean deviation measured using a Humphrey field analysis or visual acuity in patients. CONCLUSIONS In Bietti crystalline dystrophy patients with CYP4V2 mutations, cone density remained for visual dysfunction by evaluation using high-resolution AO-SLO. These findings support the theory that disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors in the patients are the primary and secondary pathologic changes, respectively. This is consistent with results from previous basic studies.
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Heller JP, Kwok JCF, Vecino E, Martin KR, Fawcett JW. A Method for the Isolation and Culture of Adult Rat Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells to Study Retinal Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:449. [PMID: 26635529 PMCID: PMC4654064 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and lead to the death of the epithelial cells and ultimately blindness. RPE transplantation is currently a major focus of eye research and clinical trials using human stem cell-derived RPE cells are ongoing. However, it remains to be established to which extent the source of RPE cells for transplantation affects their therapeutic efficacy and this needs to be explored in animal models. Autotransplantation of RPE cells has attractions as a therapy, but existing protocols to isolate adult RPE cells from rodents are technically difficult, time-consuming, have a low yield and are not optimized for long-term cell culturing. Here, we report a newly devised protocol which facilitates reliable and simple isolation and culture of RPE cells from adult rats. Incubation of a whole rat eyeball in 20 U/ml papain solution for 50 min yielded 4 × 10(4) viable RPE cells. These cells were hexagonal and pigmented upon culture. Using immunostaining, we demonstrated that the cells expressed RPE cell-specific marker proteins including cytokeratin 18 and RPE65, similar to RPE cells in vivo. Additionally, the cells were able to produce and secrete Bruch's membrane matrix components similar to in vivo situation. Similarly, the cultured RPE cells adhered to isolated Bruch's membrane as has previously been reported. Therefore, the protocol described in this article provides an efficient method for the rapid and easy isolation of high quantities of adult rat RPE cells. This provides a reliable platform for studying the therapeutic targets, testing the effects of drugs in a preclinical setup and to perform in vitro and in vivo transplantation experiments to study retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch P. Heller
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Elena Vecino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, UPV/EHU, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Keith R. Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L, Chua J, Acosta ML, Fletcher EL. Using the rd1 mouse to understand functional and anatomical retinal remodelling and treatment implications in retinitis pigmentosa: A review. Exp Eye Res 2015; 150:106-21. [PMID: 26521764 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) reflects a range of inherited retinal disorders which involve photoreceptor degeneration and retinal pigmented epithelium dysfunction. Despite the multitude of genetic mutations being associated with the RP phenotype, the clinical and functional manifestations of the disease remain the same: nyctalopia, visual field constriction (tunnel vision), photopsias and pigment proliferation. In this review, we describe the typical clinical phenotype of human RP and review the anatomical and functional remodelling which occurs in RP determined from studies in the rd/rd (rd1) mouse. We also review studies that report a slowing down or show an acceleration of retinal degeneration and finally we provide insights on the impact retinal remodelling may have in vision restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - L Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - J Chua
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)--Novel targets for designing treatment options? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:194-202. [PMID: 25986585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease of the central retina and the main cause of legal blindness in industrialized countries. Risk to develop the disease is conferred by both individual as well as genetic factors with the latter being increasingly deciphered over the last decade. Therapeutically, striking advances have been made for the treatment of the neovascular form of late stage AMD while for the late stage atrophic form of the disease, which accounts for almost half of the visually impaired, there is currently no effective therapy on the market. This review highlights our current knowledge on the genetic architecture of early and late stage AMD and explores its potential for the discovery of novel, target-guided treatment options. We reflect on current clinical and experimental therapies for all forms of AMD and specifically note a persisting lack of efficacy for treatment in atrophic AMD. We further explore the current insight in AMD-associated genes and pathways and critically question whether this knowledge is suited to design novel treatment options. Specifically, we point out that known genetic factors associated with AMD govern the risk to develop disease and thus may not play a role in its severity or progression. Treatments based on such knowledge appear appropriate rather for prevention than treatment of manifest disease. As a consequence, future research in AMD needs to be greatly focused on approaches relevant to the patients and their medical needs.
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Thompson DA, Ali RR, Banin E, Branham KE, Flannery JG, Gamm DM, Hauswirth WW, Heckenlively JR, Iannaccone A, Jayasundera KT, Khan NW, Molday RS, Pennesi ME, Reh TA, Weleber RG, Zacks DN. Advancing therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal degeneration: recommendations from the Monaciano Symposium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:918-31. [PMID: 25667399 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rare in the general population, retinal dystrophies occupy a central position in current efforts to develop innovative therapies for blinding diseases. This status derives, in part, from the unique biology, accessibility, and function of the retina, as well as from the synergy between molecular discoveries and transformative advances in functional assessment and retinal imaging. The combination of these factors has fueled remarkable progress in the field, while at the same time creating complex challenges for organizing collective efforts aimed at advancing translational research. The present position paper outlines recent progress in gene therapy and cell therapy for this group of disorders, and presents a set of recommendations for addressing the challenges remaining for the coming decade. It is hoped that the formulation of these recommendations will stimulate discussions among researchers, funding agencies, industry, and policy makers that will accelerate the development of safe and effective treatments for retinal dystrophies and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States Division of Molecular Therapy, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John G Flannery
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - David M Gamm
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - K Thiran Jayasundera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Naheed W Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard G Weleber
- Casey Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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