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Taylor JL, Sullivan V, Bishop SL, Zheng S, Adams RE. Associations between Social Experiences and Psychological Health for Autistic Youth with Low IQ. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06378-3. [PMID: 38703252 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social experiences are consistently associated with psychological health among autistic individuals. However, most extant studies on this topic exclude individuals with autism who have lower IQ or are otherwise unable to self-report. The current study addresses this gap by examining associations of negative peer experiences and social participation with psychological health among autistic youth with low IQ. METHODS An online survey was collected from 268 parents of autistic adolescents and adults ages 15-25. Negative peer experiences included measures of peer victimization and being ignored. Social participation was assessed by the amount of participation and parents' perceptions of whether their youth felt the amount of participation was meeting their needs. Psychological health was assessed by parents' report of their youth's psychological quality of life, as well as whether they felt their son/daughter was currently depressed. RESULTS Results suggested low rates of social participation in this sample, with relatively high rates of being ignored. Regression analysis found that lower rates of peer victimization and more activities in which parents perceived that the amount of time was meeting their youth's needs was associated with higher psychological quality of life and lower likelihood that parents felt their son/daughter was depressed. CONCLUSION Though youth with autism and low IQ are often excluded from interventions aimed at improving social experiences, these findings suggest that promoting positive social experiences and ameliorating negative ones might be an avenue to improving psychological health in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lounds Taylor
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, PMB 40 - 230 Appleton Pl, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| | - Virginia Sullivan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, PMB 40 - 230 Appleton Pl, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan E Adams
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
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2
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Montalto A, Park HRP, Williams LM, Korgaonkar MS, Chilver MR, Jamshidi J, Schofield PR, Gatt JM. Negative association between anterior insula activation and resilience during sustained attention: an fMRI twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3187-3199. [PMID: 37449488 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies have suggested that higher levels of cognitive performance may be related to greater wellbeing and resilience, little is known about the associations between neural circuits engaged by cognitive tasks and wellbeing and resilience, and whether genetics or environment contribute to these associations. METHODS The current study consisted of 253 monozygotic and dizygotic adult twins, including a subsample of 187 early-life trauma-exposed twins, with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging data from the TWIN-E study. Wellbeing was measured using the COMPAS-W Wellbeing Scale while resilience was defined as a higher level of positive adaptation (higher levels of wellbeing) in the presence of trauma exposure. We probed both sustained attention and working memory processes using a Continuous Performance Task in the scanner. RESULTS We found significant negative associations between resilience and activation in the bilateral anterior insula engaged during sustained attention. Multivariate twin modelling showed that the association between resilience and the left and right insula activation was mostly driven by common genetic factors, accounting for 71% and 87% of the total phenotypic correlation between these variables, respectively. There were no significant associations between wellbeing/resilience and neural activity engaged during working memory updating. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that greater resilience to trauma is associated with less activation of the anterior insula during a condition requiring sustained attention but not working memory updating. This possibly suggests a pattern of 'neural efficiency' (i.e. more efficient and/or attenuated activity) in people who may be more resilient to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers VISN21, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-151-Y, USA
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Havrda M, Klocek A. Well-being impact assessment of artificial intelligence - A search for causality and proposal for an open platform for well-being impact assessment of AI systems. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2023; 99:102294. [PMID: 37209640 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the well-being impact assessment approach has been applied in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Existing well-being frameworks and tools provide a relevant starting point. Taking into account its multidimensional nature, well-being assessment is well suited to assess both the expected positive effects of the technology as well as unintended negative consequences. To-date the establishment of causal links mostly stems from intuitive causal models. Such approaches neglect the fact that to prove causal links between the operation of an AI system and observed effects is difficult due to the immense complexity of the socio-technical context. This article aims at providing a framework for ascertaining the attribution of effects of observed impact of AI on well-being. An elaborated approach to impact assessment potentially enabling causal inferences is demonstrated. Furthermore, a new Open Platform for Well-Being Impact Assessment of AI systems (OPIA) is introduced, which is based on a distributed community to build reproducible evidence through effective identification, refinement, iterative testing, and cross-validation of expected causal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Klocek
- SCHOLA EMPIRICA, z.s., Blanická 25, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Psychology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Hybernská 1000/8, 110 00, Czech Republic
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Elsamani Y, Mejia C, Kajikawa Y. Employee well-being and innovativeness: A multi-level conceptual framework based on citation network analysis and data mining techniques. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280005. [PMID: 36608048 PMCID: PMC9821520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a multilevel conceptual framework for a deeper understanding of the relationship between employee well-being and innovativeness. We overview 49 years of well-being research [1972-2021] and 54 years of research on innovativeness [1967-2021] to uncover 24 dominant themes in well-being and ten primary topics in innovativeness research. Citation network analysis and text semantic similarity were used to develop a conceptual framework featuring 21 components and three levels: individual, organizational, and market. These components consist of constructs, domains, and factors that can influence or be influenced by employee well-being and innovativeness either directly or indirectly. This is the first study to use citation network analysis and data mining techniques to investigate the relationship between employee well-being and innovativeness. This novel framework can aid organizations in identifying more holistic and efficient strategies for fostering innovativeness and enhancing the well-being of their workforce. It can also assist in developing new theories and serve as a roadmap for future research. We discuss the research limitations and theoretical and practical implications and propose three research themes that future studies may address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Elsamani
- Department of Innovation Science, School of Environment & Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Cristian Mejia
- Department of Innovation Science, School of Environment & Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Kajikawa
- Department of Innovation Science, School of Environment & Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen J, Ghardallou W, Comite U, Ahmad N, Ryu HB, Ariza-Montes A, Han H. Managing Hospital Employees' Burnout through Transformational Leadership: The Role of Resilience, Role Clarity, and Intrinsic Motivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10941. [PMID: 36078657 PMCID: PMC9518422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Medical errors have been identified as one of the greatest evils in the field of healthcare, causing millions of patient deaths around the globe each year, especially in developing and poor countries. Globally, the social, economic, and personal impact of medical errors leads to a multi-trillion USD loss. Undoubtedly, medical errors are serious public health concerns in modern times, which could be mitigated by taking corrective measures. Different factors contribute to an increase in medical errors, including employees' risk of burnout. Indeed, it was observed that hospital employees are more exposed to burnout situations compared to other fields. In this respect, managing hospital employees through transformational leadership (TL) may reduce the risk of burnout. However, surprisingly, studies on the relationship between TL and burnout are scarce in a healthcare system, indicating the existence of a critical knowledge gap. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the role of TL in reducing the risk of burnout among hospital employees. At the same time, this study also tests the mediating effects of resilience and role clarity with the conditional indirect effect of intrinsic motivation in the above-proposed relationship. To test different hypotheses, a hypothetical model was developed for which we collected the data from different hospital employees (n = 398). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was considered for statistical validation of hypotheses confirming that TL significantly reduces burnout. The results further indicated that resilience and role clarity mediate this relationship significantly. Lastly, the conditional indirect effect of intrinsic motivation was also confirmed. Our results provide meaningful insights to the hospital administrators to combat burnout, a critical reason for medical errors in hospitals. Further, by incorporating the TL framework, a hospital may reduce the risk of burnout (and, hence, medical errors); on the one hand, such a leadership style also provides cost benefits (reduced medical errors improve cost efficiency). Other different theoretical and practical contributions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Chen
- Business School, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wafa Ghardallou
- Department of Accounting, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ubaldo Comite
- Department of Business Sciences, University Giustino Fortunato, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Faculty of Management, Department of Management Sciences, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Management Studies, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hyungseo Bobby Ryu
- Food Franchise Department, College of Health Sciences, Kyungnam University, 7 Kyungnamdaehak-ro, Masanhappo-gu, Changwon-si 51767, Korea
| | - Antonio Ariza-Montes
- Social Matters Research Group, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, C/Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwanjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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Park HRP, Williams LM, Turner RM, Gatt JM. TWIN-10: protocol for a 10-year longitudinal twin study of the neuroscience of mental well-being and resilience. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058918. [PMID: 35777871 PMCID: PMC9252211 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental well-being is a core component of mental health, and resilience is a key process of positive adaptive recovery following adversity. However, we lack an understanding of the neural mechanisms that contribute to individual variation in the trajectories of well-being and resilience relative to risk. Genetic and/or environmental factors may also modulate these mechanisms. The aim of the TWIN-10 Study is to characterise the trajectories of well-being and resilience over 12 years across four timepoints (baseline, 1 year, 10 years, 12 years) in 1669 Australian adult twins of European ancestry (to account for genetic stratification effects). To this end, we integrate data across genetics, environment, psychological self-report, neurocognitive performance and brain function measures of well-being and resilience. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Twins who took part in the baseline TWIN-E Study will be invited back to participate in the TWIN-10 Study, at 10-year and 12-year follow-up timepoints. Participants will complete an online battery of psychological self-reports, computerised behavioural assessments of neurocognitive functions and MRI testing of the brain structure and function during resting and task-evoked scans. These measures will be used as predictors of the risk versus resilience trajectory groups defined by their changing levels of well-being and illness symptoms over time as a function of trauma exposure. Structural equation models will be used to examine the association between the predictors and trajectory groups of resilience and risk over time. Univariate and multivariate twin modelling will be used to determine heritability of the measures, as well as the shared versus unique genetic and environmental contributions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study involves human participants. This study was approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HC180403) and the Scientific Management Panel of Neuroscience Research Australia Imaging (CX2019-05). Results will be disseminated through publications and presentations to the public and the academic community. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robin M Turner
- Biostatistics Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Central Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Triantafyllou P, Nas Z, Zavos HMS, Sumathipala A, Jayaweera K, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Ritchie SJ, Rijsdijk FV. The aetiological relationship between depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: A population-based twin study in Sri Lanka. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265421. [PMID: 35353839 PMCID: PMC8967029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Depression often co-occurs with poor health-related quality of life (HRQL). Twin studies report genetic and individual-level environmental underpinnings in the aetiology of both depression and HRQL, but there is limited twin research exploring this association further. There is also little evidence on sex differences and non-Western populations are underrepresented. In this paper we explored the phenotypic and aetiological relationship between depressive symptoms and HRQL and possible sex differences in a low-middle-income Sri Lankan population. Method Data for 3,948 participants came from the Colombo Twin and Singleton Follow-up Study (CoTaSS-2). Using self-report measures of depressive symptoms and HRQL, we conducted univariate and bivariate sex-limitation twin analyses. Results Depressive symptoms showed moderate genetic (33%) and strong nonshared environmental influences (67%). Nonshared environment accounted for the majority of variance in all the subscales of HRQL (ranging from 68 to 93%), alongside small genetic influences (ranging from 0 to 23%) and shared environmental influences (ranging from 0 to 28%). Genetic influences were significant for emotional wellbeing (23%). Shared environmental influences were significant for four out of the eight HRQL variables (ranging from 22–28%), and they were more prominent in females than males. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with lower HRQL scores. These correlations were mostly explained by overlapping nonshared environmental effects. For traits related to emotional functioning, we also detected substantial overlapping genetic influences with depressive symptoms. Conclusions Our study confirmed previous findings of a negative association between depressive symptoms and HRQL. However, some of the aetiological factors of HRQL differed from Western studies, particularly regarding the effects of shared environment. Our findings highlight the importance of cross-cultural research in understanding associations between psychological wellbeing and HRQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Triantafyllou
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zeynep Nas
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena M. S. Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute for Research and Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sisira H. Siribaddana
- Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Psychological Medicine Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Ritchie
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frühling V. Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Anton de Kom University, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Chilver MR, Park HRP, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Williams LM, Gatt JM. Emotional face processing correlates with depression/anxiety symptoms but not wellbeing in non-clinical adults: An event-related potential study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 145:18-26. [PMID: 34844048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Whilst alterations in emotional face processing, as indicated by event-related potentials (ERPs), are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples, it has remained unclear whether they are related to mental wellbeing. The current study aimed to address this question in a non-clinical sample. The analysis included 402 adult twins from the TWIN-E study. The COMPAS-W and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42) were used to measure mental wellbeing and depression/anxiety symptoms, respectively. Participants viewed facial expressions under Unmasked (conscious) and Masked (subliminal) conditions while ERPs were recorded. The associations of emotion processing with mental wellbeing and depression/anxiety symptoms were assessed using multivariate linear mixed models. There was a strong association between depression/anxiety symptoms and the N170 amplitude difference for the Fear - Happy contrast in the Masked condition after controlling for wellbeing scores (B = 0.34, p < .001). Specifically, higher depression/anxiety symptoms were associated with a lack of differentiation between fearful and happy faces. No associations were found between emotional face processing and mental wellbeing scores. These results indicate that even within a non-clinical sample, alterations in emotional ERPs, namely the N170, reflect differences in depression/anxiety symptoms rather than differences in wellbeing. Furthermore, this effect was limited to automatic processing, rather than conscious processing of emotional stimuli, suggesting the observed differences apply only to the subconscious pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers VISN21, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, California, 94304-151-Y, USA
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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Egan LA, Mulcahy M, Tuqiri K, Gatt JM. The Thrive online wellbeing program for healthcare workers: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e34005. [PMID: 35451973 PMCID: PMC9073619 DOI: 10.2196/34005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health has come to be understood as not merely the absence of mental illness but also the presence of mental well-being, and recent interventions have sought to increase well-being in various populations. A population that deserves particular attention is that of health care workers, whose occupations entail high levels of stress, especially given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A neuroscience-based web-based well-being program for health care workers—the Thrive program—has been newly developed to promote habits and activities that contribute to brain health and overall mental well-being. Objective This paper describes the protocol for a randomized controlled trial whose objective is to evaluate the Thrive program in comparison with an active control condition to measure whether the program is effective at increasing well-being and decreasing symptoms of psychological distress in health care workers at a designated Australian hospital. Methods The trial will comprise two groups (intervention vs active control) and 4 measurement occasions over a 12-week period. A survey will be administered in each of weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12, and the well-being program will be delivered in weeks 1-7 (via web-based video presentations or digital pamphlets). Each of the 4 surveys will comprise a range of questionnaires to measure well-being, psychological distress, and other key variables. The planned analyses will estimate group-by-time interaction effects to test the hypothesis that mental health will increase over time in the intervention condition relative to the active control condition. Results The Thrive program was delivered to a small number of wards at the hospital between February 2021 and July 2021, and it will be delivered to the remaining wards from October 2021 to December 2021. A power calculation has recommended a sample size of at least 200 participants in total. A linear mixed model will be used to estimate the interaction effects. Conclusions This trial seeks to evaluate a new web-based well-being program for health care workers at a major public hospital. It will contribute to the growing body of research on mental well-being and ways to promote it. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621000027819; https://tinyurl.com/58wwjut9 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/34005
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Egan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Mary Mulcahy
- Person Centred Care, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Karen Tuqiri
- The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Introducing two types of psychological resilience with partly unique genetic and environmental sources. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8624. [PMID: 33883571 PMCID: PMC8060303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological resilience is indicated when individuals demonstrate good mental health despite exposure to significant stress or adversity. Good mental health may involve low levels of illbeing and/or high levels of wellbeing. There is still very limited knowledge about the potential differences between these outcomes in relation to stressors. We propose a distinction between type 1 and type 2 resilience, examine their underlying genetic and environmental architecture, and identify modifiable resilience factors. The data come from a population-based twin sample (N = 1987, mean age = 63) in the Norwegian Twin Registry. Type 1 and type 2 resilience are operationalised as the residual of anxiety/depression symptoms and life satisfaction, respectively, after lifetime cumulative adversity has been regressed out. We used biometric modelling and cotwin-control linear mixed models to estimate underlying factors and identify predictors while controlling for genetic confounding. The results support the notion of two separate, but partly overlapping types of resilience. We find heritabilities of 0.30 (type 1) and 0.24 (type 2) and a genetic correlation of 0.43. Potentially causal resilience factors include, but are not limited to, meaning in life, physical activity, positive affect and relationship satisfaction. Whereas some factors are associated with both resilience types, other factors are unique to each type.
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Kelty TJ, Brown JD, Kerr NR, Roberts MD, Childs TE, Cabrera OH, Manzella FM, Miller DK, Taylor GT, Booth FW. RNA-sequencing and behavioral testing reveals inherited physical inactivity co-selects for anxiogenic behavior without altering depressive-like behavior in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135854. [PMID: 33785378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is positively associated with anxiety and depression. Considering physical inactivity, anxiety, and depression each have a genetic basis for inheritance, our lab used artificial selectively bred low-voluntary running (LVR) and wild type (WT) female Wistar rats to test if physical inactivity genes selected over multiple generations would lead to an anxiety or depressive-like phenotype. We performed next generation RNA sequencing and immunoblotting on the dentate gyrus to reveal key biological functions from heritable physical inactivity. LVR rats did not display depressive-like behavior. However, LVR rats did display anxiogenic behavior with gene networks associated with reduced neuronal development, proliferation, and function compared to WT counterparts. Additionally, immunoblotting revealed LVR deficits in neuronal development and function. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that by selectively breeding for physical inactivity genes, anxiety-like genes were co-selected. The study also reveals molecular insights to the genetic influences that physical inactivity has on anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Kelty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Jacob D Brown
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nathan R Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tom E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Omar H Cabrera
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Francesca M Manzella
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dennis K Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - George T Taylor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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12
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Routledge KM, Williams LM, Harris AWF, Schofield PR, Gatt JM. The impact of online brain training exercises on experiences of depression, anxiety and emotional wellbeing in a twin sample. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 134:138-149. [PMID: 33385632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of cognitive and emotional brain training and transfer effects to wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms. 352 healthy adult twins were randomised to a training group where they were asked to play brain training games over a 30-day period, or a waitlist control group. This study focused on the impact of the brain training on explicit and implicit emotional cognition, and analysed effects using both Intention-To-Treat (ITT) and Per-Protocol (PP) approaches. Both analyses revealed significant training effects for improvement in the explicit identification of fear expressions (ITT: p < 0.001, d = 0.33; PP training 3 h+: p < 0.001, d = 0.55), and a reduction in implicit bias for anger expressions amongst males (ITT: p < 0.001, d = 0.94; PP training 3 h+: p = 0.04, d = 0.90). Female participants also showed improvements in implicit bias for happy expressions (ITT: p = 0.003, d = 0.34; PP training 3 h+: p = 0.03, d = 0.47). Improvements resulting from training in emotional cognition did not directly improve wellbeing, depression or anxiety symptoms. Regression modelling also suggested training improvements in emotional cognition yielded no indirect transfer effects for the mental health and wellbeing measures. The results suggest brain training in healthy populations has potential for improving emotional cognition, but the subsequent impact on improving wellbeing and mental health symptoms is still equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5717, United States.
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia; Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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13
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Alexander R, Aragón OR, Bookwala J, Cherbuin N, Gatt JM, Kahrilas IJ, Kästner N, Lawrence A, Lowe L, Morrison RG, Mueller SC, Nusslock R, Papadelis C, Polnaszek KL, Helene Richter S, Silton RL, Styliadis C. The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 121:220-249. [PMID: 33307046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper provides an integrative account regarding neurophysiological correlates of positive emotions and affect that cumulatively contribute to the scaffolding for happiness and wellbeing in humans and other animals. This paper reviews the associations among neurotransmitters, hormones, brain networks, and cognitive functions in the context of positive emotions and affect. Consideration of lifespan developmental perspectives are incorporated, and we also examine the impact of healthy social relationships and environmental contexts on the modulation of positive emotions and affect. The neurophysiological processes that implement positive emotions are dynamic and modifiable, and meditative practices as well as flow states that change patterns of brain function and ultimately support wellbeing are also discussed. This review is part of "The Human Affectome Project" (http://neuroqualia.org/background.php), and in order to advance a primary aim of the Human Affectome Project, we also reviewed relevant linguistic dimensions and terminology that characterizes positive emotions and wellbeing. These linguistic dimensions are discussed within the context of the neuroscience literature with the overarching goal of generating novel recommendations for advancing neuroscience research on positive emotions and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Alexander
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oriana R Aragón
- Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Clemson University, 252 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jamila Bookwala
- Department of Psychology and Program in Aging Studies, Lafayette College, 730 High Road, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Ian J Kahrilas
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Niklas Kästner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alistair Lawrence
- Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia (NGO), Truro, NS, B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert G Morrison
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christos Papadelis
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, 1500 Cooper St, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA; Laboratory of Children's Brain Dynamics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly L Polnaszek
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - S Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Silton
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. Saint Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Charis Styliadis
- Neuroscience of Cognition and Affection group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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14
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Cheng PX, Park HRP, Gatt JM. Approach Coping Mitigates Distress of COVID-19 Isolation for Young Men With Low Well-Being in a Sample of 1,749 Youth From Australia and the USA. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:634925. [PMID: 34054598 PMCID: PMC8153185 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdowns across the world with people being separated from their loved ones including partners, family, and friends. Here, using a large sample of 1,749 Australians and Americans, we investigated the impact of COVID-19 isolation on younger populations (13-25 years), and the influence of coping strategies and mental well-being on this impact. Overall, COVID-19 isolation had a more negative impact on adolescence (13-17 years) than young adulthood (18-25 years), but with no difference apparent between men and women, or between Australian and American residents. However, a deeper analysis revealed a gender-specific effect: the type of coping strategies differentially influenced the negative impact of COVID-19 isolation on men with various levels of well-being, an interaction effect not apparent in women. For men with lower levels of mental well-being, COVID-19 isolation appeared to have a less negative impact on them if they used more approach-oriented coping strategies (e.g., actively focusing on the problem). Our results provide cross-sectional evidence for a differential impact on young men at low levels of wellbeing by pandemic isolation. In sum, young men and adolescent boys with lower well-being coped better with COVID-19 isolation when they used more approach coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Xin Cheng
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Jamshidi J, Williams LM, Schofield PR, Park HRP, Montalto A, Chilver MR, Bryant RA, Toma C, Fullerton JM, Gatt JM. Diverse phenotypic measurements of wellbeing: Heritability, temporal stability and the variance explained by polygenic scores. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12694. [PMID: 32785990 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wellbeing, a key aspect of mental health, is moderately heritable with varying estimates reported from independent studies employing a variety of instruments. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled the construction of polygenic scores (PGS) for wellbeing, providing the opportunity for direct comparisons of the variance explained by PGS for different instruments commonly employed in the field. Nine wellbeing measurements (multi-item and single-item), two personality domains (NEO-FFI neuroticism and extraversion), plus the depression domain of the DASS-42 were drawn from a larger self-report battery applied to the TWIN-E study-an Australian longitudinal twin cohort (N = 1660). Heritability was estimated using univariate twin modeling and 12-month test-retest reliability was estimated using intra-class correlation. PGS were constructed using wellbeing GWAS summary-statistics from Baselmans et al. (Nat Genet. 2019), and the variance explained estimated using linear models. Last, a GWAS was performed using COMPAS-W, a quantitative composite wellbeing measure, to explore its utility in genomic studies. Heritability estimates ranged from 23% to 47% across instruments, and multi-item measures showed higher heritability and test-retest reliability than single-item measures. The variance explained by PGS was ~0.5% to 1.5%, with considerable variation between measures, and within each measure over 12 months. Five loci with suggestive association (p < 1 × 10-5 ) were identified from this initial COMPAS-W wellbeing GWAS. This work highlights the variability across measures currently employed in wellbeing research, with multi-item and composite measures favored over single-item measures. While wellbeing PGS are useful in a research setting, they explain little of the phenotypic variance, highlighting gaps for improved gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Jamshidi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudio Toma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Choi KW, Stein MB, Dunn EC, Koenen KC, Smoller JW. Genomics and psychological resilience: a research agenda. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1770-1778. [PMID: 31341239 PMCID: PMC6874722 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although exposure to adversity increases risk for poor mental health outcomes, many people exposed to adversity do not develop such outcomes. Psychological resilience, defined broadly as positive emotional and/or behavioral adaptation to adversity, may be influenced by genetic factors that have remained largely unexplored in the era of large-scale genome-wide studies. In this perspective, we provide an integrative framework for studying human genome-wide variation underlying resilience. We first outline three complementary working definitions of psychological resilience-as a capacity, process, and outcome. For each definition, we review emerging empirical evidence, including findings from positive psychology, to illustrate how a resilience-based framework can guide novel and fruitful directions for the field of psychiatric genomics, distinct from the ongoing study of psychiatric risk and related traits. Finally, we provide practical recommendations for future genomic research on resilience, highlighting a need to augment cross-sectional findings with prospective designs that include detailed measurement of adversities and outcomes. A research framework that explicitly addresses resilience could help us to probe biological mechanisms of stress adaptation, identify individuals who may benefit the most from prevention and early intervention, and ascertain modifiable protective factors that mitigate negative outcomes even for those at high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Henry & Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Ruini C, Cesetti G. Spotlight on eudaimonia and depression. A systematic review of the literature over the past 5 years. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2019; 12:767-792. [PMID: 31507332 PMCID: PMC6720155 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s178255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recent investigations pointed out to the important role of well-being in influencing physical and mental health, with robust findings for the dimension of depression. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated summary of articles focused on eudaimonia and depression, including psychosocial interventions that addressed both issues. METHOD The literature search was performed by entering the keywords: "eudaimonia" OR "eudaimonic well-being (EWB)" and "depression" and by limiting to "journal article" and to the English language. To be included in this, review articles had to present at least one EWB measure and one depression measure, and had to investigate young and adult populations, including populations with mental health disorders. Articles were excluded if they were published before 2014. RESULTS Thirty-four articles were included, with a total of 81,987 participants. About the majority of participants were recruited in two twin studies, followed by college students, and by adults belonging to the general and clinical populations. Sixteen different instruments assessed eudaimonia, being Ryff's psychological well-being scale the most frequently used. The most used instrument for assessing depression was the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, followed by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The studies confirmed the robust, inverse correlation between eudaimonia and depression, which was only partially explained by genetic common factors and which was mediated by other factors, as self-compassion, personality traits, and defense mechanisms. Various interventions were found to be effective both in promoting eudaimonia and in addressing depression, ranging from cognitive-behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness, to positive psychotherapy. CONCLUSION Clinicians, counselors, and practitioners can select different strategies to promote EWB and to address depression. The findings also suggest the need for a larger consensus on the definition of eudaimonia and on the specific measure(s) to evaluate it in different populations and in different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ruini
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Cesetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Gigantesco A, Fagnani C, Toccaceli V, Stazi MA, Lucidi F, Violani C, Picardi A. The Relationship Between Satisfaction With Life and Depression Symptoms by Gender. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:419. [PMID: 31258495 PMCID: PMC6588028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a worldwide public health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently recommended the implementation of programs for strengthening subjective well-being (SWB) to reduce mental disorders, including depression. Also, in 2013, European member-states agreed on a single measure of SWB, i.e., life satisfaction, for monitoring the progress of SWB in the WHO health policy framework, "Health 2020." Life satisfaction is strongly associated with depression; therefore, its use as health indicator could be suitable to identify individuals at risk for depression. Critical to this use of life satisfaction to target also depression is knowledge on the nature of the association between the two throughout the lifespan and by gender. This study aims at contributing to the knowledge about this association in a sample of 51 individuals screened for major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (Dys). All individuals were administered the Primary Care Screener for Affective Disorders and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among individuals negative for MDD or Dys, women displayed similar satisfaction compared with men, whereas among individuals positive for MDD or Dys, women showed greater satisfaction compared with men, whose score denoted life dissatisfaction. Consistently, the regression model for SWLS revealed a significant main effect of positivity for MDD or Dys on life satisfaction as well as a significant interaction between positivity for MDD or Dys and gender. The results of this study do not support the notion that satisfaction with life and depressive symptoms could belong to highly related dimensions, at least among female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gigantesco
- Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Virgilia Toccaceli
- Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Picardi
- Centre of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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19
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Gatt JM, Burton KL, Routledge KM, Grasby KL, Korgaonkar MS, Grieve SM, Schofield PR, Harris AW, Clark CR, Williams LM. A negative association between brainstem pontine grey-matter volume, well-being and resilience in healthy twins. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:386-395. [PMID: 30372012 PMCID: PMC6203545 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between well-being, resilience to trauma and the volume of grey-matter regions involved in affective processing (e.g., threat/reward circuits) are largely unexplored, as are the roles of shared genetic and environmental factors derived from multivariate twin modelling. Methods This study presents, to our knowledge, the first exploration of well-being and volumes of grey-matter regions involved in affective processing using a region-of-interest, voxel-based approach in 263 healthy adult twins (60% monozygotic pairs, 61% females, mean age 39.69 yr). To examine patterns for resilience (i.e., positive adaptation following adversity), we evaluated associations between the same brain regions and well-being in a trauma-exposed subgroup. Results We found a correlated effect between increased well-being and reduced grey-matter volume of the pontine nuclei. This association was strongest for individuals with higher resilience to trauma. Multivariate twin modelling suggested that the common variance between the pons volume and well-being scores was due to environmental factors. Limitations We used a cross-sectional sample; results need to be replicated longitudinally and in a larger sample. Conclusion Associations with altered grey matter of the pontine nuclei suggest that basic sensory processes, such as arousal, startle, memory consolidation and/or emotional conditioning, may have a role in well-being and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Gatt
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Karen L.O. Burton
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Kylie M. Routledge
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Katrina L. Grasby
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Stuart M. Grieve
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Anthony W.F. Harris
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - C. Richard Clark
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
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Baselmans BML, Willems YE, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Ligthart L, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI, Bartels M. Unraveling the Genetic and Environmental Relationship Between Well-Being and Depressive Symptoms Throughout the Lifespan. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:261. [PMID: 29962975 PMCID: PMC6010548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether well-being and depressive symptoms can be considered as two sides of the same coin is widely debated. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the etiology of the association between well-being and depressive symptoms across the lifespan. In a large twin-design, including data from 43,427 twins between age 7 and 99, we estimated the association between well-being and depressive symptoms throughout the lifespan and assessed genetic and environmental contributions to the observed overlap. For both well-being (range 31-47%) and depressive symptoms (range 49-61%), genetic factors explained a substantial part of the phenotypic variance across the lifespan. Phenotypic correlations between well-being and depressive symptoms across ages ranged from -0.34 in childhood to -0.49 in adulthood. In children, genetic effects explained 49% of the phenotypic correlation while in adolescents and young adults, genetic effects explained 60-77% of the phenotypic correlations. Moderate to high genetic correlations (ranging from -0.59 to -0.66) were observed in adolescence and adulthood, while in childhood environmental correlations were substantial but genetic correlations small. Our results suggest that in childhood genetic and environmental effects are about equally important in explaining the relationship between well-being and depressive symptoms. From adolescence onwards, the role of genetic effects increases compared to environmental effects. These results provided more insights into the etiological underpinnings of well-being and depressive symptoms, possibly allowing to articulate better strategies for health promotion and resource allocation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. L. Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yayouk E. Willems
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Conor V. Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Routledge KM, Williams LM, Harris AWF, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. Genetic correlations between wellbeing, depression and anxiety symptoms and behavioral responses to the emotional faces task in healthy twins. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:385-393. [PMID: 29677622 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is a very limited understanding of how mental wellbeing versus anxiety and depression symptoms are associated with emotion processing behaviour. For the first time, we examined these associations using a behavioural emotion task of positive and negative facial expressions in 1668 healthy adult twins. Linear mixed model results suggested faster reaction times to happy facial expressions was associated with higher wellbeing scores, and slower reaction times with higher depression and anxiety scores. Multivariate twin modelling identified a significant genetic correlation between depression and anxiety symptoms and reaction time to happy facial expressions, in the absence of any significant correlations with wellbeing. We also found a significant negative phenotypic relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms and accuracy for identifying neutral emotions, although the genetic or environment correlations were not significant in the multivariate model. Overall, the phenotypic relationships between speed of identifying happy facial expressions and wellbeing on the one hand, versus depression and anxiety symptoms on the other, were in opposing directions. Twin modelling revealed a small common genetic correlation between response to happy faces and depression and anxiety symptoms alone, suggesting that wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms show largely independent relationships with emotion processing at the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA.
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - C Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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22
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Bloch-Jorgensen ZT, Cilione PJ, Yeung WWH, Gatt JM. Centeredness Theory: Understanding and Measuring Well-Being Across Core Life Domains. Front Psychol 2018; 9:610. [PMID: 29765344 PMCID: PMC5938389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Centeredness Theory (CT) is proposed as a new mental health paradigm that focuses on well-being at a systems-level, across the core life domains of the self, the family unit, relationships, community, and work. The current studies aimed to validate the psychometric properties of a new scale that measures CT against existing well-being and mental health measures. Methods: Study 1 included 488 anonymous online respondents (46% females, 28% males, 25% unknown with median age between 31 and 35 years) across 38 countries who completed the CT scale. Study 2 included 49 first-year psychology students (90% females, mean age of 19 years) from Sydney Australia that completed the CT scale and other well-being and mental health questionnaires at baseline and 2-weeks follow-up. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a refined 60-item CT scale with five domains, each with four sub-domains. The CT scale demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability, and showed evidence of convergent validity against other well-being measures (e.g., COMPAS-W Wellbeing Scale, SWLS scale, and Ryff's Psychological Well-being scale). Conclusions: The CT scale appears to be a reliable measure of well-being at a systems-level. Future studies need to confirm these findings in larger heterogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zephyr T Bloch-Jorgensen
- MAP Corp. Pte. Ltd., Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.,MAP Corp. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - William W H Yeung
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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23
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Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Sullivan DR, Amstadter AB, Mitchell KS, Goldberg J, Magruder KM. A classical twin study of PTSD symptoms and resilience: Evidence for a single spectrum of vulnerability to traumatic stress. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:132-139. [PMID: 29283198 PMCID: PMC5794534 DOI: 10.1002/da.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine shared genetic and environmental risk factors across PTSD symptoms and resilience. METHODS Classical twin study of 2010-2012 survey data conducted among 3,318 male twin pairs in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Analyses included: (a) estimates of genetic and environmental influences on PTSD symptom severity (as measured by the PTSD Checklist) and resilience (assessed with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10); (b) development of a latent model of traumatic stress, spanning both PTSD and resilience; and (c) estimates of genetic and environmental influences on this spectrum. RESULTS The heritability of PTSD was 49% and of resilience was 25%. PTSD and resilience were correlated at r = -.59, and 59% of this correlation was attributable to a single genetic factor, whereas the remainder was due to a single non-shared environment factor. Resilience was also influenced by common and unique environmental factors not shared with PTSD, but there was no genetic factor specific to resilience. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the Development of a revised phenotype reflecting the broader dimension of traumatic stress, with biometric models suggesting increased heritability (66%) of this spectrum compared to PTSD or resilience individually. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors contribute to a single spectrum of traumatic stress reflecting resilience at one end and high symptom severity at the other. This carries implications for phenotype refinement in the search for molecular genetic markers of trauma-related psychopathology. Rather than focusing only on genetic risk for PTSD, molecular genetics research may benefit from evaluation of the broader spectrum of traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Danielle R. Sullivan
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Karen S. Mitchell
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington
| | - Kathryn M. Magruder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
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24
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Routledge KM, Burton KLO, Williams LM, Harris A, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. The shared and unique genetic relationship between mental well-being, depression and anxiety symptoms and cognitive function in healthy twins. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1465-1479. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1232242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M. Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen L. O. Burton
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C. Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Brain Clinics Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justine M. Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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