1
|
Moran KM, Delville Y. A hamster model for stress-induced weight gain. Horm Behav 2024; 160:105488. [PMID: 38306877 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This review addresses the translational relevance of animal models of stress and their effects on body weight. In humans, stress, whether chronic or acute, has often been associated with increased food intake and weight gain. In view of the current obesity epidemic, this phenomenon is especially relevant. Such observations contrast with reports with commonly used laboratory animals, especially rats and mice. In these species, it is common to find individuals gaining less weight under stress, even with potent social stressors. However, there are laboratory species that present increased appetite and weight gain under stress, such as golden hamsters. Furthermore, these animals also include metabolic and behavioral similarities with humans, including hoarding behavior which is also enhanced under stress. Consequently, we propose that our comparative perspective provides useful insights for future research on the development of obesity in humans as a consequence of chronic stress exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Moran
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
| | - Yvon Delville
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fushuku S, Ushikai M, Arimura E, Komaki Y, Horiuchi M. Acute repeated cage exchange stress modifies urinary stress and plasma metabolic profiles in male mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292649. [PMID: 37815996 PMCID: PMC10564260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a novel environment is psychologically and physically stressful for humans and animals. The response has been reported to involve enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity, but changes in nutrient levels under stress are not fully understood. As a form of exposure to a novel environment, repeated cage exchange (CE, four times at 2-h intervals for 8 h from 08:00 h) during the light phase with no restraint on movement was applied to A/J mice, a strain particularly prone to stress. Body temperature was measured with a temperature-sensing microchip implanted in the interscapular region. The stress conditions and anxiety level were evaluated by measuring urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and by performing an anxiety-like behavior test, respectively. Major nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the plasma were also examined. CE mice showed a significant increase in body temperature with each CE. They also showed a significantly greater reduction of body weight change, more water intake, and higher levels of urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and anxiety-like behavior score than control mice. The model revealed a significantly lower plasma glucose level and higher levels of several essential amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and phenylalanine, than those of control mice. Meanwhile, free fatty acids and several amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, proline, threonine, and tryptophan in both sets of mice were significantly decreased from the corresponding levels at 08:00 h, while similar plasma levels were exhibited between mice with and without CE. In conclusion, repeated CE stress was associated with changes in glucose and amino acids in plasma. Although further study is needed to clarify how these changes are specifically linked to anxiety-like behavior, this study suggests the potential for nutritional intervention to counter stress in humans exposed to novel environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Fushuku
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emi Arimura
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Major in Food and Nutrition, Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuga Komaki
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahisa Horiuchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zipple MN, Vogt CC, Sheehan MJ. Re-wilding model organisms: Opportunities to test causal mechanisms in social determinants of health and aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105238. [PMID: 37225063 PMCID: PMC10527394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Social experiences are strongly associated with individuals' health, aging, and survival in many mammalian taxa, including humans. Despite their role as models of many other physiological and developmental bases of health and aging, biomedical model organisms (particularly lab mice) remain an underutilized tool in resolving outstanding questions regarding social determinants of health and aging, including causality, context-dependence, reversibility, and effective interventions. This status is largely due to the constraints of standard laboratory conditions on animals' social lives. Even when kept in social housing, lab animals rarely experience social and physical environments that approach the richness, variability, and complexity they have evolved to navigate and benefit from. Here we argue that studying biomedical model organisms outside under complex, semi-natural social environments ("re-wilding") allows researchers to capture the methodological benefits of both field studies of wild animals and laboratory studies of model organisms. We review recent efforts to re-wild mice and highlight discoveries that have only been made possible by researchers studying mice under complex, manipulable social environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Zipple
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Caleb C Vogt
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Sheehan
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Costa VF, Ramírez JCC, Ramírez SV, Avalo-Zuluaga JH, Baptista-de-Souza D, Canto-de-Souza L, Planeta CS, Rodríguez JLR, Nunes-de-Souza RL. Emotional- and cognitive-like responses induced by social defeat stress in male mice are modulated by the BNST, amygdala, and hippocampus. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1168640. [PMID: 37377628 PMCID: PMC10291097 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic exposure to social defeat stress (SDS) has been used to investigate the neurobiology of depressive- and anxiety-like responses and mnemonic processes. We hypothesized that these affective, emotional, and cognitive consequences induced by SDS are regulated via glutamatergic neurons located in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), amygdaloid complex, and hippocampus in mice. Methods Here, we investigated the influence of chronic SDS on (i) the avoidance behavior assessed in the social interaction test, (ii) the anxiety-like behavior (e.g., elevated plus-maze, and open field tests) (iii) depressive-like behaviors (e.g., coat state, sucrose splash, nesting building, and novel object exploration tests), (iv) the short-term memory (object recognition test), (v) ΔFosB, CaMKII as well as ΔFosB + CaMKII labeling in neurons located in the BNST, amygdaloid complex, dorsal (dHPC) and the ventral (vHPC) hippocampus. Results The main results showed that the exposure of mice to SDS (a) increased defensive and anxiety-like behaviors and led to memory impairment without eliciting clear depressive-like or anhedonic effects; (b) increased ΔFosB + CaMKII labeling in BNST and amygdala, suggesting that both areas are strongly involved in the modulation of this type of stress; and produced opposite effects on neuronal activation in the vHPC and dHPC, i.e., increasing and decreasing, respectively, ΔFosB labeling. The effects of SDS on the hippocampus suggest that the vHPC is likely related to the increase of defensive- and anxiety-related behaviors, whereas the dHPC seems to modulate the memory impairment. Discussion Present findings add to a growing body of evidence indicating the involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the circuits that modulate emotional and cognitive consequences induced by social defeat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Fresca da Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Johana Caterin Caipa Ramírez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Stephany Viatela Ramírez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Julian Humberto Avalo-Zuluaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lucas Canto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shemesh Y, Chen A. A paradigm shift in translational psychiatry through rodent neuroethology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:993-1003. [PMID: 36635579 PMCID: PMC10005947 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders are a significant cause of disability worldwide. They profoundly affect individuals' well-being and impose a substantial financial burden on societies and governments. However, despite decades of extensive research, the effectiveness of current therapeutics for mental disorders is often not satisfactory or well tolerated by the patient. Moreover, most novel therapeutic candidates fail in clinical testing during the most expensive phases (II and III), which results in the withdrawal of pharma companies from investing in the field. It also brings into question the effectiveness of using animal models in preclinical studies to discover new therapeutic agents and predict their potential for treating mental illnesses in humans. Here, we focus on rodents as animal models and propose that they are essential for preclinical investigations of candidate therapeutic agents' mechanisms of action and for testing their safety and efficiency. Nevertheless, we argue that there is a need for a paradigm shift in the methodologies used to measure animal behavior in laboratory settings. Specifically, behavioral readouts obtained from short, highly controlled tests in impoverished environments and social contexts as proxies for complex human behavioral disorders might be of limited face validity. Conversely, animal models that are monitored in more naturalistic environments over long periods display complex and ethologically relevant behaviors that reflect evolutionarily conserved endophenotypes of translational value. We present how semi-natural setups in which groups of mice are individually tagged, and video recorded continuously can be attainable and affordable. Moreover, novel open-source machine-learning techniques for pose estimation enable continuous and automatic tracking of individual body parts in groups of rodents over long periods. The trajectories of each individual animal can further be subjected to supervised machine learning algorithms for automatic detection of specific behaviors (e.g., chasing, biting, or fleeing) or unsupervised automatic detection of behavioral motifs (e.g., stereotypical movements that might be harder to name or label manually). Compared to studies of animals in the wild, semi-natural environments are more compatible with neural and genetic manipulation techniques. As such, they can be used to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying naturalistic behavior. Hence, we suggest that such a paradigm possesses the best out of classical ethology and the reductive behaviorist approach and may provide a breakthrough in discovering new efficient therapies for mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Shemesh
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on 'binge-like' sucrose intake in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110625. [PMID: 36055562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating episodes are persistent and are essential features of numerous eating disorders (EDs). Susceptibility to EDs is largely presumed to be associated with early life stress. In fact, converging evidence from preclinical animal studies have implicated stress as a driver of binge eating. Still, literature examination indicates that vulnerability to EDs may depend on factors such as severity, time, and the type of stressor. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the link between chronic psychosocial stress and 'binge-like' sucrose intake in adolescent mice. To this aim, intruders' experimental mice were exposed to the chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing, in the presence of a resident aggressive mouse for 2 weeks. At the end of the stress period, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior then assessed for 'binge-like' intake of sucrose using a long-term drinking in the dark (DID) method that successfully replicates binge eating in humans. As expected, and compared to single housed colony controls (SHC), CSC exposure elicited an anxiogenic-like response in the open field (OF) and elevated-plus maze (EPM) tests and reduced weight gain. Most importantly, we report here for the first time, that mice exposed to chronic psychosocial stress displayed a 'binge-like' consumption of sucrose. However, neither quinine (bitter) nor saccharin (sweet) intakes were affected by CSC exposure. Finally, using Pearson's correlation, results showed a strong correlation between anxiety-like behavior parameters and sucrose intake. Overall these findings support the validity of our chronic psychosocial stress to model binge EDs and establish the long-term consequences of stress on 'binge-like' eating in male mice. These data suggest that chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for developing anxiety-associated EDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bales MB, Centanni SW, Luchsinger JR, Fathi P, Biddinger JE, Le TDV, Nwaba KG, Paldrmic IM, Winder DG, Ayala JE. High fat diet blunts stress-induced hypophagia and activation of Glp1r dorsal lateral septum neurons in male but not in female mice. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101571. [PMID: 35953023 PMCID: PMC9418981 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While stress typically reduces caloric intake (hypophagia) in chow-fed rodents, presentation of palatable, high calorie substances during stress can increase caloric consumption (i.e. "comfort feeding") and promote obesity. However, little is known about how obesity itself affects feeding behavior in response to stress and the mechanisms that can influence stress-associated feeding in the context of obesity. METHODS We assessed food intake and other metabolic parameters in lean and obese male and female mice following acute restraint stress. We also measured real-time activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (Glp1) receptor (Glp1r)-expressing neurons in the dorsal lateral septum (dLS) during stress in lean and obese mice using fiber photometry. Glp1r activation in various brain regions, including the dLS, promotes hypophagia in response to stress. Finally, we used inhibitory Designer Receptors Activated Exclusively by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) to test whether activation of Glp1r-expressing neurons in the LS is required for stress-induced hypophagia. RESULTS Lean male mice display the expected hypophagic response following acute restraint stress, but obese male mice are resistant to this acute stress-induced hypophagia. Glp1r-positive neurons in the dLS are robustly activated during acute restraint stress in lean but not in obese male mice. This raises the possibility that activation of dLS Glp1r neurons during restraint stress contributes to subsequent hypophagia. Supporting this, we show that chemogenetic inhibition of LS Glp1r neurons attenuates acute restraint stress hypophagia in male mice. Surprisingly, we show that both lean and obese female mice are resistant to acute restraint stress-induced hypophagia and activation of dLS Glp1r neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dLS Glp1r neurons contribute to the hypophagic response to acute restraint stress in male mice, but not in female mice, and that obesity disrupts this response in male mice. Broadly, these findings show sexually dimorphic mechanisms and feeding behaviors in lean vs. obese mice in response to acute stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Bales
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Samuel W Centanni
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph R Luchsinger
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica E Biddinger
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thao D V Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ginika Nwaba
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isabella M Paldrmic
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee AM, Huo T, Miller D, Gurka MJ, Thompson LA, Modave FP, Hong YR, Pavela G, Cardel MI. The effects of experimentally manipulated social status and subjective social status on physical activity among Hispanic adolescents: An RCT. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12877. [PMID: 34859604 PMCID: PMC9010353 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low objective socioeconomic status (SES) and subjective social status (SSS), one's perceived social rank, are associated with obesity. This association may be due, in part, to social status-related differences in energy expenditure. Experimental studies are needed to assess the extent to which SES and SSS relate to energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE Assess the effects of experimentally manipulated social status and SSS on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour. METHODS One hundred thirty-three Hispanic adolescents aged 15-21 were randomized to a high or low social status position, facilitated through a rigged game of Monopoly™. SSS was assessed with MacArthur Scales. Post-manipulation 24-h MVPA and sedentary behaviour were assessed via accelerometry. Analyses were conducted with general linear regression models. RESULTS Experimentally manipulated social status did not significantly affect the total time spent in MVPA or sedentary behaviour; however, identifying as low SSS was significantly associated with less MVPA (p = 0.0060; 18.76 min less). CONCLUSIONS Tewnty-four-hour MVPA and sedentary behaviour are not affected by an acute experimental manipulation of social status. However, low SSS, independent of SES, was associated with clinically significant differences in MVPA. SSS may be a better predictor of MVPA than SES among Hispanic adolescents, potentially influencing obesity, and other health-related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Lee
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida
| | - Tianyao Huo
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida
| | - Darci Miller
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida
| | - Matthew J. Gurka
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida
| | - Lindsay A. Thompson
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida,Department of Pediatrics, UF Health
| | - François P. Modave
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida
| | - Young-Rock Hong
- Dept. of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida
| | - Gregory Pavela
- Dept. of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Michelle I. Cardel
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida,WW International, Inc
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith A, Woodside B, Abizaid A. Ghrelin and the Control of Energy Balance in Females. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904754. [PMID: 35909536 PMCID: PMC9334675 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is considered one of the most potent orexigenic peptide hormones and one that promotes homeostatic and hedonic food intake. Research on ghrelin, however, has been conducted predominantly in males and particularly in male rodents. In female mammals the control of energy metabolism is complex and it involves the interaction between ovarian hormones like estrogen and progesterone, and metabolic hormones. In females, the role that ghrelin plays in promoting feeding and how this is impacted by ovarian hormones is not well understood. Basal ghrelin levels are higher in females than in males, and ghrelin sensitivity changes across the estrus cycle. Yet, responses to ghrelin are lower in female and seem dependent on circulating levels of ovarian hormones. In this review we discuss the role that ghrelin plays in regulating homeostatic and hedonic food intake in females, and how the effects of ghrelin interact with those of ovarian hormones to regulate feeding and energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton Unversity, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Stress, Trauma and Relience (STAR) Work Group Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Alfonso Abizaid,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moran KM, González-Martínez LF, Delville Y. Lifelong enhancement of body mass from adolescent stress in male hamsters. Horm Behav 2021; 133:105004. [PMID: 34062278 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In hamsters, exposure to stress in adulthood causes increased body weight. We addressed how social stress during puberty would impact food intake and body weight. Stressed hamsters started gaining significantly more weight than controls after only two days of stress exposure. Over a two-week period, stressed subjects gained 10% more weight and consumed more food than controls. At the end of the stress period, stressed hamsters collected nearly twice as many palatable sugar pellets from an arena than controls. Stressed subjects presented 15-20% more body fat in mesenteric, inguinal, and retroperitoneal fat pads. In order to assess the duration of these effects, we analyzed data from previous studies keeping hamsters for over two months past the stress period in puberty. Our analysis shows that stressed hamsters stopped gaining more weight after the stress period, but their body weights remained elevated for over two months, consistently weighing 10% more than their non-stressed counterparts. We also analyzed conditioning training data collected after the period of stress in late puberty and early adulthood (P56 to P70) that was part of the original studies. Training consisted of lever pressing for palatable food rewards. At these times, previously stressed hamsters retrieved similar numbers of food pellets from the conditioning chambers, suggesting no difference in appetite after the stress period. These data showing a long-lasting effect of stress on body weight may be relevant to studies on the ontogeny of lifelong obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Moran
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | | | - Yvon Delville
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Contribution of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the regulation of social motivation in male mice. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:230. [PMID: 33879778 PMCID: PMC8058340 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most psychiatric disorders are characterized by deficits in the ability to interact socially with others. Ghrelin, a hormone normally associated with the regulation of glucose utilization and appetite, is also implicated in the modulation of motivated behaviors including those associated with food and sex rewards. Here we hypothesized that deficits in ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GHSR) signaling are also associated with deficits in social motivation in male mice. To test this hypothesis, we compared social motivation in male mice lacking GHSR or mice treated with the GHSR antagonist JMV2959 with that of WT or vehicle-treated mice. GHSR signaling in dopamine cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been implicated in the control of sexual behavior, thus we further hypothesized that GHSR signaling in the VTA is important for social motivation. Thus, we conducted studies where we delivered JMV2959 to block GHSR in the VTA of mice, and studies where we rescued the expression of GHSR in the VTA of GHSR knockout (KO) mice. Mice lacking GHSR or injected with JMV2959 peripherally for 3 consecutive days displayed lower social motivation as reflected by a longer latency to approach a novel conspecific and shorter interaction time compared to WT or vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, intra-VTA infusion of JMV2959 resulted in longer latencies to approach a novel conspecific, whereas GHSR KO mice with partial rescue of the GHSR showed decreased latencies to begin a novel social interaction. Together, these data suggest that GHSR in the VTA facilitate social approach in male mice, and GHSR-signaling deficits within the VTA result in reduced motivation to interact socially.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rramani Q, Gerhardt H, Grote X, Zhao W, Schultz J, Weber B. Do Disadvantageous Social Contexts Influence Food Choice? Evidence From Three Laboratory Experiments. Front Psychol 2020; 11:575170. [PMID: 33240164 PMCID: PMC7677191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing rates of obesity have fueled interest in the factors underlying food choice. While epidemiological studies report that disadvantaged social groups exhibit a higher incidence of obesity, causal evidence for an effect of social contexts on food choice remains scarce. To further our knowledge, we experimentally investigated the effect of disadvantageous social context on food choice in healthy, non-dieting participants. We used three established experimental methods to generate social contexts of different valence in controlled laboratory settings: (i) receiving varying amounts of money in a Dictator Game (DG; n = 40), (ii) being included or excluded in a Cyberball Game (CBG; n = 35), and (iii) performing well, average, or poorly in a response time ranking task (RTR; n = 81). Following exposure to a particular social context, participants made pairwise choices between food items that involved a conflict between perceived taste and health attributes. In line with previous research, stronger dispositional self-control (assessed via a questionnaire) was associated with healthier food choices. As expected, being treated unfairly in the DG, being excluded in the CBG, and performing poorly in the RTR led to negative emotions. However, we did not find an effect of the induced social context on food choice in any of the experiments, even when taking into account individual differences in participants’ responses to the social context. Our results suggest that—at least in controlled laboratory environments—the influence of disadvantageous social contexts on food choice is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qëndresa Rramani
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Economics, Institute for Applied Microeconomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xenia Grote
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Johannes Schultz
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vitamin C protects against chronic social isolation stress-induced weight gain and depressive-like behavior in adult male rats. Endocr Regul 2020; 54:266-274. [PMID: 33885252 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Considering the importance of ghrelin in stress-induced hyperphagia and a role of antioxidants in decreasing body weight, in the present study, the effect of vitamin C (VitC) on ghrelin secretion and food intake following chronic social isolation (CIS) was evaluated in rats.Methods. Thirty two male Wistar rats (200-220g) were randomly divided into: control, VitC, CIS, and CIS + VitC groups. Animals received VitC (500 mg/kg/day)/saline by gavage for 3 weeks. For 24 h cumulative and post 18-20 h fasting food intake, fasting plasma ghrelin level, and body weight were measured. Gastric histopathology was also evaluated.Results. Results showed a marked increase in fasting plasma ghrelin and food intake in stressed rats compared to controls. VitC prevented the increases in stressed rats. Histological assessment indicated a positive effect of VitC on gastric glandular cells compared to control, an effect that might partially be a reason of significant increase of plasma ghrelin levels in VitC rats. Elevated plasma ghrelin in VitC group was even higher than that one in stressed group, whereas there were no significant changes in the food intake. Assessment of the percentage of changes in body weight during 21 days showed a significant increase in stressed rats compared to controls. Vitamin C treatment prevented this increase. Stressed rats also displayed depression-like behavior as indicated by sucrose test, whereas VitC ameliorated it.Conclusions. The data of the present study indicate that VitC may overcome ghrelin-induced hyperphagia and improve the abnormal feeding and depressive behavior in CIS rats.
Collapse
|
14
|
Carneiro-Nascimento S, Opacka-Juffry J, Costabile A, Boyle CN, Herde AM, Ametamey SM, Sigrist H, Pryce CR, Patterson M. Chronic social stress in mice alters energy status including higher glucose need but lower brain utilization. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 119:104747. [PMID: 32563937 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress leads to changes in energy status and is a major risk factor for depression, with common symptoms of reductions in body weight and effortful motivation for reward. Indeed, stress-induced disturbed energy status could be a major aetio-pathogenic factor for depression. Improved understanding of these putative inter-relationships requires animal model studies of effects of stress on both peripheral and central energy-status measures and determinants. Here we conducted a study in mice fed on a standard low-fat diet and exposed to either 15-day chronic social stress (CSS) or control handling (CON). Relative to CON mice, CSS mice had attenuated body weight maintenance/gain despite consuming the same amount of food and expending the same amount of energy at any given body weight. The low weight of CSS mice was associated with less white and brown adipose tissues, and with a high respiratory exchange ratio consistent with increased dependence on glucose as energy substrate. Basal plasma insulin was low in CSS mice and exogenous glucose challenge resulted in a relatively prolonged elevation of blood glucose. With regard to hunger and satiety hormones, respectively, CSS mice had higher levels of acylated ghrelin in plasma and of ghrelin receptor gene expression in ventromedial hypothalamus and lower levels of plasma leptin, relative to CON mice. However, whilst CSS mice displayed this constellation of peripheral changes consistent with increases in energy need and glucose utilization relative to CON mice, they also displayed attenuated uptake of [18F]FDG in brain tissue specifically. Reduced brain glucose utilization in CSS mice could contribute to the reduced effortful motivation for reward in the form of sweet-tasting food that we have reported previously for CSS mice. It will now be important to utilize this model to further understanding of the mechanisms via which chronic stress can increase energy need but decrease brain glucose utilization and how this relates to regional and cellular changes in neural circuits for reward processing relevant to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele Costabile
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Sigrist
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schipper L, van Heijningen S, Karapetsas G, van der Beek EM, van Dijk G. Individual housing of male C57BL/6J mice after weaning impairs growth and predisposes for obesity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225488. [PMID: 32453751 PMCID: PMC7250426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For (metabolic) research models using mice, singly housing is widely used for practical purposes to study e.g. energy balance regulation and derangements herein. Mouse (social) housing practices could however influence study results by modulating (metabolic) health outcomes. To study the effects of the social housing condition, we assessed parameters for energy balance regulation and proneness to (diet induced) obesity in male C57Bl/6J mice that were housed individually or socially (in pairs) directly after weaning, both at standard ambient temperature of 21°C. During adolescence, individually housed mice had reduced growth rate, while energy intake and energy expenditure were increased compared to socially housed counterparts. At 6 weeks of age, these mice had reduced lean body mass, but significantly higher white adipose tissue mass compared to socially housed mice, and higher UCP-1 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue. During adulthood, body weight gain of individually housed animals exceeded that of socially housed mice, with elevations in both energy intake and expenditure. At 18 weeks of age, individually housed mice showed higher adiposity and higher mRNA expression of UCP-1 in inguinal white but not in brown adipose tissue. Exposure to an obesogenic diet starting at 6 weeks of age further amplified body weight gain and adipose tissue deposition and caused strong suppression of inguinal white adipose tissue mRNA UCP-1 expression. This study shows that post-weaning individual housing of male mice impairs adolescent growth and results in higher susceptibility to obesity in adulthood with putative roles for thermoregulation and/or affectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij Schipper
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffen van Heijningen
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Karapetsas
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- GELIFES, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hay RE, Edwards A, Klein M, Hyland L, MacDonald D, Karatsoreos I, Hill MN, Abizaid A. Ghrelin Receptor Signaling Is Not Required for Glucocorticoid-Induced Obesity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5636885. [PMID: 31748785 PMCID: PMC7445420 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids increase food intake, weight gain, and adiposity. Similarly, ghrelin, a gut-secreted hormone, is also associated with weight gain, adiposity, and increased feeding. Here we sought to determine if corticosterone-induced metabolic and behavioral changes require functional ghrelin receptors (GHSR). To do this, we treated male C57BL mice with chronic corticosterone (CORT) mixed in their drinking water for 28 days. Half of these mice received the GHSR antagonist JMV2959 via osmotic minipumps while treated with CORT. In a second experiment, we gave the same CORT protocol to mice with a targeted mutation to the GHSR or their wild-type littermates. As expected, CORT treatment increased food intake, weight gain, and adiposity, but contrary to expectations, mice treated with a GHSR receptor antagonist or GHSR knockout (KO) mice did not show attenuated food intake, weight gain, or adiposity in response to CORT. Similarly, the effects of CORT on the liver were the same or more pronounced in GHSR antagonist-treated and GHSR KO mice. Treatment with JMV2959 did attenuate the effects of chronic CORT on glycemic regulation as determined by the glucose tolerance test. Finally, disruption of GHSR signaling resulted in behavioral responses associated with social withdrawal, potentially due to neuroprotective effects of GHSR activation. In all, we propose that blocking GHSR signaling helps to moderate glucose concentrations when CORT levels are high, but blocking GHSR signaling does not prevent increased food intake, weight gain, or increased adiposity produced by chronic CORT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Hay
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne Klein
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hyland
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David MacDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, US
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Alfonso Abizaid, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coccurello R. Anhedonia in depression symptomatology: Appetite dysregulation and defective brain reward processing. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
18
|
A Specialized Medical Management Program to Address Post-operative Weight Regain in Bariatric Patients. Obes Surg 2019; 28:2241-2246. [PMID: 29464536 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although bariatric surgery results in massive weight loss, weight regain over time up to as much as 25% is not uncommon. Weight regain in this population often leads to long-term weight loss failure and non-compliance in clinical follow-up and program recommendations. METHODS We analyzed early weight outcomes at 3 and 6 months of 48 bariatric patients referred to an individualized, multidisciplinary medical management program at the Center for Obesity Medicine (COM) to address weight regain in 2015 and compared to a group of matched non-bariatric patients. The medical management center, under the direction of a medical obesity specialist and complementary to the surgical program and multidisciplinary team, addressed weight regain with intensive lifestyle (diet, activity, anti-stress therapy, behavioral counseling, sleep) and with medical intervention (one or more anti-obesity medications). RESULTS According to early findings, the average percentage post-operative weight regain of patients entering the weight management program was 20% above nadir and time since surgery averaged 6 years (range = 1 to 20 years) with a mean weight loss of - 2.3 kg after 3 months and - 4.4 kg at 6 months into the program. Individuals most successful with weight loss were those treated with anorexigenic pharmaceuticals. Weight and percent weight loss were significantly greater for the non-surgical than the surgical patients at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A medically supervised weight management program complementary to surgery is beneficial for the treatment of weight regain and may prove important in assisting the surgical patient achieve long-term weight loss success.
Collapse
|
19
|
Obese mice exposed to psychosocial stress display cardiac and hippocampal dysfunction associated with local brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion. EBioMedicine 2019; 47:384-401. [PMID: 31492565 PMCID: PMC6796537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and psychosocial stress (PS) co-exist in individuals of Western society. Nevertheless, how PS impacts cardiac and hippocampal phenotype in obese subjects is still unknown. Nor is it clear whether changes in local brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) account, at least in part, for myocardial and behavioral abnormalities in obese experiencing PS. METHODS In adult male WT mice, obesity was induced via a high-fat diet (HFD). The resident-intruder paradigm was superimposed to trigger PS. In vivo left ventricular (LV) performance was evaluated by echocardiography and pressure-volume loops. Behaviour was indagated by elevated plus maze (EPM) and Y-maze. LV myocardium was assayed for apoptosis, fibrosis, vessel density and oxidative stress. Hippocampus was analyzed for volume, neurogenesis, GABAergic markers and astrogliosis. Cardiac and hippocampal BDNF and TrkB levels were measured by ELISA and WB. We investigated the pathogenetic role played by BDNF signaling in additional cardiac-selective TrkB (cTrkB) KO mice. FINDINGS When combined, obesity and PS jeopardized LV performance, causing prominent apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress and remodeling of the larger coronary branches, along with lower BDNF and TrkB levels. HFD/PS weakened LV function similarly in WT and cTrkB KO mice. The latter exhibited elevated LV ROS emission already at baseline. Obesity/PS augmented anxiety-like behaviour and impaired spatial memory. These changes were coupled to reduced hippocampal volume, neurogenesis, local BDNF and TrkB content and augmented astrogliosis. INTERPRETATION PS and obesity synergistically deteriorate myocardial structure and function by depleting cardiac BDNF/TrkB content, leading to augmented oxidative stress. This comorbidity triggers behavioral deficits and induces hippocampal remodeling, potentially via lower BDNF and TrkB levels. FUND: J.A. was in part supported by Rotary Foundation Global Study Scholarship. G.K. was supported by T32 National Institute of Health (NIH) training grant under award number 1T32AG058527. S.C. was funded by American Heart Association Career Development Award (19CDA34760185). G.A.R.C. was funded by NIH (K01HL133368-01). APB was funded by a Grant from the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region entitled: "Heart failure as the Alzheimer disease of the heart; therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities". M.C. was supported by PRONAT project (CNR). N.P. was funded by NIH (R01 HL136918) and by the Magic-That-Matters fund (JHU). V.L. was in part supported by institutional funds from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (Pisa, Italy), by the TIM-Telecom Italia (WHITE Lab, Pisa, Italy), by a research grant from Pastificio Attilio Mastromauro Granoro s.r.l. (Corato, Italy) and in part by ETHERNA project (Prog. n. 161/16, Fondazione Pisa, Italy). Funding source had no such involvement in study design, in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mallei A, Ieraci A, Popoli M. Chronic social defeat stress differentially regulates the expression of BDNF transcripts and epigenetic modifying enzymes in susceptible and resilient mice. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:555-566. [PMID: 30058429 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1500029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Although stress is considered a primary risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders, a majority of individuals are resilient to the effects of stress exposure and successfully adapt to adverse life events, while others, the so-called susceptible individuals, may have problems to properly adapt to environmental changes. However, the mechanisms underlying these different responses to stress exposure are poorly understood.Methods: Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic social defeat stress protocol and levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts and epigenetic modifying enzymes were analysed by real-time PCR in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of susceptible and resilient mice.Results: We found a selective reduction of BDNF-6 transcript in the HPC and an increase of BDNF-4 transcript in the PFC of susceptible mice. Moreover, susceptible mice showed a selective reduction of the g9a mRNA levels in the HPC, while HDAC-5 and DNMT3a mRNA levels were specifically reduced in the PFC.Conclusions: Overall, our results, showing a different expression of BDNF transcripts and epigenetic modifying enzymes in susceptible and resilient mice, suggest that stress resilience is not simply a lack of activation of stress-related pathways, but is related to the activation of additional different specific mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Balsevich G, Abizaid A, Chen A, Karatsoreos IN, Schmidt MV. Stress and glucocorticoid modulation of feeding and metabolism. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100171. [PMID: 31193462 PMCID: PMC6529856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective highlights research presented as part of the symposium entitled, “Stress and Glucocorticoid Modulation of Feeding and Metabolism” at the 2018 Neurobiology of Stress Workshop held in Banff, AB, Canada. The symposium comprised five researchers at different career stages who each study different aspects of the interaction between the stress response and metabolic control. Their collective results reveal the complexity of this relationship in terms of behavioural and physiological outcomes. Their work emphasizes the need to consider the level of interaction (cellular, tissue, systems) as well as the timing and context in which the interaction is studied. Rather than a comprehensive review on the work presented at the Symposium, here we discuss recurring themes that emerged at the biennial workshop, which address new avenues of research that will drive the field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Balsevich
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Abizaid
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - A Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2 - 10, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - I N Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, 1815 Ferdinand's Lane, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States
| | - M V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2 - 10, Munich, 80804, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee W, Yang E, Curley JP. Foraging dynamics are associated with social status and context in mouse social hierarchies. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5617. [PMID: 30258716 PMCID: PMC6151111 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in social hierarchies requires individuals to adapt their behavior and physiology. We have previously shown that male mice living in groups of 12 form linear and stable hierarchies with alpha males producing the highest daily level of major urinary proteins and urine. These findings suggest that maintaining alpha status in a social group requires higher food and water intake to generate energetic resources and produce more urine. To investigate whether social status affects eating and drinking behaviors, we measured the frequency of these behaviors in each individual mouse living in a social hierarchy with non-stop video recording for 24 h following the initiation of group housing and after social ranks were stabilized. We show alpha males eat and drink most frequently among all individuals in the hierarchy and had reduced quiescence of foraging both at the start of social housing and after hierarchies were established. Subdominants displayed a similar pattern of behavior following hierarchy formation relative to subordinates. The association strength of foraging behavior was negatively associated with that of agonistic behavior corrected for gregariousness (HWIG), suggesting animals modify foraging behavior to avoid others they engaged with aggressively. Overall, this study provides evidence that animals with different social status adapt their eating and drinking behaviors according to their physiological needs and current social environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Lee
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Eilene Yang
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James P. Curley
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Animal Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Giudetti AM, Testini M, Vergara D, Priore P, Damiano F, Gallelli CA, Romano A, Villani R, Cassano T, Siculella L, Gnoni GV, Moles A, Coccurello R, Gaetani S. Chronic psychosocial defeat differently affects lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue and induces hepatic oxidative stress in mice fed a high‐fat diet. FASEB J 2018; 33:1428-1439. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801130r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Mariangela Testini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Daniele Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Paola Priore
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Cristina Anna Gallelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. ErspamerSapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. ErspamerSapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Occupational SciencesUniversity of Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Gabriele V. Gnoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Salento Lecce Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN)National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
- Genomia srl Bresso Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN)National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FSL-IRCCS) Rome Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. ErspamerSapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caldwell AE, Sayer RD. Evolutionary considerations on social status, eating behavior, and obesity. Appetite 2018; 132:238-248. [PMID: 30078673 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is consistently related to higher obesity risk, especially in women living in developed countries such as the United States and Western Europe. Prevailing theories to describe this relationship have focused primarily on proximate level factors such as the generally poorer food environment (e.g. relative lack of healthy food options and higher concentrations of fast food restaurants) found in lower vs. higher SES neighborhoods and the higher financial costs associated with purchasing healthy, nutrient-dense foods compared to unhealthy, energy-dense foods. These factors are hypothesized to preclude the purchase of these foods by lower SES individuals. Unfortunately, public health interventions aimed at improving the food environment of lower SES communities and to provide financial resources for purchasing healthy foods have had limited success in reducing overall energy intake and body weight. Some evidence suggests these interventions may even exacerbate obesity. More recent hypotheses have shifted the focus to ultimate (or adaptive) factors that view increased energy intake and accrual of body fat among individuals of lower social status as adaptive strategies to protect against potential prolonged food scarcity. The purpose of this review is integrate past research at the proximate and ultimate levels with a consideration of how social status and SES during development (in utero through adolescence) may moderate the relationships between social status, eating behavior, and obesity. Utilizing an evolutionary framework that incorporates life history theory can lead to more integrative and thorough interpretations of past research and allow researchers to better elucidate the complex set of environmental, physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors that influence obesity risk among individuals of lower social status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Caldwell
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, USA.
| | - R Drew Sayer
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schipper L, Harvey L, van der Beek EM, van Dijk G. Home alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of individual housing on body weight, food intake and visceral fat mass in rodents. Obes Rev 2018; 19:614-637. [PMID: 29334694 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice are widely used to study environmental effects on psychological and metabolic health. Study designs differ widely and are often characterized by varying (social) housing conditions. In itself, housing has a profound influence on physiology and behaviour of rodents, affecting energy balance and sustainable metabolic health. However, evidence for potential long-term consequences of individual versus social housing on body weight and metabolic phenotype is inconsistent. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analyses assessing effects of individual versus social housing of rats and mice, living under well-accepted laboratory conditions, on measures of metabolic health, including body weight, food intake and visceral adipose tissue mass. Seventy-one studies were included in this review; 59 were included in the meta-analysis. Whilst housing did not affect body weight, both food intake and visceral adipose tissue mass were significantly higher in individually compared with socially housed animals. A combination of emotional stress and lack of social thermoregulation likely contributed to these effects. Increased awareness of consequences and improved specifications of housing conditions are necessary to accurately evaluate efficacy of drugs, diets or other interventions on metabolic and other health outcomes because housing conditions are rarely considered as possible moderators of reported outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Schipper
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology Cluster, Department Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - E M van der Beek
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G van Dijk
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology Cluster, Department Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Coccurello R, Maccarrone M. Hedonic Eating and the "Delicious Circle": From Lipid-Derived Mediators to Brain Dopamine and Back. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:271. [PMID: 29740277 PMCID: PMC5928395 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatable food can be seductive and hedonic eating can become irresistible beyond hunger and negative consequences. This is witnessed by the subtle equilibrium between eating to provide energy intake for homeostatic functions, and reward-induced overeating. In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to study neural circuits, and to identify potential factors responsible for the derangement of homeostatic eating toward hedonic eating and addiction-like feeding behavior. Here, we examined recent literature on “old” and “new” players accountable for reward-induced overeating and possible liability to eating addiction. Thus, the role of midbrain dopamine is positioned at the intersection between selected hormonal signals involved in food reward information processing (namely, leptin, ghrelin, and insulin), and lipid-derived neural mediators such as endocannabinoids. The impact of high fat palatable food and dietary lipids on endocannabinoid formation is reviewed in its pathogenetic potential for the derangement of feeding homeostasis. Next, endocannabinoid signaling that regulates synaptic plasticity is discussed as a key mechanism acting both at hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits, and affecting both dopamine function and interplay between leptin and ghrelin signaling. Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of “feeding center,” we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. In addition, the role played by different stressors in the reinstatement of preference for palatable food and food-seeking behavior is also considered in the light of endocannabinoid production, activation of orexin receptors and disinhibition of dopamine neurons. Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McNamara GI, John RM, Isles AR. Territorial Behavior and Social Stability in the Mouse Require Correct Expression of Imprinted Cdkn1c. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:28. [PMID: 29535616 PMCID: PMC5834910 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, the epigenetic process by which transcription occurs from a single parental allele, is believed to influence social behaviors in mammals. An important social behavior is group living, which is enriched in Eutherian mammals relative to monotremes and marsupials. Group living facilitates resource acquisition, defense of territory and co-care of young, but requires a stable social group with complex inter-individual relationships. Co-occurring with increased group living in Eutherians is an increase in the number of imprinted loci, including that spanning the maternally expressed Cdkn1c. Using a 'loss-of-imprinting' model of Cdkn1c (Cdkn1cBACx1), we demonstrated that twofold over expression of Cdkn1c results in abnormal social behaviors. Although, our previous work indicated that male Cdkn1cBACx1 mice were more dominant as measured by tube test encounters with unfamiliar wild-type (WT) males. Building upon this work, using more ecologically relevant assessments of social dominance, indicated that within their normal social group, Cdkn1cBACx1 mice did not occupy higher ranking positions. Nevertheless, we find that presence of Cdkn1cBACx1 animals within a group leads to instability of the normal social hierarchy, as indicated by greater variability in social rank within the group over time and an increase in territorial behavior in WT cage-mates. Consequently, these abnormal behaviors led to an increased incidence of fighting and wounding within the group. Taken together these data indicate that normal expression of Cdkn1c is required for maintaining stability of the social group and suggests that the acquisition of monoallelic expression of Cdkn1c may have enhanced social behavior in Eutherian mammals to facilitate group living.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne I. McNamara
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M. John
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schiavone S, Camerino GM, Mhillaj E, Zotti M, Colaianna M, De Giorgi A, Trotta A, Cantatore FP, Conte E, Bove M, Tucci P, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Visceral Fat Dysfunctions in the Rat Social Isolation Model of Psychosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:787. [PMID: 29167640 PMCID: PMC5682313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication with neuroleptics has been associated with adipose tissue dysfunctions and, in particular, with increased visceral fat amount. However, several studies suggested that antipsychotic treatment might not be the main responsible of fat mass accumulation, as this has been also described in not treated psychotic patients. One of the most used “drug-free” rodent models of psychosis is the social isolation rearing of young adult rats, which provides a non-pharmacologic method of inducing long-term alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychotic patients. Recent data highlighted a crucial role of redox imbalance in adipose tissue dysfunctions, in terms of decreased antioxidant defense and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we investigated possible oxidative stress-related biomolecular alterations associated with visceral fat increase in 7 week isolated rats. To this purpose, we quantified total and visceral fat amount by using dual-energy X-ray (DEXA) absorptiometry. On visceral fat, we analyzed the expression of specific ROS-producer genes (Nox1, Nox4, Hmox-1), antioxidant enzymes (Prdx1 and Ucp-1) and oxidative stress-induced damage markers (Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb). The impact of oxidative stress on beta3-adrenergic receptors (Adrb3), at both mRNA and protein level, was also assessed. We found that 7 weeks of social isolation induced an increase in total and visceral fat, associated with a decrease in Prdx1 (mRNA and protein) as well as Ucp-1 mRNA levels and an enhanced expression of Nox1 (mRNA and protein) and Hmox-1 mRNA. No differences were detected in Nox4 mRNA levels between grouped and isolated animals. Elevations in Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb expression in visceral fat of isolated animals accounted for oxidative stress-related damage in this tissue, further associated with a significant increase in Adrb3 mRNA and protein. Our results provide a novel understanding of the pathological link existing among psychosocial stress-induced psychosis, adipose tissue dysfunctions and redox imbalance, opening new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of alterations in peripheral tissues associated with this mental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulia M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelo De Giorgi
- Dual Diagnosis Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Trotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Foggia City Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Razzoli M, Pearson C, Crow S, Bartolomucci A. Stress, overeating, and obesity: Insights from human studies and preclinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:154-162. [PMID: 28292531 PMCID: PMC5403578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders and obesity have become predominant in human society. Their association to modern lifestyle, encompassing calorie-rich diets, psychological stress, and comorbidity with major diseases are well documented. Unfortunately the biological basis remains elusive and the pharmacological treatment inadequate, in part due to the limited availability of valid animal models. Human research on binge eating disorder (BED) proves a strong link between stress exposure and bingeing: state-levels of stress and negative affect are linked to binge eating in individuals with BED both in laboratory settings and the natural environment. Similarly, classical animal models of BED reveal an association between acute exposure to stressors and binging but they are often associated with unchanged or decreased body weight, thus reflecting a negative energy balance, which is uncommon in humans where most commonly BED is associated with excessive or unstable body weight gain. Recent mouse models of subordination stress induce spontaneous binging and hyperphagia, altogether more closely mimicking the behavioral and metabolic features of human BED. Therefore the translational relevance of subordination stress models could facilitate the identification of the neurobiological basis of BED and obesity-associated disease and inform on the development of innovative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn Pearson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; The Emily Program, 2265 Como Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cheng F, Ma C, Wang X, Zhai C, Wang G, Xu X, Mu J, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yue W, Du X, Lian Y, Zhu W, Yin X, Wei Z, Song W, Wang Q. Effect of traditional Chinese medicine formula Sinisan on chronic restraint stress-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a rat study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:203. [PMID: 28388904 PMCID: PMC5383977 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents one of the most common forms of liver disease worldwide, and it is always regarded as a consequence of a sedentary, food-abundant lifestyle, sitting for an extended time, and a low physical activity level, which often coincide with chronic and long-lasting psychological stress. A Chinese medicine Sinisan (SNS) may be a potential formula for treating this kind of disease. Methods In this study, a long-term chronic restraint stress protocol was used to investigate the mechanism underlying stress-induced NALFD. To investigate the effect of SNS treatment on stress-induced NAFLD, we measured the liver and serum values of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), liver free fatty acids (FFA), low-density lipoprotein, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, interleukin (IL)-6, and serum values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase. Results are shown as a mean ± standard deviation. Significant differences between the groups were evaluated using the Student t-test. For multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. If the results of ANOVA indicated significant differences, post hoc analysis was performed with the Tukey test or Dunnett test, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Long-term chronic stress led to steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Additionally, SNS treatment significantly increased body weight gain (p < 0.01) and sucrose preference (p < 0.001), and it reduced the liver values of TC, TG, and FFA (p < 0.05). SNS also reduced the serum values of AST and ALT (p < 0.001), and the liver value of IL-6 (p < 0.01). Conclusions This study’s results demonstrate that psychological stress may be a significant risk factor of NAFLD. Furthermore, the traditional Chinese medicine formula SNS may have some beneficial effect in antagonizing psychological stress and stress-related NAFLD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Coccurello R, Romano A, Giacovazzo G, Tempesta B, Fiore M, Giudetti AM, Marrocco I, Altieri F, Moles A, Gaetani S. Increased intake of energy-dense diet and negative energy balance in a mouse model of chronic psychosocial defeat. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1485-1498. [PMID: 28314964 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic exposure to stress may represent a risk factor for developing metabolic and eating disorders, mostly driven by the overconsumption of easily accessible energy-dense palatable food, although the mechanisms involved remain still unclear. In this study, we used an ethologically oriented murine model of chronic stress caused by chronic psychosocial defeat (CPD) to investigate the effects of unrestricted access to a palatable high fat diet (HFD) on food intake, body weight, energy homeostasis, and expression of different brain neuropeptides. Our aim was to shed light on the mechanisms responsible for body weight and body composition changes due to chronic social stress. METHODS In our model of subordinate (defeated), mice (CPD) cohabitated in constant sensory contact with dominants, being forced to interact on daily basis, and were offered ad libitum access either to an HFD or to a control diet (CD). Control mice (of the same strain as CPD mice) were housed in pairs and left unstressed in their home cage (UN). In all these mice, we evaluated body weight, different adipose depots, energy metabolism, caloric intake, and neuropeptide expression. RESULTS CPD mice increased the intake of HFD and reduced body weight in the presence of enhanced lipid oxidation. Resting energy expenditure and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) were increased in CPD mice, whereas epididymal adipose tissue increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Propiomelanocortin mRNA levels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Oxytocin mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels within the arcuate were increased only in CD-fed CPD mice. In the arcuate, CART was increased in HFD-fed UN mice and in CD-fed CPD mice, while HFD intake suppressed CART increase in defeated animals. In the basolateral amygdala, CART expression was increased only in CPD animals on HFD. CONCLUSIONS CPD appears to uncouple the intake of HFD from energy homeostasis causing higher HFD intake, larger iBAT accumulation, increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, and lower body weight. Overall, the present study confirms the notion that the chronic activation of the stress response can be associated with metabolic disorders, altered energy homeostasis, and changes of orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling. These changes might be relevant to better understand the etiology of stress-induced obesity and eating disorders and might represent a valid therapeutic approach for the development of new therapies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Bianca Tempesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Genomia srl, Via L. Ariosto 21, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Middle-range exploratory activity in adult rats suggests higher resilience to chronic social defeat. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2016; 28:125-40. [PMID: 26669552 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stressful life events play an important role in the aetiology of human mood disorders and are frequently modelled by chronic social defeat (SD) in rodents. Exploratory phenotype in rats is a stable trait that is likely related to inter-individual differences in reactivity to stress. The aim of the study was to confirm that low levels of exploratory activity (LE) are, in rodents, a risk factor for passive stress coping, and to clarify the role of medium (ME) and high (HE) exploratory disposition in the sensitivity to SD. METHODS We examined the effect of SD on male Wistar rats with LE, ME, and HE activity levels as measured in the exploration box. After SD, the rats were evaluated in social preference, elevated zero maze, and open-field tests. Brain tissue levels of monoamines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Rats submitted to SD exhibited lower weight gain, higher sucrose consumption, showed larger stress-induced hyperthermia, lower levels of homovanillic acid in the frontal cortex, and higher levels of noradrenaline in the amygdala and hippocampus. Open-field, elevated zero maze, and social preference tests revealed the interaction between stress and phenotype, as only LE-rats were further inhibited by SD. ME-rats exhibited the least reactivity to stress in terms of changes in body weight, stress-induced hyperthermia, and sucrose intake. CONCLUSION Both low and high novelty-related activity, especially the former, are associated with elevated sensitivity to social stress. This study shows that both tails of a behavioural dimension can produce stress-related vulnerability.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sanghez V, Cubuk C, Sebastián-Leon P, Carobbio S, Dopazo J, Vidal-Puig A, Bartolomucci A. Chronic subordination stress selectively downregulates the insulin signaling pathway in liver and skeletal muscle but not in adipose tissue of male mice. Stress 2016; 19:214-24. [PMID: 26946982 PMCID: PMC4841025 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2016.1151491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress has been associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. We developed a model of chronic psychosocial stress (CPS) in which subordinate mice are vulnerable to obesity and the metabolic-like syndrome while dominant mice exhibit a healthy metabolic phenotype. Here we tested the hypothesis that the metabolic difference between subordinate and dominant mice is associated with changes in functional pathways relevant for insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid homeostasis. Male mice were exposed to CPS for four weeks and fed either a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD). We first measured, by real-time PCR candidate genes, in the liver, skeletal muscle, and the perigonadal white adipose tissue (pWAT). Subsequently, we used a probabilistic analysis approach to analyze different ways in which signals can be transmitted across the pathways in each tissue. Results showed that subordinate mice displayed a drastic downregulation of the insulin pathway in liver and muscle, indicative of insulin resistance, already on standard diet. Conversely, pWAT showed molecular changes suggestive of facilitated fat deposition in an otherwise insulin-sensitive tissue. The molecular changes in subordinate mice fed a standard diet were greater compared to HFD-fed controls. Finally, dominant mice maintained a substantially normal metabolic and molecular phenotype even when fed a HFD. Overall, our data demonstrate that subordination stress is a potent stimulus for the downregulation of the insulin signaling pathway in liver and muscle and a major risk factor for the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sanghez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,
MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma,
Italy
- Correspondence: Alessandro Bartolomucci,
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,
MN,
USA. Tel: +1-612-626-7006. Fax: +1-612-625-5149. E-mail:
| | - Cankut Cubuk
- Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia,
Spain
| | - Patricia Sebastián-Leon
- Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia,
Spain
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Wellcome Trust MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Institute Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia,
Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Institute Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton,
UK
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,
MN,
USA
- Correspondence: Alessandro Bartolomucci,
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis,
MN,
USA. Tel: +1-612-626-7006. Fax: +1-612-625-5149. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yamada C, Saegusa Y, Nahata M, Sadakane C, Hattori T, Takeda H. Influence of Aging and Gender Differences on Feeding Behavior and Ghrelin-Related Factors during Social Isolation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140094. [PMID: 26448274 PMCID: PMC4598162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress due to social isolation is known to cause abnormal feeding behaviors, but the influences of gender and aging on subchronic stress-induced changes in feeding behaviors are unknown. Thus, we examined the changes in body weight, food intake, and orexigenic ghrelin-related factors during 2 weeks of isolation stress in young and aged mice. Food intake increased significantly in young mice in the isolation group compared with the group-housed control throughout the experimental period. This isolation-induced increase in food intake was not observed in aged mice. In young mice, there were no significant differences in body weight between the isolated group and group-housed control up to 2 weeks. However, aged male mice exhibited significant weight loss at 2 weeks and a similar tendency was observed in aged female mice. Young male mice, but not female mice, had significantly increased (2.2-fold) plasma acylated ghrelin levels after 1 week of isolation compared with the group-housed control. A significant but lower increase (1.3-fold) was also observed in aged male mice. Hypothalamic preproghrelin gene expression decreased significantly with isolation in young male mice, whereas it increased significantly in female mice. The expression levels of NPY and AGRP in the hypothalamus, which are transmitted by elevated peripheral ghrelin signals, increased significantly in isolated young male mice, whereas the AGRP expression levels decreased significantly in young female mice. Isolation caused no significant differences in the expression levels of these genes in aged mice. In isolation, young female mice exhibited markedly increased dark- and light-phase locomotor activities compared with male mice, whereas male and female aged mice exhibited no obvious increases in activity immediately after the dark phase started. We conclude that the gender-specific homeostatic regulatory mechanisms required to maintain body weight operated during subchronic psychological stress in young mice but not in aged mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Andridge R, Belury MA. Stress, Depression, and Metabolism: Replies to Bohan Brown et al. and Barton and Yancy. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:e13-4. [PMID: 25582266 PMCID: PMC5512266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Andridge
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Martha A Belury
- College of Public Health, and Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
High Dietary Fat Intake during Lactation Promotes the Development of Social Stress-Induced Obesity in the Offspring of Mice. Nutrients 2015; 7:5916-32. [PMID: 26193313 PMCID: PMC4517034 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined how a maternal high-fat diet (HD) during lactation and exposure of offspring to isolation stress influence the susceptibility of offspring to the development of obesity. C57BL/6J mice were fed a commercial diet (CD) during pregnancy and a CD or HD during lactation. Male offspring were weaned at three weeks of age, fed a CD until seven weeks of age, and fed a CD or HD until 11 weeks of age. Offspring were housed alone (isolation stress) or at six per cage (ordinary circumstances). Thus, offspring were assigned to one of eight groups: dams fed a CD or HD during lactation and offspring fed a CD or HD and housed under ordinary circumstances or isolation stress. Serum corticosterone level was significantly elevated by isolation stress. High-fat feeding of offspring reduced their serum corticosterone level, which was significantly elevated by a maternal HD. A maternal HD and isolation stress had combined effects in elevating the serum corticosterone level. These findings suggest that a maternal HD during lactation enhances the stress sensitivity of offspring. White adipose tissue weights were significantly increased by a maternal HD and isolation stress and by their combination. In addition, significant adipocyte hypertrophy was induced by a maternal HD and isolation stress and exacerbated by their combination. Thus, a maternal HD and isolation stress promote visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy, accelerating the progression of obesity through their combined effects. The mechanism may involve enhanced fatty acid synthesis and lipid influx from blood into adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate that a maternal HD during lactation may increase the susceptibility of offspring to the development of stress-induced obesity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Andrews PW, Bharwani A, Lee KR, Fox M, Thomson JA. Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:164-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
38
|
Daily stressors, past depression, and metabolic responses to high-fat meals: a novel path to obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:653-60. [PMID: 25034950 PMCID: PMC4289126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and stress promote obesity. This study addressed the impact of daily stressors and a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) on obesity-related metabolic responses to high-fat meals. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, crossover study included serial assessments of resting energy expenditure (REE), fat and carbohydrate oxidation, triglycerides, cortisol, insulin, and glucose before and after two high-fat meals. During two separate 9.5-hour admissions, 58 healthy women (38 breast cancer survivors and 20 demographically similar control subjects), mean age 53.1 years, received either a high saturated fat meal or a high oleic sunflower oil meal. Prior day stressors were assessed by the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events. RESULTS Greater numbers of stressors were associated with lower postmeal REE (p = .008), lower fat oxidation (p = .04), and higher insulin (p = .01), with nonsignificant effects for cortisol and glucose. Women with prior MDD had higher cortisol (p = .008) and higher fat oxidation (p = .004), without significant effects for REE, insulin, and glucose. Women with a depression history who also had more stressors had a higher peak triglyceride response than other participants (p = .01). The only difference between meals was higher postprandial glucose following sunflower oil compared with saturated fat (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS The cumulative 6-hour difference between one prior day stressor and no stressors translates into 435 kJ, a difference that could add almost 11 pounds per year. These findings illustrate how stress and depression alter metabolic responses to high-fat meals in ways that promote obesity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Olszewski PK, Allen K, Levine AS. Effect of oxytocin receptor blockade on appetite for sugar is modified by social context. Appetite 2015; 86:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
40
|
Harris RBS. Chronic and acute effects of stress on energy balance: are there appropriate animal models? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R250-65. [PMID: 25519732 PMCID: PMC4329465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress activates multiple neural and endocrine systems to allow an animal to respond to and survive in a threatening environment. The corticotropin-releasing factor system is a primary initiator of this integrated response, which includes activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The energetic response to acute stress is determined by the nature and severity of the stressor, but a typical response to an acute stressor is inhibition of food intake, increased heat production, and increased activity with sustained changes in body weight, behavior, and HPA reactivity. The effect of chronic psychological stress is more variable. In humans, chronic stress may cause weight gain in restrained eaters who show increased HPA reactivity to acute stress. This phenotype is difficult to replicate in rodent models where chronic psychological stress is more likely to cause weight loss than weight gain. An exception may be hamsters subjected to repeated bouts of social defeat or foot shock, but the data are limited. Recent reports on the food intake and body composition of subordinate members of group-housed female monkeys indicate that these animals have a similar phenotype to human stress-induced eaters, but there are a limited number of investigators with access to the model. Few stress experiments focus on energy balance, but more information on the phenotype of both humans and animal models during and after exposure to acute or chronic stress may provide novel insight into mechanisms that normally control body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Jaremka L, Andridge R, Peng J, Habash D, Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Belury MA. Marital discord, past depression, and metabolic responses to high-fat meals: Interpersonal pathways to obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:239-50. [PMID: 25506778 PMCID: PMC4297566 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies have implicated both marital distress and depression in the development of the metabolic syndrome, a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study addressed the impact of hostile marital interactions and a mood disorder history on obesity-related metabolic responses to high-fat meals. METHODS This double-blind, randomized crossover study included serial assessments of resting energy expenditure (REE), fat and carbohydrate oxidation, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) before and after two high-fat meals. During two separate 9.5h visits, 43 healthy married couples, ages 24-61 (mean=38.22), received either a high saturated fat meal or a high oleic sunflower oil meal, both 930kcal and 60g fat. The Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV assessed mood disorder history. Couples discussed a marital disagreement during both visits; behavioral coding of these interactions provided data on hostile marital behaviors. RESULTS Men and women who displayed more hostile behaviors and who also had a mood disorder history had significantly lower post-meal REE, higher insulin, and higher peak triglyceride responses than other participants, with nonsignificant effects for fat and carbohydrate oxidation. Participants with a mood disorder history had a steeper rise in postprandial IL-6 and glucose than those without a past history. Higher levels of hostile behaviors were associated with higher post-meal TNF-α. The two meals did not differ on any outcome assessed. CONCLUSIONS People spend about 18 of every 24h in a postprandial state, and dining with one's partner is a common daily event. Among subjects with a mood disorder history, the cumulative 6.75-h difference between high and low hostile behaviors translates into 128kcal, a difference that could add 7.6pounds/year. Our findings illustrate novel pathways through which chronic marital stress and a mood disorder history synergistically heighten the risk for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA, Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio state University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA,Corresponding Author: Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210 () 614-293-3499
| | - Lisa Jaremka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Rebecca Andridge
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Juan Peng
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Diane Habash
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 4321, USA 0
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Health Disparities Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - William B. Malarkey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA, Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio state University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Martha A. Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Razzoli M, Sanghez V, Bartolomucci A. Chronic subordination stress induces hyperphagia and disrupts eating behavior in mice modeling binge-eating-like disorder. Front Nutr 2015; 1. [PMID: 25621284 PMCID: PMC4300527 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Eating disorders are associated with physical morbidity and appear to have causal factors like stressful life events and negative affect. Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by eating in a discrete period of time a larger than normal amount of food, a sense of lack of control over eating, and marked distress. There are still unmet needs for the identification of mechanisms regulating excessive eating, which is in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models. We developed a naturalistic murine model of subordination stress-induced hyperphagia associated with the development of obesity. Here, we tested the hypotheses that the eating responses of subordinate mice recapitulate the BED and that limiting hyperphagia could prevent stress-associated metabolic changes. Methods: Adult male mice were exposed to a model of chronic subordination stress (CSS) associated with the automated acquisition of food intake and we performed a detailed meal pattern analysis. Additionally, using a pair-feeding protocol we tested the hypothesis that the manifestation of obesity and the metabolic syndrome could be prevented by limiting hyperphagia. Results: The architecture of feeding of subordinate mice was disrupted during the stress protocol due to disproportionate amount of food ingested at higher rate and with shorter satiety ratio than control mice. Subordinate mice hyperphagia was further exacerbated in response to either hunger or to the acute application of a social defeat. Notably, the obese phenotype but not the fasting hyperglycemia of subordinate mice was abrogated by preventing hyperphagia in a pair-feeding paradigm. Conclusion: Overall, these results support the validity of our CSS to model BED allowing for the determination of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the generation of testable predictions for innovative therapies, based on the understanding of the regulation and the control of food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota. ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gray JM, Chaouloff F, Hill MN. To stress or not to stress: a question of models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:8.33.1-8.33.22. [PMID: 25559007 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0833s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress research is a rapidly evolving field that encompasses numerous disciplines ranging from neuroscience to metabolism. With many new researchers migrating into the field, navigating the hows and whys of specific research questions can sometimes be enigmatic given the availability of so many models in the stress field. Additionally, as with every field, there are many seemingly minor experimental details that can have dramatic influences on data interpretation, although many of these are unknown to those not familiar with the field. The aim of this overview is to provide some suggestions and points to guide researchers moving into the stress field and highlight relevant methodological points that they should consider when choosing a model for stress and deciding how to structure a study. We briefly provide a primer on the basics of endpoint measurements in the stress field, factors to consider when choosing a model for acute stress, the difference between repeated and chronic stress, and importantly, influencing variables that modulate endpoints of analysis in stress work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Gray
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, Neurocentre INSERM U862, University Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lin EJD, Sun M, Choi E, Magee D, Stets C, During MJ. Social overcrowding as a chronic stress model that increases adiposity in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51:318-30. [PMID: 25462904 PMCID: PMC4273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a widely recognized risk factor for psychiatric and metabolic disorders. A number of animal models utilizing various stressors have been developed to facilitate our understanding in the pathophysiology of stress-related dysfunctions. The most commonly used chronic stress paradigms include the unpredictable chronic mild stress paradigm, the social defeat paradigm and the social deprivation paradigm. Here we assess the potential of social crowding as an alternative chronic stress model to study the effects on affective behaviors and metabolic disturbances. Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed in groups of four (control) or eight (social crowding; SC) in standard cage for 9 weeks. Exploration, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were assessed in the open field test, the elevated T-maze, the novelty-suppressed feeding test and the forced swim test. SC mice exhibited a modest anxiety-like phenotype without change in depressive-like behaviors. Nine weeks of social crowding did not affect the body weight, but robustly increased adiposity as determined by increased mass of fat depots. Consistent with the increased fat content, serum leptin was markedly elevated in the SC mice. Specific changes in gene expression were also observed in the hypothalamus and the white adipose tissue following SC housing. Our study demonstrates the potential of social crowding as an alternative model for the study of stress-related metabolic and behavioral dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En-Ju D Lin
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 912 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Meng Sun
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene Choi
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Magee
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Stets
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J During
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Functional Genomics and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bruder-Nascimento T, Campos DHS, Alves C, Thomaz S, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S. Effects of chronic stress and high-fat diet on metabolic and nutritional parameters in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 57:642-9. [PMID: 24343634 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was assess the role of chronic stress on the metabolic and nutritional profile of rats exposed to a high-fat diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats (70-100 g) were distributed into four groups: normal-diet (NC), chronic stress (St), high-fat diet (HD), and chronic stress/high-fat diet (HD/St). Stress consisted at immobilization during 15 weeks, 5 times per week, 1h per day; and exposure to the high-fat diet lasted 15 weeks. Nutritional and metabolic parameters were assessed. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS The HD group had final body weight, total fat, as well as insulin and leptin increased, and they were insulin resistant. The St and HD/St had arterial hypertension and increased levels of corticosterone. Stress blocked the effects of the high-fat diet. CONCLUSION Chronic stress prevented the appearance of obesity. Our results help to clarify the mechanisms involved in metabolic and nutritional dysfunction, and contribute to clinical cases linked to stress and high-fat diet.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rossetti C, Halfon O, Boutrel B. Controversies about a common etiology for eating and mood disorders. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1205. [PMID: 25386150 PMCID: PMC4209809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and depression represent a growing health concern worldwide. For many years, basic science and medicine have considered obesity as a metabolic illness, while depression was classified a psychiatric disorder. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that obesity and depression may share commonalities, the causal link between eating and mood disorders remains to be fully understood. This etiology is highly complex, consisting of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors that interact with each other. In this review, we sought to summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a common etiology for eating and mood disorders, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of energy balance and mood stability, among which orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides, metabolic factors, stress responsive hormones, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rossetti
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Halfon
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland ; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jalewa J, Wong-Lin K, McGinnity TM, Prasad G, Hölscher C. Increased number of orexin/hypocretin neurons with high and prolonged external stress-induced depression. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
48
|
Balsevich G, Uribe A, Wagner KV, Hartmann J, Santarelli S, Labermaier C, Schmidt MV. Interplay between diet-induced obesity and chronic stress in mice: potential role of FKBP51. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:15-26. [PMID: 24781256 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While it is known that stress promotes obesity, the effects of stress within an obesogenic context are not so clear and molecular targets at the interface remain elusive. The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51, gene: Fkbp5) has been identified as a target gene implicated in the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders and is a possible candidate for involvement in stress and metabolic regulation. The aims of the current study are to investigate the interaction between chronic stress and an obesogenic context and to additionally examine whether FKBP51 is involved in this interaction. For this purpose, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a high-fat diet for 8 weeks before being challenged with chronic social defeat stress. Herein, we demonstrate that chronic stress induces hypophagia and weight loss, ultimately improving features arising from an obesogenic context, including glucose tolerance and levels of insulin and leptin. We show that Fkbp5 expression is responsive to diet and stress in the hypothalamus and hippocampus respectively. Furthermore, under basal conditions, higher levels of hypothalamic Fkbp5 expression were related to increased body weight gain. Our data indicate that Fkbp5 may represent a novel target in metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Balsevich
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andres Uribe
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus V Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Santarelli
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu YZ, Chen JK, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qu S, Jiang CL. Chronic stress induces steatohepatitis while decreases visceral fat mass in mice. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:106. [PMID: 24916323 PMCID: PMC4070165 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged stress leads over time to allostatic load on the body and is likely to exacerbate a disease process. Long-term of stress exposure is one of a risk factor for metabolism-related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between chronic stress and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain unknown. Methods To address the hypothesis that chronic stress associate to NAFLD development, we subjected C57bl/6 mice to electric foot shock and restraint stress for 12 weeks to set up chronic stress model. Then the serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) were measured. Hepatic HE and Oil red O staining were used to specify the state of the NAFLD. To investigate whether inflammation takes part in the stress-induced NAFLD process, related visceral fat, serum and hepatic inflammatory factors were measured. Results We observed that chronic stress led to an overall increase of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol while decreasing body weight and visceral fat mass. Microvesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning degeneration were seen in stress liver section. This effect was correlated with elevated hepatic and serum inflammatory factors. Although the amount of visceral fat was decreased in stress group, various adipocytokines were elevated. Conclusions We showed that chronic stress is associated to NAFLD and chronic inflammation in visceral fat, though food intake and visceral fat mass were decreased. These results may contribute to better understanding of the mechanism from steatosis to steatohepatitis, and propose a novel insight into the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shen Qu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR of China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jackson KL, Nguyen-Huu TP, Davern PJ, Head GA. Energy metabolism in BPH/2J genetically hypertensive mice. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:413-21. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|