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Allam MM, Ibrahim RM, El Gazzar WB, Said MA. Dipeptedyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor downregulates HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in a diabetic rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:87-95. [PMID: 34543583 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1975758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammatory and immune pathways play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sitagliptin blocks the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme, mechanisms that alter inflammatory pathways and the innate immune system, and by which Sitagliptin affects the pathogenesis of NAFLD weren't previously discussed. OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the interaction between Sitagliptin and innate immune response in order to meliorate NAFLD. METHODS Thirty- two Wistar male albino rats were categorised into four groups. Rats have received a standard diet or a high-fat diet either with or without Sitagliptin. Serum HMGB1, protein and mRNA expressions of hepatic TLR4 and NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological changes were analysed. RESULTS An ameliorative action of Sitagliptin in NAFLD was demonstrated via decreasing HMGB1-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signalling in order to suppress inflammation and reduce insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Sitagliptin may in fact prove to be a beneficial therapeutic intervention in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Allam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Reham M Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
| | - Mona A Said
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
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2
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Guerler A, Baker D, van den Beek M, Gruening B, Bouvier D, Coraor N, Shank SD, Zehr JD, Schatz MC, Nekrutenko A. Fast and accurate genome-wide predictions and structural modeling of protein-protein interactions using Galaxy. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:263. [PMID: 37353753 PMCID: PMC10288729 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-protein interactions play a crucial role in almost all cellular processes. Identifying interacting proteins reveals insight into living organisms and yields novel drug targets for disease treatment. Here, we present a publicly available, automated pipeline to predict genome-wide protein-protein interactions and produce high-quality multimeric structural models. RESULTS Application of our method to the Human and Yeast genomes yield protein-protein interaction networks similar in quality to common experimental methods. We identified and modeled Human proteins likely to interact with the papain-like protease of SARS-CoV2's non-structural protein 3. We also produced models of SARS-CoV2's spike protein (S) interacting with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein receptor and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. CONCLUSIONS The presented method is capable of confidently identifying interactions while providing high-quality multimeric structural models for experimental validation. The interactome modeling pipeline is available at usegalaxy.org and usegalaxy.eu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysam Guerler
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dannon Baker
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marius van den Beek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, College Park, PA, USA
| | - Bjoern Gruening
- Department of Bioinformatics, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dave Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, College Park, PA, USA
| | - Nate Coraor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, College Park, PA, USA
| | - Stephen D Shank
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan D Zehr
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anton Nekrutenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, College Park, PA, USA
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J. The many facets of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and its inhibitors in disorders of the CNS - a critical overview. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:1-24. [PMID: 35771831 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a serine protease that cleaves X-proline or X-alanine in the penultimate position. Natural substrates of the enzyme are glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon inhibiting peptide, glucagon, neuropeptide Y, secretin, substance P, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, endorphins, endomorphins, brain natriuretic peptide, beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone and amyloid peptides as well as some cytokines and chemokines. The enzyme is involved in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and regulation of the immune system. It is expressed in many organs including the brain. DPP4 activity may be effectively depressed by DPP4 inhibitors. Apart from enzyme activity, DPP4 acts as a cell surface (co)receptor, associates with adeosine deaminase, interacts with extracellular matrix, and controls cell migration and differentiation. This review aims at revealing the impact of DPP4 and DPP4 inhibitors for several brain diseases (virus infections affecting the brain, tumours of the CNS, neurological and psychiatric disorders). Special emphasis is given to a possible involvement of DPP4 expressed in the brain.While prominent contributions of extracerebral DPP4 are evident for a majority of diseases discussed herein; a possible role of "brain" DPP4 is restricted to brain cancers and Alzheimer disease. For a number of diseases (Covid-19 infection, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy), use of DPP4 inhibitors has been shown to have a disease-mitigating effect. However, these beneficial effects should mostly be attributed to the depression of "peripheral" DPP4, since currently used DPP4 inhibitors are not able to pass through the intact blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Lee KM, Hwang YJ, Jung GS. Gemigliptin exerts protective effects against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis via the regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hassanein AM, Moharram YI, Ebied SE, Sadek ME, Khamis AAA. Voltammetric assay of vildagliptin drug as vildagliptin-Cu2+ complex and its biological applications. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hamrick I, Goblirsch MJ, Tuan WJ, Beckham F. Transitioning from insulin to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for type 2 diabetes. Geriatr Nurs 2022; 46:86-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Arnipalli MS, Nimmu NV, Boddapati SNM, Challa GN, Jaweria S, Kola AE. New enantioselective liquid chromatography method development and validation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors using a macrocyclic glycopeptide (vancomycin) chiral stationary phase under polar ionic mode condition. Chirality 2022; 34:989-998. [PMID: 35388920 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The direct separation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors such as Sitagliptin (STG), Linagliptin (LIG), and Saxagliptin (SAG) enantiomers in normal phase conditions have been achieved on immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs), as well as on the macrocyclic glycopeptide vancomycin chiral stationary phase (Chirobiotic V2) under polar ionic mode. The enantiomers of these targets could be separated completely (resolution factor Rs > 2) using the Chirobiotic V2 column in polar ionic mode with the mobile phase (MeOH/AcOH/TEA 100/0.3/0.1 v/v/v) in an isocratic elution at 1.0 ml min-1 . The effect of the mobile phase composition on separation, including buffer salts, acid-base modifiers, and analyte structures, was evaluated. The developed technique was validated in the polar ionic mode according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2R1 guidelines in terms of accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The calibration curve was linear in a concentration range from LOQ to 3.75 μg/ml. The LOD and LOQ of STG, LIG, and SAG were 0.15 and 0.45, 0.15 and 0.50, 0.16 and 0.50, respectively. The proposed method is said to be selective, accurate, and precise. Finally, the validated method was used successfully for the quantitative determination of DPP-4 enantiomers in pharmaceutical analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikanta Swamy Arnipalli
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG), Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Central Research Laboratory (CRL), Sir C R Reddy Autonomous College, Eluru, India
| | - Narendra Varma Nimmu
- D-216, Discovery Lab, Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, India
| | - S N Murthy Boddapati
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG), Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Central Research Laboratory (CRL), Sir C R Reddy Autonomous College, Eluru, India
| | - Gangu Naidu Challa
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities (BS&H), Vignan's Institute of Information Technology (VIIT), Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Syed Jaweria
- Depatment of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, MESCO College of Pharmacy, Mustaidpura, India
| | - A Emmanuel Kola
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG), Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Central Research Laboratory (CRL), Sir C R Reddy Autonomous College, Eluru, India
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Brodosi L, Petta S, Petroni ML, Marchesini G, Morelli MC. Management of Diabetes in Candidates for Liver Transplantation and in Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2022; 106:462-478. [PMID: 34172646 PMCID: PMC9904447 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is common in patients waitlisted for liver transplantation because of end-stage liver disease or hepatocellular cancer as well as in posttransplant phase (posttransplantation diabetes mellitus). In both conditions, the presence of diabetes severely affects disease burden and long-term clinical outcomes; careful monitoring and appropriate treatment are pivotal to reduce cardiovascular events and graft and recipients' death. We thoroughly reviewed the epidemiology of diabetes in the transplant setting and the different therapeutic options, from lifestyle intervention to antidiabetic drug use-including the most recent drug classes available-and to the inclusion of bariatric surgery in the treatment cascade. In waitlisted patients, the old paradigm that insulin should be the treatment of choice in the presence of severe liver dysfunction is no longer valid; novel antidiabetic agents may provide adequate glucose control without the risk of hypoglycemia, also offering cardiovascular protection. The same evidence applies to the posttransplant phase, where oral or injectable noninsulin agents should be considered to treat patients to target, limiting the impact of disease on daily living, without interaction with immunosuppressive regimens. The increasing prevalence of liver disease of metabolic origin (nonalcoholic fatty liver) among liver transplant candidates, also having a higher risk of noncirrhotic hepatocellular cancer, is likely to accelerate the acceptance of new drugs and invasive procedures, as suggested by international guidelines. Intensive lifestyle intervention programs remain however mandatory, both before and after transplantation. Achievement of adequate control is mandatory to increase candidacy, to prevent delisting, and to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brodosi
- IRCCS – Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria L. Petroni
- IRCCS – Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Marchesini
- IRCCS – Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C. Morelli
- IRCCS – Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Rais N, Ahmad R, Ved A, Parveen K, Ishrat T, Prakash O, Shadab M, Bari DG, Siddiqui NA. Diabetes Mellitus during the Pandemic Covid-19: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Mechanism, and Management: An updated overview. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e120721194712. [PMID: 34931983 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210712160651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the most frequently reported comorbidities in patients tainted with the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With a high pervasiveness of diabetes mellitus, there is an urgency to understand the special aspects of COVID-19 in hyperglycemic patients. Diabetic patients are at higher risk than the general population of viral or bacterial infections, thus require special attention since diabetes is linked with severe, critical, and lethal modes of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, mechanism, and management of DM with COVID-19. METHODS The search was carried out on databases portals such as Pubmed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and CINAHL with the keywords, i.e., COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes, covid-19, etc. Result: DM and COVID-19 disease conditions can impact each other in terms of clinical progression and outcome. Available laboratory/clinical observations suggest that hyperglycemia-induced immune dysfunction, inflated lactate grades, and cytokines storm may play critical roles in the seriousness of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes; however, the exact mechanisms linking diabetes and COVID-19 remain to be further clarified. CONCLUSION Standards to constrain the disease spread at the individual and community level are the key to extenuate the speedily rising pandemic, while definitive treatment, like plasma therapy, chemoprophylaxis, or vaccine for COVID-19, has yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305004, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, 246701, India
| | - Akash Ved
- Goel Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
| | - Kehkashan Parveen
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
| | - Mohd Shadab
- Arabian Gulf University, Manama, 26671, Bahrain
| | | | - Nasir Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2457-11451, KSA
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10
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Antidiabetic drugs and the risk of cancer: beneficial, neutral, or detrimental? FORUM OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fco-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly rising, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Also, early-onset diabetes is on the rise, and millions of individuals have to be on antidiabetic medications for a prolonged period. Therefore, more people are getting exposed to the adverse effects of antidiabetic medications.
Cancer is among the top ranking causes of death worldwide. Researches are still ongoing to understand the etiologies, precipitants, risk factors, correlates, and predictors of cancers. Diabetes mellitus is associated with various cancers, as extensively documented in the literature. There are conflicting reports about the association between antidiabetic drugs and cancer. This is even of crucial importance, considering that the prevalence of diabetes is rising.
Insulin glargine is reported to be associated with cancers, but clinical trials have not confirmed this. Metformin is largely believed to be beneficial in oncologic practice. Glibenclamide is reported to reduce tumor growth. The association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer is still an area for further research. Meglitinides have also been associated with cancers. Incretin-based therapy and the α-glucosidase inhibitors appear to have beneficial effects on cancers.
There is still a need for randomized multicentric clinical trials to further substantiate and clarify reports from epidemiological studies. Further in vitro studies will also be necessary to characterize the interaction of these pharmacological agents with other molecules in the body.
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Kitaura H, Ogawa S, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Nara Y, Pramusita A, Kinjo R, Ma J, Kanou K, Mizoguchi I. Effects of Incretin-Related Diabetes Drugs on Bone Formation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126578. [PMID: 34205264 PMCID: PMC8234693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of fracture compared to the general population. Glucose absorption is accelerated by incretin hormones, which induce insulin secretion from the pancreas. The level of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), shows an immediate postprandial increase, and the circulating level of intact GLP-1 is reduced rapidly by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)-mediated inactivation. Therefore, GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, these incretin-related diabetic agents have been reported to affect bone metabolism, including bone formation and resorption. These agents enhance the expression of bone markers, and have been applied to improve bone quality and bone density. In addition, they have been reported to suppress chronic inflammation and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokine expression. Previously, we reported that these incretin-related agents inhibited both the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-induced bone resorption. This review presents an overview of current knowledge regarding the effects of incretin-related diabetes drugs on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation as well as osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The mechanisms by which incretin-related diabetes drugs regulate bone formation and bone resorption are also discussed.
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12
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Comparative risk of musculoskeletal adverse reactions among new users of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A retrospective cohort study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 35481118 PMCID: PMC9031759 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jackson EK, Mi Z, Gillespie DG, Cheng D, Tofovic SP. Long-Term Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibition Worsens Hypertension and Renal and Cardiac Abnormalities in Obese Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020088. [PMID: 33682436 PMCID: PMC8174220 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The long-term effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors on blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal health remain controversial. Herein, we investigated the extended (>182 days) effects of DPP4 inhibition in a model of spontaneous hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hyperlipidemia. Methods and Results Adult obese spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats (SHHF) were implanted with radio transmitters for measurement of arterial blood pressures. Two weeks later, SHHF were randomized to receive either a DPP4 inhibitor (sitagliptin, 80 mg/kg per day in drinking water) or placebo. At the end of the radiotelemetry measurements, renal and cardiac function and histology, as well as other relevant biochemical parameters, were assessed. For the first 25 days, mean arterial blood pressures were similar in sitagliptin-treated versus control SHHF; afterwards, mean arterial blood pressures increased more in sitagliptin-treated SHHF (P<0.000001). The time-averaged mean arterial blood pressures from day 26 through 182 were 7.2 mm Hg higher in sitagliptin-treated SHHF. Similar changes were observed for systolic (8.6 mm Hg) and diastolic (6.1 mm Hg) blood pressures, and sitagliptin augmented hypertension throughout the light-dark cycle. Long-term sitagliptin treatment also increased kidney weights, renal vascular resistances, the excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (indicates injury to proximal tubules), renal interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, renal vascular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, right ventricular degeneration, and the ratios of collagen IV/collagen III and collagen IV/laminin in the right ventricle. Conclusions These findings indicate that, in some genetic backgrounds, long-term DPP4 inhibitor treatment is harmful and identify an animal model to study mechanisms of, and test ways to prevent, DPP4 inhibitor-induced pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA
| | - Stevan P Tofovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA
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14
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Ashraf GM, Ebada MA, Suhail M, Ali A, Uddin MS, Bilgrami AL, Perveen A, Husain A, Tarique M, Hafeez A, Alexiou A, Ahmad A, Kumar R, Banu N, Najda A, Sayed AA, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Peluso I, Barreto GE. Dissecting Sex-Related Cognition between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4572471. [PMID: 33747345 PMCID: PMC7960032 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4572471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a sexually dimorphic organ that implies different functions and structures depending on sex. Current pharmacological approaches against different neurological diseases act distinctly in male and female brains. In all neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), sex-related outcomes regarding pathogenesis, prevalence, and response to treatments indicate that sex differences are important for precise diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. Pathogenesis of AD includes vascular dementia, and in most cases, this is accompanied by metabolic complications with similar features as those assembled in diabetes. This review discusses how AD-associated dementia and diabetes affect cognition in relation to sex difference, as both diseases share similar pathological mechanisms. We highlight potential protective strategies to mitigate amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathogenesis, emphasizing how these drugs act in the male and female brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Ebada
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ali
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar L. Bilgrami
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 018901, USA
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Amjad Husain
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
- Centre for Science and Society, IISER Bhopal, India
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship, IISER Bhopal, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria
| | - Ausaf Ahmad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naheed Banu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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15
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Common targets for a deadly duo of diabetes mellitus and colon cancer: Catching two fish with one worm. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 893:173805. [PMID: 33359221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major health issue and number of cases are increasing every year. Diabetes mellitus is also a significant health issue that is growing day by day worldwide having negative influences on the survival of individuals. Research has shown a strong relationship between the two malignant diseases. The risk of colon cancer with patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus has spiked by 30%. The scientific research suggests insulin has a major role in the spread of cancer and the condition unifying between the two diseases is hyperinsulinemia. Several anti-diabetic agents are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetesmellitus. However, their mechanism of action against cancer activity is a question and only a few agents have shown positive signs of action in colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetesmellitus. Hence, the identification of targets, which is common for both colon cancer, associated with type 2 diabetesmellitus has become an urgent requirement. Novel targets such as Liver X receptors, Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), Glucose Transporters (GLUTs), Peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs), Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP4i), Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitors (CDK4i), Estrogen receptors,Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), Insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF) are some of the targets which are common for both, type 2 diabetesmellitus and colon cancer. This current review gives an overview of the targets (using one worm) which are common for both viz. diabetes mellitus and colon cancer (two fish).
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16
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Maringwa J, Sardu ML, Hang Y, Czerniak R, Vishnubhotla M, Vakilynejad M, Pfister M. Characterizing Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Heart Rate, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1583-1592. [PMID: 33280092 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A model-based meta-analysis was performed with reported data from obese subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to characterize the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, gastric inhibitory polypeptides (GIPs), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), and dual GIP/GLP1 agonists, or a combination of these antidiabetic drugs (ADs) on heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). A systematic literature search and review after the Cochrane method identified sources for investigational and approved ADs resulted in a comprehensive database with data from 178 clinical studies in obese subjects and patients with T2DM. Results indicated that there were AD class-dependent effects on HR and SBP, whereas no clear AD-related effects on DBP were found. All AD classes, except for DPP4 inhibitors, increased HR. The largest increase of 12 bpm was seen with GLP1 receptor agonists. All AD classes appeared to decrease SBP. DPP4 inhibitors were associated with a marginal decrease of ~ 1 mmHg, whereas GLP1 and GIP/GLP1 dual agonists exhibited the largest decrease of ~ 3 mmHg in SBP. AD-related effects were similar in obese subjects and patients with T2DM. In conclusion, there are clinically relevant AD-related effects on both HR and SBP, but not on DBP. DPP4 inhibitors are associated with the smallest (if at all) effects on HR and SBP, whereas GLP1 inhibitors exhibited the largest effects on these two cardiovascular end points. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate how AD-related SBP decreases combined with HR increases affect long-term cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maringwa
- Quantitative Science, Certara, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Yaming Hang
- Quantitative Solutions, Takeda, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Czerniak
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology Group, Takeda, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Marc Pfister
- Quantitative Science, Certara, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Yadav AS, Dornala D, Swain D, Prabha A, Samanthula G. Application of online liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for structural characterization of linagliptin degradation products and related impurities. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8874. [PMID: 33463844 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Linagliptin is a drug used for the management of type 2 diabetes, which is a leading cause of global ill health and mortality. Impurities can affect the quality and safety of drug products and eventually may affect human health. A robust, sensitive and reliable analytical method is required to detect, characterize, quantify and control the presence of impurities in finished pharmaceutical products such as linagliptin. METHODS Linagliptin was stressed under harsh conditions as in the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines to generate degradation products. The degradation products and process-related impurities were separated using an InertSustain C8 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) and characterized by tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive mode electrospray ionization. The developed method was validated according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. RESULTS Upon forced degradation, 12 degradation products were obtained (6 in oxidative stress and 3 in each of acid and alkaline hydrolysis). The special finding here was the presence of a pair of isomeric degradation products in acid hydrolysis and the formation of degradation products in base hydrolysis and oxidative degradation caused by the use of acetonitrile as a diluent. The 12 degradation products and 6 process-related substances were successfully identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the separation of the 12 degradation products and 6 process-related impurities. Structural characterization of all impurities was carried out using fragmentation pathways obtained from tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sufficiently sensitive and reproducible for quality control of linagliptin and for further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrej Singh Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Divya Dornala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Debasish Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Aishwarya Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Kumar S, Niguram P, Bhat V, Jinagal S, Jairaj V, Chauhan N. Synthesis, molecular docking and ADMET prediction of novel swertiamarin analogues for the restoration of type-2 diabetes: an enzyme inhibition assay. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:2197-2207. [PMID: 32998578 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1825428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Swertiamarin is a lead, biologically active compound obtained from Enicostemma littorale Blume and known to be identified for the anti-diabetic activity. Present work comprises the synthesis and structural optimization of seven novel swertiamarin analogues and those were not being reported elsewhere till date. Swertiamarin was isolated, followed by modifications that have been accomplished amidst fluorinating, acetylating and oxidizing agents and also performed chromatographic purity and characterization of analogues. Furthermore, the swertiamarin analogues were screened for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme inhibition with in silico studies. Besides, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of analogues were predicted using ADMET software. In a nutshell, the compounds such as SNIPERSV-4 and SNIPERSV-7 have to pose good initial activity (∼48%) in comparison to standard DPP-IV inhibitor (Sitagliptin). The identified analogues were active against DPP-IV enzyme in preliminary screenings, and these findings would be beneficial for the new age researchers also for the therapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyender Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Prakash Niguram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vedika Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Seema Jinagal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Mast Nath University - Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Jairaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Neelam Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Nasykhova YA, Tonyan ZN, Mikhailova AA, Danilova MM, Glotov AS. Pharmacogenetics of Type 2 Diabetes-Progress and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186842. [PMID: 32961860 PMCID: PMC7555942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from insulin resistance and progressively reduced insulin secretion, which leads to impaired glucose utilization, dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia and progressive pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide and nowadays T2D already became a global epidemic. The well-known interindividual variability of T2D drug actions such as biguanides, sulfonylureas/meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors/GLP1R agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors may be caused, among other things, by genetic factors. Pharmacogenetic findings may aid in identifying new drug targets and obtaining in-depth knowledge of the causes of disease and its physiological processes, thereby, providing an opportunity to elaborate an algorithm for tailor or precision treatment. The aim of this article is to summarize recent progress and discoveries for T2D pharmacogenetics and to discuss the factors which limit the furthering accumulation of genetic variability knowledge in patient response to therapy that will allow improvement the personalized treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Nasykhova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ziravard N. Tonyan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Anastasiia A. Mikhailova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria M. Danilova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Andrey S. Glotov
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott’s Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (Y.A.N.); (Z.N.T.); (A.A.M.); (M.M.D.)
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9117832003
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Mäder P, Kattner L. Sulfoximines as Rising Stars in Modern Drug Discovery? Current Status and Perspective on an Emerging Functional Group in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14243-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mäder
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Lars Kattner
- Endotherm GmbH, Science Park 2, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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21
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Effect of a DPP-4 Inhibitor on Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Associated Root Resorption. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7189084. [PMID: 32923485 PMCID: PMC7453249 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7189084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus and have also recently been applied to enhance bone quality and density, and increase the expression of bone markers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a DPP-4 inhibitor on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and related root resorption in a mouse model. Materials and Methods Mice were randomly divided into three groups: those undergoing OTM with the addition of a DPP-4 inhibitor (30 μg), those undergoing OTM and receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and those without force loading (control group). OTM was achieved by means of a nickel-titanium closed coil spring that moved the first molar in a mesial direction for 12 days. The distance of OTM was measured using silicone impression. Maxillae were removed for histological analysis or real-time PCR analysis. Results The distance of OTM and the number of osteoclasts were significantly decreased after administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor, which also significantly suppressed the number of odontoclasts and root resorption after OTM. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) were decreased in DPP-4 inhibitor-treated mice compared with those receiving PBS and control animals. Conclusion The DPP-4 inhibitor inhibited tooth movement and associated root resorption by blocking the formation of osteoclasts and odontoclasts, respectively. It also appeared to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and odontoclastogenesis by suppressing the expression of TNF-α and/or RANKL.
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Pavlicevic M, Maestri E, Marmiroli M. Marine Bioactive Peptides-An Overview of Generation, Structure and Application with a Focus on Food Sources. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E424. [PMID: 32823602 PMCID: PMC7460072 DOI: 10.3390/md18080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest obstacles in the application of marine peptides are two-fold, as in the case of non-marine plant and animal-derived bioactive peptides: elucidating correlation between the peptide structure and its effect and demonstrating its stability in vivo. The structures of marine bioactive peptides are highly variable and complex and dependent on the sources from which they are isolated. They can be cyclical, in the form of depsipeptides, and often contain secondary structures. Because of steric factors, marine-derived peptides can be resistant to proteolysis by gastrointestinal proteases, which presents an advantage over other peptide sources. Because of heterogeneity, amino acid sequences as well as preferred mechanisms of peptides showing specific bioactivities differ compared to their animal-derived counterparts. This review offers insights on the extreme diversity of bioactivities, effects, and structural features, analyzing 253 peptides, mainly from marine food sources. Similar to peptides in food of non-marine animal origin, a significant percentage (52.7%) of the examined sequences contain one or more proline residues, implying that proline might play a significant role in the stability of bioactive peptides. Additional problems with analyzing marine-derived bioactive peptides include their accessibility, extraction, and purification; this review considers the challenges and proposes possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
- Consorzio Italbiotec, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a two- to fourfold propensity to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) than nondiabetic population, making CVD a major cause of death and disability among people with T2DM. The present treatment options for management of diabetes propose the earlier and more frequent use of new antidiabetic drugs that could control hyperglycaemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Findings from basic and clinical studies pointed out DPP-4 inhibitors as potentially novel pharmacological tools for cardioprotection. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that these drugs have ability to protect the heart against acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury as well as reduce the size of infarction. Consequently, the prevention of degradation of the incretin hormones by the use of DPP-4 inhibitors represents a new strategy in the treatment of patients with T2DM and reduction of CV events in these patients. Here, we discuss the cardioprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors as well as proposed pathways that these hypoglycaemic agents target in the cardiovascular system.
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Anagliptin stimulates osteoblastic cell differentiation and mineralization. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:109796. [PMID: 32559615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common debilitating bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass and degradation of the bone architecture, which is primarily driven by dysregulated differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into bone-producing osteoblasts. Osteoblasts contribute to bone formation by secreting various proteins that guide the deposition of bone extracellular matrix, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN). The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is widely recognized as a regulator of bone mass and is required to maintain bone homeostasis. Hormones have long been recognized as playing a key role in bone metabolism, and in recent years, growing evidence has shown that diabetes is a risk factor for osteoporosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the antidiabetic drug anagliptin on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts induced by osteogenic medium. Anagliptin promotes insulin production via inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4), an enzyme that targets the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) for degradation. Our findings show that anagliptin significantly increases the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts via activation of RUNX2. Anagliptin significantly increased matrix deposition and mineralization by osteoblasts, as evidenced by elevated levels of ALP, OCN, OPN, and BMP-2. We further demonstrate that anagliptin activates the canonical and noncannonical Wnt signaling pathways and that silencing of Wnt/β-catenin signaling completely abolished the effects of anagliptin. Thus, anagliptin might be a safe, effective therapy for type II diabetes that might show promise as a therapy against osteoporosis.
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Nasab SB, Homaei A, Pletschke BI, Salinas-Salazar C, Castillo-Zacarias C, Parra-Saldívar R. Marine resources effective in controlling and treating diabetes and its associated complications. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Seo MS, Li H, An JR, Jung ID, Jung WK, Ha KS, Han ET, Hong SH, Choi IW, Park WS. Vildagliptin, an Anti-diabetic Drug of the DPP-4 Inhibitor, Induces Vasodilation via Kv Channel and SERCA Pump Activation in Aortic Smooth Muscle. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:244-254. [PMID: 30519910 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated vildagliptin-induced vasodilation and its related mechanisms using phenylephrine induced precontracted rabbit aortic rings. Vildagliptin induced vasodilation in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker paxilline, ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide, and inwardly rectifying K+ channel blocker Ba2+ did not affect the vasodilatory effects of vildagliptin. However, application of the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine significantly reduced the vasodilatory effects of vildagliptin. In addition, application of either of two sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitors, thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid, effectively inhibited the vasodilatory effects of vildagliptin. These vasodilatory effects were not affected by pretreatment with adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase A (PKA), guanylyl cyclase, or protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitors, or by removal of the endothelium. From these results, we concluded that vildagliptin induced vasodilation via activation of Kv channels and the SERCA pump. However, other K+ channels, PKA/PKG-related signaling cascades associated with vascular dilation, and the endothelium were not involved in vildagliptin-induced vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Seo
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin Ryeol An
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 48516, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
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Jackson EK, Gillespie DG, Tofovic SP. DPP4 Inhibition, NPY 1-36, PYY 1-36, SDF-1 α, and a Hypertensive Genetic Background Conspire to Augment Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production: Effects That Are Abolished by Low Concentrations of 2-Methoxyestradiol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:135-148. [PMID: 32015161 PMCID: PMC7174788 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By reducing their metabolism, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition (DPP4I) enhances the effects of numerous peptides including neuropeptide Y1–36 (NPY1–36), peptide YY1–36 (PYY1–36), and SDF-1α. Studies show that separately NPY1–36, PYY1–36 and SDF-1α stimulate proliferation of, and collagen production by, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs), and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs), particularly in cells isolated from genetically hypertensive rats. Whether certain combinations of these factors, in the absence or presence of DPP4I, are more profibrotic than others is unknown. Here we contrasted 24 different combinations of conditions (DPP4I, hypertensive genotype and physiologic levels [3 nM] of NPY1–36, PYY1–36, or SDF-1α) on proliferation of, and [3H]-proline incorporation by, CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs. In all three cell types, the various treatment conditions differentially increased proliferation and [3H]-proline incorporation, with a hypertensive genotype + DPP4I + NPY1–36 + SDF-1α being the most efficacious combination. Although the effects of this four-way combination were similar in male versus female CFs, physiologic (1 nM) concentrations of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME; nonestrogenic metabolite of 17β-estradiol), abolished the effects of this combination in both male and female CFs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs are differentially activated by various combinations of NPY1–36, PYY1–36, SDF-1α, a hypertensive genetic background and DPP4I. We hypothesize that as these progrowth conditions accumulate, a tipping point would be reached that manifests in the long term as organ fibrosis and that 2ME would obviate any profibrotic effects of DPP4I, even under the most profibrotic conditions (i.e., hypertensive genotype with high NPY1–36 + SDF-1α levels and low 2ME levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stevan P Tofovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ferrara F, Vitiello A. The impact of COVID-19 in diabetic patient. ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/amhs.amhs_117_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Cripps MJ, Bagnati M, Jones TA, Ogunkolade BW, Sayers SR, Caton PW, Hanna K, Billacura MP, Fair K, Nelson C, Lowe R, Hitman GA, Berry MD, Turner MD. Identification of a subset of trace amine-associated receptors and ligands as potential modulators of insulin secretion. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang L, Qi X, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Tian J. Saxagliptin protects against hypoxia-induced damage in H9c2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 315:108864. [PMID: 31629700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes is recognized as a major risk factor for death due to cardiovascular complications such as coronary heart disease (CHD), but the complex interplay between these two diseases remains poorly understood. Suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation of endothelial cells is a valuable treatment strategy to prevent or halt the progression of CHD. In the present study, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot analysis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the effects of saxagliptin on hypoxia-inducible factors. Our findings demonstrate that saxagliptin can significantly improve cell viability in H9c2 cells as well as reduce hypoxia-induced oxidative damage and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Saxagliptin reduced hypoxia-induced NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX 4). We also show that saxagliptin can reduce the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), two important degradative enzymes. Saxagliptin also suppressed hypoxia-induced expression of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), a key inflammatory cytokine. Finally, we show that saxagliptin can exert atheroprotective effects by reducing the expression of myeloid differential protein-88 (MyD88) and increasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Thus, saxagliptin shows promise as a treatment against diabetes-associated CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, China.
| | - Xiaogui Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiali Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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More than just an enzyme: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and its association with diabetic kidney remodelling. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104391. [PMID: 31401210 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review article discusses recent advances in the mechanism of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) actions in renal diseases, especially diabetic kidney fibrosis, and summarizes anti-fibrotic functions of various DPP-4 inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy (DN). RECENT FINDINGS DN is a common complication of diabetes and is a leading cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DPP-4 is a member of serine proteases, and more than 30 substrates have been identified that act via several biochemical messengers in a variety of tissues including kidney. Intriguingly, DPP-4 actions on the diabetic kidney is a complex mechanism, and a variety of pathways are involved including increasing GLP-1/SDF-1, disrupting AGE-RAGE pathways, and integrin-β- and TGF-β-Smad-mediated signalling pathways that finally lead to endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Interestingly, an array of DPP-4 inhibitors is well recognized as oral drugs to treat type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients, which promote better glycemic control. Furthermore, recent experimental and preclinical data reveal that DPP-4 inhibitors may also exhibit protective effects in renal disease progression including anti-fibrotic effects in the diabetic kidney by attenuating above signalling cascade(s), either singly or as a combinatorial effect. In this review, we discussed the anti-fibrotic effects of DPP-4 inhibitors based on recent reports along with the possible mechanism of actions and future perspectives to underscore the beneficial effects of DPP-4 inhibitors in DN. SUMMARY With recent experimental, preclinical, and clinical evidence, we summarized DPP-4 activities and its mechanism of actions in diabetic kidney diseases. A knowledge gap of DPP-4 inhibition in controlling renal fibrosis in DN has also been postulated in this review for future research perspectives.
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Gou ZP, Wang ZL, Liang XF, Zheng L, Wang Y, Feng P. Single-dose escalation study of yogliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104950. [PMID: 31173870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yogliptin is a novel xanthine dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor targeting type 2 diabetes. After promising preclinical pharmacological studies, the first human trial of yogliptin was designed. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled phase I single-dose escalation study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability after single oral doses of yogliptin in healthy Chinese subjects. Healthy subjects were assigned to nine cohorts, which received a single dose of yogliptin at 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg. Two subjects in each cohort received placebo. Blood samples were collected before dosing and up to 192 h afterwards. Urine samples were collected until 120 h after dosing. Plasma and urine drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and DPP-4 activity was measured using a semi-quantitative, fluorescence-based kinetic assay. RESULTS A total of 104 subjects were enrolled, 103 of whom completed the study (mean age, 25.3 years; mean weight, 58.8 kg; mean BMI, 21.8 kg/m2). A total of 27 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 25 of 86 yogliptin subjects (29.1%), and 3 AEs occurred in 3 of 18 placebo subjects (16.7%). Yogliptin was absorbed with a median time of maximum observed concentration (Tmax) of 3.0 h and was eliminated slowly with a t1/2 of 25.45-43.84 h. The maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) varied slightly more than dose-proportionally over the dose range from 2.5 to 400 mg. The fraction of drug excreted in urine ranged from 8.39% to 24.77%. Mean DPP-4 inhibition at 24 h after dosing ranged from 97.7% to 99.5%, and DPP-4 inhibition was >80% for 72 h at doses from 25 to 400 mg. DPP-4 inhibition was >80% for 1 week in the group receiving 400 mg. CONCLUSION Yogliptin was well tolerated in healthy subjects, with no dose-limiting toxicity observed in the range from 2.5 to 600 mg. Yogliptin inhibited plasma DPP-4 activity for 72 h at single doses of 25-200 mg and for 1 week at 400 mg, suggesting that once-weekly dosing of yogliptin is possible in type 2 diabetes patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-IIR-17010311 (Chictr.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ping Gou
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Lei Wang
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fang Liang
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Hajrah NH, Abdul WM, Al-Garni SM, Sheikh A, Ahmed MMM, Hall N, Saini KS, Mohammad Sabir JS, Bora RS. Gene expression profiling to elucidate the pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ricinus communis L. leaf extract in mammalian cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1578691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Hassan Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Mohammed Abdul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Mohammed Al-Garni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sheikh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Morsi Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Nucleic Acids Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Neil Hall
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England, UK
| | - Kulvinder Singh Saini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, HP, India
| | | | - Roop Singh Bora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, HP, India
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Lin YH, Huang H. Predictors of the Efficacy of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Taiwanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2725-2733. [PMID: 31920352 PMCID: PMC6935284 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s220180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are the most popular oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in recent 20 years because of the low risk of hypoglycemia, intermediate efficacy to lower glycated hemoglobin (△HbA1c): 0.5-0.9%, neutral effect on body weight change, convenience for usage (mostly once daily), and rare occurrence of major side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the important predictors of the efficacy of naïve use of DPP-4 inhibitors in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted. Of the T2D patients, 193 (122 men) naïve DPP-4 inhibitor users with an age of 58.0 ± 12.6 years, disease duration 5.4 ± 4.7 years, body mass index (BMI) 26.1 ± 4.3 kg/m2, and estimated glomerular filtration rate 95.9 ± 27.0 mL/min/1.73M2 were assessed for △HbA1c in 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months of DPP-4 inhibitors use, mostly second or third line of OADs (2.8 ± 0.7 kinds of OADs), 193 T2D patients (mean baseline HbA1c: 8.4 ± 1.4%) had △HbA1c 1.1 ± 1.2% on average (P < 0.01). The group with a higher baseline HbA1c level had more effective efficacy (△HbA1c ≥0.5%) in lowering HbA1c. Single regression analysis showed that the change in HbA1c after 6 months of treatment was positively associated with the baseline HbA1c level (R = 0.71, P < 0.001). In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that contributors to decrease HbA1c level after 6 months were high baseline HbA1c level, low BMI, short T2D duration, and fewer kinds of OADs. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that high baseline HbA1c level, low BMI, short T2D duration, and fewer kinds of OADs are the predictors of the efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors in Taiwanese patients with T2D. The baseline HbA1c level, in particular, played the most important role in effective efficacy (△HbA1c ≥0.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsuan Huang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Correspondence: Hsuan Huang Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Email
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Qiao J, Li L, Ma Y, Shi R, Teng M. Biological function of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 on type 2 diabetes patients and diabetic mice. Curr Res Transl Med 2018; 67:89-92. [PMID: 30591375 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (TD2) is a sustained metabolic disorder, characterized by high blood glucose, insulin resistance (IR). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) functions as an antigenic enzyme involved in hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation-associated IR. Therefore, association between DPP4 and TD2 warrants to be investigated. METHODS In this study, blood samples of clinically diagnosed TD2 patients were harvested for biochemical tests. In addition, diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to assess the biological characteristics of DPP4 through biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot assay. RESULTS Compared to controls, the clinical data of patients with TD2 resulted in increased contents of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR, blood lipids of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and interleukin 6 (IL6) in plasma samples (p < 0.05). Notably, blood levels of DPP4 in TD2 patients were increased significantly in comparison to that in non-diabetic adults (p < 0.01). In animal study, diabetic mice showed increased levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, DPP4 activity in sera. Visibly, hepatocellular DPP4 expression was up-regulated in diabetic mice. Interestingly, DPP4 inhibitor-treated mice showed significantly reduced DPP4 expression in serum (p < 0.01), and lowered DPP4-positive cells and protein content in the liver were observed when compared to those in diabetic mice (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings reveal that DPP4 biomolecule may be positively associated with TD2 development, and the underlying mechanism may be attributed to activation of DPP4 expression in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiao
- Department of VIP, Gaomi People's Hospital, Shandong, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of VIP, Gaomi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gaomi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Ruhui Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Gaomi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Teng
- Department of VIP, Gaomi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
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Salunkhe VA, Veluthakal R, Kahn SE, Thurmond DC. Novel approaches to restore beta cell function in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1895-1901. [PMID: 29947922 PMCID: PMC6070408 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that diabetes prevalence has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, with type 2 diabetes accounting for more than 90% of these cases. Furthermore, the prevalence of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) is more than 40% in some countries and is associated with a global rise in obesity. Therefore it is imperative that we develop new approaches to reduce the development of prediabetes and progression to type 2 diabetes. In this review, we explore the gains made over the past decade by focused efforts to improve insulin secretion by the beta cell or insulin sensitivity of target tissues. We also describe multitasking candidates, which could improve both beta cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Moreover, we highlight provocative findings indicating that additional glucose regulatory tissues, such as the brain, may be key therapeutic targets. Taken together, the promise of these new multi-faceted approaches reinforces the importance of understanding and tackling type 2 diabetes pathogenesis from a multi-tissue perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Salunkhe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rajakrishnan Veluthakal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debbie C Thurmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Shen T, Xu B, Lei T, Chen L, Zhang C, Ni Z. Sitagliptin reduces insulin resistance and improves rat liver steatosis via the SIRT1/AMPKα pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3121-3128. [PMID: 30214535 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease. It is asymptomatic at presentation and is frequently identified among individuals with metabolic dysfunction, including obesity and diabetes. NAFLD is primarily characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver. Since insulin resistance and fat metabolism dysregulation are major causes of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD, anti-diabetes agents are widely considered as potential therapy strategies for NAFLD. Sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, has been developed as an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent. In the present study, the effect of sitagliptin on the progression of NAFLD was evaluated in a rat model fed with a high fat diet (HFD). It was identified that sitagliptin significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in rat blood and liver and improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, it was revealed that sitagliptin reactivated the HFD-suppressed SIRT1/AMPK axis pathway and upregulated its downstream target genes, modulating fatty acid metabolism. These findings demonstrate a preventive effect of sitagliptin on hepatic lipid dysregulation and suggest that sitagliptin has potential as a clinical therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Bilin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
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Development of a validated HPLC method for the quantitative determination of trelagliptin succinate and its related substances in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:458-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jackson EK, Zhang Y, Gillespie DD, Zhu X, Cheng D, Jackson TC. SDF-1α (Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α) Induces Cardiac Fibroblasts, Renal Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells, and Glomerular Mesangial Cells to Proliferate, Cause Hypertrophy, and Produce Collagen. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007253. [PMID: 29114002 PMCID: PMC5721794 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs), and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) proliferate, cause hypertrophy, and produce collagen; in this way, activated CFs contribute to cardiac fibrosis, and activated PGVSMCs and GMCs promote renal fibrosis. In heart and kidney diseases, SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α; endogenous CXCR4 [C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4] receptor agonist) levels are often elevated; therefore, it is important to know whether and how the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis activates CFs, PGVSMCs, or GMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we investigated whether SDF-1α activates CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs to proliferate, hypertrophy, or produce collagen. DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) inactivates SDF-1α and previous experiments show that growth-promoting peptides have greater effects in cells from genetically-hypertensive animals. Therefore, we performed experiments in the absence and presence of sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibitor) and in cells from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Our studies show (1) that spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rat CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs express CXCR4 receptors and DPP4 activity; (2) that chronic treatment with physiologically relevant concentrations of SDF-1α causes concentration-dependent increases in the proliferation (cell number) and hypertrophy (3H-leucine incorporation) of and collagen production (3H-proline incorporation) by CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs; (3) that sitagliptin augments these effects of SDF-1α; (4) that interactions between SDF-1α and sitagliptin are greater in spontaneously hypertensive rat cells; (5) that CXCR4 antagonism (AMD3100) blocks all effects of SDF-1α; and (6) that SDF-1α/CXCR4 signal transduction likely involves the RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1)/Gβγ/PLC (phospholipase C)/PKC (protein kinase C) signaling complex. CONCLUSIONS The SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis drives proliferation and hypertrophy of and collagen production by CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs, particularly in cells from genetically hypertensive animals and when DPP4 is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Delbert D Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Du J, Liang L, Fang H, Xu F, Li W, Shen L, Wang X, Xu C, Bian F, Mu Y. Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin compared with acarbose in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on metformin monotherapy: Results of a Phase IV open-label randomized controlled study (the SMART study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1513-1520. [PMID: 28296055 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of saxagliptin compared with acarbose in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy. METHODS SMART was a 24-week, multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, open-label Phase IV study conducted at 35 sites in China (September 24, 2014 to September 29, 2015). The primary outcome was absolute change from baseline in HbA1c at Week 24. Secondary outcomes assessed at Week 24 included the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c < 7.0%, the proportion of patients with gastrointestinal adverse events (GI AEs), and the proportion of patients achieving HbA1c < 7.0% without GI AEs. Safety and tolerability were also assessed in all patients who received ≥1 dose of study medication. RESULTS Four-hundred and eighty-eight patients were randomized (1:1) to saxagliptin or acarbose via a central randomization system (interactive voice/web response system); 241 and 244 patients received saxagliptin and acarbose, respectively, and 238 and 243 of these had ≥1 pre- and ≥1 post-baseline efficacy values recorded. Saxagliptin was non-inferior to acarbose for glycaemic control [Week 24 HbA1c change: -0.82% and -0.78%, respectively; difference (95% confidence interval): -0.04 (-0.22, 0.13)%], with similar proportions of patients in both treatment groups achieving HbA1c < 7.0%. However, fewer GI AEs were reported with saxagliptin compared with acarbose, and a greater number of patients who received saxagliptin achieved HbA1c < 7.0% without GI AEs compared with those receiving acarbose. CONCLUSION Both therapies had similar efficacy profiles. However, saxagliptin was associated with fewer GI AEs, suggesting it might be preferential for clinical practice. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02243176, clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, the People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebi Coal (Group) Co., Ltd General Hospital, Hebi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Wuhan 6th Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Armed Police Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Vilcacundo R, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Hernández-Ledesma B. Release of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Li MF, Hu XX, Ma AQ. Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of omarigliptin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28317144 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Omarigliptin is a novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this work, a sensitive and selective ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of omarigliptin in rat plasma. Sample preparation was performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation of analytes was achieved on an RRHD Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm), using gradient mobile phase (0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode, with target fragment ions m/z 399.1 → 152.9 for omarigliptin and m/z 237.1 → 194 for the internal standard. The total run time was 4 min. Retention time of omarigliptin and internal standard was 1.25 and 2.12 min, respectively. Relative standard deviation (%) of the intra- and inter-day precision was below 10.0%, and accuracy was between 97.9% and 105.3%. Calibration curve was established over the range 2-5000 ng/mL with good linearity. The lower limit of quantification and limit of detection of omarigliptin were 2 and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. Mean recoveries were in the range 87.3-95.1% for omarigliptin. No matrix effect was observed in this method. This novel method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of omarigliptin in rats. The absolute bioavailability of omarigliptin was identified as high as 87.31%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ai-Qun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and protection against stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2017; 43:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kleppinger EL, Helms K. The Role of Vildagliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 41:824-32. [PMID: 17456545 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1h460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To highlight the role of incretin hormones in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a focus on vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor currently in development. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE (1950–April 2007) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2007) using the key words vildagliptin, LAF237, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Additional data were obtained from abstracts presented at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions (2003–2006) and from the manufacturer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertaining to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of vildagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes were reviewed for inclusion. When available, human trials were included over animal studies. Data Synthesis: Reduced incretin effect is thought to be associated with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, stimulates postprandial insulin release; however, it is rapidly degraded by DPP IV. Studies evaluating the use of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes found significant decreases in DPP IV and increased GLP-1 activity 45 minutes after dosing. Glucagon levels were reduced, with little to no change in insulin levels. With vildagliptin doses ranging from 25 mg daily to 100 mg twice daily, researchers observed consistent reductions in fasting plasma glucose, 4 hour postprandial glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. Similar benefits were seen when vildagliptin was used in combination with metformin. Vildagliptin was well tolerated after 12 weeks; however, incidences of hypoglycemia increased with longer study duration. Optimal results with minimal adverse effects were achieved with 25 mg twice daily and 50 mg once daily doses. Conclusions: Vildagliptin represents a safe and effective new approach to targeting GLP-1 deficiencies in patients with type 2 diabetes by inhibiting DPP IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Kleppinger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Miller S, St Onge EL. Sitagliptin: A Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 40:1336-43. [PMID: 16868220 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: TO review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, incretin, MK-0431, and sitagliptin. Abstracts from the American Diabetes Association annual meetings in 2004 and 2005 were included as sources of data. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles pertaining to the pharmacology of sitagliptin, its pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Sitagliptin is a potent, competitive, reversible inhibitor of the DPP-IV enzyme. It is eliminated renally, with a terminal half-life of 11.8–14.4 hours. In Phase II clinical trials, sitagliptin was found to be superior to placebo for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results of a small trial comparing sitagliptin with glipizide indicate that both treatments are comparable. The efficacy of sitagliptin has also been demonstrated when used as adjunctive therapy with metformin. Few adverse effects have been reported. Weight gain and hypoglycemia have not been seen with sitagliptin therapy. Conclusions: Based on its unique mechanism of action, sitagliptin will provide practitioners with an additional tool in the treatment of diabetes. Review of the literature to date implies sitagliptin may be effective as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. In addition, existing evidence supports the use of sitagliptin as adjunct therapy to sulfonylureas and metformin. Another advantage of sitagliptin use is that it appears to be free from the adverse effects of weight gain and hypoglycemia that are associated with currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Miller
- Pharmacotherapy Faculty, Florida Hospital Family Practice Residency, Orlando, 32822, USA.
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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Tripathi CD, Mehta AK, Yadav AM. Drug combinations in diabetic neuropathic pain: an experimental validation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:617-624. [PMID: 27331307 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, and the different drug combinations available do not provide effective pain relief. The present study was performed to observe the effect of amitripyline, duloxetine, sitagliptin, and pregabalin, and their combinations on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathy. METHODS Diabetic neuropathy was induced by STZ, and the tail-flick test was used to assess thermal hyperalgesia before and after (at 30, 60, and 120 min) drug administration. One week after STZ administration, the blood glucose level was observed to be in the diabetic range. RESULTS Administration of all the drugs except sitagliptin increased the tail-flick latency significantly as compared to control. Further, the drugs amitriptyline, duloxetine, and pregabalin showed significant pain-relieving effect, when either two of them were administered in combination, although the different combinations had varied degree of pain relief. However, sitagliptin was observed to have no effect when administered alone or in combination with the other three drugs. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the study provides new insights concerning combined therapy of pain, which further needs clinical exploration.
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Jadhav SB, Mane RM, Narayanan KL, Bhosale PN. Analytical Enantio-Separation of Linagliptin in Linagliptin and Metformin HCl Dosage Forms by Applying Two-Level Factorial Design. Sci Pharm 2016; 84:671-684. [PMID: 27763526 PMCID: PMC5198026 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm84040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, stability indicating, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to determine the S-isomer of linagliptin (LGP) in linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride (MET HCl) tablets (LGP-MET HCl) by implementing design of experiment (DoE), i.e., two-level, full factorial design (2³ + 3 centre points = 11 experiments) to understand the critical method parameters (CMP) and its relation with the critical method attribute (CMA), and to ensure robustness of the method. The separation of the S-isomer, LGP and MET HCl in the presence of their impurities was achieved on Chiralpak® IA-3 (Amylose tris (3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), immobilized on 3 µm silica gel) stationary phase (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) using isocratic elution and detector wavelength at 225 nm with a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min-1, an injection volume of 10 µL with a sample cooler (5 °C) and column oven temperature of 25 °C. Ethanol:Methanol:Monoethanolamine (EtOH:MeOH:MEA) in the ratio of 60:40:0.2 v/v/v was used as a mobile phase. The developed method was validated in accordance with international council for harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and was applied for the estimation of the S-isomer of LGP in LGP-MET HCl tablets. The same method also can be extended for the estimation of the S-isomer in LGP dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant B Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416-004, Maharashtra, India.
- Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad 500-090, Telangana, India.
| | - Rahul M Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416-004, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kalyanraman L Narayanan
- Research and Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bachupally, Hyderabad 500-090, Telangana, India.
| | - Popatrao N Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416-004, Maharashtra, India.
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Abstract
The ability of humans to sense chemical signals in ingested substances is implicit in the ability to detect the five basic tastes; sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Of these, sweet, bitter, and umami tastes are detected by lingual G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, these receptors were also localized to the gut mucosa. In this review, we will emphasize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of foregut luminal chemosensing, with special emphasis on cell surface GPCRs such as the sweet and proteinaceous taste receptors (TASRs), short- and long-chain fatty acid (FA) receptors, and bile acid receptors. The majority of these luminal chemosensors are expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which are specialized endocrine cells in the intestine and pancreas that release gut hormones with ligand activation. These gut hormones are responsible for a wide variety of physiologic and homeostatic mechanisms, including glycemic control, appetite stimulation and suppression, regulation of gastric emptying, and trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. Released from the EECs, the gut peptides have paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine effects. Additionally, EECs have unique direct connections to the enteric nervous system enabling precise transmission of sensory data to and communication with the central nervous system. We will also describe how gut sensors are implicated in gut hormone release, followed by examples of how altered gut chemosensing has been implicated in pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity, functional dyspepsia, helminthic infections, colitis, gastric bypass surgery, and gastric inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ketnawa S, Martínez-Alvarez O, Gómez-Estaca J, del Carmen Gómez-Guillén M, Benjakul S, Rawdkuen S. Obtaining of functional components from cooked shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by enzymatic hydrolysis. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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