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Nicolaisen T, Vornholz H, Köchling M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Brinkmann D, Vonnahme J, Hennig-Pauka I. Longitudinal study on the influence of sow and piglet vaccination on seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in rearing pigs and at slaughter in a farrow-to-finish production system. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:58. [PMID: 39658785 PMCID: PMC11629494 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is widespread in pig husbandry and pork is an important source for human salmonellosis. Surveillance programmes are conducted in many European countries and various management measures are implemented on farm level to control Salmonella. Piglet or maternal vaccination can reduce Salmonella shedding and lower the likelihood of piglet infection. Proper management of risk factors can help to maintain low infection pressure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sow vaccination and piglet vaccination on Salmonella seroprevalence at slaughter. RESULTS Different vaccination strategies were evaluated for their effect on seroprevalences in nursery (serum) and slaughter pigs (meat juice) in a farrow-to-finish production chain tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Antibody levels of four piglet groups from one rearing farm and of pigs from four downstream fattening farms were measured by Salmonella LPS-ELISA in a longitudinal study (UNVAC: no vaccination against Salmonella; PIGVAC: piglets vaccinated twice with an attenuated Salmonella Cholerasuis (SC) live vaccine; SOWVAC-1: piglets born from sows vaccinated twice before farrowing with attenuated ST live vaccine; SOWVAC-2: Piglets from vaccinated sows (ST) which had been vaccinated twice already as a piglet (ST). Results revealed significantly lower ELISA optical density (OD) values (p < 0.05) and fewer serological positive piglets (OD > 40) from groups PIGVAC, SOWVAC-1 and SOWVAC-2 compared to group UNVAC at the end of rearing period. Summarizing results from pigs of all fattening farms revealed that pigs from group PIGVAC had significantly lower ELISA OD values in meat juice samples than all other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Piglet (SC) and sow vaccination (ST) led to significant reduction in detectable antibodies in a ST positive production chain and thus to reduced likelihood of infection during rearing. The results reflect that vaccination with a live attenuated SC vaccine resulted in cross-protection against ST without producing antibodies detectable by standard Salmonella LPS-ELISA. Summarizing all fattening farms, piglet vaccination reduced seroprevalence at the time of slaughter. In conclusion, sow and piglet vaccination with attenuated live vaccines against Salmonella are good instruments to reduce the infection pressure in the rearing period but need additional management measures to show effect on seroprevalence at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Nicolaisen
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büscheler Straße 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Building 116, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubertus Vornholz
- Viehvermarktung Münsterland eG, Bechtrup 22, 59348, Lüdinghausen, Germany
| | - Monika Köchling
- CEVA Tiergesundheit GmbH, Kanzlerstraße 4, 40472, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Detert Brinkmann
- Fleischhof Rasting GmbH, Eisbachstraße/Am Pannacker, 53340, Meckenheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Vonnahme
- FGS Tierarztpraxis GmbH & Co. KG, Bruchberg 24, 33142, Büren, Germany
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büscheler Straße 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany.
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Celis-Giraldo C, Suárez CF, Agudelo W, Ibarrola N, Degano R, Díaz J, Manzano-Román R, Patarroyo MA. Immunopeptidomics of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium-Infected Pig Macrophages Genotyped for Class II Molecules. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:832. [PMID: 39452141 PMCID: PMC11505383 DOI: 10.3390/biology13100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection that has a major impact on human health; consuming contaminated pork products is the main source of such infection. Vaccination responses to classic vaccines have been unsatisfactory; that is why peptide subunit-based vaccines represent an excellent alternative. Immunopeptidomics was used in this study as a novel approach for identifying antigens coupled to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Three homozygous individuals having three different haplotypes (Lr-0.23, Lr-0.12, and Lr-0.21) were thus selected as donors; peripheral blood macrophages were then obtained and stimulated with Salmonella typhimurium (MOI 1:40). Although similarities were observed regarding peptide length distribution, elution patterns varied between individuals; in total, 1990 unique peptides were identified as follows: 372 for Pig 1 (Lr-0.23), 438 for Pig 2 (Lr.0.12) and 1180 for Pig 3 (Lr.0.21). Thirty-one S. typhimurium unique peptides were identified; most of the identified peptides belonged to outer membrane protein A and chaperonin GroEL. Notably, 87% of the identified bacterial peptides were predicted in silico to be elution ligands. These results encourage further in vivo studies to assess the immunogenicity of the identified peptides, as well as their usefulness as possible protective vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Celis-Giraldo
- Veterinary Medicine Programme, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (C.C.-G.); (J.D.)
- PhD Programme in Tropical Health and Development, Doctoral School “Studii Salamantini”, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos F. Suárez
- Grupo de Investigación Básica en Biología Molecular e Inmunología (GIBBMI), Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (C.F.S.); (W.A.)
| | - William Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación Básica en Biología Molecular e Inmunología (GIBBMI), Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (C.F.S.); (W.A.)
| | - Nieves Ibarrola
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer e Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.I.); (R.D.)
| | - Rosa Degano
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer e Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.I.); (R.D.)
| | - Jaime Díaz
- Veterinary Medicine Programme, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (C.C.-G.); (J.D.)
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca—Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- Grupo de Investigación Básica en Biología Molecular e Inmunología (GIBBMI), Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (C.F.S.); (W.A.)
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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3
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Siddique A, Wang Z, Zhou H, Huang L, Jia C, Wang B, Ed-Dra A, Teng L, Li Y, Yue M. The Evolution of Vaccines Development across Salmonella Serovars among Animal Hosts: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1067. [PMID: 39340097 PMCID: PMC11435802 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen, and the global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains poses substantial challenges, necessitating alternatives to antibiotics. Among these alternatives, vaccines protect the community against infectious diseases effectively. This review aims to summarize the efficacy of developed Salmonella vaccines evaluated in various animal hosts and highlight key transitions for future vaccine studies. A total of 3221 studies retrieved from Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed/Medline databases between 1970 and 2023 were evaluated. One hundred twenty-seven qualified studies discussed the vaccine efficacy against typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars, including live-attenuated vaccines, killed inactivated vaccines, outer membrane vesicles, outer membrane complexes, conjugate vaccines, subunit vaccines, and the reverse vaccinology approach in different animal hosts. The most efficacious vaccine antigen candidate found was recombinant heat shock protein (rHsp60) with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant evaluated in a murine model. Overall, bacterial ghost vaccine candidates demonstrated the highest efficacy at 91.25% (95% CI = 83.69-96.67), followed by the reverse vaccinology approach at 83.46% (95% CI = 68.21-94.1) across animal hosts. More than 70% of vaccine studies showed significant production of immune responses, including humoral and cellular, against Salmonella infection. Collectively, the use of innovative methods rather than traditional approaches for the development of new effective vaccines is crucial and warrants in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Siddique
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zining Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyang Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Laboratory of Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology, M'ghila Campus, BP: 591, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Lin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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4
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Carvajal A, Kramer M, Argüello H. Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 38612274 PMCID: PMC11010990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
| | - Melvin Kramer
- EHA Consulting Group, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306, USA;
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
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5
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Zuo W, Yang D, Wu X, Zhang B, Wang X, Hu J, Qi J, Tian M, Bao Y, Wang S. The aroA and luxS Double-Gene Mutant Strain Has Potential to Be a Live Attenuated Vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:162. [PMID: 38400145 PMCID: PMC10893546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen posing a threat to animal husbandry and public health. Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, alternative prevention and control strategies are needed. Live attenuated vaccines are an ideal option that provide protection against an S. Typhimurium pandemic. To develop a safe and effective vaccine, double-gene mutations are recommended to attenuate virulence. In this study, we chose aroA and luxS genes, whose deletion significantly attenuates S. Typhimurium's virulence and enhances immunogenicity, to construct the double-gene mutant vaccine strain SAT52ΔaroAΔluxS. The results show that the mutant strain's growth rate, adherence and invasion of susceptible cells are comparable to a wild-type strain, but the intracellular survival, virulence and host persistence are significantly attenuated. Immunization assay showed that 106 colony-forming units (CFUs) of SAT52ΔaroAΔluxS conferred 100% protection against wild-type challenges; the bacteria persistence in liver and spleen were significantly reduced, and no obvious pathological lesions were observed. Therefore, the double-gene mutant strain SAT52ΔaroAΔluxS exhibits potential as a live attenuated vaccine candidate against S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanqing Bao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (D.Y.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (J.Q.); (M.T.)
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (W.Z.); (D.Y.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (J.Q.); (M.T.)
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6
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Arnold M, Echtermann T, Nathues H. Infectious Enteric Diseasses in Pigs. PRODUCTION DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS 2024:223-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51788-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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7
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Gomes-Neto JC, Pavlovikj N, Korth N, Naberhaus SA, Arruda B, Benson AK, Kreuder AJ. Salmonella enterica induces biogeography-specific changes in the gut microbiome of pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1186554. [PMID: 37781286 PMCID: PMC10537282 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1186554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine are a major reservoir of an array of zoonotic Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica lineage I serovars including Derby, Typhimurium, and 4,[5],12:i:- (a.k.a. Monophasic Typhimurium). In this study, we assessed the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome composition of pigs in different intestinal compartments and the feces following infection with specific zoonotic serovars of S. enterica (S. Derby, S. Monophasic, and S. Typhimurium). 16S rRNA based microbiome analysis was performed to assess for GI microbiome changes in terms of diversity (alpha and beta), community structure and volatility, and specific taxa alterations across GI biogeography (small and large intestine, feces) and days post-infection (DPI) 2, 4, and 28; these results were compared to disease phenotypes measured as histopathological changes. As previously reported, only S. Monophasic and S. Typhimurium induced morphological alterations that marked an inflammatory milieu restricted to the large intestine in this experimental model. S. Typhimurium alone induced significant changes at the alpha- (Simpson's and Shannon's indexes) and beta-diversity levels, specifically at the peak of inflammation in the large intestine and feces. Increased community dispersion and volatility in colonic apex and fecal microbiomes were also noted for S. Typhimurium. All three Salmonella serovars altered community structure as measured by co-occurrence networks; this was most prominent at DPI 2 and 4 in colonic apex samples. At the genus taxonomic level, a diverse array of putative short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria were altered and often decreased during the peak of inflammation at DPI 2 and 4 within colonic apex and fecal samples. Among all putative SCFA producing bacteria, Prevotella showed a broad pattern of negative correlation with disease scores at the peak of inflammation. In addition, Prevotella 9 was found to be significantly reduced in all Salmonella infected groups compared to the control at DPI 4 in the colonic apex. In conclusion, this work further elucidates that distinct swine-related zoonotic serovars of S. enterica can induce both shared (high resilience) and unique (altered resistance) alterations in gut microbiome biogeography, which helps inform future investigations of dietary modifications aimed at increasing colonization resistance against Salmonella through GI microbiome alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Natasha Pavlovikj
- Holland Computing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nate Korth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Samantha A. Naberhaus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bailey Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrew K. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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8
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Bernad-Roche M, Marín-Alcalá CM, Vico JP, Mainar-Jaime RC. Salmonella Control in Fattening Pigs through the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in Drinking Water Shortly before Slaughter. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2814. [PMID: 37760214 PMCID: PMC10525106 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in pig feces is a major source of abattoir and carcass contamination, and one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. This study assessed whether using a form of esterified formic acid (30% formic acid) in drinking water (10 kg/1000 L) 5 days before slaughter could be a helpful strategy to mitigate this public health issue. Thus, 240 pigs from three Salmonella-positive commercial fattening farms were selected. From each farm, 40 pigs were allocated to a control group (CG) and 40 to a treatment group (TG). At the abattoir, fecal samples from both groups were collected for Salmonella detection (ISO 6579-1:2017) and quantification (ISO/TS 6579-2:2012). Salmonella was present in 35% (95% IC = 29.24-41.23) of the samples collected. The prevalence was significantly higher in the CG than in the TG (50% vs. 20%; p < 0.001). In all farms, the TG showed a lower percentage of shedders than the CG. A random-effects logistic model showed that the odds of shedding Salmonella were 5.63 times higher (95% CI = 2.92-10.8) for the CG than for the TG. Thus, the proportion of pigs shedding Salmonella that was prevented in the TG due to the use of this form of organic acid was 82.2%. In addition, a Chi-squared analysis for trends showed that the higher the Salmonella count, the higher the odds of the sample belonging to the CG. These results suggest that adding this type of acid to drinking water 5 days before slaughter could reduce the proportion of Salmonella-shedding pigs and the Salmonella loads in the guts of shedder pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernad-Roche
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Clara María Marín-Alcalá
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Juan Pablo Vico
- IRNASUS-CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Lentsch V, Aslani S, Echtermann T, Preet S, Cappio Barazzone E, Hoces D, Moresi C, Kümmerlen D, Slack E. "EvoVax" - A rationally designed inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine induces strong and long-lasting immune responses in pigs. Vaccine 2023; 41:5545-5552. [PMID: 37517910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) poses a considerable threat to public health due to its zoonotic potential. Human infections are mostly foodborne, and pork and pork products are ranked among the top culprits for transmission. In addition, the high percentage of antibiotic resistance, especially in monophasic S.Tm, limits treatment options when needed. Better S.Tm control would therefore be of benefit both for farm animals and for safety of the human food chain. A promising pre-harvest intervention is vaccination. In this study we tested safety and immunogenicity of an oral inactivated S.Tm vaccine, which has been recently shown to generate an "evolutionary trap" and to massively reduce S.Tm colonization and transmission in mice. We show that this vaccine is highly immunogenic and safe in post-weaning pigs and that administration of a single oral dose results in a strong and long-lasting serum IgG response. This has several advantages over existing - mainly live - vaccines against S.Tm, both in improved seroconversion and reduced risk of vaccine-strain persistence and reversion to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lentsch
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selma Aslani
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Echtermann
- Division of Swine Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Swapan Preet
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Hoces
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Moresi
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dolf Kümmerlen
- Division of Swine Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Botnar Research Centre for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Charlier J, Barkema HW, Becher P, De Benedictis P, Hansson I, Hennig-Pauka I, La Ragione R, Larsen LE, Madoroba E, Maes D, Marín CM, Mutinelli F, Nisbet AJ, Podgórska K, Vercruysse J, Vitale F, Williams DJL, Zadoks RN. Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e812-e824. [PMID: 36208644 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal health is a prerequisite for global health, economic development, food security, food quality, and poverty reduction, while mitigating against climate change and biodiversity loss. We did a qualitative review of 53 infectious diseases in terrestrial animals with data from DISCONTOOLS, a specialist database and prioritisation model focusing on research gaps for improving infectious disease control in animals. Many diseases do not have any appropriate control tools, but the prioritisation model suggests that we should focus international efforts on Nipah virus infection, African swine fever, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, sheeppox and goatpox, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis, for the greatest impact on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Easy to use and accurate diagnostics are available for many animal diseases. However, there is an urgent need for the development of stable and durable diagnostics that can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals, to exploit rapid technological advances, and to make diagnostics widely available and affordable. Veterinary vaccines are important for dealing with endemic, new, and emerging diseases. However, fundamental research is needed to improve the convenience of use and duration of immunity, and to establish performant marker vaccines. The largest gap in animal pharmaceuticals is the threat of pathogens developing resistance to available drugs, in particular for bacterial and parasitic (protozoal, helminth, and arthropod) pathogens. We propose and discuss five research priorities for animal health that will help to deliver a sustainable and healthy planet: vaccinology, antimicrobial resistance, climate mitigation and adaptation, digital health, and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- DISCONTOOLS, AnimalhealthEurope, Brussels, Belgium; Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Institute for Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Empangeni, South Africa
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara M Marín
- Department of Animal Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón (CITA) and AgriFood Institute of Aragón-IA2 (CITA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Mithlothian, Scotland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Ji L, Lin X, Yuan K, Li Y, Leghari A, Yuan B, Lin H. The recombinant swinepox virus expressing sseB could provide piglets with strong protection against Salmonella typhimurium challenge. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105801. [PMID: 36170951 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. poses a great threat to the livestock, food safety and public health. A recombinant swinepox virus expressing a protective antigen sseB was constructed by homologous recombination to develop a vaccine against Salmonella infection. The rSPV-sseB was verified using PCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The immune responses and protective efficacy of rSPV-sseB were assessed in piglets. Forty piglets were immunized with rSPV-sseB, inactive Salmonella vaccine, wild-type SPV (wtSPV), or PBS. The results showed that the level of the sseB-specific antibody of the rSPV-sseB-vaccinated piglets was significantly higher at all time points post-vaccination than those of the inactivated Salmonella vaccine (P < 0.05), wtSPV (P < 0.001) or mock treated piglets (P < 0.001). The IL-4 and IFN-γ in the rSPV-sseB group were significantly higher than the other three groups at all post-infection time points. rSPV-sseB provided piglets with strong protection against the challenge of S. typhimurium with lethal dose. These results suggest the possibility of using recombinant swinepox virus rSPV-sseB as a promising vaccine to prevent Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ji
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xisha Lin
- School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Kenan Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ambreen Leghari
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Sakrand, Sindh, 67210, Pakistan
| | - Bingbing Yuan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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de Groot N, Meneguzzi M, de Souza B, de O Costa M. In Vitro Screening of Non-Antibiotic Components to Mitigate Intestinal Lesions Caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Lawsonia intracellularis and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2356. [PMID: 36139216 PMCID: PMC9494979 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery, ileitis, and porcine salmonellosis are production-limiting diseases of global importance for swine production. They are caused by infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Lawsonia intracellularis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, respectively. Currently, the prevention, treatment, and control of these diseases still relies on antimicrobials. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four commercially available non-antimicrobial compounds in preventing lesions caused by the bacteria cited above using an in vitro intestinal culture model. A total of five pigs per pathogen were used and multiple compounds were evaluated. For compound F (a fungal fermented rye), S (a blend of short and medium chain fatty acids), and P (a synergistic blend of short and medium chain fatty acids, including coated butyrates), a total of four explants/pig for each treatment were used, while for compound D (an extract of carob and thyme) only 12 explants/pig for each treatment were used. Explants were exposed to a combination of pathogen only (n = 4/compound/pig), compound only (n = 4/compound/pig), or pathogen and compound (n = 4/compound/pig) and sampled at two time-points. Histopathology and gene expression levels were evaluated to investigate the treatment effect on explants. Short and medium-chain fatty acids, and an extract of carob and thyme, was found to mitigate lesions due to B. hyodysenteriae exposure. A fungal fermented prebiotic increased healthy epithelial coverage when explants were exposed to L. intracellularis or S. Typhimurium. These findings represent a step towards finding alternatives to antimicrobials usage and control of swine dysentery, ileitis, and salmonellosis in pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Groot
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mariana Meneguzzi
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Barbara de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica and Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Matheus de O Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Bernad-Roche M, Casanova-Higes A, Marín-Alcalá CM, Mainar-Jaime RC. Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1620. [PMID: 35804519 PMCID: PMC9264893 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs shedding Salmonella at slaughter are considered a source of carcass contamination and human infection. To assess this potential risk, the proportion of Salmonella shedders that arrive for slaughter was evaluated in a population of 1068 pigs from 24 farms. Shedding was present in 27.3% of the pigs, and the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, an emerging zoonotic serotype, was the most prevalent (46.9%). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella isolates was common, but few isolates showed AMR to antimicrobials of critical importance for humans such as third-generation cephalosporins (5%), colistin (0%), or carbapenems (0%). However, AMR to tigecycline was moderately high (15%). The efficacy of an esterified formic acid in the lairage drinking water (3 kg formic acid/1000 L) was also assessed as a potential abattoir-based strategy to reduce Salmonella shedding. It was able to reduce the proportion of shedders (60.7% in the control group (CG) vs. 44.3% in the treatment group (TG); p < 0.01). After considering clustering and confounding factors, the odds of shedding Salmonella in the CG were 2.75 (95% CI = 1.80−4.21) times higher than those of the TG, suggesting a potential efficacy of reduction in shedding as high as 63.6%. This strategy may contribute to mitigating the burden of abattoir environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernad-Roche
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
| | - Alejandro Casanova-Higes
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
| | - Clara María Marín-Alcalá
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
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14
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Chen Y, Shan X, Jiang H, Guo Z. Exogenous Melatonin Directly and Indirectly Influences Sheep Oocytes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903195. [PMID: 35720845 PMCID: PMC9203153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding whether and how melatonin (MT) may impact sheep oocyte development competence is central to our ability to predict how sheep oocytes will respond to artificially regulated estrus. Implanting MT can make sheep enter estrus during the non-breeding season. One study found that the blastocyst rate increased under MT treatment, while another found that the blastocyst rate decreased. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of MT directly and indirectly influencing sheep oocytes. A total of 433 articles were collected from which 20 articles and 34 treatments were finally selected. A method for estimating the default value was established for the litter size analysis. We found that exogenous MT add into in vitro maturation medium was positively related to the blastocyst rate in the lab. However, subcutaneous implanting MT did not affect the in vivo ovulation rate, fertilization rate, blastocyst rate, or pregnancy rate at farm. MT did not affect the in vitro cleavage rate. However, MT improved the in vivo cleavage rate. We hypothesized that implanted MT could increase the concentration of MT in oviduct fluid in vivo, and also that in vitro MT could increase the early cleavage rate of sheep zygotes without affecting the total cleavage rate. In the analysis of oocyte apoptosis caused by injury, the results suggested that pyroptosis would be more suitable for further research. MT produces responses in all body organs, and thus implanting of MT during non-breeding seasons should consider the effect on animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Sheep & Goat) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Sheep & Goat) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huaizhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Sheep & Goat) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Harbin, China
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15
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Muurinen J, Cairns J, Ekakoro JE, Wickware CL, Ruple A, Johnson TA. Biological units of antimicrobial resistance and strategies for their containment in animal production. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6589402. [PMID: 35587376 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections has ushered in a major global public health crisis. Judicious or restricted antimicrobial use in animal agriculture, aiming to confine the use for the treatment of infections, is the most commonly proposed solution to reduce selection pressure for resistant bacterial strains and resistance genes. However, a multifaceted solution will likely be required to make acceptable progress in reducing antimicrobial resistance, due to other common environmental conditions maintaining antimicrobial resistance and limited executionary potential as human healthcare and agriculture will continue to rely heavily on antimicrobials in the foreseeable future. Drawing parallels from systematic approaches to the management of infectious disease agents and biodiversity loss, we provide examples that a more comprehensive approach is required, targeting antimicrobial resistance in agroecosystems on multiple fronts simultaneously. We present one such framework, based on nested biological units of antimicrobial resistance, and describe established or innovative strategies targeting units. Some of the proposed strategies are already in use or ready to be implemented, while some require further research and discussion among scientists and policymakers. We envision that antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies for animal agriculture combining multiple tools would constitute powerful ecosystem-level interventions necessary to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Muurinen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Cairns
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB), Department of Computer Science, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Eddie Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carmen L Wickware
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Bearson SMD. Salmonella in Swine: Prevalence, Multidrug Resistance, and Vaccination Strategies. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:373-393. [PMID: 34699256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million Salmonella infections and 420 deaths occur annually in the United States, with an estimated economic burden of $3.7 billion. More than 50% of US swine operations test positive for Salmonella according to the National Animal Health Monitoring System, and 20% of Salmonella from swine are multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. This review on Salmonella in swine addresses the current status of these topics by discussing antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance in Salmonella and the contribution of horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in controlling Salmonella is that Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen in humans but is often a commensal in food animals and thereby establishes an asymptomatic reservoir state in such animals, including swine. As food animal production systems continue to expand and antimicrobial usage becomes more limited, the need for Salmonella interventions has intensified. A promising mitigation strategy is vaccination against Salmonella in swine to limit animal, environmental, and food contamination. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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17
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Liu G, Zhao X, Chen Z, Guo Z. A meta-analysis on the relationship between goose age and egg weight. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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18
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A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Meat Safety Interventions in Pig Herds to Control Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091825. [PMID: 34576721 PMCID: PMC8466550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-harvest interventions to control the main foodborne pathogens in pork in the European Union. A total of 1180 studies were retrieved from PubMed® and Web of Science for 15 pathogens identified as relevant in EFSA's scientific opinion on the public health hazards related to pork (2011). The study selection focused on controlled studies where a cause-effect could be attributed to the interventions tested, and their effectiveness could be inferred. Altogether, 52 studies published from 1983 to 2020 regarding Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium, and Salmonella spp. were retained and analysed. Research was mostly focused on Salmonella (n = 43 studies). In-feed and/or water treatments, and vaccination were the most tested interventions and were, overall, successful. However, the previously agreed criteria for this systematic review excluded other effective interventions to control Salmonella and other pathogens, like Yersinia enterocolitica, which is one of the most relevant biological hazards in pork. Examples of such successful interventions are the Specific Pathogen Free herd principle, stamping out and repopulating with disease-free animals. Research on other pathogens (i.e., Hepatitis E, Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii) was scarce, with publications focusing on epidemiology, risk factors and/or observational studies. Overall, high herd health coupled with good management and biosecurity were effective to control or prevent most foodborne pathogens in pork at the pre-harvest level.
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19
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Barbosa JA, Rodrigues LA, Columbus DA, Aguirre JCP, Harding JCS, Cantarelli VS, Costa MDO. Experimental infectious challenge in pigs leads to elevated fecal calprotectin levels following colitis, but not enteritis. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34429170 PMCID: PMC8383374 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is largely applied as a non-invasive intestinal inflammation biomarker in human medicine. Previous studies in pigs investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin in healthy animals only. Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding its application during infectious diarrhea. This study investigated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella Typhimurium infected pigs. RESULTS Fecal samples from pigs with colitis (n = 18) were collected from animals experimentally inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 3). Fecal samples from pigs with enteritis (n = 14) were collected from animals inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 4). For both groups, fecal samples were scored as: 0 = normal; 1 = soft, wet cement; 2 = watery feces; 3 = mucoid diarrhea; and 4 = bloody diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin levels were assayed using a sandwich ELISA, a turbidimetric immunoassay and a point-of-care dipstick test. Fecal calprotectin levels were greater in colitis samples scoring 4 versus ≤ 4 using ELISA, and in feces scoring 3 and 4 versus ≤ 1 using immunoturbidimetry (P < 0.05). No differences were found in calprotectin concentration among fecal scores for enteritis samples, regardless of the assay used. All samples were found below detection limits using the dipstick method. CONCLUSIONS Fecal calprotectin levels are increased following the development of colitis, but do not significantly change due to enteritis. While practical, the use of commercially available human kits present sensitivity limitations. Further studies are needed to validate the field application of calprotectin as a marker of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., 2105 - 8th Street East, PO Box 21057, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 5N9, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., 2105 - 8th Street East, PO Box 21057, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 5N9, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Juan C P Aguirre
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vinícius S Cantarelli
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus de O Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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20
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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061163. [PMID: 34071310 PMCID: PMC8226585 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.
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21
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Zhang H, Hu W, Zhong Y, Guo Z. Meta-analysis of the effects of smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregation on birth outcome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 33980189 PMCID: PMC8117493 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregation (SERa, SER+) has been reported to increase the risk of birth malformations and other abnormal outcomes, miscarriage, and perinatal complications. Other studies, however, suggest that SER+ embryos may develop into healthy infants. One report indicates that 25% of in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers discard SER+ oocytes. Thus, we investigated the effect of SER+ on birth outcomes in IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Embase, Ovid, and Scopus. We found a total of 1500 relevant studies between 1978 and 2020 and conducted a meta-analysis to study the effects of SER+ on live births, birth weight, and the number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes retrieved per cycle. RESULTS Eleven eligible studies were included. If the SER+ zygote was evaluated again at the embryo transfer (ET) stage, SER+ did not affect birth or infant body weight. Stimulated ovaries producing too many oocytes per cycle were positively correlated with SER+ (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.41-2.15; p = 0.004). SER+ was positively correlated with oocyte maturation rate, and observed heterogeneity in a previous meta-analysis was likely due to maternal age. Our data also showed that SER+ cycles produced more oocytes but achieved the same number of births from ET. CONCLUSIONS The use of SER+ MII oocytes is rare, with the collection of many oocytes in 1 cycle potentially inducing SER+. SER+ may be more common than we originally thought, as some SER+ is found in all oocytes. Although SER+ positively affected oocyte maturation rate, it did not affect births. We hypothesized that this is because the best embryos are chosen at every step of the process, and the oocytes with the poorest characteristics are removed. We therefore suggest a standard method for measuring SER+. Although embryos produced from SER+ cycles can be used, they should only be transferred when no other suitable embryos are available over several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Zhang
- Chengdu Jinjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, No. 3 Sanguantang Road, Chengdu, 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital of Jinxin Medical Group, No. 66 Bisheng Road, Chengdu, 610023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital of Jinxin Medical Group, No. 66 Bisheng Road, Chengdu, 610023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Pumtang-on P, Mahony TJ, Hill RA, Vanniasinkam T. A Systematic Review of Campylobacter jejuni Vaccine Candidates for Chickens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:397. [PMID: 33671947 PMCID: PMC7919041 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection linked to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is one of the leading causes of human enteric illness worldwide. Vaccination of chickens is one of the potential strategies that could be used to control C. jejuni colonization. To date, various C. jejuni vaccines using potential antigens have been evaluated, but a challenge in identifying the most effective formulation is the wide variability in vaccine efficacies reported. A systematic review was undertaken to compare C. jejuni vaccine studies. Based upon specific selection criteria eligible papers were identified and included in the analysis. Vaccine efficacy reported from different C. jejuni antigens, vaccine types, and vaccination regimens reported in these papers were reviewed. Our analysis shows that total outer membrane proteins and cysteine ABC transporter substrate-binding protein were among the most efficacious vaccine antigen candidates reported. This review also highlights the importance of the need for increased consistency in the way C. jejuni vaccine studies in poultry are designed and reported in order to be able to undertake a robust comparison of C. jejuni vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongthorn Pumtang-on
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (P.P.-o.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Timothy J. Mahony
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Rodney A. Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (P.P.-o.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Thiru Vanniasinkam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (P.P.-o.); (R.A.H.)
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Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020123. [PMID: 33504097 PMCID: PMC7911055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have focused on assessing Salmonella infection in the nursery and its role in further pig production periods. Mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content, and meat juice from 389 6-week-old male piglets intended for human consumption from five breeding farms and 191 pooled floor fecal samples from gilt development units (GDU) from the same farms were analyzed to estimate and characterize (by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial resistance analyses) Salmonella infection. The prevalence of infection and shedding among piglets was 36.5% and 37.3%, respectively, shedding being significantly associated with infection (Odds Ratio = 12.7; CI 7.3-22.0). Salmonella Rissen; S. 4,[5],12:i:-; and S. Derby were the most common serotypes. A low level of Salmonella-specific maternal antibodies at the beginning of the nursery period suggested it was a period of high risk of infection. Resistance to 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was detected in piglet isolates although the piglets never received antibiotics, indicating they could be vectors of antimicrobial resistance. The same Salmonella clones were detected in piglet and GDU isolates, suggesting that infected piglets play a significant role in the infection of gilts and consequently of finishing pigs in the case of production farms. The control of Salmonella infection in nursery piglets may decrease the risk of abattoir and carcass contamination.
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Cargnel M, Maes D, Peeters L, Dispas M. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine viability of a potential Salmonella Typhimurium vaccination program in pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105132. [PMID: 32992241 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) might be a way to control ST infections at farm level and reduce human infections. Two main issues have to be addressed before such a mandatory vaccination program can be implemented: the effective reduction of attributable human incidence has to be demonstrated and all socio-economic barriers impacting the attitude and motivation of the pig sector have to be lifted. The present research used a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to estimate the effect of different hypothetical Salmonella spp. and ST mitigation strategies on the annual prevalence of human salmonellosis along the minced pork production chain. In addition, a qualitative study aimed to list the potential concerns of the pig sector about the implementation of a hypothetical future vaccination program. The following themes were the most often mentioned: awareness, vaccine cost-benefit/effectiveness, legislation, monovalent vaccine, time and labour required to vaccinate, vaccine registration and trade restriction. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cargnel
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Dispas
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Poulsen Nautrup B, Van Vlaenderen I, Mah C. The effect of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor in market gilts: Meta-analyses of parameters relevant for pig producers, pork packers and retailers/consumers. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:159-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Putting the microbiota to work: Epigenetic effects of early life antibiotic treatment are associated with immune-related pathways and reduced epithelial necrosis following Salmonella Typhimurium challenge in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231942. [PMID: 32339193 PMCID: PMC7185588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an animal welfare and public health concern due to its ability to parasite livestock and potentially contaminate pork products. To reduce Salmonella shedding and the risk of pork contamination, antibiotic therapy is used and can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Here we hypothesized that immune system education by the microbiota can play a role in intestinal resilience to infection. We used amoxicillin (15mg/Kg) to modulate the intestinal microbiome of 10 piglets, paired with same age pigs that received a placebo (n = 10) from 0 to 14 days of age. Animals were euthanized at 4-weeks old. Each pig donated colon sections for ex vivo culture (n = 20 explants/pig). Explants were inoculated with S. Typhimurium, PBS or LPS (n = 6 explants/pig/group, plus technical controls). The gut bacteriome was characterized by sequencing of the 16S rRNA at 7, 21 days of age, and upon in vitro culture. Explants response to infection was profiled through high-throughput mRNA sequencing. In vivo antibiotic treatment led to β-diversity differences between groups at all times (P<0.05), while α-diversity did not differ between amoxicillin and placebo groups on day 21 and at euthanasia (P<0.03 on day 7). Explant microbiomes were not different from in vivo. In vitro challenge with S. Typhimurium led to lower necrosis scores in explants from amoxicillin-treated pigs, when compared to explants placebo-treated pigs (P<0.05). This was coupled with the activation of immune-related pathways in explants from amoxicillin-treated pigs (IL-2 production, NO production, BCR activation), when compared to placebo-treated pigs. In addition, several DNA repair and intestinal wound healing pathways were also only activated in explants from amoxicillin-treated pigs. Taken together, these findings suggest that immune education by the amoxicillin-disturbed microbiota may have contributed to mitigate intestinal lesions following pathogen exposure.
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Gil C, Latasa C, García-Ona E, Lázaro I, Labairu J, Echeverz M, Burgui S, García B, Lasa I, Solano C. A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:3. [PMID: 31924274 PMCID: PMC6954585 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most common food-borne zoonosis in the European Union, with pigs being a major reservoir of this pathogen. Salmonella control in pig production requires multiple measures amongst which vaccination may be used to reduce subclinical carriage and shedding of prevalent serovars, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Live attenuated vaccine strains offer advantages in terms of enhancing cell mediated immunity and allowing inoculation by the oral route. However, main failures of these vaccines are the limited cross-protection achieved against heterologous serovars and interference with serological monitoring for infection. We have recently shown that an attenuated S. Enteritidis strain (ΔXIII) is protective against S. Typhimurium in a murine infection model. ΔXIII strain harbours 13 chromosomal deletions that make it unable to produce the sigma factor RpoS and synthesize cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In this study, our objectives were to test the protective effects of ΔXIII strain in swine and to investigate if the use of ΔXIII permits the discrimination of vaccinated from infected pigs. Results show that oral vaccination of pre-weaned piglets with ΔXIII cross-protected against a challenge with S. Typhimurium by reducing faecal shedding and ileocaecal lymph nodes colonization, both at the time of weaning and slaughter. Vaccinated pigs showed neither faecal shedding nor tissue persistence of the vaccine strain at weaning, ensuring the absence of ΔXIII strain by the time of slaughter. Moreover, lack of the SEN4316 protein in ΔXIII strain allowed the development of a serological test that enabled the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gil
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | | | - Enrique García-Ona
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Isidro Lázaro
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Javier Labairu
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Saioa Burgui
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Begoña García
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Cristina Solano
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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Peeters L, Dewulf J, Boyen F, Brossé C, Vandersmissen T, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Cargnel M, Mattheus W, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Evaluation of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:104884. [PMID: 32536448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical Salmonella Typhimurium infections occur frequently in pigs and constitute a major risk for human salmonellosis. With the currently available control measures, Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs remain difficult to control. Vaccination has been proposed to be an effective tool to control infections at farm level. In the current study, the effect of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium is evaluated on Salmonella prevalence in fecal and overshoe samples and ileocecal lymph nodes, and on serology in the sows and their offspring in three subclinically infected pig farms. In each farm, all sows and gilts were vaccinated twice, three weeks apart, with an attenuated histidine-adenine auxotrophic vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika). From three months after the group vaccination onwards, all sows were given a booster dose three weeks before every farrowing. The farms were monitored bacteriologically and serologically from 12 months before until 15 months after the group vaccination. After group vaccination, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the sows (before: 2 %, after: 0 %) and their offspring at 18 weeks (before: 17 %, after: 11 %) and at 26 weeks of age (before: 15 %, after: 7 %), and when combining the results of the offspring at 18 and 26 weeks of age (before: 16 %, after: 9 %). Also, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium positive lymph nodes of sows (before and after: 0 %) and their offspring (before: 4 %, after: 7 %). Regarding serology, the mean S/P-ratios of the sows were significantly higher after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.50, after: 2.32, p < 0.001). The mean S/P-ratios of the offspring at slaughter age were significantly lower after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.71, after: 1.04, p = 0.001). In conclusion, group vaccination of sows and gilts resulted in a more beneficial serological status of the offspring, but did not significantly decrease Salmonella Typhimurium excretion and lymph node contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Brossé
- Animal Health Care Flanders (DGZ), Lier, Belgium
| | | | - G Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Cargnel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Pasmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Liu GJ, Chen ZF, Zhao XH, Li MY, Guo ZH. Meta-analysis: Supplementary artificial light and goose reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 214:106278. [PMID: 32087909 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod affects poultry reproduction, and in birds, photoperiod regulation is a complex physiological process. In modern poultry production, lighting management has become an important and effective management approach for increasing egg production. Geese are domesticated fowl and in many goose production enterprises animals are allowed to roam in outside pens during the day and are housed indoors at night, so the animals can be exposed to artificial lighting during the night periods. Supplementary artificial lighting resulted in improved reproduction in some studies, but reports have been inconsistent. To evaluate the results from previous studies of supplementary lighting on goose egg production, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine optimal supplementary artificial lighting regimens for geese egg production. Results indicated supplementary artificial light increases mean egg production, the length of the period of egg production before there is cessation of egg production capacity, and fertility. In summary, there were evaluations of data from five studies focused on White Roman geese in the meta-analysis conducted in the present study, however, examination of more breeds is necessary to make more definitive assessments of the findings from this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - Z F Chen
- Heilongjiang Animal Sciences Institute, No. 2 Heyi Road, Qiqihare 161005, PR China.
| | - X H Zhao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - M Y Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - Z H Guo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China.
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Lépine AFP, Konstanti P, Borewicz K, Resink JW, de Wit NJ, Vos PD, Smidt H, Mes JJ. Combined dietary supplementation of long chain inulin and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 supports oral vaccination efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium in piglets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18017. [PMID: 31784576 PMCID: PMC6884548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine use of antibiotics in livestock animals strongly contributed to the creation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains (STM). Vaccination is an alternative to the use of antibiotics but often suffers from low efficacy. The present study investigated whether long-chain inulin (lcITF) and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (LaW37) can support vaccination efficacy against STM and if the interventions influence possible gut microbiota changes. Piglets received daily supplementation until sacrifice. Animals were vaccinated on day 25 after birth, one day after weaning, and were challenged with STM on days 52–54. Dietary intervention with lcITF/LaW37 enhanced vaccination efficacy by 2-fold during challenge and resulted in higher relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and lower relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in faeces. Although strongest microbial effects were observed post STM challenge on day 55, transient effects of the lcITF/LaW37 intervention were also detected on day 10 after birth, and post-weaning on day 30 where increased relative abundance of faecal lactobacilli was correlated with higher faecal consistency. LcITF treatment increased post-weaning feed efficiency and faecal consistency but did not support vaccination efficacy. Vaccination in immune-immature young animals can be enhanced with functional additives which can simultaneously promote health in an ingredient-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F P Lépine
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Resink
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J de Wit
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Casanova-Higes A, Marín-Alcalá CM, Andrés-Barranco S, Cebollada-Solanas A, Alvarez J, Mainar-Jaime RC. Weaned piglets: another factor to be considered for the control of Salmonella infection in breeding pig farms. Vet Res 2019; 50:45. [PMID: 31215485 PMCID: PMC6582532 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Field studies on Salmonella infection in suckling piglets are scarce due to the intrinsic difficulties of collecting proper samples (i.e. tonsils or mesenteric lymph nodes), and most of them rely on the analysis of rectal swabs that limit their accuracy. We used 495 slaughtered 4-weeks-old male piglets intended for human consumption from 5 Salmonella-seropositive breeding farms to collect gastrointestinal packages and perform a thorough detection of Salmonella on mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal content. The overall prevalence of both infection and shedding was high (≈ 36%) indicating that piglets played an active role in Salmonella maintenance in the farms. Major serotypes found in piglets included 4,[5],12:i: (35.4%), Rissen (17.1%), Derby (10.9%) and Bovismorbificans (10.3%). In most of the infected animals (72.8%) the same serotype was found in mesenteric lymph nodes and feces. Significant higher ELISA OD% values were found in meat juice samples from non-infected piglets compared to infected ones (median OD% of 12.0 and 17.3, respectively; P = 0.002) suggesting some protective effect of sow's colostrum. Salmonella was also isolated from feces from weaned sows contemporary of the slaughtered piglets, and 89% of the serotypes identified in sows were also detected in piglets. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analyses showed that 75% of the piglet isolates that were compared to those of sows were related to them, suggesting the circulation of Salmonella strains between sows and piglets. It appears that improving piglet colostrum intake along with the reduction of the shedding in sows may favor the control of Salmonella infection in breeding farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Casanova-Higes
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clara Mª Marín-Alcalá
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Andrés-Barranco
- Unidad de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Cebollada-Solanas
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Unidad de Biocomputación, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS/IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl C Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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33
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Effects of attenuated vaccine protocols against Salmonella Typhimurium on Salmonella serology in subclinically infected pig herds. Vet J 2019; 249:67-72. [PMID: 31239168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) can be effective for the control of Salmonella infections at the farm level and reduce the risk of Salmonella contamination in the food chain. However, vaccination may interfere with herd serological status in serology-based Salmonella monitoring programs. The present study investigated the effects of an attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine (Salmoporc, IDT Biologika) on Salmonella serology in sows, neonatal piglets and slaughter pigs from three subclinically infected herds. Within each herd, five different vaccination protocols were tested as follows: group 1, vaccination of sows; group 2, vaccination of sows and piglets; group 3, vaccination of sows and fattening pigs; group 4, vaccination of piglets; and group 5 vaccination of fattening pigs. Each group was compared to a non-vaccinated control group (group 6). Sera were analyzed by ELISA (HerdChek Swine Salmonella, IDEXX Laboratories) and sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios were calculated. At day 3 after farrowing, but not before vaccination, S/P ratios in vaccinated sows (mean: 2.21) were significantly higher than S/P ratios in non-vaccinated sows (mean: 0.87, P<0.001). S/P ratios in 3-day old piglets from vaccinated sows (mean: 2.46) were significantly higher than S/P ratios in similar piglets from non-vaccinated sows (mean: 0.73, P<0.001). At slaughter, S/P ratios in pigs from groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were significantly higher than those in the non-vaccinated control group (P<0.001). Therefore, vaccination of piglets and fattening pigs could have implications for current serology-based Salmonella monitoring programs in slaughter pigs.
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GUO ZHENHUA, LV LEI, LIU DI, LIANGWANG LIANGWANG. Meta-analysis of trichostatin A treatment effects on mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i5.90015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Improving somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency is challenging, and trichostatin A (TSA) has been implemented to improve this technique, but it does not work for porcine and monkey SCNT. Thus, a meta-analysis was done to understand the relationship between TSA and mouse SCNT. Published articles were collected using PubMed and ScienceDirect from 2000 to 2018. Total 15 studies were included that suggest TSA can improve SCNT mouse blastocyst formation and live birth. Most TSA effects studied were on histone deacetylase (HDACs), hence the impacts of TSA on the cytoplasm, specifically cancer signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum, and HDACs localization were investigated. It is likely that TSA benefits mouse SCNT because the nucleus is easy to remove. Using fluorescent labeling to remove nuclei and TSA incorporation, SNCT may be improved for pig and monkey studies.
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Bacteriological evaluation of vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 182:104687. [PMID: 31126632 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical infections with Salmonella Typhimurium occur frequently in pigs. They constitute a risk for human salmonellosis and are difficult to control with currently available control measures. Vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs can be an effective tool to control Salmonella infections at farm level. In the present study, the efficacy of an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika) to control Salmonella infections in pigs was evaluated in three subclinically infected pig herds. The effect on Salmonella excretion and the number of pigs positive for Salmonella Typhimurium field and vaccine strains in ileocecal lymph nodes at slaughter were evaluated using five different vaccination strategies: 1. vaccination of sows, 2. vaccination of sows and piglets, 3. vaccination of sows and fattening pigs, 4. vaccination of piglets, 5. vaccination of fattening pigs, which were all compared to a non-vaccinated control group (experimental group 6). Each vaccination strategy was implemented in each farm, during two consecutive production cycles of the same sows. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain excretion was low; in total, 4% of the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the non-vaccinated control group were Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive. The excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain did not significantly differ between farms, production cycles and experimental groups. Applying vaccination in either sows and piglets, sows and fattening pigs, or in piglets only, resulted in a significantly reduced number of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes of slaughter pigs in the second production cycle, but not in the first production cycle. Vaccination of sows and piglets resulted in the most consistent reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter. The vaccine strain was detected in the lymph nodes of 13 pigs at slaughter, indicating the possible persistence of the vaccine strain until slaughter. Because of limitations in the study design, and the variability between farms and production cycles, the results of the current observational study should be extrapolated with care. Nevertheless, the results provide evidence that applying vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in sows and piglets (preferred), sows and fattening pigs, and piglets only can support the control of Salmonella Typhimurium infections by decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter.
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Poulsen Nautrup B, Van Vlaenderen I, Aldaz A, Mah C. The effect of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor on growth performance, carcass characteristics and boar taint relevant to pig producers and the pork packing industry: A meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:182-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effects of heat stress on piglet production/performance parameters. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1203-1208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ruggeri J, Foresti F, Pavesi R, Terrini A, Giudici F, Padoan D, Corradi A, Ossiprandi MC, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. The synergistic effect of organic acids, phytochemicals and a permeabilizing complex reduces Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i-shedding in pigs. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:209-217. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Guo Z, Lv L, Liu D, Fu B. Effects of trichostatin A on pig SCNT blastocyst formation rate and cell number: A meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:161-166. [PMID: 29277014 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can be used to create transgenic pigs for human xenotransplantation, low efficiency limits its use. Trichostatin A (TSA) promotes SCNT embryo development, but whether TSA modifies SCNT blastocyst numbers is unclear. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand whether TSA modifies the rate and number of embryos that grow from oocytes to blastocysts in culture and what types of cell signaling pathways may be involved. Thus, we identified 63 reports, of which 13 are included in this meta-analysis. Data show that TSA significantly increased the SCNT blastocyst formation rate, but did not change blastocyst cell number. Due to study heterogeneity (I2>50%), we hypothesized that donor cells were of different backgrounds so we analyzed two donor cell subgroups: fetal and adult fibroblasts. Analysis of the fetal fibroblast subgroups showed no heterogeneity, but the adult fibroblast subgroups were heterogeneous, suggesting epigenetic reprogramming of fetal fibroblasts by TSA. Adult fibroblast heterogeneity may be complex and reprogramming by TSA is more difficult. Thus, TSA fibroblasts reprogramming is the source of heterogeneity in this meta-analysis. More work is needed to better understand how TSA influences SCNT pig embryonic development, and histone deacetylase inhibitors can be assessed with respect to SCNT pig embryos. Finally, efforts in epigenetic research may improve SCNT pig embryo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China; Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Lv
- Wood Science Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, No. 134 Haping Road, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Di Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China.
| | - Bo Fu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150086, PR China
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