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Yang H, Hou B, Ye L, Xu S, Xin H, Zhang S. Groundwater chemical evolution characteristics and human health risk assessment in Shicheng County, Jiangxi Province. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33730-y. [PMID: 38771539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater plays a pivotal role in the water resources of Shicheng County; however, the issue of excessive fluoride content in groundwater and its associated health risks often goes unnoticed. Groundwater assumes a crucial role in the hydrological dynamics of Shicheng County; nevertheless, the matter concerning elevated levels of fluoride within groundwater and its accompanying health hazards frequently evades attention. The hydrogeochemical analysis, obscure comprehensive water quality assessment based on cloud model, and probabilistic human health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation were conducted on 34 collected water samples. The findings indicate that the predominant groundwater hydrochemical types are SO4·Cl-Na and HCO3-Na. The processes of rock weathering and cation exchange play crucial roles in influencing water chemistry. Groundwater samples generally exhibit elevated concentrations of F-, surpassing the drinking water standard, primarily attributed to mineral dissolution. The concentrations of F- in more than 52.94% and 23.53% of the groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk limits for children and adults, respectively. Considering the inherent uncertainty in model parameters, it is anticipated that both children and adults will have a probability exceeding 49.36% and 30.50%, respectively, of being exposed to elevated levels of F ions in groundwater. The utilization of stochastic simulations, in contrast to deterministic methods, enables a more precise depiction of health risks. The outcomes derived from this investigation possess the potential to assist policymakers in formulating strategies aimed at ensuring the provision of secure domestic water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Baoquan Hou
- Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute, Tianjin, 300051, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road No. 388, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shuang Xu
- Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Haitao Xin
- Ningxia Technical College of Wine and Desertification Prevention, Yinchuan, 750199, Ningxia, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research, Maanshan, 243000, Anhui, China
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2
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Serra J, Marques-Dos-Santos C, Marinheiro J, Cruz S, Cameira MR, de Vries W, Dalgaard T, Hutchings NJ, Graversgaard M, Giannini-Kurina F, Lassaletta L, Sanz-Cobeña A, Quemada M, Aguilera E, Medinets S, Einarsson R, Garnier J. Assessing nitrate groundwater hotspots in Europe reveals an inadequate designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141830. [PMID: 38552801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring networks show that the European Union Nitrates Directive (ND) has had mixed success in reducing nitrate concentrations in groundwater. By combining machine learning and monitored nitrate concentrations (1992-2019), we estimate the total area of nitrate hotspots in Europe to be 401,000 km2, with 47% occurring outside of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). We also found contrasting increasing or decreasing trends, varying per country and time periods. We estimate that only 5% of the 122,000 km2 of hotspots in 2019 will meet nitrate quality standards by 2040 and that these may be offset by the appearance of new hotspots. Our results reveal that the effectiveness of the ND is limited by both time-lags between the implementation of good practices and pollution reduction and an inadequate designation of NVZs. Substantial improvements in the designation and regulation of NVZs are necessary, as well as in the quality of monitoring stations in terms of spatial density and information available concerning sampling depth, if the objectives of EU legislation to protect groundwater are to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Serra
- Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - C Marques-Dos-Santos
- Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Marinheiro
- Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Cruz
- Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M R Cameira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T Dalgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - N J Hutchings
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Graversgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - F Giannini-Kurina
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Lassaletta
- CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sanz-Cobeña
- CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Quemada
- CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Aguilera
- CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Medinets
- Odesa National I. I. Mechnikov University, 7 Mayakovskogo lane, 65082, Odesa, Ukraine; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Edinburgh), Bush Estate, EH26 0QB, Penicuik, UK
| | - R Einarsson
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Garnier
- SU CNRS EPHE, UMR Metis, 7619, Paris, France
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Cui R, Chen A, Hu W, Fu B, Liu G, Zhang D. Appropriate stoichiometric ratios of dissolved organic carbon and nitrate can trigger a transition in nitrate removal in groundwater around plateau lakes, Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170313. [PMID: 38278230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater as a carbon source for microorganisms that stimulate nitrate attenuation is considered a sustainable strategy to mitigate nitrate pollution in groundwater. However, little is known on the stoichiometric ratio of DOC and nitrate required in groundwater nitrate reduction processes, which has become an obstacle for evaluating the current status of DOC limitations on nitrate reduction. Here, the NO3--N and DOC concentrations in groundwater around 8 plateau lakes were investigated, and a microcosm experiment was performed to elucidate the effects of different DOC:NO3--N levels in groundwater on NO3--N reduction, and the current status of DOC limitations on groundwater NO3--N reduction around 8 lakes was further evaluated. The results indicated that nearly 41 % of the groundwater NO3--N concentrations exceeded the WHO threshold for drinking water (11.3 mg L-1) and 79 % of the groundwater DOC concentrations exceeded 5 mg L-1. The differences in groundwater NO3--N and DOC concentrations among the 8 lakes were controlled by the intensity of agricultural and human activities and hydrogeological background. The stoichiometric ratio of DOC:NO3--N regulated the NO3--N reduction process, and groundwater NO3--N accumulation rate appeared to become limited and sharply decreased when the DOC concentration was approximately 10 mg L-1 or when the DOC:NO3--N ratio was close to 1:1, and the DOC:NO3--N ratio threshold for limiting the NO3--N reduction process was approximately 2.25. Based on this threshold, >33 %-86 % of the groundwater samples around the 8 plateau lakes were strongly limited in the reduction of groundwater NO3--N due to a lack of sufficient DOC provides energy for heterotrophic microorganisms. Additionally, we highlight that the sustainable strategy of increasing DOC to stimulate groundwater NO3- attenuation should be combined with short-term strategies to jointly coordinate and control groundwater NO3- pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyang Cui
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anqiang Chen
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Wanli Hu
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Agricultural Environment and Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Gangcai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Wang P, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Cao S, Hao Q, Liu S, Kong X, Han Z, Li B. Evolution of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism during groundwater recharge: A case study in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170159. [PMID: 38242449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A pilot project for groundwater recharge from rivers is currently being carried out in North China Plain. To investigate the influence of river recharge on groundwater hydrochemical characteristics, dynamic monitoring and analysis of groundwater samples were conducted at a typical recharge site in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan in the North China Plain from 2019 to 2021. Hydrochemical, isotopic, and multivariate statistical analyses were used to systematically reveal the spatiotemporal variation of groundwater chemistry and its driving factors during groundwater recharge process. The results showed that the groundwater hydrochemical types and characteristics in different recharge areas and recharge periods exhibited obvious spatiotemporal differences. The groundwater type varied from HCO3·SO4-Na·Mg to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in an upstream ecological area, while the groundwater type changed from SO4·HCO3-Mg·Ca to HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in the downstream impacted by reclaimed water. Changes in the contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- were mostly controlled by the water-rock interactions and mixing-dilution of recharge water, while the increases in Na+, NO3-, Cl-, SO42- and NO3- contents were mainly due to the infiltration of reclaimed water. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope (δ15N and δ18O) tests and the Bayesian isotope mixing model results further demonstrated that nitrate pollution mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, and the major contribution came from manure and sewage, with an average proportion of 64.6 %. Principal component analysis indicated that water-rock interactions, river-groundwater mixing and redox environment alternation were dominant factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution in groundwater recharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yaci Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yasong Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shengwei Cao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qichen Hao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Xiangke Kong
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation of Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Zhantao Han
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Binghua Li
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
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5
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Xu B, Lin Y, Wu Y, Wang Y. Identifying sources and transformations of nitrate in different occurrence environments of carbonate rocks using a coupled isotopic approach (δ 15N, δ 18O, 87Sr/ 86Sr) in karst groundwater system, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169300. [PMID: 38103615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Karst water as the vital water supply source is an increasingly serious problem suffering from NO3- pollution. Identifying sources and transformations is the key to effectively controlling diffuse NO3- pollution. In this study, 25 karst groundwater samples were collected from the Xujiagou karst groundwater system in June 2023, and chemical variables and stable isotopes (δ15N, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr) were determined in different occurrence environments of carbonate rocks (exposed, covered, and buried carbonate rock areas). The results showed that the karst groundwater is dominated by nitrification. Human activities have affected the water quality of karst groundwater. The nitrate concentration ranged from 5.69 to 124.22 mg/L, and 4 % exceeds the quality indexes of class III water in China's standard for groundwater quality (20 mg/L as NO3--N). NH4+ in fertilizer, manure and septic waste, and soil N were the main sources of nitrate pollution in the karst groundwater system. The distribution of NO3- sources is closely related to land-use types. Soil N (72.2 %) became the dominant nitrate source in the exposed area due to the small amount of urban land and the large distribution of forest and grassland. There were more cultivated land and large agricultural activities in the covered area, NH4+ in fertilizer (59.1 %) contributes the most to NO3- sources. The buried area dominated by urban land, the influence of human activities (densely population and agricultural production activities) caused the highest concentration and coefficient of variation of nitrate in this area, and manure and septic waste (64.2 %) were the most to NO3- sources. This study can provide an important scientific basis for the protection of karst groundwater, and provide theoretical support for the treatment of karst groundwater pollution sources in the "monoclinic paraclinal" strata in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Xu
- School of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Yun Lin
- School of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, China.
| | - Yazun Wu
- School of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Coalbed Methane and Shale Gas for Central Plains Economic Region, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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Bi P, Liu R, Huang G, Li D. Evaluating natural background levels of heavy metals in shallow groundwater of the Pearl River Delta via removal of contaminated groundwaters: Comparison of three preselection related methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122382. [PMID: 37586681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessing natural background levels (NBLs) in groundwater is a global concern. Knowledge on groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas is challenging due to the impact of complex human activities. Preselection related methods are common ones for assessing groundwater NBLs. The present study used three preselection related methods to assess groundwater heavy metals (lead, zinc, barium) NBLs in four groundwater units of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) where urbanization continues, and to identify the best one for assessing groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas. Here, methods include a preselection method (method-P), a preselection dominated method (method-PD), and a statistic dominated method (method-SD). Results showed that the method-PD was better than other two methods for assessing groundwater NBLs of heavy metals in the PRD. This is supported by the evidence that differences among heavy metals concentrations in various land-use types in residual datasets formed by the method-PD were insignificant. NBLs of lead in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 2.8 μg/L, 5.9 μg/L, 5.8 μg/L, and 2.6 μg/L, respectively. NBLs of zinc in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 30 μg/L, 180 μg/L, 160 μg/L, and 100 μg/L, respectively. NBLs of barium in groundwater units I to IV assessed by the method-PD were 120 μg/L, 120 μg/L, 90 μg/L, and 50 μg/L, respectively. Compared to the method-PD, the method-SD often underestimates groundwater NBLs of heavy metals because of using the experiential evaluation for residual datasets. The method-P also has an inaccurate evaluation of groundwater NBLs of heavy metals in comparison with the method-PD, owing to both of using the experiential evaluation and the absence of a function for outliers test. The method-P combining with an outliers test would be better than itself for assessing groundwater NBLs. Therefore, the method-PD is the first choice to be recommended for assessing groundwater NBLs in urbanized areas such the PRD. However, this method should not be taken into account for assessing groundwater NBLs in areas where groundwater Cl/Br mass ratios are invalid. Instead, the method-SD and the method-P combining with one outliers test may be choices, because no constraint for these two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruinan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Xia Q, He J, He B, Chu Y, Li W, Sun J, Wen D. Effect and genesis of soil nitrogen loading and hydrogeological conditions on the distribution of shallow groundwater nitrogen pollution in the North China Plain. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120346. [PMID: 37482006 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) has experienced increasingly severe groundwater nitrogen (TN) pollution. However, the factors influencing TN distribution are still poorly understood. Previous studies have identified surface soil nitrogen (TSN) loading and intrinsic groundwater vulnerability (Inv) as the main factors controlling groundwater TN pollution. However, in this study, based on 3245 shallow groundwater samples in the NCP, the multiple regression analysis results(R2=0.105, p<0.001) revealed that the TN was not mainly controlled by TSN and Inv. The lower prediction accuracy indicated the large data dispersion of TN, which might be affected by nitrogen attenuation or accumulation. Thus, the NCP was divided into balance, attenuation, and accumulation zones according to the regression equation. The attenuation zone was mainly distributed in the inter-fan and fan edge parts of the pre-mountain alluvial floodplain, as well as the west and south of the runoff area, while the accumulation zone was mainly distributed in the top part of the pre-mountain alluvial floodplain and the east of discharge area. Multi-indicators comparative analysis showed that compared to the balance (Eh= 76.2 mV) and accumulation (Eh=126.7 mV) zones, the attenuation zone has a stronger reducing environment (Eh=30.8 mV) favorable to denitrification, which can reduce the TN pollution (0.49 mg/L) caused by surface nitrogen input and consume more electron donors. Conversely, the stronger oxidizing environment in the accumulation zone limited denitrification, resulting in higher TN concentrations (19.14 mg/L) in the aquifers under the same TSN and Inv conditions as the other two zones. The standardized effects and significance on each path of the structural equation model (SEMs) fully confirmed the reliability of the above zonal analysis. Importantly, the feature importance (23.6%) of random forest and standardized effects (0.455, p<0.001) of SEMs showed that the Eh had the strongest influence on TN. Thus, the redox conditions of the aquifer, in addition to TSN and Inv, played a crucial role in controlling the TN pollution in the groundwater of a large region. The zoning work and the analysis of influencing factors are important to guide scientific prevention and control of groundwater nitrogen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiangtao He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Baonan He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yanjia Chu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jichao Sun
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Dongguang Wen
- Hydrogeology and Environmental Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
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8
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Huang G, Hou Q, Han D, Liu R, Song J. Large scale occurrence of aluminium-rich shallow groundwater in the Pearl River Delta after the rapid urbanization: Co-effects of anthropogenic and geogenic factors. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2023; 254:104130. [PMID: 36603301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium(Al)-rich (> 0.2 mg/L) groundwater has received more concerns because of its harmful to human beings. Origins of large-scale occurrence on Al-rich groundwater in urbanized areas such as the Pearl River Delta (PRD) are still little known. The current work was conducted to investigate spatial distribution of Al-rich groundwater in the PRD, and to discuss its origins in various aquifers. For that, 265 groundwater samples and 15 river water samples were collected, and 21 hydrochemical parameters including Al were analyzed by using conventional analytical procedures. The results showed that groundwater Al concentrations were up to 22.64 mg/L, and Al-rich groundwater occurred in 15% of the area occupied by the PRD. Al-rich groundwater in the coastal-alluvial aquifer was about 2 times those in alluvial-proluvial and fissured aquifers, whereas the karst aquifer was absent. In the coastal-alluvial aquifer, Al-rich groundwater in the peri-urban area was 2 or more times those in urbanized and agricultural areas, whereas the remaining area was absent. By contrast, in the alluvial-proluvial aquifer, Al-rich groundwater in the remaining area was 1.5-3.5 times that in other areas; in the fissured aquifer, the distribution of Al-rich groundwater was independent of land-use types. The infiltration of wastewater from township enterprises was main anthropogenic source for Al-rich groundwater in urbanized and peri-urban areas, whereas irrigation of Al-rich river water was the main one in the agricultural area. Naturally dissolution of Al-rich minerals in soils/rocks, triggered by both of pH decrease resulted from nitrification of contaminated ammonium (e.g., sewage leakage, the use of nitrogen fertilizer) and acid deposition, was the main geogenic source for Al-rich groundwater in the PRD. The contribution of anthropogenic sources to Al-rich groundwater in the coastal-alluvial aquifer was more than that in alluvial-proluvial and fissured aquifers, whereas the contribution of geogenic sources was opposite. In conclusion, the discharge of township enterprises wastewater and ammonium-rich sewage, the emission of nitrogen-containing gas, and the use of nitrogen fertilizer should be preferentially limited to decrease the occurrence of Al-rich groundwater in urbanized areas such as the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Qinxuan Hou
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Dongya Han
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruinan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiangmin Song
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Huang G, Song J, Han D, Liu R, Liu C, Hou Q. Assessing natural background levels of geogenic contaminants in groundwater of an urbanized delta through removal of groundwaters impacted by anthropogenic inputs: New insights into driving factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159527. [PMID: 36270365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on driving forces controlling natural background levels (NBLs) of geogenic contaminants (GCs) in groundwater of coastal urbanized areas are still limited because of complex hydrogeological conditions and anthropogenic activities. This study assesses NBLs of two GCs including arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in four groundwater units of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with large scale urbanization by using a preselection method composed of the chloride/bromide mass ratio versus chloride concentration and the oxidation capacity with the combination of Grubbs' test. More importantly, driving factors controlling NBLs of As/Mn in groundwater of the PRD are discussed. Results showed that groundwater As/Mn concentrations in residual datasets were independent of land-use types, while those in original datasets in different land-use types were distinct because of various human activities, indicating that the used preselection method in this study is valid for NBLs-As/Mn assessment in groundwater of the PRD. NBL-As in coastal-alluvial aquifers was >6 times that in other groundwater units. NBL-Mn in coastal-alluvial aquifers was 1.4 times that in alluvial-proluvial aquifers, and both were >4 times that in other two groundwater units. High NBLs-As/Mn in coastal-alluvial aquifers is mainly attributed to reduction of FeMn oxyhydr(oxides) induced by mineralization of organic matter in Quaternary sediments. Elevated pH also contributes higher NBL-As in coastal-alluvial aquifers. By contrast, higher NBL-Mn in alluvial-proluvial aquifers than in other two groundwater units mainly ascribes to reduction of FeMn oxyhydr(oxides) in Quaternary sediments triggered by irrigation of reducing river waters. In addition, more occurrence of As/Mn-rich sediments and the infiltration of As/Mn-rich river water are also important factors for high NBLs-As/Mn in coastal-alluvial aquifers. This study shows that revealing natural driving factors of GCs-rich groundwater in coastal urbanized areas on the basis of identification of contaminated groundwaters via the used preselection methods is acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Jiangmin Song
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongya Han
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruinan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qinxuan Hou
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
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10
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Arsenic in groundwater from Southwest Bangladesh: Sources, water quality, and potential health concern. HYDRORESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hydres.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Yang F, Jia C, Yang X, Yang H, Chang W. Probabilistic potential health risk quantification, hydrochemistry, driving forces of groundwater nitrate and fluoride in a typical irrigation district, Northern China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116171. [PMID: 36261975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is the foremost water source of agricultural irrigation areas in northern China. However, the problem from excessive geogenic fluoride and anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater and its potential health risks are often neglected. This paper aims to identify the health threats, water quality and hydrochemistry in Weibei Plain, northern China. A total of 50 water samples collected in May 2021 were assessed by hydrogeochemical analysis, the entropy weight water quality index method and probabilistic human health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo stochastic simulation. The results showed that the hydrochemical type of surface water and groundwater was mainly SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg type. The rock weathering and cation exchanges were found to the important processes influencing hydrochemistry. The quality of surface water was higher than that of groundwater, with Class IV and Class V groundwater samples concentrated in the northwest of the study area. The F- concentration in groundwater samples generally exceeded the drinking water standard, which mainly came from mineral dissolution affected by excessive irrigation. Nitrate pollution in groundwater has regional characteristics, mainly from agricultural activities. Long-term use of groundwater might bring risks to residents' health, because more than 65% and 23% of groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk limits of F- and NO3- to children, respectively. Considering the uncertainty of model parameters, children will have a probability of more than 46.9% and 12.6% to face F- and NO3- risks in groundwater. Compared with NO3-, the high concentration of F- in groundwater posed a higher threat to human health, and children faced higher risks. Compared with the deterministic method, the stochastic simulation can more accurately reflect health risks. The findings of this study can help policymakers devise strategies to ensure a safe supply of domestic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chao Jia
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenbo Chang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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12
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Zheng W, Yang Z, Wang X, Wang H, Yu X, Wang LP, He B. Impacts of evaporation and inundation on near-surface salinity at a coastal wetland park. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114373. [PMID: 36427377 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is one of the main causes of conversion between different ecosystems and landuse functions in coastal wetlands. In this paper, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture and salinity in a reclaimed national wetland park in Guangdong Province, China. We found that diel evaporation affected soil water up to 40 cm deep. Extreme rainfall only increased topsoil moisture with limited leaching effects on soil salinity. Salt accumulation occurred between 40 and 70 cm depth in rainy season, lasting until the end of monitoring period. Whereas the topsoil was salinized between land-surface to 30 cm deep in dry season, which was recovered after rainfall. This result suggested that the force balance between capillarity and gravity created a relative stable saline layer which was not flushed out during inundation. Therefore, considering these site-specific features could lead to the improved understanding of the migration of salinity in the soil profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zheng
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenlei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Center for Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510250, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Lian-Ping Wang
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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13
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Li X, Liu Y, Yu H, Ma M. Porous geopolymer with controllable interconnected pores-a viable permeable reactive barrier filler for lead pollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136128. [PMID: 35995199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most of the commonly used traditional permeable reactive barrier (PRB) fillers have many drawbacks, such as poor retention of hydraulic conductivity, high cost, and a complex preparation process. Porous geopolymers (PGPs) with controllable pore structures could circumvent these drawbacks owing to their high adsorption capacity, cost-effective synthesis, and good chemical stability. In this study, based on our previous research, the "foaming-liquid film" balance control method was proposed and used to fabricate three PGPs with gradient pore connectivity. The influence of pore structure on the Pb2+ removal performance and migration mechanism were investigated by conducting both batch and column experiments. Closed, dead-end, capillary, and interconnected pores exist in the PGPs, and results indicated that interconnected pores effectively promote the migration of solute in the main flow channels to the deeper matrix, thereby enhancing the long-term dynamic removal efficiency. At breakthrough, the Pb2+ uptake of PGP-3 reached 146 mg g-1. Further, the proposed "foaming-liquid film" balance control method is effective to prepare PGPs with controllable connectivity, and the PGP-PRBs with a high proportion of interconnected pores exhibit excellent performance for the removal of heavy metals, which is advantageous for their future applications in groundwater decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Zhang
- Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China.
| | - Xianghui Li
- Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Yanshun Liu
- Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Minghui Ma
- Institute of Geothermal Development, Shandong University, Weifang, 261200, China
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14
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Du S, Meng L, Zhang L, Liu Y. Source identification and apportionment of the nitrogen in groundwater based on isotope methods in the Beilin region of Suihua basin, northeastern China. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10773. [PMID: 35946784 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-isotope method was used to analyze the migration and transformation characteristics of nitrogen in groundwater in the center of a typical confined water basin, and a simplified isotope mixing model was established to quantify the contribution of potential nitrate sources in the center of the basin. Based on the water quality monitoring results, the contour map of nitrate concentration in groundwater in the center of the basin was drawn. The results showed that the nitrate concentration in groundwater in the center of the basin increased gradually from upstream to downstream. The high value area of nitrate concentration in phreatic water is mainly affected by agricultural activities and infiltration of sewage discharge from upstream urban areas. The high value area of nitrate concentration in confined water is mainly due to the water level depression funnel caused by large exploitation of confined water. The quantitative results of N-O isotope mixing model for potential nitrate sources show that the main recharge sources of groundwater in the center of the basin are atmospheric precipitation, agricultural irrigation water, and the lateral inflow of upstream groundwater. Agricultural irrigation water has the highest contribution rate of 67.01%. The main recharge sources of confined aquifer in the center of the basin are phreatic water leakage and lateral inflow of upstream confined water. The contribution rate of upstream confined water is between 45.55% and 56.35%, which is basically maintained at about 50%. Compared with the calculation results of D-O isotope mixing model, the accuracy of the established N-O isotope mixing model meets the basic requirements. The results of this study can provide technical reference and theoretical support for the identification and quantitative research of potential nitrate sources in groundwater under the same type of hydrogeological conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Multiple isotope fingerprint comparison to identify nitrate source contribution ratio. Migration and transformation of nitrogen in the center of a typical confined water basin Simplified the traditional isotope mixing model to quickly quantify the source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghai Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater: Evaluating the Effects of Demographic Aging and Depopulation in an Island with Intensive Citrus Cultivation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid population aging and depopulation in Japan, groundwater nitrate contamination still poses serious environmental problems. One of the main factors contributing to elevated nitrate levels in Japanese groundwater sources is agricultural intensification, frequently because of increased fertilizer use. We investigated the impact of population aging and depopulation on groundwater nitrate contamination on a western Japanese island that has extensive citrus farming. In comparison to Ocho village, where the average age of farmers is 73 years, Kubi village’s farmers are slightly older on average, at 76 years, and agricultural land has decreased by 46% over the past ten years, from 2005 to 2015. Ocho had 830 residents, which was twice as many as Kubi. In comparison to Ocho (4.8 mg/L), Kubi village had higher average NO3−−N concentrations (6.6 mg/L). NO3−−N contamination sources in Kubi and Ocho were determined using stable nitrogen isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model. These source distributions were more strongly associated with social and land use factors. It was believed that the older farmers in Kubi employed a significant quantity of chemical fertilizers, which caused inefficient nitrogen uptake by plants, leading to increased leaching and more groundwater contamination than in Ocho.
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16
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Key Factors Dominating the Groundwater Chemical Composition in a Grain Production Base: A Case Study of Muling–Xingkai Plain, Northeast China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality in the Muling–Xingkai Plain (MXP) is closely related to food security and human health. The chemical composition of groundwater in MXP has attracted great attention. A total of 168 groundwater samples were collected in MXP, and principal component analysis, chemical ion analysis and stable isotopic analysis were used to explore key factors affecting the chemical composition and hydrochemical evolution process of groundwater. Results show sources of chemical ions in groundwater are silicate minerals, carbonate minerals and domestic sewage. Domestic sewage is responsible for groundwater with high levels of Cl−, SO42− and NO3−, but a reduction environment can lead to groundwater with a high level of NH4+ due to nitrification. Human activity and soil media together influence groundwater chemical composition. Groundwater with a high level of chemical ions is mainly collected from wells near river channels, where coarse-textured soils are overlying aquifers. The black soil far away from river channels can retard the infiltration of wastewater. Agricultural activities do not directly lead to deterioration of groundwater qualities, and agricultural non-point-source pollution does not occur in MXP. Nearly 70% of the population in MXP is living in the southern plain, where the influence of sewage on groundwater chemical composition is obvious. Thus, shallow groundwater far away from river channels is the best choice for irrigation. Some measures should be implemented to control the discharge of domestic sewage for the protection of groundwater. In addition, it is necessary to avoid the transformation of the redox environment of groundwater in the northern plain.
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17
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Hydrogeochemical Survey along the Northern Coastal Region of Ramanathapuram District, Tamilnadu, India. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ramanathapuram is a drought-prone southern Indian district that was selected for conducting a hydrogeochemical study. Groundwater samples from 40 locations were collected during January 2020 (pandemic interdiction according to COVID) and January 2021. The hydrogeochemical properties of the groundwater samples were evaluated and compared with drinking water regulations to assess their water quality. The order of cation dominance was as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ in January 2020 and Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ in January 2021 with respect to the mean value. The order of anion dominance was as follows: Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > F− in January 2020 and Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO3− > F− in January 2021 with respect to the mean value. In the study area, the southern coastal region was identified as a groundwater-polluted zone through spatial analysis based on all analysis results. The irrigation water quality was analyzed using various calculated indices, such as Na% (percent sodium), SAR (sodium absorption ratio), PI (permeability index), MgC (magnesium risk), RSC (residual sodium concentration), and KI (Kelly ratio), demonstrating the suitability of the groundwater for irrigation in most parts of the study area. This was also confirmed by the Na% vs. EC Plot, USSL, and Doneen’s Plot for PI. In addition, the WQI results for drinking water and irrigation confirmed the suitability of the groundwater in most parts of the study area, except for the coastal regions. The dominant hydrogeologic facies of Na+-Cl−, Ca2+-Mg2+-SO42−, and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− types illustrated by the Piper diagram indicate the mixing process of freshwater with saline water in the coastal aquifers. Rock–water interaction and evaporation were the main controllers of groundwater geochemistry in the study area, as determined using the Gibbs plot. Ion exchange, seawater intrusion, weathering of carbonates, and the dissolution of calcium and gypsum minerals from the aquifer were identified as the major geogenic processes controlling groundwater chemistry using the Chadha plot, scatter plot, and Cl−/HCO3− ratio. Further, multivariate statistical approaches also confirmed the strong mutual relationship among the parameters, several factors controlling hydrogeochemistry, and grouping of water samples based on the parameters. Appropriate artificial recharge techniques must be used in the affected regions to stop seawater intrusion and increase freshwater recharge.
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18
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Wang P, Zhang X, Hao Y, Li D. Evaluating salinity variation and origin in coastal aquifer systems with integrated geophysical and hydrochemical approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34038-34054. [PMID: 35034309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns have been dramatically increased over potential saltwater intrusion resulting in freshwater resources shortage in coastal aquifers in the past decades. Investigating the distribution and origin of saline water is a key factor to understand coastal groundwater evolution and further assist its management. Here we evaluate the horizontal and vertical spatial variability of the coastal groundwater salinity and its potential key influencing factors based on integrated hydrochemical and geoelectrical approaches in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), South China. The electrical resistivity tomography and geochemical data show a decrease of salinity from the coast to the inland with a water type varying from Cl-Na to HCO3-Ca at the regional scale. Points with higher/lower salinity values than those in the surrounding environment occasionally exist in the study region. In the cross section, the zone 2-90 m below the surface has low resistivity values, which correspond to high-salinity values in the subsurface. The moderate resistivity values at 0-2 m depth illustrate an infiltration of freshwater. The complex salinity distribution pattern is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of formation and distribution of primary flow paths, while the coastal groundwater salinity evolution is shaped by the joint influence of paleo-seawater intrusion, the ion mixing processes, and the water-rock interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130400, China.
| | - Yanru Hao
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangzhou Hydraulic Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510220, China
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Huang G, Pei L, Li L, Liu C. Natural background levels in groundwater in the Pearl River Delta after the rapid expansion of urbanization: A new pre-selection method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151890. [PMID: 34822899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of natural background levels (NBL) of groundwater in urbanized areas such as the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is challenging. Pre-selection methods are the most common approaches for NBL assessment, but it will overestimate (or underestimate) contaminated groundwater in urbanized areas by using present pre-selection methods with empirical definite values because of complicated human activities. Unlike present pre-selection methods, this study aims to establish a new pre-selection method with the indicative of Cl/Br ratios to identify contaminated groundwaters with convincing evidences. Specifically, this new method consists of indicatives of the oxidation capacity and the Cl/Br ratio combining with contaminated-markers. In addition, factors controlling NBL of Cl and NO3 in groundwater in various hydrogeological units in the PRD were also discussed. Main procedures of this new method: contaminated-markers in various hydrogeological units are extracted by a hierarchical cluster analysis, thereby determining threshold values of Cl/Br ratios and Cl concentration in various hydrogeological units for identifying contaminated groundwater; After that, groundwater chemical datasets was selected by the oxidation capacity, and then tested by Grubbs' test until normal distributions. Groundwater Cl and NO3 concentrations in datasets before and after this new method are dependent and independent of urbanization levels, respectively, indicating that the new method is useful for groundwater NBL assessment in urbanized areas such as the PRD. Both the seawater intrusion and the diffusion of Cl from marine deposits are likely to be responsible for the much higher NBL-Cl in coastal-alluvial and marine aquifers than in other hydrogeological units. Groundwater Cl enrichment resulted from groundwater recharge and evaporation is mainly responsible for the higher NBL-Cl in alluvial-proluvial aquifers than in lacustrine aquifers, fissured aquifers, as well as karst aquifers. More than double times NBL-NO3 in alluvial-proluvial and fissured aquifers than in other hydrogeological units is probably attributed to more oxidizing conditions of their vadose zones and groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Lixin Pei
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou, China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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20
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Influence of Urbanization on Groundwater Chemistry at Lanzhou Valley Basin in China. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the economy, urbanization and industrialization gradually become an important driving force of groundwater chemical evolution. In this study, Lanzhou City, which is one of the biggest industrial cities in northwest China, was selected to investigate the impacts of city development on groundwater quality. Several hydrochemical methods together with principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the hydrochemistry evolution characteristics and sensitive factors of groundwater chemistry in different urban functional areas of Lanzhou City. The results show that 96% of the groundwater in the study area cannot meet the groundwater quality standards of China. The main factors affecting the quality are SO42−, TDS, total hardness, Mg2+ and Na+. Urbanization and industrialization lead to further deterioration of the already naturally high TDS groundwater. NO3−, Cl− and NH4+ are the characteristic factors of human input sources for commercial residential areas; total Fe and NO3− are the characteristic factors of new urban areas in the urban-rural junction; and SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, Total Fe, Mn2+, F−, I−, Pb2+, Cr6+ and As3+ are the characteristic factors of industrial areas. Domestic sewage infiltration and manure infiltration are the main driving factors of groundwater quality deterioration in commercial residential areas. Nitrate fertilizer infiltration and sewage irrigation are the main factors leading to the increase in nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in the new urban area. Industrial wastewater leakage and organic pollution that promote the dissolution of minerals in the aquifer (the dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals and reductive dissolution of iron manganese oxides) are the main driving factors for the deterioration of groundwater quality in the petrochemical industrial area.
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21
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Huang P, Ma C, Zhou A. Assessment of groundwater sustainable development considering geo-environment stability and ecological environment: a case study in the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18010-18035. [PMID: 34677774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater resources have an important impact on the geo-environment and ecological environment. The exploitation of groundwater resources may induce geo-environmental issues and has a negative impact on the ecological environment. The assessment of groundwater sustainable development can provide reasonable suggestions for the management of groundwater resources in coastal cities. In this study, an assessment method for groundwater sustainable development based on the resource supply function, geo-environment stability function, and ecological environment function was provided. Considering the groundwater quantity and quality; the vulnerability of karst collapse, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion; and the distribution of groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) and soil erosion, the groundwater in the Pearl River Delta was divided into concentrated groundwater supply area (21.97%) and decentralized groundwater supply area (48.22%), ecological protection area (20.77%), vulnerable geo-environment area (8.94%), and unsuitable to exploit groundwater area (0.10%). ROC curve and single-indicator sensitivity analysis were applied in the assessment of geo-environment vulnerability, and the results showed that the VW-AHP model effectively adjusted the weights of the indicators so that the assessment results were more in line with the actual situation in the Pearl River Delta, and the accuracy of the VW-AHP model was higher than that of the AHP model. This study provides a scientific basis for groundwater management in the Pearl River Delta and an example for the assessment of groundwater sustainable development in coastal cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanming Ma
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Identification of Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality in Coastal Aquifers, Case: La Yarada, Tacna, Peru. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052815. [PMID: 35270505 PMCID: PMC8910408 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The coastal aquifer La Yarada has anthropogenic and geogenic contamination that adversely affect the quality of groundwater for population and agricultural use. In this scenario, multivariate statistical methods were applied in 20 physicochemical and isotopic parameters of 53 groundwater pumping wells in October 2020, with the aim of characterizing the hydrogeochemical processes that dominate the groundwater of the coastal aquifer and the factors that cause them to optimize the effective management of water resources, delimiting areas affected by more than one salinization process. The samples were grouped into three clusters (C1, C2, and C3) with cluster analysis, the spatial distribution of C2 and C3 (reclassified in stiff diagrams), evidenced hydrogeochemical facies associated with the flow and recharge directions governed by the structural lineaments (NE-SO), favoring some areas more than others, arising different facies and hydrogeochemical processes. Factor analysis was applied from three different approaches: (1) main elements, (2) trace elements, and (3) physicochemical and isotopic parameters; exposing 6 distinguishable hydrogeochemical processes in the aquifer and factors that cause them: (i) salinization-marine intrusion, (ii) fertilizer leaching and dissolution of (Ca2+, Mg2+), (iii) wastewater mixture (NO3-), (iv) reducing conditions (Fe, Mn, Al), (v) contributions of (B, Sr), (vi) conservative mixtures and dissolution (As, F). It was validated with water quality indices (WQI) according to the national limits, delimiting 67 km2 parallel to the coast with "bad" to "very bad" quality for human consumption and unsuitable for irrigation according to the Wilcox diagram thus pre-treatment in this area is indispensable.
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23
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Han D, Currell MJ. Review of drivers and threats to coastal groundwater quality in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150913. [PMID: 34653454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With rapid socio-economic development, China's coastal areas are among the fastest growing and most economically dynamic regions in the world. Under the influence of climate change and human activities, protecting the quality of coastal groundwater has emerged as one of the key environmental and resource management issues for these areas. This paper reviews (for the first time) groundwater quality data for the coastal basins of China, where over 600 million people live, focussing on key inorganic indicators/pollutants; groundwater salinity, nitrate, fluoride, and arsenic. These pollutants present major water quality issues and are also valuable as indicators of wider processes and influences impacting coastal groundwater quality - e.g. saltwater intrusion, agricultural pollution and release of geo-genic contaminants. We discuss the major drivers causing water quality problems in different regions and assess future trajectories and challenges for controlling changes in coastal groundwater quality in China. Multiple processes, including modern and palaeo seawater/brine migration, groundwater pumping for agricultural irrigation, pollution from agrochemical application, rapid development of aquaculture, urban growth, and water transfer projects, may all be responsible (to different degrees) for changes observed in coastal groundwater quality, and associated long-term health and ecological effects. We discuss implications for sustainable coastal aquifer management in China, arguing that groundwater monitoring and contamination control measures require urgent improvement. The evolution and treatment of coastal groundwater quality problems in China will serve as an important warning and example for other countries facing similar pressures, due to climate change, coastal development, and intensification of anthropogenic activity in coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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24
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Zhang H, Li H, Gao D, Yu H. Source identification of surface water pollution using multivariate statistics combined with physicochemical and socioeconomic parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151274. [PMID: 34717996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of potential contamination sources of river water is a basis for effective pollution control and sustainable water management. Pollution source identification based on physicochemical-parameters-only method may lead to uncertainty and subjectivity. In this study along with hydrochemistry parameters (HPs), socioeconomic parameters (SPs) were considered as an auxiliary in multivariate statistics to achieve a comprehensive assessment on pollution sources with accurate estimates of source identification and apportionment. Fifteen physicochemical parameters were combined with twelve socioeconomic parameters in multivariate statistics to quantitatively assess potential pollution sources and their contributions to river water pollution. Multivariate statistics in the study included regression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR). Regression analysis between hydro-chemical parameters and socioeconomic parameters indicated that industrial and population growths were the main factors related to ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) contamination, while total phosphorus (TP) was more correlated with domestic discharge and poultry breeding. Based on the results of PCA, four latent factors were extracted for hydrochemistry parameters (HPs) and socioeconomics parameters (SPs), accounting for 68.59% and 82.40% of the total variance, respectively. With integrating the PCA results of the two parameter groups, pollution sources were ranked as industrial effluents > rural wastewater > municipal sewage > phytoplankton growth and agricultural cultivation. Source apportionment in APCS-MLR revealed that industrial wastewater and rural wastewater averagely contributed 35.68% and 25.08% of pollution, respectively, followed by municipal sewage (18.73%) and phytoplankton pollution (15.13%) with relatively small percentage of unrecognized source. It is concluded that socioeconomic parameters assisting hydrochemistry parameters in multivariate statistics can improve the accuracy and certainty of pollution source identification, supporting decision makers to formulate strategies on protection of river water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Hongfei Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Dongdong Gao
- Sichuan Academy of Ecological and Environmental Science, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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25
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Bi P, Pei L, Huang G, Han D, Song J. Identification of Groundwater Contamination in a Rapidly Urbanized Area on a Regional Scale: A New Approach of Multi-Hydrochemical Evidences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212143. [PMID: 34831911 PMCID: PMC8623665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient identification of groundwater contamination is a major issue in the context of groundwater use and protection. This study used a new approach of multi-hydrochemical indicators, including the Cl-Br mass ratio, the hydrochemical facies, and the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, organic contaminants, and Pb in groundwater to identify groundwater contamination in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) where there is large scale urbanization. In addition, the main factors resulting in groundwater contamination in the PRD were also discussed by using socioeconomic data and principal component analysis. Approximately 60% of groundwater sites in the PRD were identified to be contaminated according to the above six indicators. Contaminated groundwaters commonly occur in porous and fissured aquifers but rarely in karst aquifers. Groundwater contamination in porous aquifers is positively correlated with the urbanization level. Similarly, in fissured aquifers, the proportions of contaminated groundwater in urbanized and peri-urban areas were approximately two times that in non-urbanized areas. Groundwater contamination in the PRD was mainly attributed to the infiltration of wastewater from township-village enterprises on a regional scale. In addition, livestock waste was also an important source of groundwater contamination in the PRD. Therefore, in the future, the supervision of the wastewater discharge of township-village enterprises and the waste discharge of livestock should be strengthened to protect against groundwater contamination in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China;
- Hebei Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources and Optimization of Industrial Structure, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Lixin Pei
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571100, China
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (G.H.)
| | - Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China; (D.H.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (G.H.)
| | - Dongya Han
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China; (D.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiangmin Song
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China; (D.H.); (J.S.)
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26
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Li W, Wu J, Zhou C, Nsabimana A. Groundwater Pollution Source Identification and Apportionment Using PMF and PCA-APCS-MLR Receptor Models in Tongchuan City, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:397-413. [PMID: 34342688 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Potential sources of groundwater pollution in Tongchuan City, China, were qualitatively identified based on 14 key water quality indicators of 59 groundwater samples, and the contribution of each source to groundwater quality was quantitatively evaluated. Groundwater pollution sources were analyzed using PMF and PCA-APCS-MLR models, and their applicability in groundwater pollution assessment in Tongchuan City was tested. Results indicate that both models identified four sources of groundwater contamination. Natural evolution was the main cause of groundwater pollution in the study area, followed by the coal industry, agriculture, and urbanization. Although the spatial distribution of pollution sources in the two models differed, the urbanized area to the east of the study area was more severely affected by sewage discharge, the west was more obviously affected by the coal industry, and the north was mainly polluted by agriculture. Both of the fitting results of the two models are good, but R2 values obtained by the PMF model (0.4440-0.9991) were generally higher than those obtained by the PCA-APCS-MLR model (0.5180-0.9530), indicating that PMF model results were more accurate than the PCA-APCS-MLR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqu Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changjing Zhou
- Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute, Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Exploration and Development, Xi'an, 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Abel Nsabimana
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Su H, Kang W, Kang N, Liu J, Li Z. Hydrogeochemistry and health hazards of fluoride-enriched groundwater in the Tarim Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111476. [PMID: 34116016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F-) enrichment reduces the availability of groundwater resources in the arid region, and it is thus important to investigate the hydrogeochemistry and health hazards of fluoride-enriched groundwater. Seventy-two groundwater samples (20 unconfined samples from the piedmont plain, 22 unconfined samples and 30 shallow confined samples from the alluvial plain) were collected in the Tarim Basin of China to illustrate the geochemical processes driving the F- enrichment and the incidence of dental fluorosis. The patterns of average ions contents in groundwater are Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > NO3- > F-. The highest F- concentration (average 2.16 mg/L) is observed in unconfined groundwater in the alluvial plain, while the lowest (average 0.63 mg/L) is recorded in unconfined groundwater in the piedmont plain. Approximately 5.0% of unconfined groundwater in the piedmont plain, 90.9% of unconfined groundwater and 33.3% of shallow confined groundwater in the alluvial plain contain F- concentrations exceeding 1.0 mg/L (Chinese drinking water standard). Mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and evaporation play a significant role in the formation of solutes in groundwater. High-F- groundwater is mostly associated with SO4·Cl-Na·Ca, SO4·Cl-Na·Mg, and SO4·Cl-Na types water. Thermodynamic simulations reveal that the dissolution of F-bearing minerals (e.g., fluorite) significantly controls the F- contents in groundwater. High concentrations of F- are closely related to high HCO3-, high Na+, high salinity, cation exchange, and evaporation. This demonstrates that high F- concentrations are caused by the increase in fluorite solubility due to high ionic strength, Ca2+ consumption and the desorption of F- from solid surfaces under alkaline conditions. Mixing with the upper unconfined groundwater plays a vital role in the enrichment of F- in shallow confined groundwater in the alluvial plain. The health risk assessment based on Dean's classification indicates that the percentage prevalence of fluorosis for boys aged 6 to 18 is 15.5% for Yecheng (YC), 18.4% for Zepu (ZP), 33.3% for Shache (SC), 29.8% for Maigaiti (MG), and 44.9% for Bachu (BC), while that for girls of the same age is 14.3% for YC, 24.3% for ZP, 42.2% for SC, 41.4% for MG, and 45.3% for BC. For male and female adults aged between 19 and 68, the percentage prevalence of fluorosis is: YC (11.5%, 12.0%), ZP (18.3%, 20.0%), SC (35.4%, 35.0%), MG (32.5%, 39.7%), and BC (42.4%, 44.3%). It is obvious that younger generation, especially girls, suffers from more severe dental fluorosis. This study has implications for the effective management of high-F- groundwater in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Su
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Weidong Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Jingtao Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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28
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Lalitha M, Dharumarajan S, Kalaiselvi B, Shivanand K, Koyal A, Kaliraj S, Hegde R. Hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality in Cauvery deltaic fluvial plains of Southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44861-44876. [PMID: 33852117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater sources are drastically changing in their quantity and quality depending on local and regional level natural and anthropogenic factors, influencing their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The objective of this study is to characterize the hydrochemistry and assess the groundwater quality in the fluvial deltaic plains of Cauvery river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 50 georeferenced groundwater samples were collected across Needamangalam block of Thiruvarur district and analyzed for major ions and hydrochemical processes. The results showed an ionic sequence of Cl- > Na+ > HCO3- > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > CO32- > SO42- > K+ based on their relative proportions. The scatter diagram indicated that groundwater chemistry was mostly influenced by weathering dominance followed by evaporation and silicate weathering. The dominant hydro-chemical facies were Na+-Cl--HCO3- type, Na+-Mg2+-Cl--HCO3- type, Na+-Cl--HCO3--CO32- type and Na+-Mg2+-Cl--HCO3--CO32- type influenced by the ion-exchange reaction. Most of the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking and irrigation except few with higher Na+ and Cl- content caused by the mixing of salt from fluvio-marine sources or agriculture return flow. The high sodium content in irrigation water may affect the soil hydraulic and nutrient properties in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Lalitha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Beeman Kalaiselvi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Khandal Shivanand
- ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Arti Koyal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Seenipandi Kaliraj
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Thiruvananthapuram - 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Rajendra Hegde
- ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, India
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29
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Natural Background Level and Contamination of Shallow Groundwater Salinity in Various Aquifers in a Coastal Urbanized Area, South China. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/2973092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing natural background levels (NBLs) of chemical components in groundwater is useful for the evaluation of groundwater contamination in urbanized areas. The present study assessed the NBL of total dissolved solids (TDS) in various groundwater units in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) where urbanization is a large scale and discussed factors controlling groundwater salinity contamination in the PRD. Results showed that the NBL of TDS in groundwater in the coastal-alluvial plain was more than 1.5 times that in other groundwater units because of the seawater intrusion in this groundwater unit. By contrast, interactions of water and soils/rocks were the main factors controlling the NBLs of TDS in other groundwater units. Groundwater salinity contamination in the PRD was positively correlated with the urbanization level. Wastewater from township-village enterprises and industrial wastewater were likely to be the main sources for groundwater salinity contamination in the PRD. Moreover, the wastewater leakage from sewer systems was one of the main pathways for groundwater salinity contamination in urbanized areas, because the proportion of groundwater salinity contamination in urbanized areas formed in 1988–1998 was more than 1.5 times that in urbanized areas formed in 1998–2006 regardless of groundwater units. Besides, sewage irrigation and leakage of landfill leachate were also important sources for groundwater salinity contamination in the PRD.
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30
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Liu X, Zhou Z, Ding Y. Vegetation coverage change and erosion types impacts on the water chemistry in western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145543. [PMID: 33578166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the characteristics of water chemistry under different vegetation coverage and erosion types is important for water resource utilization and ecological environmental protection. After investigating the water chemistry of the surface water and groundwater in Xinjiang and Tibet in western China, this study revealed the response of hydrochemistry to vegetation coverage and erosion types. The results showed that different ions have different responses to the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Sodium (Na+) in the surface water and groundwater was negatively correlated with the NDVI, while magnesium (Mg2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) experienced no significant changes with vegetation. Moreover, potassium (K+) in the surface water was positively correlated with vegetation, while that in the groundwater was negatively correlated with vegetation. Furthermore, calcium (Ca2+) and nitrate (NO3-) in the surface water were negatively correlated with the NDVI, but the groundwater experienced no evident change. In addition, chlorine (Cl-) and sulfate (SO42-) in the groundwater were negatively correlated with the NDVI, but these indexes in the surface water had no evident variation trend. In addition, different erosion types have different effects on hydrochemistry. Assuming the same amount of erosion occurs, wind erosion has the greatest effect on hydrochemistry, followed by hydraulic erosion, and freeze-thaw erosion has the least effect. The results of this study can help improve our knowledge of water evolution and the relationship between hydrochemistry and vegetation coverage and erosion types, promote effective management of water resources and provide a new direction for water research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.; College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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31
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Liu L, Qi S, Wang W. Groundwater Quality in Agricultural Lands Near a Rapidly Urbanized Area, South China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041783. [PMID: 33673110 PMCID: PMC7917582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the groundwater quality and its factors is a key issue in the context of the use and protection of groundwater resources in agricultural areas near urbanized areas. This study assessed the groundwater quality in agricultural areas in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) by a fuzzy synthetic evaluation method and determined the main factors controlling the groundwater quality by principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that approximately 85% of groundwater sites in agricultural lands in the PRD were good-quality (drinkable). Drinkable groundwater was 95% and 80% in fissured aquifers and porous aquifers, respectively. Poor-quality groundwater in porous aquifers was controlled by four factors according to the PCA, including the seawater intrusion; the lateral recharge and irrigation of surface water and geogenic sources for As, Fe, NH4+, and Mn; the wastewater infiltration; and the geogenic sources for iodide. By contrast, another four factors, including the infiltration of wastewater and agricultural fertilizers, the geogenic sources for heavy metals, the geogenic sources for iodide, and the irrigation of contaminated river water, were responsible for the poor-quality groundwater in fissured aquifers. Therefore, in the future, the groundwater protection in agricultural lands in the PRD should be strengthened because the majority of groundwater in these areas was good-quality and suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. In addition, poor-quality groundwater in agricultural lands in the PRD was a small proportion and negligible because the factors for poor-quality groundwater are complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.L.); (S.Q.)
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.L.); (S.Q.)
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.L.); (S.Q.)
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
- Correspondence:
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32
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Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Deepali M, Subramani T, Sunkari ED. Appraisal of subsurface hydrogeochemical processes in a geologically heterogeneous semi-arid region of south India based on mass transfer and fuzzy comprehensive modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1009-1028. [PMID: 32719980 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to examine the quality of the groundwater and decipher the sources of groundwater fluoride through mass balance modeling based on fluoride exposure in a geologically heterogeneous semi-arid region of southern India. This was achieved by hydrogeochemical analysis, graphical methods, and mass transfer modeling approaches. Fuzzy comprehensive technique was applied to evaluate the quality of groundwater for groundwater management. In this regard, 61 groundwater samples were obtained from open wells and bore wells and analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. The major cation and anion abundances follow the order Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > PO43-. About 88.4% and 34.4% of the total water samples were dominated with Na+ and Cl- ions in this region, respectively. The fluoride level in groundwater ranged from 0.10 to 3.30 mg/l with a mean value of 1.04 mg/l. Nearly 25% of the groundwater samples collected from 15 villages showed fluoride concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l as per the World Health Organization recommendations for human intake. More than 85% of the samples fell under strong acid (Cl- and SO42-) type. The amount of groundwater salinization in this region was 70.5% since the Revelle index (RI) was excess in the groundwater samples (RI > 0.5 meq/l). Silicate weathering, cation exchange, and gypsum dissolution were the dominant geogenic processes in the aquifer system influencing groundwater chemistry and nullified the possibility of carbonate dissolution. Saturation indices revealed the contribution of sequestration of CaCO3 in F- enrichment. Total dissolved solids showed strong positive correlations with Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42- and NO3- indicating the contribution of anthropogenic inputs to groundwater chemistry in addition to geogenic sources. The results of the fuzzy comprehensive method indicated that 33% of the groundwater samples fell under fair water type, 2% and 11% of the samples fell under poor and very poor quality water types, respectively. Therefore, this work will be helpful for the decision-makers to plan for the sustainable management of groundwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India.
| | - P Aravinthasamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
| | - M Deepali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, 440019, India
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Main Campus, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
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Li X, Tang C, Cao Y, Li D. A multiple isotope (H, O, N, C and S) approach to elucidate the hydrochemical evolution of shallow groundwater in a rapidly urbanized area of the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:137930. [PMID: 32268282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the impacts of natural and human activities on groundwater evolution is critical for sustainable groundwater resource management, as groundwater quality degradation from urbanization has raised widespread concerns. However, conclusions based only on basic hydrochemical data would be fragmentary because complex processes occur with high concentrations of pollutants in rapidly urbanized areas. Thus, the hydrogeochemical and multi-isotope approaches were combined to elucidate the groundwater hydrogeochemical evolution in such an area. The results demonstrated that the major hydrochemical types of groundwater were ClNa and HCO3-Ca in 2018 and that the hydrochemical patterns had changed since 1980. The predominant controlling factors for groundwater hydrochemistry were rock weathering due to carbonic, sulfuric and nitric acids, while the cation exchange and evaporation processes acted as natural factors; redox reactions, including denitrification, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis, also affected groundwater hydrochemistry. The impacts of anthropogenic activities on groundwater hydrochemistry consisted of direct impacts that referred to the infiltration of manure and septic waste responsible for the occurrence of high NO3- content and part of the SO42- content in groundwater and indirect impacts that included the following issues: (1) acid rain accelerated water-rock interactions and resulted in the accumulation of SO42-; (2) sulfate reduction and methanogenesis increased the HCO3- content and expanded the distribution of HCO3-type water; (3) organic matter associated with manure and septic waste accelerated the development of a reducing environment in groundwater; and (4) the occurrence of a strong reducing environment promoted the release of Mn, aggravated heavy metal pollution and imposed adverse effects on the ecological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Changyuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of geography and planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, PR China.
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Water Science Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, PR China
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Zhang M, Chen G, Luo Z, Sun X, Xu J. Spatial distribution, source identification, and risk assessment of heavy metals in seawater and sediments from Meishan Bay, Zhejiang coast, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111217. [PMID: 32510368 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the spatial distribution, potential sources, and ecological risks of 8 heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in Meishan Bay, Zhejiang coast, China. Surface water (n = 31), bottom water (n = 31), and surface sediments (n = 31) were collected. Water physicochemical properties and sediment resuspension were important factors affecting spatial distributions of heavy metals. The spatial distributions of Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cu, and Zn were consistent with the clay distribution. Atmospheric deposition was the main source of Cd and Pb, mainly from industrial and transportation exhausts, while Zn was mainly from ship transportation. Agriculture pesticides and sewage wastewater were considered as the main sources for Hg. The geo-accumulation index results indicated that there was limited pollution of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and As, and mild to moderate pollution of Cd and Hg. The potential ecological risk assessment suggested a high ecological risk of Hg in Meishan Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality and Security, Ministry of Agriculture, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Zongtao Luo
- Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality and Security, Ministry of Agriculture, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China.
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Su C, Zhang F, Cui X, Cheng Z, Zheng Z. Source characterization of nitrate in groundwater using hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical analysis in the Muling-Xingkai Plain, Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:456. [PMID: 32594323 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The source characterization of nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater of Muling-Xingkai Plain (MXP) and the influence of NO3- on the water environment were studied by hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 164 groundwater samples were collected, and the samples were classified into three clusters by using hierarchical cluster analysis. Cluster 1 (C1), accounting for 13% of total samples, was mainly located in local residential zones where the top soils were the medium-textured sediments. Cluster 2 (C2) and cluster 3 (C3) were mainly located in farmlands and residential zones where the clay sediments were overlaying the aquifers. The soil media covering the aquifers was an important factor controlling the concentration of NO3- in groundwater, which determined the infiltration rate of wastewater and the redox environment of aquifers. Only the samples in C1 exceeded the WTO standards for NO3- (50 mg/L), and the samples in C2 and C3 had low NO3- concentration (less than 10 mg/L). The excessive NO3- in groundwater was observed in the shallow groundwater under local residential zones, and it was closely related to the anthropogenic activities since the 1950s. The domestic sewage was responsible for the elevated NO3- contents in the MXP. Then, it was still necessary to construct the sewage disposal system in rural areas to further protect the groundwater resource to avoid the formation of extensive nitrogen pollution. At present, NO3- in the groundwater mainly shows a fertilizer and natural rainwater origin and is not demonstrating the significant deterioration of groundwater qualities and water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Su
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Zhonghua Bei Dajie 268, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Fenge Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Zhonghua Bei Dajie 268, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Xiaoshun Cui
- College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhongshuang Cheng
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Zhonghua Bei Dajie 268, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zheng
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of geological Sciences, Zhonghua Bei Dajie 268, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
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Huang G, Liu C, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Groundwater is important for the geochemical cycling of phosphorus in rapidly urbanized areas: a case study in the Pearl River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114079. [PMID: 32014754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fate of phosphorus in groundwater needs to be understood because phosphorus-rich groundwater is discharged into surface water bodies, which causes eutrophication, especially in urbanized areas. The present study investigated the spatial distributions and driving forces related to the groundwater phosphate levels in various aquifers in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), which has undergone three decades of urbanization, as well as the relationship between groundwater phosphate and arsenic was also discussed. The results showed that most of the high-phosphate (>1.53 mg/L) groundwater occurred in granular aquifers. The proportion of high-phosphate groundwater in granular aquifers was more than four times that in fissured aquifers, whereas high-phosphate groundwater was not observed in karst aquifers in the PRD. High-phosphate groundwater primarily occurred in urbanized areas in the PRD, and the proportion of high-phosphate groundwater had a significant positive correlation with the urbanization level. In granular aquifers, reductive environment and alkalization led to enrichment of the groundwater with phosphate. Anthropogenic sources such as wastewater from township-village enterprises (TVE) and animal wastes were the main sources of high-phosphate groundwater in urbanized areas, and the external input of phosphate enriched the groundwater arsenic levels in urbanized areas. By contrast, geogenic sources such as the release of phosphate from the reduction of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides and the seawater intrusion accompanied by the release of phosphate from secondary minerals were mainly responsible for the occurrence of high-phosphate groundwater in peri-urban and non-urbanized areas, respectively. The high concentrations of both phosphate and arsenic in groundwater in fissured aquifers were mainly attributed to the infiltration of wastewater from TVEs. In contrast to the granular aquifers, the groundwater Eh and pH conditions were not conductive to the occurrence of high-phosphate groundwater in fissured aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zongyu Chen
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Tong M, Li T, Li M, He L, Ma Z. Cotransport and deposition of biochar with different sized-plastic particles in saturated porous media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136387. [PMID: 31954247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Duprey NN, Wang TX, Kim T, Cybulski JD, Vonhof HB, Crutzen PJ, Haug GH, Sigman DM, Martínez-García A, Baker DM. Megacity development and the demise of coastal coral communities: Evidence from coral skeleton δ 15 N records in the Pearl River estuary. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1338-1353. [PMID: 31732999 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Historical coral skeleton (CS) δ18 O and δ15 N records were produced from samples recovered from sedimentary deposits, held in natural history museum collections, and cored into modern coral heads. These records were used to assess the influence of global warming and regional eutrophication, respectively, on the decline of coastal coral communities following the development of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) megacity, China. We find that, until 2007, ocean warming was not a major threat to coral communities in the Pearl River estuary; instead, nitrogen (N) inputs dominated impacts. The high but stable CS-δ15 N values (9‰-12‰ vs. air) observed from the mid-Holocene until 1980 indicate that soil and stream denitrification reduced and modulated the hydrologic inputs of N, blunting the rise in coastal N sources during the early phase of the Pearl River estuary urbanization. However, an unprecedented CS-δ15 N peak was observed from 1987 to 1993 (>13‰ vs. air), concomitant to an increase of NH4+ concentration, consistent with the rapid Pearl River estuary urbanization as the main cause for this eutrophication event. We suggest that widespread discharge of domestic sewage entered directly into the estuary, preventing removal by natural denitrification hotspots. We argue that this event caused the dramatic decline of the Pearl River estuary coral communities reported from 1980 to 2000. Subsequently, the coral record shows that the implementation of improved wastewater management policies succeeded in bringing down both CS-δ15 N and NH4+ concentrations in the early 2000s. This study points to the potential importance of eutrophication over ocean warming in coral decline along urbanized coastlines and in particular in the vicinity of megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas N Duprey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn Institute, Mainz, Germany
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, HKSAR
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, HKSAR
| | - Tony X Wang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Taihun Kim
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, HKSAR
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, HKSAR
| | - Jonathan D Cybulski
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, HKSAR
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, HKSAR
| | - Hubert B Vonhof
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn Institute, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul J Crutzen
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn Institute, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald H Haug
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn Institute, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - David M Baker
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Shek O, HKSAR
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, HKSAR
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39
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Dimension Reduction and Analysis of a 10-Year Physicochemical and Biological Water Database Applied to Water Resources Intended for Human Consumption in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, France. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The SISE-Eaux database of water intended for human consumption, archived by the French Regional Health Agency (ARS) since 1990, is a rich source of information. However, more or less regular monitoring over almost 30 years and the multiplication of parameters lead to a sparse matrix (observations × parameters) and a large dimension of the hyperspace of data. These characteristics make it difficult to exploit this database for a synthetic mapping of water quality, and to identify of the processes responsible for its diversity in a complex geological context and anthropized environment. A 10-year period (2006–2016) was selected from the Provence-Alpes- Côte d’Azur region database (PACA, southeastern France). We extracted 5,295 water samples, each with 15 parameters. A treatment by principal component analysis (PCA) followed with orthomax rotation allows for identifying and ranking six principal components (PCs) totaling 75% of the initial information. The association of the parameters with the principal components, and the regional distribution of the PCs make it possible to identify water-rock interactions, bacteriological contamination, redox processes and arsenic occurrence as the main sources of variability. However, the results also highlight a decrease of useful information, a constraint linked to the vast size and diversity of the study area. The development of a relevant tool for the protecting and managing of water resources will require identifying of subsets based on functional landscape units or the grouping of groundwater bodies.
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40
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Hou Q, Zhang Q, Huang G, Liu C, Zhang Y. Elevated manganese concentrations in shallow groundwater of various aquifers in a rapidly urbanized delta, south China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134777. [PMID: 31704411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of manganese (Mn) in groundwater is a major concern because of its harmful to human health, and the origin of which in urbanized areas is often complicated. The present study aims to delineate spatial distributions of groundwater Mn in various aquifers and in areas with different urbanization levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and to identify the origins of groundwater Mn in this region. Nearly 400 groundwater samples collected, and 14 chemicals were analyzed. The results show that approximately 20% groundwater in granular aquifers showed elevated-Mn (>0.4 mg/L), and was more than two times of that in fissured aquifers, while that in karst aquifers was absent. The proportions of elevated-Mn groundwater in urbanized areas and peri-urban areas were higher than that in non-urbanized areas. The decomposition of organic matter and reduction of Fe (hydr)oxides in sediments with reducing condition was likely to be the main factor controlling elevated-Mn groundwater in granular aquifers at a regional scale. By contrast, elevated-Mn groundwater in fissured aquifers was likely mainly affected by the urbanization accompanied with the leakage of low-oxygen domestic sewage and the industrialization accompanied by the leakage of industrial wastewater. In addition, Mn-rich surface water was also probably an important source for groundwater Mn in river network areas. Therefore, it is necessary to make a long-term monitoring for groundwater Mn in granular aquifers, especially in urbanized areas and river network areas, because of the high proportion of elevated-Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxuan Hou
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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41
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He B, He J, Wang L, Zhang X, Bi E. Effect of hydrogeological conditions and surface loads on shallow groundwater nitrate pollution in the Shaying River Basin: Based on least squares surface fitting model. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114880. [PMID: 31344507 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution in groundwater has become a widespread problem worldwide, but understanding of the factors influencing groundwater nitrate pollution remains limited. Numerous studies have attributed nitrate pollution mostly to surface conditions and have neglected the role of hydrogeology. Therefore, this study used the Shaying River Basin as the study area and developed a least squares surface fitting (LSSF) model to systematically analyze the effect of hydrogeological conditions and surface pollution loads on groundwater nitrate pollution. Intrinsic vulnerability and total soil nitrogen (TSN) were used to represent hydrogeological conditions and surface pollution loads, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of NO3-N in shallow groundwater ranged from 0.002 to 256.29 mg/L (with an average of 14.38 mg/L). The concentration had an overall decreasing trend along the flow path. The water chemistry tended to change from HCO3-Ca to HCO3·Cl-Ca as the NO3-N concentration increased. Groundwater nitrate pollution was simultaneously controlled by intrinsic vulnerability and TSN, and the LSSF model explained 83.5% of the result within a 95% confidence interval. These findings explained the phenomenon by which some areas had high surface loads but no serious groundwater nitrate pollution and some areas had nitrate pollution but no high surface loads. Nitrate accumulated in high levels in areas with a high intrinsic vulnerability due to hydrogeological conditions. TSN, which was the main source of NO3-N in groundwater, came mainly from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer inputs and livestock manure. These findings provide helpful information for those tasked with managing and controlling groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baonan He
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jiangtao He
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Erping Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, PR China
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Tsui MMP, Chen L, He T, Wang Q, Hu C, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters in the South China sea coastal region: Environmental occurrence, toxicological effects and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:26-33. [PMID: 31154117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are common ingredients of personal care products and occur ubiquitously in the aquatic environment; however, little is known about their distribution in and potential effects to the marine environment. This study reports the occurrence, toxicological effects and risk assessment of eleven commonly consumed UV filters in marine surface water collected from the South China Sea (SCS) coastal region. The concentrations of UV filters ranged from <MDL to 145 ng/L in the SCS, in which benzophenone-3, octocrylene and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane were the most dominant compounds with their detection frequencies over 97%. Relatively higher levels of total UV filters were found near the highly industrialized and urbanized Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and the concentrations gradually decreased towards the SCS. In general, the environmental levels of UV filters were higher at the western marine waters in Hong Kong than the eastern marine waters. Significant negative correlations were observed between benzophenone-4 and water temperature, as well as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and salinity (P < 0.001; r < -0.5). Immobilization test of barnacle nauplius larvae (Balanus amphitrite) was conducted to assess the acute toxicity of organic UV filters to marine organisms. Benzophenone-8 and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor showed relatively higher toxicity with the 50% effect concentrations (EC50) of 2.2 and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. A preliminary risk assessment was conducted by the results obtained from our field and laboratory studies. Results showed that the risk to cause immobilization in barnacle nauplius larvae in associated with exposure to current levels of organic UV filters in the SCS was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tangtian He
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Seenipandi K, Nainarpandian C, Kandathil RK, Sellamuthu S. Seawater intrusion vulnerability in the coastal aquifers of southern India-an appraisal of the GALDIT model, parameters' sensitivity, and hydrochemical indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9755-9784. [PMID: 30729440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An appraisal of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifers is one of the major issues for groundwater resource management. The GALDIT model applies to the analysis of multiple parameters using systematic GIS techniques for mapping and assessment of seawater intrusion vulnerability. It demarcates the mapping of potential vulnerability that shows a higher vulnerability to seawater intrusion in various parts of the coast and the estimated vulnerability index value of 7.50 and 9.64. An area of 33.0 km2 spread in the low-lying coastal area comprising estuaries, salt marshes, and saltpans shows the high vulnerability condition with an estimated vulnerability value of 6.42-7.50. An area of 73.20 km2 spread over coastal and alluvial plains experiences moderate vulnerability (temporal salinity in the groundwater sources) with an estimated vulnerability index value of 5.46-6.42. Aquifers underlying coastal uplands (hard rock formations) and some parts of accretionary beaches (2.05 km2) are relatively protected fresh groundwater sources, wherein the estimated vulnerability index is 4.55-5.46. The vulnerability mapping of the GALDIT model using hydrochemical analysis of primary groundwater parameters such as TDS, Cl-, HCO3, and Cl-/HCO3 ratio is validated. Higher concentration of TDS (2637-4162 mg/l) and Cl- (1268-2347 mg/l) is taken for the areas falling under higher vulnerability to seawater intrusion, especially in the placer mining sites and coastal areas facing erosion. Similarly, the groundwater sources of the low-lying areas including estuaries, salt marshes, saltpans, and backwater were noted to have higher values of Cl-/HCO3 with a rationality of 9.87-12.18. Hydrological facies shows the highest concentration of NaCl in the groundwater sources within the proximity of eroded beaches, saltwater bodies, and sand mining areas. A hydrochemical facies evolution (HFE) diagram represents the hydrochemical facies of groundwater elements that shows an intrusion of seawater into the coastal aquifers underlying the very high vulnerable zones. Higher bicarbonate concentration (233-318 mg/l) is noticed in the upland areas and some parts of dunes and accreted beaches, sandy coasts, and uplands. Vulnerability analysis reveals that those areas near saltwater bodies and eroding coasts are prone to lateral and vertical diffusion of saltwater. The geodatabase developed through such modeling studies can help in planning and developing activities for sustainable groundwater resource management in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliraj Seenipandi
- Central Geomatics Laboratory (CGL), National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, India.
| | - Chandrasekar Nainarpandian
- Centre for GeoTechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, India
- Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, 627003, India
| | - Ramachandran Kizhur Kandathil
- Central Geomatics Laboratory (CGL), National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, India
| | - Selvakumar Sellamuthu
- Centre for GeoTechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 627012, India
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44
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Zhao G, Ye S, Yuan H, Ding X, Wang J, Laws EA. Surface sediment properties and heavy metal contamination assessment in river sediments of the Pearl River Delta, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:300-308. [PMID: 30509811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), grain sizes, and concentrations of organic carbon (Corg) were measured in 323 river sediment samples from the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments ranged from 1.6-93 mg/kg for As, 0.04-9.3 mg/kg for Cd, 2-315 mg/kg for Cr, 1.1-352 mg/kg for Cu, 0.01-0.67 mg/kg for Hg, 11-221 mg/kg for Pb, and 11-1234 mg/kg for Zn. The highest values of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn appeared in the Beijiang River, whereas Cd was high in the Xijiang River. The overall sediment quality in the area with respect to metal concentrations generally met the primary standard criteria of China (Marine Sediment Quality), except for Cd and Cu. The spatial distributions of the heavy metals were influenced by both grain sizes and Corg concentrations. The Igeo geo-accumulation index indicated that there was no significant Cr, Cu, Hg, or Zn pollution, slight to moderate pollution by As and Pb, and moderate Cd pollution in the study area. Spatial distributions of an eco-toxicological index based on probable effect levels indicated that there was a 21% probability that the combination of the seven metals was exerting a toxic stress in the PRD river sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China; Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, PR China.
| | - Hongming Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xigui Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Edward A Laws
- College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4110, USA
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45
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Luo X, Jiao JJ, Moore WS, Cherry JA, Wang Y, Liu K. Significant chemical fluxes from natural terrestrial groundwater rival anthropogenic and fluvial input in a large-river deltaic estuary. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:603-615. [PMID: 30096687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The shores of the Pearl River estuary are home to 35 million people. Their wastes are discharged into the large river delta-front estuary (LDE), one of the most highly polluted systems in the world. Here we construct a radium reactive transport model to estimate the terrestrial groundwater discharge (TGD) into the highly urbanized Pearl River LDE. We find the TGD comprises only approximately 0.9% in term of water discharge compared to the river discharge. The TGD in the Pearl River LDE delivers significant chemical fluxes to the coast, which are comparable to the fluvial loadings from Pearl River and other world major rivers. Of particular importance is the flux of ammonium because of its considerable role in Pearl River estuary eutrophication and hypoxia. Unlike the ammonium in many other aquifers, the ammonium in the Pearl River aquifer system is natural and originated from organic matter remineralization by sulfate reduction in the extremely reducing environment. The TGD derived NH4+ is as much as 5% of the upstream Pearl River fluvial loading and 42% of the anthropogenic inputs. This high groundwater NH4+ flux may greatly intensify the eutrophication, shift the trophic states, and lead to alarming hypoxia within the affected ecosystems in the Pearl River LDE. The large TGD derived chemical fluxes will lead to deterioration of water and will potentially affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, PR China; The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen, PR China; The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Willard S Moore
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, SC, USA
| | - John A Cherry
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, PR China
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Huang G, Zhang M, Liu C, Li L, Chen Z. Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in groundwater in the Pearl River Delta that has undergone three decades of urbanization and industrialization: Distributions, sources, and driving forces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:913-925. [PMID: 29710613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization have increased groundwater resource demands, and may drive the change of heavy metal(loid)s and organic chemicals in groundwater in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), southern China. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the distributions, sources, and driving forces of heavy metal(loid)s and organic chemicals in groundwater in the PRD is vital for water resource management in this region. In this study, eight heavy metal(loid)s and fifty-five organic chemicals in groundwater across the PRD were investigated. The results show that undrinkable groundwater related to heavy metal(loid)s was mainly due to high concentrations of Fe (19.3%) and As (6.8%). Eighteen organic contaminants were detected in groundwater in the PRD, where the most frequently detected organic contaminant was naphthalene, and its detection rate was 2.51%. In 5.3% of all groundwater samples, one or more organic contaminants were found. All detected organic contaminants, except ones without allowable limits, in groundwater were at concentrations below allowable limits of China. The mean concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in granular aquifers were higher than those in fissured and karst aquifers, especially for Fe and As. Except Se, the mean concentrations of other heavy metal(loid)s and the frequency of detection of organic contaminants in groundwater in urbanized and peri-urban areas were higher than those in non-urbanized areas, especially for Hg, Co, and organic contaminants. Fe, As, and Se in groundwater mainly originated from the release of Fe/As/Se rich sediments. The former two were driven by reduction reactions, while the latter was driven by oxidation resulting from the infiltration of NO3-. In contrast, other five heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in groundwater mainly originated from the anthropogenic sources, such as the infiltration of industrial sewage. It is evident that urbanization and industrialization are two powerful driving forces for heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in groundwater in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Huang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Zongyu Chen
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
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A Rice Mapping Method Based on Time-Series Landsat Data for the Extraction of Growth Period Characteristics. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10072570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate acquisition of rice cultivation information is very important for the management and assessment of rice agriculture and for research on food security, the use of agricultural water resources, and greenhouse gas emissions. Rice mapping methods based on phenology have been widely used but further studies are needed to clearly quantify the rice characteristics during the growth cycle. This paper selected the area where rice agriculture has undergone tremendous changes as the observation object. The rice areas were mapped in three time periods during the period from 1993 to 2016 by combining the characteristics of the harvested areas, flooded areas, and the time interval when harvesting and flooding occurred. An error matrix was used to determine the mapping accuracy. After exclusion of clouds and cloud shadows, the overall accuracy of the paddy fields was higher than 90% (90.5% and 93.5% in period 1 and period 3, respectively). Mixed pixels, image quality, and image acquisition time are important factors affecting the accuracy of rice mapping. The rapid economic development led to an adjustment of people’s diets and presumably this is the main reason why rice cultivation is no longer the main agricultural production activity in the study area.
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