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Li W, Zhang X, Hao X, Xin R, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Niu Z. Fish skin mucosal surface becomes a barrier of antibiotic resistance genes under apramycin exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118930. [PMID: 38615788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a kind of emerging environmental contamination, and are commonly found in antibiotic application situations, attracting wide attention. Fish skin mucosal surface (SMS), as the contact interface between fish and water, is the first line of defense against external pollutant invasion. Antibiotics are widely used in aquaculture, and SMS may be exposed to antibiotics. However, what happens to SMS when antibiotics are applied, and whether ARGs are enriched in SMS are not clear. In this study, Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to antibiotic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in the laboratory to simulate the aquaculture situation, and the effects of SMS on the spread of ARGs were explored. The results showed that SMS maintained the stability of the bacterial abundance and diversity under apramycin (APR) and bacterial exposure effectively. Until 11 days after stopping APR exposure, the abundance of ARGs in SMS (mean value was 3.32 × 10-3 copies/16S rRNA copies) still did not recover to the initial stage before exposure, which means that enriched ARGs in SMS were persistently remained. Moreover, non-specific immunity played an important role in resisting infection of external contamination. Besides, among antioxidant proteins, superoxide dismutase showed the highest activity. Consequently, it showed that SMS became a barrier of antibiotic resistance genes under APR exposure, and ARGs in SMS were difficult to remove once colonized. This study provided a reference for understanding the transmission, enrichment process, and ecological impact of antibiotics and ARGs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Hao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rui Xin
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongzheng Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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2
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Jin S, Liu J, Zheng Y, Xu J, Fan H, Faisal Khalil M, Wang Y, Hu M. Environmentally responsive changes in mucus indicators and microbiota of Chinese sturgeon Acipensersinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109700. [PMID: 38876409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The impact of environmental factors on the health of the endangered Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) and the potential hazards associated with sample collection for health monitoring pose urgent need to its conservation. In this study, Chinese sturgeons were selected from indoor and outdoor environments to evaluate metabolic and tissue damage indicators, along with a non-specific immune enzyme in fish mucus. Additionally, the microbiota of both water bodies and fish mucus were determined using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The correlation between the indicators and the microbiota was investigated, along with the measurement of multiple environmental factors. The results revealed significantly higher levels of two metabolic indicators, total protein (TP) and cortisol (COR) in indoor fish mucus compared to outdoor fish mucus (p < 0.05). The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher in indoor fish, serving as indicators of tissue damage (p < 0.05). The activity of lysozyme (LZM) was significantly lower in indoor fish (p < 0.01). Biomarker analysis at the phylum and genus levels in outdoor samples revealed that microorganisms were primarily related to the catabolism of organic nutrients. In indoor environments, microorganisms displayed a broader spectrum of functions, including ecological niche establishment, host colonization, potential pathogenicity, and antagonism of pathogens. KEGG functional enrichment corroborated these findings. Dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), turbidity (TU), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) exerted effects on outdoor microbiota. Temperature (TEMP), nitrate (NO3-), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) influenced indoor microbiota. Changes in mucus indicators, microbial structure, and function in both environments were highly correlated with these factors. Our study provides novel insights into the health impacts of different environments on Chinese sturgeon using a non-invasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jin
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiehao Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Houyong Fan
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Khalil
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Lingang Special Area Marine Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Liu J, Pan Y, Jin S, Zheng Y, Xu J, Fan H, Khalid M, Wang Y, Hu M. Effects of Citrobacter freundii on sturgeon: Insights from skin mucosal immunology and microbiota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109527. [PMID: 38561068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Skin mucus analysis has recently been used as a non-invasive method to evaluate for fish welfare. The present research study was conducted to examine the skin mucosal immunity and skin microbiota profiles of sturgeons infected with Citrobacter freundii. Our histology results showed that the thickness of the epidermal layer of skin remained thinner, and the number of mucous cells was significantly decreased in sturgeons after infection (p < 0.05). Total protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, and creatine kinase levels in the mucus showed biphasic pattern (decrease and then increase). Lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase activities in the mucus showed an increasing trend after infection. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing also revealed that C. freundii infection also affected the diversity and community structure of the skin mucus microbiota. An increase in microbial diversity (p > 0.05) and a decrease in microbial abundance (p < 0.05) after infection were noted. The predominant bacterial phyla in the skin mucus were Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Specifically, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria increased after infection. The predominant bacterial genera in the skin mucus were Cetobacterium, Pelomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas. The relative abundance of Cetobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium increased after infection. Our current research findings will provide new insights into the theoretical basis for future research studies exploring the mechanism of sturgeon infection with C. freundii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yiting Pan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shen Jin
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Houyong Fan
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mansoor Khalid
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Lingang Special Area Marine Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Liu J, UllahKhan F, Jin S, Zheng Y, Xu J, Fan H, Wang Y, Hu M. Indexing serum and mucous biochemical parameters of endangered Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis with implications for health assessment. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1180-1192. [PMID: 38254334 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is a critically endangered aquatic fish. Health monitoring and welfare assessments are critical for the conservation of Chinese sturgeon. In this study, biochemical parameters of serum and skin mucus in Chinese sturgeon were examined to evaluate the potential biomarkers. Serum and mucous samples were obtained from Chinese sturgeon, and the levels of total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid (LD), acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LYZ), glucose (GLU), and cortisol were determined. The concentrations of ALT, AST, cortisol, and LYZ were significantly higher in the mucous group than those in the serum group (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of ALP, ACP, LD, LDH, CK, and TP were significantly higher level in the serum group than those in the mucous group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the correlations between serum and mucous biochemical parameters were established. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between serum and skin mucous markers (ACP, cortisol, and LYZ). AST versus ALT in serum and mucus showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between cortisol and CK in mucus (p < 0.01). Moreover, LD versus LDH in serum showed a significant but weak positive correlation (p < 0.01). Principal component analysis revealed a complete separation between the serum and mucous groups, with the biomarkers that contributed the most being ALP, TP, ALT, and AST. This study provides baseline data and reference intervals for serum and mucous biochemical parameters in presumably healthy Chinese sturgeons. The current study has important implications for the development of conservation strategies and the conservation status of critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fahim UllahKhan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Jin
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Houyong Fan
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Fiordelmondo E, Magi GE, Friedl A, El-Matbouli M, Roncarati A, Saleh M. Effects of stress conditions on plasma parameters and gene expression in the skin mucus of farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183246. [PMID: 37745213 PMCID: PMC10516540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) before slaughtering in the last phase of farming analyzing skin mucus and plasma. Two groups of rainbow trout were considered: Group UN ("unstressed"), represented by fish randomly captured from raceways, in the last phase of a standard fattening cycle; Group S ("stressed"), collected at the end of the pre-slaughtering tank, soon after slaughtering. The fish skin mucus was swabbed from head to tail using a sterile plastic spatula and the blood was collected through an endocardial puncture. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression in skin mucus. The mRNA expression levels of the IL-6 and IgD genes were higher in the S than in the Group UN. The plasma analysis showed an only a decrease in the glucose plasma levels in the Group S when compared to the Group UN. The present results indicated that the procedures adopted after slaughtering only affected changes in plasma glucose and skin mucus activity in rainbow trout suggesting that management protocol was compatible with non-stressful farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fiordelmondo
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Adina Friedl
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Sanahuja I, Fernandez-Alacid L, Torrecillas S, Ruiz A, Vallejos-Vidal E, Firmino JP, Reyes-Lopez FE, Tort L, Tovar-Ramirez D, Ibarz A, Gisbert E. Dietary Debaryomyces hansenii promotes skin and skin mucus defensive capacities in a marine fish model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247199. [PMID: 37711618 PMCID: PMC10499179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin's physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa's homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Laura Fernandez-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joana P. Firmino
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), La Ràpita, Spain
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Wu D, Zhou H, Hu Z, Ai F, Du W, Yin Y, Guo H. Multiple effects of ZnO nanoparticles on goldfish (Carassius auratus): Skin mucus, gut microbiota and stable isotope composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121651. [PMID: 37062409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The skin and the gut are direct target tissues for nanoparticles, yet attention to effects of metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) on these two and the discrepancy in these effects remain inadequate. Here, effects of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) on skin mucus and gut microbiota of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated, as well as further elements turnover and metabolic variations. After 14 days of exposure, considerable variations in levels of biomarkers (protein, glucose, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M) in skin mucus demonstrated significant stress responses to nZnO. nZnO exposure significantly reduced the abundance of Cetobacterium in the gut while increased that of multiple pathogens, and further leading to down-regulation of pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and replication and repair. Decreased δ15N values indicated declined N turnover in vivo, further demonstrating the negative effect of nZnO on metabolism in the organism. Integration analysis of each biomarker using the biomarker response index version 2 (IBRv2) revealed concentration-dependent effects of nZnO on skin mucus, while effects on physiology in vivo was not, demonstrating the discrepancy in the toxicity pathways and toxic effects of nZnO on different tissues. This work improved our understanding about the comprehensive toxicity of nZnO on aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zixuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fuxun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Irgang R, Mancilla-Schulz J, Avendaño-Herrera R. Healthy and infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin-mucus response to Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi under in vitro conditions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108747. [PMID: 37059254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is the second most important bacterial disease that affects the Chilean salmon industry. The impacted fish show severe external gross skin lesions on different areas of the body. The external mucus layer that covers fish skin contains numerous immune substances that act as one of the main defense barriers against microbial colonization and invasions by potential pathogens. The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate and elucidate the role of the external mucus layer in the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to three Chilean T. dicentrarchi strains and the type strain. For this, mucus collected from healthy and diseased (i.e., with T. dicentrarchi) Atlantic salmon were used, and various antibacterial and inflammatory parameters were analysed. The T. dicentrarchi strains were attracted to the mucus of Atlantic salmon regardless of health status. All four strains adhered to the skin mucus and very quickly grew using the mucus nutrients. Once infection was established, different mucosal defense components were activated in the fish, but the levels of bactericidal activity and of other enzymes were insufficient to eliminate T. dicentrarchi. Alternatively, this pathogen may be able to neutralize or evade these mechanisms. Therefore, the survival of T. dicentrarchi in fish skin mucus could be relevant to facilitate the colonization and subsequent invasion of hosts. The given in vitro results suggest that greater attention should be given to fish skin mucus as a primary defense against T. dicentrarchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile.
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Pérez-Polo S, Imran MAS, Dios S, Pérez J, Barros L, Carrera M, Gestal C. Identifying Natural Bioactive Peptides from the Common Octopus ( Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) Skin Mucus By-Products Using Proteogenomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087145. [PMID: 37108304 PMCID: PMC10138644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The common octopus is a cephalopod species subject to active fisheries, with great potential in the aquaculture and food industry, and which serves as a model species for biomedical and behavioral studies. The analysis of the skin mucus allows us to study their health in a non-invasive way, by using a hardly exploited discard of octopus in the fishing sector. A shotgun proteomics approach combined with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap-Elite instrument was used to create a reference dataset from octopus skin mucus. The final proteome compilation was investigated by integrated in-silico studies, including Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, network studies, and prediction and characterization analysis of potential bioactive peptides. This work presents the first proteomic analysis of the common octopus skin mucus proteome. This library was created by merging 5937 identified spectra of 2038 different peptides. A total of 510 non-redundant proteins were identified. Obtained results show proteins closely related to the defense, which highlight the role of skin mucus as the first barrier of defense and the interaction with the environment. Finally, the potential of the bioactive peptides with antimicrobial properties, and their possible application in biomedicine, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industry was addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pérez-Polo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Md Abdus Shukur Imran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jaime Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lorena Barros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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Roosta Z, Falahatkar B, Sajjadi M, Paknejad H, Akbarzadeh A, Kestemont P. Sex and reproductive development impact skin mucosal epithelium immunity, antimicrobial capacity, and up-regulation of immune-related gene of goldfish (Carassius auratus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104494. [PMID: 35940383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the epidermis mucosal capacity of goldfish (Carassius auratus) during different stages of reproductive development in both females and males. In this regard, the activity of mucolytic immune enzymes, i.e., lysozyme, complement and peroxidase, as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. There were five stages for females i.e., immature (f1), cortical alveoli (f2), early and late-vitellogenesis (vtg) (f3 and f4) and ripe (f5); as well as two stages for males spermatogenesis (m1) and spermiation (m2). Some stages were also examined for the mucosal antimicrobial activity against specific pathogens. The results showed that the mucosal lysozyme activity increased significantly during vitellogenesis (P < 0.05), but no lysozyme activity was detected in plasma. On the contrary, the complement activity was only observed in female plasma, and it was significantly higher at f3 compared to the other developmental stages. Both the plasma and mucosal ALP and peroxidase activities showed a significant increase by female reproductive development with the highest amounts at f4. Contrary to the female, no significant changes were observed in plasma and mucosal immune agents and biochemistry of the male. The f5-staged goldfish showed the highest antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus (P < 0.05). Our results also represented the up-regulation of lysozyme (c-lys) gene expression by effects of female maturational development in ovary, liver and skin, while male goldfish showed no significant changes in c-lys expression. Moreover, there were positive correlations between c-lys expression, mucosal lysozyme activity and calcium levels in females (P < 0.01). Overall, our findings revealed that vtg process improves mucosal innate immunity that leads to activate antimicrobial components at spawning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roosta
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Mirmasoud Sajjadi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Cardona E, Milhade L, Pourtau A, Panserat S, Terrier F, Lanuque A, Roy J, Marandel L, Bobe J, Skiba-Cassy S. Tissue origin of circulating microRNAs and their response to nutritional and environmental stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158584. [PMID: 36087674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stresses associated with changes in diet or environmental disturbances are common situations that fish encounter during their lifetime. The stability and ease of measuring microRNAs (miRNAs) present in biological fluids make these molecules particularly interesting biomarkers for non-lethal assessment of stress in animals. Rainbow trout were exposed for four weeks to abiotic stress (moderate hypoxia) and/or nutritional stress (a high-carbohydrate/low-protein diet). Blood plasma and epidermal mucus were sampled at the end of the experiment, and miRNAs were assessed using small RNA sequencing. We identified four miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-184-3p, miR-192-5p and miR-194a-5p) and three miRNAs (miR-210-3p, miR-153a-3p and miR-218c-5p) that accumulated in response to stress in blood plasma and epidermal mucus, respectively. In particular, the abundance of miR-210-3p, a hypoxamiR in mammals, increased strongly in the epidermal mucus of rainbow trout subjected to moderate hypoxia, and can thus be considered a relevant biomarker of hypoxic stress in trout. We explored the contribution of 22 tissues/organs to the abundance of circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) in blood plasma and epidermal mucus influenced by the treatments. Some miRNAs were tissue-specific, while others were distributed among several tissues. Some c-miRNAs (e.g., miR-210-3p, miR184-3p) showed similar variations in both tissues and fluids, while others showed an inverse trend (e.g., miR-122-5p) or no apparent relationship (e.g. miR-192-5p, miR-194a-5p. Overall, these results demonstrate that c-miRNAs can be used as non-lethal biomarkers to study stress in fish. In particular, the upregulation of miR-210-3p in epidermal mucus induced by hypoxia demonstrates the potential of using epidermal mucus as a matrix for identifying non-invasive biomarkers of stress. This study provides information about the tissue sources of c-miRNAs and highlights the potential difficulty in relating variations in miRNA abundance in biological fluids to that in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cardona
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; INRAE, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomic Laboratory, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Léo Milhade
- IRISA, INRIA, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, UMR 6074, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Angéline Pourtau
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; INRAE, Gip Geves St Martin 0652, F-40390 Saint-Martin-de-Hinx, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Fréderic Terrier
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anthony Lanuque
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Jérôme Roy
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Julien Bobe
- INRAE, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomic Laboratory, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, E2S UPPA, Nutrition Metabolism, Aquaculture, Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, 64310 Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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12
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Economic Improvement of Artisanal Fishing by Studying the Survival of Discarded Plectorhinchus mediterraneus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233423. [PMID: 36496945 PMCID: PMC9741162 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Europe calls for the end to fisheries discards, which means bringing all caught fish (subject to minimum sizes or quotas) to land. This decision is beneficial to the ecosystem, since it forces the selectivity of the fishing gears to improve. However, artisanal fishermen find themselves in a vulnerable situation where their subsistence depends on catches with small profit margins. An exemption to this landing obligation exists, as it is also ruled that those animals whose survival is scientifically guaranteed may be returned to the sea. Here we study the survival of Plectorhinchus mediterraneus captured by hookline and gillnet, as well as their physiological recovery. Survival exceeds 93% in both cases. The physiological assessment of primary (cortisol) and secondary (energy mobilization, acid-base and hydromineral balance, and immune system) stress responses indicates that surviving animals are able to recover after fishing. Thus, we propose the optimal size of capture of this species to achieve greater economic benefit. For this, we rely on the prices according to size in recent years, as well as on the growth curves of the species. In this way, by releasing fish of less than 1 kg, the current benefits could be multiplied between 2.3 and 9.6 times. This pilot study lays the groundwork for regulating artisanal fisheries through scientific data related to survival of discards along with information on the sale prices.
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Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Madrid C, Polo J, Firmino JP, Balsalobre C, Reyes-López FE, Vallejos-Vidal E, Andree KB, Gisbert E, Ibarz A. Evaluating the Functional Properties of Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Fed Low Fish Meal Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233297. [PMID: 36496818 PMCID: PMC9740897 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood by-products are an untapped source of high-quality ingredients for aquafeeds, containing a broad variety of cytokines, hormones, growth factors, proteins, bioactive peptides, and amino acids. The effects of the spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), a type of processed animal protein on several immune parameters, were evaluated in sea bream using ex vivo and in vitro assays. In this study, fish were fed with two isoproteic, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets: control diet (7% fish meal, FM) and SDPP diet (2% FM and 5% SDPP). At the end of the 92-days trial, those fed the SDPP diet were larger in body weight (p < 0.05) without differences in feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05). The ex vivo immune stimulation of splenocytes indicated that SDPP had a beneficial effect in promoting systemic immunity, since the surface cell marker (cd4), pro- (il-1β), and anti-inflammatory (tgf-β1) cytokines, and genes involved in humoral immunity (IgM) were up-regulated. The co-culture assays of skin mucus corroborated that SDPP enhanced the antibacterial capacity of mucus against V. anguillarum. In addition, main mucus biomarkers did not show significant differences, except for cortisol levels which were lower in the SDPP diet. The present study indicated that SDPP may be considered a functional ingredient in aquafeeds formulated with low FM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- IRTA, Centre de La Ràpita, Aquaculture Program, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Cristina Madrid
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC Europe SL, Avda. Sant Julià 246-258, 08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Joana P. Firmino
- IRTA, Centre de La Ràpita, Aquaculture Program, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Fish Health and Integrative Physiogenomics Research Team, Center of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, 8242125 Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl B. Andree
- IRTA, Centre de La Ràpita, Aquaculture Program, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de La Ràpita, Aquaculture Program, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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García-Meilán I, Tort L, Khansari AR. Rainbow trout integrated response after recovery from short-term acute hypoxia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1021927. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1021927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming a stress situation, such as hypoxia episodes, which involve an allostatic load, will depend on the ability of fish to modulate physiological and biochemical systems to maintain homeostasis. The aim of the study was to determine the integrated stress response after acute hypoxia of the rainbow trout considering the different elements and areas of the stress response: systemic and mucosal, local and global, and from the systemic hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis to skin mucosa. For this purpose, trout were subjected to acute hypoxia (dissolved O2 down to 2 mg/L) for 1 h and then recovered and sampled at 1, 6, and 24 h after reoxygenation. Physiological responses were significantly affected by hypoxic stress and their interaction with time after the challenge, being significant for plasma lactate and cortisol levels, in both plasma and skin mucus. At the central brain level, only trh expression was modulated 1 h after hypoxia which indicates that brain function is not heavily affected by this particular stress. Unlike the brain, the head kidney and skin were more affected by hypoxia and reoxygenation. In the head kidney, an upregulation in the expression of most of the genes studied (gr, il1β, il6, tgfβ1, lysozyme, caspase 3, enolase, hif-1, myoglobin, sod2, gpx, gst, and gsr) took place 6 h after recovery, whereas only hsp70 and il10 were upregulated after 1 h. On the contrary, in the skin, most of the analyzed genes showed a higher upregulation during 1 h after stress suggesting that, in the skin, a local response took place as soon as the stressor was detected, thus indicating the importance of the skin in the building of a stress response, whereas the interrenal tissue participated in a later time point to help prevent further alteration at the central level. The present results also show that, even though the stressor is a physical/environmental stressor, all components of the biological systems participate in the regulation of the response process and the recovery process, including neuroendocrine, metabolism, and immunity.
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15
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Santymire RM, Young M, Lenihan E, Murray MJ. Preliminary Investigation into Developing the Use of Swabs for Skin Cortisol Analysis for the Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202868. [PMID: 36290254 PMCID: PMC9597772 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Zoos and aquaria play an important role in preventing the mass extinction of wildlife through public awareness of conservation issues and providing a safe haven for wildlife populations. Because aquatic populations face many challenges due to pollution and global warming, it is important to develop an understanding of how species can cope with their environment whether it be in the wild or under human care. Here, we were interested in developing non-invasive methods to study fish stress physiology. We use the unique ocean sunfish (Mola mola) to develop the use of skin swabs to measure the stress hormone, cortisol. We used known times of stress including when a mola was injured or ill and during acclimation to the Monterey Bay Aquarium. We found that cortisol increased initially within the first month of being admitted to the aquarium, but returned to normal values afterward. Molas also had elevated cortisol when being treated for an injury or illness. This is the first step in the development of the use of skin swabs to collect samples for stress analysis in the mola. Additional biochemical analysis is needed to confirm these results and allow this method to be applied to other species of fish. Abstract The ocean sunfish (mola; Mola mola) is the heaviest bony fish in the world. This slow-moving fish often is injured by fishing boats that use drift gillnets attributing to its listing as Vulnerable by the IUCN. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (Monterey, CA, USA) has a program that brings in smaller molas from the ocean and acclimates them for an exhibit. When they grow too large for the million-gallon Open Seas exhibit, they are returned to Monterey Bay through a “reverse” acclimatization. Our overall goal was to use skin swabs to evaluate mola stress physiology to better understand the effects of this program. Our objectives were to validate this non-invasive method by taking opportunistic swabs throughout acclimatization and during stressful events. We swabbed each individual (n = 12) in three different body locations. Swabs were analyzed using a cortisol enzyme immunoassay. We averaged the three swabs and examined the absolute change of cortisol from the first taken upon handling to during treatments and the different acclimation stages. We considered elevated cortisol concentrations to be ≥1.5-fold higher than the first sample. Overall, mean (±SEM) cortisol varied among individuals (564.2 ± 191.5 pg/mL swab (range, 18.3–7012.0 pg/mL swab). The majority (four of six) of molas swabbed within the first week or month had elevated skin cortisol compared to their first sample. All seven molas that were being treated for an injury or illness had elevated skin cortisol (range, 1.7- to 127.6-fold higher) compared to their post-acclimation sample. This is the first step in validating the use of non-invasive skin swabs for glucocorticoid analysis in the mola. Further biochemical analysis is needed to determine the specific steroids that are being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Santymire
- Biology Department, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Marissa Young
- Veterinary Services, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Erin Lenihan
- Veterinary Services, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Michael J. Murray
- Veterinary Services, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
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A Review of Non-Invasive Sampling in Wildlife Disease and Health Research: What’s New? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131719. [PMID: 35804619 PMCID: PMC9265025 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The interest in wildlife research has increased in the last decades as more scientists work within a One Health framework that regards human, livestock and wildlife health as connected entities. To minimise the impact of research on wildlife, collecting samples with as little disturbance of the animals as possible is important. In our review, we assess the use of so-called non-invasive sampling and summarise which samples can be used successfully when carrying out research on wildlife diseases and health status. Our results show that interest in minimally invasive sampling has steadily increased since the 2010s. Topics able to employ these methods include disease research, but also stress and other hormone assessments, pollution studies, and dietary studies. At the moment, such methods are mainly used to collect samples from land mammals, however, they can also be used in a wide range of other animals. Ever more capable analytical methods will allow for an even wider use of such “animal-friendly” sampling methods. Abstract In the last decades, wildlife diseases and the health status of animal populations have gained increasing attention from the scientific community as part of a One Health framework. Furthermore, the need for non-invasive sampling methods with a minimal impact on wildlife has become paramount in complying with modern ethical standards and regulations, and to collect high-quality and unbiased data. We analysed the publication trends on non-invasive sampling in wildlife health and disease research and offer a comprehensive review on the different samples that can be collected non-invasively. We retrieved 272 articles spanning from 1998 to 2021, with a rapid increase in number from 2010. Thirty-nine percent of the papers were focussed on diseases, 58% on other health-related topics, and 3% on both. Stress and other physiological parameters were the most addressed research topics, followed by viruses, helminths, and bacterial infections. Terrestrial mammals accounted for 75% of all publications, and faeces were the most widely used sample. Our review of the sampling materials and collection methods highlights that, although the use of some types of samples for specific applications is now consolidated, others are perhaps still underutilised and new technologies may offer future opportunities for an even wider use of non-invasively collected samples.
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17
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First Look into the Use of Fish Scales as a Medium for Multi-Hormone Stress Analyses. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts have provided convincing evidence for the use of fish scale cortisol concentration in the assessment of long-term stress in fishes. However, cortisol alone is not sufficient to fully describe this state of long-term stress. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an androgen with actions that oppose those of cortisol. The means by which DHEA negates the effects of cortisol occurs in part via changes in the metabolism of cortisol to cortisone. The quantitation of cortisol, DHEA and cortisone could therefore provide a more comprehensive assessment of the overall status of physiological stress. As DHEA and cortisone have yet to be quantified within the fish scale, our first objective was to ensure our sample processing protocol for cortisol was applicable to cortisone and DHEA. Following this, we induced a state of long-term stress in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Some degree of elevation in all hormones was observed in the stressed fish scales. Additionally, cortisol and cortisone were significantly elevated in the stressed fish serum in comparison to controls while DHEA was undetectable in either group. Overall, these results suggest that fish scales provide an appropriate medium for the assessment of long-term stress in fishes via the quantitation of relevant steroid hormones.
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18
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Makaras T, Razumienė J, Gurevičienė V, Sauliutė G, Stankevičiūtė M. Technical suitability and reliability of an in vivo and non-invasive biosensor-type glucose assessment as a potential biomarker for multiple stressors in fishes: an evaluation on Salmonids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41187-41206. [PMID: 35089518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the wide use of glucose measurements in stress evaluation, there are some inconsistencies in its acceptance as a stress marker. To meet the challenge and test the reliability/suitability of glucose measurement in practice, we simulated different environmental/anthropogenic exposure scenarios in this study. We aimed to provoke stress in fish followed by a 2-week stress recovery period and under the cumulative effect of leachate fish exposed to pathogenic oomycetes (Saprolegnia parasitica) to represent a possible infection in fish. We selected stream-resident and anadromous brown trout ecotypes (Salmo trutta) representing salmonids with different migratory behaviour strategies. Here, we analysed glucose content in fish-holding water, blood and gills to determine glucose suitability as a potential biomarker of fish response to environmental challenges. Additionally, swimming behavioural parameters and haematocrit were measured. The results indicated that the quantity of glucose released in the holding water of stressed fish increased considerably and remained substantially higher throughout the stress recovery period than the control level. Correspondingly, the circulating levels of glucose in blood and gills decreased over time in fish exposed to different stressors. A significant decrease in swimming activity of fish was observed during the first hours of leachate exposure and increased in fish exposed to S. parasitica compared to control. Our study is the first to ensure the validity and reliability of glucose response in evaluating physiological stress in fish under chemical and biological stimuli, indicating its sensitivity and response range of glucose measurement in fish-holding water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Makaras
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Julija Razumienė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vidutė Gurevičienė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Sauliutė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Skin Mucus as a Relevant Low-Invasive Biological Matrix for the Measurement of an Acute Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin mucus is a non-lethal and low-invasive matrix appropriate to assess fish welfare as it contributes to their defence against external aggressions and reflects changes in fish health status. However, more information on the response of this matrix to specific stressors is needed. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) specimens were subjected to an acute stress by air exposure and sampled after 1, 6, and 24 h post-stress. Blood and skin mucus were collected, and a battery of biochemical biomarkers were measured in both matrices. Cortisol and glucose values showed the expected classical stress response in plasma, increasing after the acute stress. The same pattern was observed in skin mucus, corroborating previous data in fish, and allowing us to confirm that skin mucus can be a useful complementary matrix for stress assessment in fish. The results showed sensitivity to hypoxic stress in skin mucus for cortisol, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK), and calcium. From the 15 parameters evaluated, 12 did not show statistically significant changes between plasma and mucus; therefore, using skin mucus cannot replace the use of plasma. Finally, the principal component analysis in skin mucus revealed a complete separation between the two experimental groups, being ALP, AST, glucose, cortisol, and CK, the biomarkers that contributed the most to this separation.
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20
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Freitas J, Silva P, Perestrelo R, Vaz-Pires P, Câmara JS. Improved approach based on MALDI-TOF MS for establishment of the fish mucus protein pattern for geographic discrimination of Sparus aurata. Food Chem 2022; 372:131237. [PMID: 34627094 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food fraud is still a recurrent practice throughout food supply chains. In the case of seafood, misidentification of species and products repackaging constitute the most common frauds. Therefore, the development of appropriate analytical approaches to be used against food fraud is necessary. The present study goal is to explore for the first time, the possibility to differentiate between Sparus aurata from two different mariculture farms located in Madeira Island (Caniçal and Ribeira Brava), using the mass fingerprint of fish mucus obtained from MALDI-TOF MS and analyzed using Mass-UP software for multivariate statistical analysis and biomarker identification. It was possible to establish, from the mucus protein fraction, a set of potential biomarkers for each location in a total of 35 peaks, being 17 peaks specific to Caniçal located farm and 18 to Ribeira Brava. The proposed analytical approach revealed a useful strategy providing accurate and fast results for fish geographical origin discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Freitas
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vaz-Pires
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton De Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
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21
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The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp.
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22
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Huang JN, Zhang Y, Xu L, He KX, Wen B, Yang PW, Ding JY, Li JZ, Ma HC, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Microplastics: A tissue-specific threat to microbial community and biomarkers of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127751. [PMID: 34799162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As detriments in aquatic environments, microplastics (MPs) have been commonly studied on organisms, but tissue-scale effects of MPs were poorly understood. Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), herewith, were exposed to polystyrene MPs (0/20/200 μg/L) for 28 d. We found that MPs significantly inhibited growth performance. MPs were observed in skin, gill and intestine after 14/28-d exposure. MPs bioaccumulation was independent of exposure time, but increased with MPs concentrations. Microbial community diversity of fish gill, but not skin and intestine, in MPs treatments was significantly increased. Bacterial community of MP-treated skin and gill were obviously separated from control. Skin dominant phyla changed from Actinobacteriota to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria gradually occupied dominance in gill after exposure. Furthermore, MPs-induced skin oxidative stress was demonstrated by the activation of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Skin malondialdehyde also increased and showed significant correlations with four bacterial phyla, e.g., Proteobacteria. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity decreased, strongly correlating to microbial community changes caused by MPs. Intestinal digestive enzymes activity (pepsin, lipase and α-amylase) reduced, revealing correlation with bacterial community especially Fibrobacterota. These results suggest a tissue-specific effect of MPs to microbial community and biomarkers in aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kai-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Pei-Wen Yang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie-Yu Ding
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing-Ze Li
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huan-Chao Ma
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Roosta Z, Falahatkar B, Sajjadi M, Paknejad H, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P. Comparative study on accuracy of mucosal estradiol-17β, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, for maturity, and cutaneous vitellogenin gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:532-542. [PMID: 34822181 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Providing a non-invasive procedure to track fish maturity remains a priority in broodstocks' management. In the present study, the main goal was to assess reproduction status by measuring sex steroids and vitellogenin (VTG) in the skin mucosa, as a non-invasive method. For this purpose, the present study compared the levels of estradiol-17β (E2 ), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), VTG and calcium (Ca) in skin mucosa and blood plasma of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Skin mucosal and blood samples were collected, as well as gonad tissues, from goldfish, as a seasonal spawner. Histological analysis confirmed the gender and maturity status from females' ovaries (as primary-growth, cortical-alveoli, initial and late-vitellogenesis) and males' testes (as spermatogenesis and spermiation). Furthermore, vitellogenin (vtg) expression was observed in skin, liver and gonads. The results indicate that mucosal E2 concentrations were significantly higher during initial and late vitellogenesis than the other stages. Mucosal 11-KT concentrations significantly increased at spermiation (P < 0.05). E2 /T and 11-KT/E2 ratios significantly increased at early vitellogenesis and spermatogenesis, respectively (P < 0.05). Females' mucosal VTG levels were significantly fluctuated according to the maturity stage. Ca showed a similar trend, but Ca was more accurate for sex identification than the VTG. Although mucus showed high levels of VTG, ovarian vtg expression was strongest while liver and skin had the similar results. These results show that measuring the mucosal androgens could be considered as an accurate, non-invasive method to monitor fish maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roosta
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
- Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mirmasoud Sajjadi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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24
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Ivanova L, Rangel-Huerta OD, Tartor H, Gjessing MC, Dahle MK, Uhlig S. Fish Skin and Gill Mucus: A Source of Metabolites for Non-Invasive Health Monitoring and Research. Metabolites 2021; 12:28. [PMID: 35050150 PMCID: PMC8781917 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous membranes such as the gill and skin mucosa in fish protect them against a multitude of environmental factors. At the same time, changes in the molecular composition of mucus may provide valuable information about the interaction of the fish with their environment, as well as their health and welfare. In this study, the metabolite profiles of the plasma, skin and gill mucus of freshwater Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were compared using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Several normalization procedures aimed to reduce unwanted variation in the untargeted data were tested. In addition, the basal metabolism of skin and gills, and the impact of the anesthetic benzocaine for euthanisation were studied. For targeted metabolomics, the commercial AbsoluteIDQ p400 HR kit was used to evaluate the potential differences in metabolic composition in epidermal mucus as compared to the plasma. The targeted metabolomics data showed a high level of correlation between different types of biological fluids from the same individual, indicating that mucus metabolite composition could be used for fish health monitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway; (O.D.R.-H.); (H.T.); (M.C.G.); (M.K.D.); (S.U.)
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25
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Fernández-Alacid L, Firmino JP, Sanahuja I, Madrid C, Polo J, de Borba MR, Balsalobre C, Gisbert E, Ibarz A. Impact of dietary porcine blood by-products in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) physiology, evaluated by welfare biomarkers and the antibacterial properties of the skin mucus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:241-250. [PMID: 34530078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tools are required for quick and easy preliminary evaluation of functional feeds efficiency on fisheries. The analysis of skin mucus biomarkers is a recent alternative approach providing a faster feed-back from the laboratory which is characterized by being less invasive, more rapid and with reduced costs. The effect of replacing fishmeal and fish protein hydrolysates by means of two porcine by-products, the porcine spray-dried plasma (SDPP) and pig protein hydrolysate (PPH), in compound diets (50.4% crude protein, 16.2% crude protein, 22.1 MJ/kg feed) was evaluated in juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius) during a two-months period. To determine the impact of these dietary replacements, growth and food performance were measured together with digestive enzymes activities and filet proximal composition. Additionally, skin mucus was collected and characterized by determining main mucus biomarkers (protein, glucose, lactate, cortisol, and antioxidant capacity) and its antibacterial properties, measured by the quick in vitro co-culture challenges. In comparison to the control group, the inclusion of PPH and SDPP, in meagre diets reduced growth (7.4-8.8% in body weight), increased feed conversion ratios (9.0-10.0%), results that were attributed to a reduction in feed intake values (24.2-33.0%) (P < 0.05). Porcine blood by-products did not modify the activity of gastric and pancreatic digestive enzymes as well as those involved in nutrient absorption (alkaline phosphatase) nor liver oxidative stress condition (P > 0.05). In contrast, a reduction in fillet lipid content associated to an increase in fillet protein levels were found in fish fed SDPP and PPH diets (P < 0.05). As compared to the control diet, the dietary replacement did not alter the levels of the skin mucus biomarkers related to stress (cortisol and antioxidant capacity) or nutritional status (soluble protein, glucose and lactate) (P > 0.05). Interestingly, regardless of the worst performance in somatic growth, meagre fed diets containing both tested porcine by-products showed a significantly improved antibacterial capacity of their skin mucus. This enhancement was more prominent for fish fed with the PPH diet, which may be attributed to a higher content of immunomodulatory bioactive compounds in PPH. Further research will be necessary to provide insights on how the inclusion of SDPP and PPH, at the expense of dietary fishmeal and fish protein hydrolysates, affects feed intake and growth performance in meagre. However, the use of skin mucus biomarkers has been demonstrated to be an excellent methodology for a preliminary characterization of the functional feeds, in particular for their prophylactic properties by the study of mucus antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana P Firmino
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Madrid
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC Europe SL, Avda. Sant Julià 246-258, 08403, Granollers, Spain
| | - Maude R de Borba
- Federal University of Southern Frontier (UFFS), Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Koch IJ, Narum SR. An evaluation of the potential factors affecting lifetime reproductive success in salmonids. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1929-1957. [PMID: 34429740 PMCID: PMC8372082 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifetime reproductive success (LRS), the number of offspring produced over an organism's lifetime, is a fundamental component of Darwinian fitness. For taxa such as salmonids with multiple species of conservation concern, understanding the factors affecting LRS is critical for the development and implementation of successful conservation management practices. Here, we reviewed the published literature to synthesize factors affecting LRS in salmonids including significant effects of hatchery rearing, life history, and phenotypic variation, and behavioral and spawning interactions. Additionally, we found that LRS is affected by competitive behavior on the spawning grounds, genetic compatibility, local adaptation, and hybridization. Our review of existing literature revealed limitations of LRS studies, and we emphasize the following areas that warrant further attention in future research: (1) expanding the range of studies assessing LRS across different life-history strategies, specifically accounting for distinct reproductive and migratory phenotypes; (2) broadening the variety of species represented in salmonid fitness studies; (3) constructing multigenerational pedigrees to track long-term fitness effects; (4) conducting LRS studies that investigate the effects of aquatic stressors, such as anthropogenic effects, pathogens, environmental factors in both freshwater and marine environments, and assessing overall body condition, and (5) utilizing appropriate statistical approaches to determine the factors that explain the greatest variation in fitness and providing information regarding biological significance, power limitations, and potential sources of error in salmonid parentage studies. Overall, this review emphasizes that studies of LRS have profoundly advanced scientific understanding of salmonid fitness, but substantial challenges need to be overcome to assist with long-term recovery of these keystone species in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana J. Koch
- Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Shawn R. Narum
- Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
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Porcine Protein Hydrolysates (PEPTEIVA ®) Promote Growth and Enhance Systemic Immunity in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072122. [PMID: 34359250 PMCID: PMC8300170 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The development of functional feeds based on additives intended for supporting somatic growth, as well as promoting and modulating the host’s immune response is a promising and reliable strategy in the post-antibiotic era. In this study, we have evaluated porcine plasma protein hydrolysate (PPH), a by-product of the rendering industry, as a functional ingredient in aquafeeds. Thus, a 92-day nutritional trial was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of PPH in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) diets. In particular, the control diet contained 7% fishmeal (48% protein, 17% fat, and 22 MJ kg−1 gross energy), whereas the PPH was included in the experimental diet at the expense of 5% fish meal. Results indicated that this rendering by-product had a beneficial effect on the growth performance and feed-efficiency parameters, as well as promoted systemic immunity. In addition, no differences in biochemical skin mucus biomarkers were found between both groups. The present study indicated that porcine protein hydrolysate obtained from blood plasma may be considered as a safe and functional ingredient for aquafeeds. Abstract The effects of porcine plasma protein hydrolysate (PPH) on growth, feed efficiency, and immune responses was evaluated in Sparus aurata. Fish were fed two isoproteic (48% protein), isolipidic (17% fat), and isoenergetic diets (21.7 MJ/kg) diets, one of them containing 5% PPH at the expense of fishmeal. Both diets were tested for 92 days. A significant increase in growth was observed in fish fed the PPH diet in comparison to the control group (182.2 ± 4.4 vs. 173.8 ± 4.1 g), as well as an increase in feed intake without worsening FCR values. An ex vivo assay, with splenocytes incubated with lipopolysaccharide, was conducted to evaluate the cellular immune competence of fish. Genes involved in humoral immunity (lys, IgM), pro- (tnf-α, il-1β), and anti-inflammatory (tgf-β1, il10) cytokines were upregulated in the PPH group in comparison to the control group. The inclusion of PPH in diets enhanced the antibacterial capacity of skin mucus, as the co-culture of selected bacteria (E. coli, V. anguillarum, and P. anguilliseptica) with skin mucus indicated. The present results showed that the PPH in low fishmeal diets (2%) promoted growth and feed efficiency, as well as enhancing the immune response, which indicates that this is a safe and functional ingredient for aquafeeds.
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28
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Brandts I, Balasch JC, Gonçalves AP, Martins MA, Pereira ML, Tvarijonaviciute A, Teles M, Oliveira M. Immuno-modulatory effects of nanoplastics and humic acids in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125562. [PMID: 34030413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pernicious effects of plastic particles, emergent contaminants worldwide, have been described in different species. In teleost species, alterations of immune function after exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) have been reported, but the interaction with cortisol - hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPI) axis has not yet been explored. Furthermore, the role of dissolved organic matter on the effects of NPs is poorly known. Thus, the aims of this research were to assess if polystyrene NPs (PSNPs) acted as a stressor on juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), interfering with the immune response, as well as to elucidate if humic acids (HA) modulated the potential effects of PSNPs. A short-term exposure to PSNPs and HA elicited an immuno-modulatory response, with an activation of steroidogenic stress-related pathways. An upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (il10, tgfb) and stress-related (mc2r, gr1) transcripts were observed after exposure to HA and PSNPs both individually and in co-exposure. No notable alteration of inflammatory markers was consistently found, which may reflect a protective anti-inflammatory effect of HA in the presence of PSNPs. Nevertheless, there seems to be a more complex interaction between both components. Overall, data show that understanding the interaction of NPs with dissolved organic substances is key to deciphering their environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brandts
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J C Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A P Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M A Martins
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M L Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis INTERLAB-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - M Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Environmental Salinity Modifies Mucus Exudation and Energy Use in European Sea Bass Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061580. [PMID: 34071210 PMCID: PMC8230262 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a euryhaline marine teleost that can often be found in brackish and freshwater or even in hypersaline environments. Here, we exposed sea bass juveniles to sustained salinity challenges for 15 days, simulating one hypoosmotic (3‰), one isosmotic (12‰) and one hyperosmotic (50‰) environment, in addition to control (35‰). We analyzed parameters of skin mucus exudation and mucus biomarkers, as a minimally invasive tool, and plasma biomarkers. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was measured, as well as the gill mucous cell distribution, type and shape. The volume of exuded mucus increased significantly under all the salinity challenges, increasing by 130% at 50‰ condition. Significantly greater amounts of soluble protein (3.9 ± 0.6 mg at 50‰ vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 mg at 35‰, p < 0.05) and lactate (4.0 ± 1.0 µg at 50‰ vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 µg at 35‰, p < 0.05) were released, with clear energy expenditure. Gill ATPase activity was significantly higher at the extreme salinities, and the gill mucous cell distribution was rearranged, with more acid and neutral mucin mucous cells at 50‰. Skin mucus osmolality suggested an osmoregulatory function as an ion-trap layer in hypoosmotic conditions, retaining osmosis-related ions. Overall, when sea bass cope with different salinities, the hyperosmotic condition (50‰) demanded more energy than the extreme hypoosmotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Rashidian G, Lazado CC, Mahboub HH, Mohammadi-Aloucheh R, Prokić MD, Nada HS, Faggio C. Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063270. [PMID: 33806904 PMCID: PMC8004943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effects of commercially available (C) and green synthesized (GS) Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus. GS ZnO-NPs were generated using Thymus pubescent and characterized by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fish (n = 150) were randomly allocated into five groups in triplicate and received a waterborne concentration of 0% (control), 25%, and 50% of LC50 96 h of commercially available (C1 and C2) and green synthesized ZnO-NPs (GS1 and GS2) for 21 days. Results from XRD displayed ZnO-NPs with 58 nm in size and UV-vis DRS, EDX, and FT-IR analysis showed that some functional groups from plant extract bonded to the surface of NPs. The SEM images showed that ZnO-NPs have conical morphology. Acute toxicity study showed a higher dose of LC5096h for green synthesized ZnO-NPs (78.9 mg.L−1) compared to the commercial source (59.95 mg.L−1). The highest activity of lysozyme and alternative complement activity (ACH50) were found in control and GS1 groups. A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was found in C1 and C2 groups compared to other treatments. Protease activity (P) was significantly decreased in the C2 group compared to the control and GS groups. Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) content was the highest in the control. In addition, total Ig in the GS1 group was higher than GS2. The exposure to ZnO-NPs lowered total protein content in all experimental groups when compared to control. Present findings revealed lower induced immunosuppressive effects by green synthesized ZnO-NPs on key parameters of fish skin mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rashidian
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 4641776489, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (C.F.); Tel.:+98-9359487330 (G.R.); +39-090-6765213 (C.F.)
| | - Carlo C. Lazado
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Heba H. Mahboub
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | | | - Marko D. Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Hend S. Nada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 S Agata-Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (C.F.); Tel.:+98-9359487330 (G.R.); +39-090-6765213 (C.F.)
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31
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Firmino JP, Fernández-Alacid L, Vallejos-Vidal E, Salomón R, Sanahuja I, Tort L, Ibarz A, Reyes-López FE, Gisbert E. Carvacrol, Thymol, and Garlic Essential Oil Promote Skin Innate Immunity in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Through the Multifactorial Modulation of the Secretory Pathway and Enhancement of Mucus Protective Capacity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633621. [PMID: 33777020 PMCID: PMC7994269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main targets for the use of phytogenics in aquafeeds is the mucosal tissues as they constitute a physical and biochemical shield against environmental and pathogenic threats, comprising elements from both the innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, the modulation of the skin transcriptional immune response, the bacterial growth capacity in skin mucus, and the overall health condition of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed a dietary supplementation of garlic essential oil, carvacrol, and thymol were assessed. The enrichment analysis of the skin transcriptional profile of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet revealed the regulation of genes associated to cellular components involved in the secretory pathway, suggesting the stimulation, and recruitment of phagocytic cells. Genes recognized by their involvement in non-specific immune response were also identified in the analysis. The promotion of the secretion of non-specific immune molecules into the skin mucus was proposed to be involved in the in vitro decreased growth capacity of pathogenic bacteria in the mucus of fish fed the phytogenic-supplemented diet. Although the mucus antioxidant capacity was not affected by the phytogenics supplementation, the regulation of genes coding for oxidative stress enzymes suggested the reduction of the skin oxidative stress. Additionally, the decreased levels of cortisol in mucus indicated a reduction in the fish allostatic load due to the properties of the tested additive. Altogether, the dietary garlic, carvacrol, and thymol appear to promote the gilthead seabream skin innate immunity and the mucus protective capacity, decreasing its susceptibility to be colonized by pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Firmino
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,TECNOVIT-FARMFAES, S.L. Pol. Ind. Les Sorts, Alforja, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salomón
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Reyes-López FE, Ibarz A, Ordóñez-Grande B, Vallejos-Vidal E, Andree KB, Balasch JC, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Firmino JP, Pavez L, Polo J, Tort L, Gisbert E. Skin Multi-Omics-Based Interactome Analysis: Integrating the Tissue and Mucus Exuded Layer for a Comprehensive Understanding of the Teleost Mucosa Functionality as Model of Study. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613824. [PMID: 33613538 PMCID: PMC7890662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
From a general structural perspective, a mucosal tissue is constituted by two main matrices: the tissue and the secreted mucus. Jointly, they fulfill a wide range of functions including the protection of the epithelial layer. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed the epithelial tissue and the secreted mucus response using a holistic interactome-based multi-omics approach. The effect of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) skin mucosa to a dietary inclusion of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) was evaluated. The epithelial skin microarrays-based transcriptome data showed 194 differentially expressed genes, meanwhile the exuded mucus proteome analysis 35 differentially synthesized proteins. Separately, the skin transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that favored biological mechanisms associated to gene expression, biogenesis, vesicle function, protein transport and localization to the membrane. Mucus proteome showed an enhanced protective role with putatively higher antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The integrated skin mucosa multi-interactome analysis evidenced the interrelationship and synergy between the metabolism and the exuded mucus functions improving specifically the tissue development, innate defenses, and environment recognition. Histologically, the skin increased in thickness and in number of mucous cells. A positive impact on animal performance, growth and feed efficiency was also registered. Collectively, the results suggest an intimate crosstalk between skin tissue and its exuded mucus in response to the nutritional stimulus (SDPP supplementation) that favors the stimulation of cell protein turnover and the activation of the exudation machinery in the skin mucosa. Thus, the multi-omics-based interactome analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological context of response that takes place in a mucosal tissue. In perspective, this strategy is applicable for evaluating the effect of any experimental variable on any mucosal tissue functionality, including the benefits this assessment may provide on the study of the mammalian mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Reyes-López
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Edificio de Investigación Eduardo Morales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana P Firmino
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain.,PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellatera, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA-SCR, Aquaculture Program, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain
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Physiology: An Important Tool to Assess the Welfare of Aquatic Animals. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010061. [PMID: 33467525 PMCID: PMC7830356 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ensuring a good quality of life for animals is a matter of concern. Welfare assessment has been quite well developed for many terrestrial species, but it is less well characterized for aquatic animals. Classic methodologies, such as behavioral observation, seem unable to improve the wellbeing of aquatic animals when used alone, mainly due to the large number of species and the difficulty to obtain comparative results among taxa. For this reason, it is necessary to identify more methodologies that may be common to the main aquatic taxa of interest to humans: Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Here we present a physiological framework for these taxa as a proxy to evaluate aquatic animal welfare. Physiology is a useful tool in this regard, since animals maintain their homeostasis in a range of values determined for each parameter. Changes occur depending on the type and degree of stress to which animals are subjected. Therefore, understanding the physiology of stress can offer information that helps improve the welfare of aquatic animals. Abstract The assessment of welfare in aquatic animals is currently under debate, especially concerning those kept by humans. The classic concept of animal welfare includes three elements: The emotional state of the organism (including the absence of negative experiences), the possibility of expressing normal behaviors, and the proper functioning of the organism. While methods for evaluating their emotions (such as fear, pain, and anguish) are currently being developed for aquatic species and understanding the natural behavior of all aquatic taxa that interact with humans is a task that requires more time, the evaluation of internal responses in the organisms can be carried out using analytical tools. This review aims to show the potential of the physiology of crustaceans, cephalopods, elasmobranchs, teleosts, and dipnoans to serve as indicators of their wellbeing. Since the classical methods of assessing welfare are laborious and time-consuming by evaluation of fear, pain, and anguish, the assessment may be complemented by physiological approaches. This involves the study of stress responses, including the release of hormones and their effects. Therefore, physiology may be of help in improving animal welfare.
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Salamanca N, Giráldez I, Morales E, de La Rosa I, Herrera M. Phenylalanine and Tyrosine as Feed Additives for Reducing Stress and Enhancing Welfare in Gilthead Seabream and Meagre. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010045. [PMID: 33383663 PMCID: PMC7824165 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Food additives (phenylalanine and tyrosine) were tested in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius) to improve fish welfare in sea farms. These amino acids improved the stress response in both species, reducing some stress markers, though interspecific differences were detected. The results indicate that these dietary supplements could be provided before submitting fish to typical stress conditions in sea farms (sampling, grading, etc.) for improving animal welfare. Abstract Increased aquaculture production is associated with a growing interest in improving fish welfare. For this reason, the search for strategies to mitigate stress has intensified, one of these strategies being food supplementation with amino acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary phenylalanine (Phe) and Tyrosine (Tyr) on the stress response and metabolism of juvenile gilthead seabreams (Sparus aurata) and meagres (Argyrosomus regius). Fish batches were fed a control diet and two diets supplemented with 5% Phe or Tyr for seven days. At the end of the experiment fish were stressed by air exposure for 3 min and then sacrificed for the extraction of blood and brain. Classical plasma stress markers were analyzed (glucose, lactate, proteins, cortisol), as well as hormones derived from those amino acids (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine). Despite interspecific differences, fish fed the diets supplemented with Phe or Tyr showed a reduction on several stress markers. However, interspecific differences were detected for many indicators. Concretely, hormonal stress markers were significantly attenuated in meagres fed the enriched diets. Moreover, the stress condition favored a mobilization of amino acids towards the brain, especially in supplemented diets, hence this amino acid excess could be used as an energy substrate to cope with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salamanca
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, El Rompido-Punta Umbria rd., 21459 Cartaya, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-671532192
| | - Inmaculada Giráldez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (I.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Emilio Morales
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (I.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Ignacio de La Rosa
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
| | - Marcelino Herrera
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, El Rompido-Punta Umbria rd., 21459 Cartaya, Spain;
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
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35
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Fernández-Alacid L, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Ibarz A. Evaluating mucus exudation dynamics through isotopic enrichment and turnover of skin mucus fractions in a marine fish model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa095. [PMID: 33442471 PMCID: PMC7787050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is composed of insoluble components, which form the physical barrier, and soluble components, which are key for interrelationship functions. Mucus is continuously secreted, but rates of production and exudation are still unknown, as are the underlying mechanisms. Using stable isotope analysis, here, we evaluate skin mucus turnover and renewal in gilthead sea bream, separating raw mucus and its soluble and insoluble fractions. Isotopic abundance analysis reveals no differences between mucus and white muscle, thus confirming mucus samples as reliable non-invasive biomarkers. Mucus production was evaluated using a single labelled meal packaged in a gelatine capsule, with both 13C and 15N, via a time-course trial. 13C was gradually allocated to skin mucus fractions over the first 12 h and was significantly (4-fold) higher in the soluble fraction, indicating a higher turnover of soluble mucus components that are continuously produced and supplied. 15N was also gradually allocated to mucus, indicating incorporation of new proteins containing the labelled dietary amino acids, but with no differences between fractions. When existent mucus was removed, dietary stable isotopes revealed stimulated mucus neoformation dependent on the components. All this is novel knowledge concerning skin mucus dynamics and turnover in fish and could offer interesting non-invasive approaches to the use of skin mucus production in ecological or applied biological studies such as climate change effects, human impact, alterations in trophic networks or habitat degradation, especially of wild-captured species or protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Corresponding author: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sanahuja I, Dallarés S, Ibarz A, Solé M. Multi-organ characterisation of B-esterases in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Effects of the insecticide fipronil at two temperatures. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105617. [PMID: 32942115 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the study of cholinesterases (ChEs) and carboxylesterases (CEs), apart from their involvement in neural activity and xenobiotic metabolism, respectively, requires to be further explored. The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was the fish model used to characterise B-esterases in several matrices and organs, as well as to assess the impacts of the insecticide fipronil at two temperatures: the natural temperature at the time of sampling (13 °C) and at 16 °C (based on climate change-related predictions for the Mediterranean region). Fipronil exerts harmful effects in non-target species; however, some countries are reluctant to implement regulations without additional evidence on their toxicity. A comprehensive study was performed in fish pre-acclimated to the two targeted temperatures for 15 days. B-esterases were evaluated in multiple samples after 7 and 14 day exposures to fipronil in feed (dose of 10 mg/kg) and after a 7-day depurative period. Based on hydrolysis rates, results showed that CEs were measurable in all matrices while ChEs were more abundant in muscle and, particularly, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. A + 3 °C increase in temperature had little influence on B-esterase activity; however, fipronil caused a significant increase in brain AChE (1.5-fold) and CE (3-fold) activities. Other matrices and organs also experienced alterations in their B-esterase activities that could compromise their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ordóñez-Grande B, Guerreiro PM, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ibarz A. Evaluation of an Acute Osmotic Stress in European Sea Bass via Skin Mucus Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091546. [PMID: 32882946 PMCID: PMC7552241 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skin mucus biomarkers have become relevant indicators for studying fish physiological status and welfare. Here, we evaluated them in terms of the acute osmotic response of the sea bass. Change of mucus volume exuded and main stress-related metabolites explain the putative energy loss implied in a hyper/hypo-osmotic response. We demonstrated that skin mucus is a valuable tool, comparable to classical blood markers, for evaluating sea bass response to acute salinity challenges as well as some other potentially stressful situations. This technique will allow ecologists, physiologists, and aquafarmers to monitor fish welfare and to analyse endangered migrating species without affecting their vulnerable populations. Abstract European sea bass is a marine teleost which can inhabit a broad range of environmental salinities. So far, no research has studied the physiological response of this fish to salinity challenges using modifications in skin mucus as a potential biological matrix. Here, we used a skin mucus sampling technique to evaluate the response of sea bass to several acute osmotic challenges (for 3 h) from seawater (35‰) to two hypoosmotic environments, diluted brackish water (3‰) and estuarine waters (12‰), and to one hyperosmotic condition (50‰). For this, we recorded the volume of mucus exuded and compared the main stress-related biomarkers and osmosis-related parameters in skin mucus and plasma. Sea bass exuded the greatest volume of skin mucus with the highest total contents of cortisol, glucose, and protein under hypersalinity. This indicates an exacerbated acute stress response with possible energy losses if the condition is sustained over time. Under hyposalinity, the response depended on the magnitude of the osmotic change: shifting to 3‰ was an extreme salinity change, which affected fish aerobic metabolism by acutely modifying lactate exudation. All these data enhance the current scarce knowledge of skin mucus as a target through which to study environmental changes and fish status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- CCMAR—Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.O.-G.); (I.S.); (A.I.)
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Ruiz-Jarabo I, Amanajás R, Baldisserotto B, Mancera J, Val A. Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) acclimated to different tropical waters from the Amazon basin shows specific acute-stress responses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mansour AT, Espinosa C, García-Beltrán JM, Miao L, Ceballos Francisco DC, Alsaqufi AS, Esteban MÁ. Dietary supplementation of drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera, improves mucosal immune response in skin and gills of seabream, Sparus aurata, and attenuates the effect of hydrogen peroxide exposure. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:981-996. [PMID: 31933027 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic animals, the mucosal barrier is the first line of innate immune defence against external chemicals and pathogens. In this study, the effects of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) supplementation on skin and gill mucosal immunity, antioxidants and stress responses were evaluated in seabream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A total of 144 specimens (10.11 ± 0.41 g) were divided into four treatments (three replicates per treatment contained 12 specimens each) and fed a non-supplemented control diet or a 1, 2.5 or 5% MOL-supplemented diet. After three weeks of feeding, six specimens from each aquarium were sampled for blood, mucus and tissues. The other six fish in each aquarium were subjected to H2O2 exposure. The results revealed that MOL did not negatively affect either cortisol or glucose levels. MOL supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved skin mucosal immunity-related characteristics, including phosphatase, peroxidase and lysozyme activity and IgM levels. Additionally, MOL upregulated the expression of antioxidant genes (sod and cat), an anti-inflammatory gene (tgf-β), tight junction protein genes (occludin and zo-1), c3, and igm in both the skin and gills. However, H2O2 exposure significantly (P < 0.05) increased both cortisol and glucose levels and disrupted skin mucosal immune function by significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing phosphatase, peroxidase, protease, antiprotease and lysozyme activity and IgM levels. H2O2 exposure severely decreased the mRNA levels of the studied genes. MOL dietary supplementation at the 5% level successfully attenuated the negative effects of H2O2 on the mucosal immune response in both the skin and gills. In conclusion, dietary MOL supplementation at the 5% level is recommended to improve S. aurata mucosal immune function under both normal and stress conditions. Additionally, exposure to H2O2 disrupts the mucosal immunity of fish. This contributes knowledge on the routes involved in mucosal innate immunity and could help to understand the fish resistance against chemicals exposure. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, 22 Tag El-Roasa St. Saba Basha, Boulkly, P.O. Box 21531, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Department of Aquaculture and Animal Production, College of Agriculture and food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose María García-Beltrán
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Liang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Diana C Ceballos Francisco
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ahmed Saud Alsaqufi
- Department of Aquaculture and Animal Production, College of Agriculture and food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Ngamkala S, Satchasataporn K, Setthawongsin C, Raksajit W. Histopathological study and intestinal mucous cell responses against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Vet World 2020; 13:967-974. [PMID: 32636595 PMCID: PMC7311884 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.967-974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to examine the intestinal histopathological lesions and mucous cell responses in the entire intestines of Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-mixed feed, after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Materials and Methods Intestinal samples from fish fed with control normal diet or LGG-mixed feed (1010 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed) with or without A. hydrophila in phosphate-buffered saline challenge (7.46 × 108 CFU/mL/fish) were collected and processed for histopathological study. The mucous cell responses were evaluated using histochemistry, using Alcian blue (AB) at pH 2.5, AB at pH 1.0, and periodic acid-Schiff-AB at pH 2.5. The quantification of the intestinal mucous cell size and the staining character of each mucin type from the entire intestine were recorded and counted. Results Histopathological study showed remarkable lesions only in the proximal intestine in fish infected with A. hydrophila, while LGG-fed fish had less intestinal damage, perhaps resulting from heterophil infiltration. Furthermore, a significant (p<0.01) increase in mixed mucous cell numbers was observed mainly in the proximal intestine of all challenged fish, compared with normal diet-fed fish without challenge, and also in LGG-fed fish with A. hydrophila challenge compared with LGG-fed fish without challenge. Conclusion Dietary LGG-fed Nile tilapia showed improvements in host innate immunity. In addition, LGG was effective in decreasing intestinal lesions from A. hydrophila-induced intestinal damage. Moreover, increasing numbers of mixed mucous cells in the proximal intestine might be indicative of certain pathological conditions in Nile tilapia after A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanit Ngamkala
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Khomson Satchasataporn
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanokchon Setthawongsin
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wuttinun Raksajit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Dallarés S, Dourado P, Sanahuja I, Solovyev M, Gisbert E, Montemurro N, Torreblanca A, Blázquez M, Solé M. Multibiomarker approach to fipronil exposure in the fish Dicentrarchus labrax under two temperature regimes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 219:105378. [PMID: 31841729 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide widely used to control pests in agriculture even though evidence of harmful side effects in non-target species has been reported. A comprehensive study on the effects of dietary administration of Regent®800WG (80 % fipronil) in European sea bass juveniles was carried out under two temperature regimes: a) natural conditions, and b) 3 °C above the natural temperature (an increase predicted for the NW Mediterranean by the end of this century). Fipronil was added to the fish food (10 mg fipronil /Kg feed) and the effects were studied at several time points including right before administration, 7 and 14 days after daily fipronil feed and one-week after the insecticide withdrawal from the diet (depuration period). A wide array of physiological and metabolic biomarkers including feeding rate, general condition indices, plasma and epidermal mucus metabolites, immune response, osmoregulation, detoxification and oxidative-stress markers and digestive enzymes were assessed. General linear models and principal component analyses indicated that regardless of water temperature, fipronil resulted in a significant alteration of several of the above listed biomarkers. Among them, glucose and lactate levels increased in plasma and decreased in epidermal mucus as indicators of a stress response. Similarly, a depletion in catalase activity and higher lipid peroxidation in liver of fipronil-exposed fish were also indicative of an oxidative-stress condition. Fipronil induced a time dependent inhibition of Cytochrome P450-related activities and an increase of phase II glutathione-S-transferase. Moreover, fipronil administration was able to reduce the hypo-osmoregulatory capability as shown by the increase of plasmatic osmolality and altered several digestive enzymes including trypsin, lipase, alpha amylase and maltase. Finally, analyses in bile and muscle confirmed the rapid clearance of fipronil but the persistence of the metabolite fipronil-sulfone in bile even after the 7-day depuration period. Altogether, the results reveal a notable impact of this compound on the physiological condition of the European sea bass. The results should be considered in future environmental risk assessment studies since fipronil could be hazardous to fish species, particularly those inhabiting estuarine ecosystems exposed to the discharge of agriculture runoffs where this pesticide is mainly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallarés
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priscila Dourado
- Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Sciences of São José do Rio Preto, Paulist State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rua Cristóvão Colombo - de 1897/1898 ao fim, Jardim Nazareth, 15054000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikhail Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze st., 11, 630091, Novosibirsk, Russia; Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Institute of Research and Technology Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Aquaculture Program, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Torreblanca
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang M, Wei M, Dong Z, Duan H, Mao S, Feng S, Li W, Sun Z, Li J, Yan K, Liu H, Meng X, Ge H. Fecal DNA isolation and degradation in clam Cyclina sinensis: noninvasive DNA isolation for conservation and genetic assessment. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:99. [PMID: 31856784 PMCID: PMC6923993 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To avoid destructive sampling for conservation and genetic assessment, we isolated the DNA of clam Cyclina sinensis from their feces. DNA electrophoresis and PCR amplification were used to determine the quality of fecal DNA. And we analyzed the effects of different conditions on the degradation of feces and fecal DNA. Results The clear fecal DNA bands were detected by electrophoresis, and PCR amplification using clam fecal DNA as template was effective and reliable, suggesting that clam feces can be used as an ideal material for noninvasive DNA isolation. In addition, by analyzing the effects of different environmental temperatures and soaking times on the degradation of feces and fecal DNA, we found that the optimum temperature was 4 °C. In 15 days, the feces maintained good texture, and the quality of fecal DNA was good. At 28 °C, the feces degraded in 5 days, and the quality of fecal DNA was poor. Conclusions The clam feces can be used as an ideal material for noninvasive DNA isolation. Moreover, the quality of fecal DNA is negatively correlated with environmental temperature and soaking time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haibao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Senlei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zepeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kanglu Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueping Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
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Maha IF, Xie X, Zhou S, Yu Y, Liu X, Zahid A, Lei Y, Ma R, Yin F, Qian D. Skin metabolome reveals immune responses in yellow drum Nibea albiflora to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:661-674. [PMID: 31521785 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The yellow drum Nibea albiflora is less susceptible to Cryptocaryon irritans infection than is the case with other marine fishes such as Larimichthys crocea, Lateolabrax japonicus, and Pagrus major. To investigate further their resistance mechanism, we infected the N. albiflora with the C. irritans at a median lethal concentration of 2050 theronts/g fish. The skins of the infected and the uninfected fishes were sampled at 24 h and 72 h followed by an extensive analysis of metabolism. The study results revealed that there were 2694 potential metabolites. At 24 h post-infection, 12 metabolites were up-regulated and 17 were down-regulated whereas at 72 h post-infection, 22 metabolites were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated. Pathway enrichment analysis shows that the differential enriched pathways were higher at 24 h with 22 categories and 58 subcategories (49 up, 9 down) than at 72 h whereby the differential enriched pathways were 6 categories and 8 subcategories (4 up, 4 down). In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) plot shows that at 24 h the metabolites composition of infected group were separately clustered to uninfected group while at 72 h the metabolites composition in infected group were much closer to uninfected group. This indicated that C. irritans caused strong metabolic stress on the N. albiflora at 24 h and restoration of the dysregulated metabolic state took place at 72 h of infection. Also, at 72 h post infection a total of 17 compounds were identified as potential biomarkers. Furthermore, out of 2694 primary metabolites detected, 23 metabolites could be clearly identified and semi quantified with a known identification number and assigned into 66 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Most of the enriched KEGG pathways were mainly from metabolic pathway classes, including the metabolic pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, purine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Others were glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Moreover, out of the identified metabolites, only 6 metabolites were statistically differentially expressed, namely, L -glutamate (up-regulated) at 24 h was important for energy and precursor for other glutathiones and instruments of preventing oxidative injury; 15-hydroxy- eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), (S)-(-)-2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid, and adenine (up-regulated) at 72 h were important for anti-inflammatory and immune responses during infection; others were delta-valerolactam and betaine which were down-regulated compared to uninfected group at 72 h, might be related to immure responses including stimulation of immune system such as production of antibodies. Our results therefore further advance our understanding on the immunological regulation of N. albiflora during immune response against infections as they indicated a strong relationship between skin metabolome and C. irritans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivon F Maha
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Xiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Suming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Youbin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Aysha Zahid
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Yuhua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
| | - Dong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 169 South Qixing Road, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
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Laberge F, Yin-Liao I, Bernier NJ. Temporal profiles of cortisol accumulation and clearance support scale cortisol content as an indicator of chronic stress in fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz052. [PMID: 31620290 PMCID: PMC6788491 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of chronic stress indicators for fish is of great interest, but appropriate non-invasive methods are lagging those used in terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we explore the possibility that levels of the stress hormone cortisol in scales could be used as a chronic stress indicator. Three experiments were conducted to assess the temporal profiles of cortisol rise and fall in plasma and scales of goldfish (Carassius auratus) in response to stressors of varying intensity and duration. Results show that a single acute air emersion stressor does not influence scale cortisol content. In contrast, relative to plasma levels, the fall in scale cortisol content following a high-dose cortisol implant is delayed by at least 8 days, and the rise and fall in scale cortisol content in response to unpredictable chronic stress are delayed by at least 7 days. Also, scale cortisol content is spatially heterogeneous across the body surface of goldfish. Overall, since high and sustained circulating cortisol levels are needed to influence scale cortisol content and the rates of cortisol accumulation and clearance are much slower in scales than in plasma, our results show that scales can provide an integrated measure of cortisol production and serve as a chronic stress indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Laberge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2WI
| | - Irene Yin-Liao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2WI
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2WI
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Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ordóñez-Grande B, Sánchez-Nuño S, Ramos A, Araujo RM, Ibarz A. Comparison of several non-specific skin mucus immune defences in three piscine species of aquaculture interest. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:428-436. [PMID: 30978446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is a viscous and semipermeable barrier made mainly of water, glycoproteins and soluble proteins. It represents an important defence against the environment and previous studies have reported the presence of different substances involved in immune defence responses in it. The aim of the present work was to characterize skin mucus protease activity by zymography and esterase activity of the subfamily of carboxylesterases in three species of interest for aquaculture: gilthead sea bream, sea bass and meagre. Mucus antioxidant power was also determined by adapting ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis. As a result of these non-specific immune defence parameters, we compared the antibacterial capacity of skin mucus in these species via in vitro dual bacteria strains-skin mucus co-culture growths. We used Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Vibrio anguillarum as marine pathogenic bacteria and Escherichia coli as non-pathogenic. For each fish species, in the respective zymograms, we determined a pattern of proteolytic digestion bands. A high-molecular-weight band (around 200 kDa; H-band) was evident in sea bream and sea bass, and showed chymotrypsin activity. One or two intermediate-molecular-weight bands (around 75 kDa; I-bands) with non-trypsin and non-chymotrypsin activity, and putatively with metalloprotease activity, were evident in all species. Finally, low-molecular-weight bands (between 14 and 30 kDa; L-bands) showed distinct patterns for each species and matched trypsin activity. Despite the conservative pattern of digestion bands, the levels of total proteolytic activity (TPA) were 5 and 10 times higher in meagre than in sea bass and sea bream, respectively. In parallel, three carboxylesterase activities were detected in the mucus of the three fish species, using myristate (pNPM-CE activity), butyrate (pNPB-CE activity) and acetate (pNPA-CE activity) as substrates. Both pNPB-CE and pNPA-CE were the most abundant in fish mucus, and meagre was again the species with the highest levels. In contrast, the antioxidant power of meagre skin mucus was the lowest. We established the capacity of skin mucus to block or limit bacterial growth (lytic activity) using 24 h growth curves. The log-growth phase of V. anguillarum was strongly blocked by sea bream and meagre mucus for a few hours; but not by sea bass mucus. However, if mucus was not renewed, log-growth was at the end of 24 h studied period. For its part, P. anguilliseptica growth curve was delayed by the three mucus types during the entire growth period. Only meagre achieved lytic activity against E. coli growth. All parameters studied here will be of a great interest as non-invasive bioindicators of non-specific immune defences in fish skin mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Sanahuja
- Departament Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Departament Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Departament Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Departament Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Ramos
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ma Araujo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ibarz A, Ordóñez-Grande B, Sanahuja I, Sánchez-Nuño S, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Fernández-Alacid L. Using stable isotope analysis to study skin mucus exudation and renewal in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.195925. [PMID: 30940672 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus is proposed as a novel target for the study of physiological condition and to conduct minimally invasive monitoring of fish. Whereas mucus composition has been a major interest of recent studies, no practical techniques have been proposed to gain understanding of the capacity and rhythm of production and exudation. Here, we used stable isotope analysis (SIA) with a labelled meal, packaged in gelatine capsules, to evaluate mucus production and renewal in a fish model, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Mucus 13C- and 15N-enrichment reached higher levels at 12 h post-ingestion without significant differences at 24 h. When the formation of new mucus was induced, 13C-enrichment in the new mucus doubled whereas 15N-enrichment only increased by 10%. These results indicate the feasibility of adopting SIA in mucus studies and allow us to propose this methodology as a means to improve knowledge of mucus turnover in fish and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Kulczykowska E. Stress Response System in the Fish Skin-Welfare Measures Revisited. Front Physiol 2019; 10:72. [PMID: 30800075 PMCID: PMC6375896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of vertebrates acts as a biological barrier defending the organism against many harmful environmental factors. It is well established that the main stress hormone cortisol, together with antioxidants such as melatonin (Mel) and its biologically active metabolites set up a local stress response system in the mammalian skin. Recently, our research group has shown that in fish there are basic conditions for the functioning of a cutaneous stress response system (CSRS) similar to that in mammals, where Mel with its biologically active metabolite AFMK (N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine) and cortisol act together to protect organism against unfavorable environment. Since aquaculture is making an increasing contribution to the global economy and new laws are demanding people to respect the welfare requirements of animals there has been increasing interest in indicators of fish well-being in aquaculture. This article addresses the problem of on-farm assessment of fish welfare and proposes the CSRS as a new source of information on the welfare status of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kulczykowska
- Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Sánchez-Nuño S, Ordóñez-Grande B, Ibarz A. Chronic Cold Stress Alters the Skin Mucus Interactome in a Temperate Fish Model. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1916. [PMID: 30687126 PMCID: PMC6336924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperate fish are particularly sensitive to low temperatures, especially in the northern Mediterranean area, where the cold season decreases fish-farm production and affects fish health. Recent studies have suggested that the skin mucus participates in overall fish defense and welfare, and therefore propose it as a target for non-invasive studies of fish status. Here, we determine the mucus interactome of differentially expressed proteins in a temperate fish model, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), after chronic exposure to low temperatures (7 weeks at 14°C). The differentially expressed proteins were obtained by 2D-PAGE of mucus soluble proteins and further assessed by STRING analyses of the functional interactome based on protein-protein interactions. Complementarily, we determined mucus metabolites, glucose, and protein, as well as enzymes involved in innate defense mechanisms, such as total protease and esterase. The cold mucus interactome revealed the presence of several subsets of proteins corresponding to Gene Ontology groups. "Response to stress" formed the central core of the cold interactome, with up-regulation of proteins, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and transferrin; and down-regulation of proteins with metabolic activity. In accordance with the low temperatures, all proteins clustered in the "Single-organism metabolic process" group were down-regulated in response to cold, evidencing depressed skin metabolism. An interactome subset of "Interspecies interaction between species" grouped together several up-regulated mucus proteins that participate in bacterial adhesion, colonization, and entry, such as HSP70, lectin-2, ribosomal proteins, and cytokeratin-8, septin, and plakins. Furthermore, cold mucus showed lower levels of soluble glucose and no adaptation response in total protease or esterase activity. Using zymography, we detected the up-regulation of metalloprotease-like activity, together with a number of fragments or cleaved keratin forms which may present antimicrobial activity. All these results evidence a partial loss of mucus functionality under chronic exposure to low temperatures which would affect fish welfare during the natural cold season under farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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