1
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Du R, Zhou J, Zhang S, Chen Y, Lei B, Zhang X. Detection and screening of organophosphate esters in infant formula from Shanghai, China: distribution characteristics and risk evaluation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2025; 42:465-478. [PMID: 39913853 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2025.2459218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2025] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have raised great concerns in recent years. However, information regarding their occurrence in infant formula remains limited. Thus, thirty-two OPEs were measured in infant formula sold in Shanghai, China in 2023. The results showed that OPE occurrence in infant formula was widespread. The median concentrations of organophosphate diesters, organophosphate triesters, and total OPEs were 2.28, 5.20, and 8.63 ng/g, respectively. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) showed the highest median concentration (1.95 ng/g), followed by triethyl phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP), tri-isobutyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate (0.532-0.581 ng/g). The dominant chloro-OPEs (TCPP and BCPP) were regional-specific. Compared to corresponding triesters, the diester concentrations were often lower, except for bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and tributoxyethyl phosphate. Additionally, five novel OPEs with phenyl groups were identified, showing high detection frequencies and comparable concentrations to TCPP. Raw materials and food processing methods might affect individual OPEs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) ranged from 62.3 to 355 ng/kg bw/day. The highest EDI occurred in infants of 0-6 months of age but posed no obvious health risk for infants and toddlers. Further studies are still needed to evaluate the possible health implications arising from the novel OPEs and their metabolites, as well as the potentially synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Du
- Key Laboratory of Milk and Dairy Products Detection and Monitoring Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Milk and Dairy Products Detection and Monitoring Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Milk and Dairy Products Detection and Monitoring Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingli Lei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Milk and Dairy Products Detection and Monitoring Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Gao P, Wang P, Zhang X, Chang H, Zhao X, Zhang J, Gao Z, Yu Z, Bo Y. Association between organophosphate esters exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a national population-based cohort study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2025; 35:922-932. [PMID: 38972013 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2374447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is associated with several chronic diseases, but the relationship with mortality risk is unclear. Therefore, we used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 data to evaluate these relationships. 6,869 participants aged 18 years or older were included. Survival status information was obtained through the National Death Index through 31 December 2019. Multivariable COX regression model was adopted to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationships of urinary OPEs metabolites with mortality risk. During an average of 5.0 years of follow-up, 406 deaths were documented. After adjusting for confounders, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95%CI) = 1.12(1.05-1.20)] and cardiovascular mortality [HR (95%CI) = 1.15(1.04-1.26)]. Our study found that exposure to OPEs was significantly associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Consequently, controlling OPEs exposure is needed to alleviate the health-related burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengxi Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junxi Zhang
- Defects Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Defects Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yacong Bo
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Defects Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Wang G, Li M, Ji Y, Hao Z, Wang Y, Xue H, Wang H, Liu Y. Insight into natural attenuation of tributyl phosphate by indigenous anaerobic microbes in soils: Implication by stable carbon isotope fractionation and microbial community structures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 366:125482. [PMID: 39644960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widespread in the environment, with high persistence and toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of anaerobic microbial degradation of OPEs remain elusive in the field environment. In this study, the natural attenuation mechanisms of tributyl phosphate (TnBP) by indigenous anaerobic microorganisms in soils were investigated by using compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) and characterization of microbial communities. The results indicated that dibutyl phosphate (DnBP) was the major degradation product of TnBP. Significant carbon isotope fractionation was observed for TnBP during the anaerobic microbial degradation, and the carbon isotope enrichment factor (εC) was determined to be -2.71 ± 0.13‰. Unlike aerobic degradation with P-O bond cleavage, C-O bond cleavage was verified as the mode to removal a butyl side chain for TnBP to generate DnBP during the anaerobic microbial degradation. Microbial community analysis indicated that Sphingomonans, Nocardioides and Streptomyces were the important contributors to microbial degradation of TnBP in anoxic soils. TnBP altered microbial metabolic functions in anoxic soils, mainly enhancing the biosynthesis of ansamycins, ketone bodies and amino acids, and flagellar assembly, which promoted microbial degradation of TnBP. This study provided a better method to characterize the chemical bond cleavage mode and effect of OPEs on microbial communities, which was a prerequisite for the bioremediation of OPE pollution in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China.
| | - Maojiao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Yinli Ji
- The Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, No.337 Nanyi Road, Dongying, 257000, PR China
| | - Zixuan Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Yana Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Hongyi Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, PR China
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4
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Sanz-Sáez I, Berrojalbiz N, Dachs J, Vila-Costa M. A framework for assessing microbial degradation of organophosphate ester plasticizers in seawater. CHEMOSPHERE 2025; 371:144025. [PMID: 39724981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.144025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
The assessment of persistence of organic pollutants in seawater is limited by the lack of user-friendly, quick protocols for assessing one of their main sinks, degradation by marine bacteria. Here we present an experimental workflow to identify organic pollutants degradation, taking organophosphate esters flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs-FR-PL), as a model family of synthetic chemicals released into the marine environment that are particularly widespread due to their persistence and semi-volatile nature. The proposed novel workflow combines culture-dependent techniques, solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, with quantitative liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses in order to identify marine bacterial isolates with the potential to degrade OPEs-FR-PL in the marine environment. This methodology evaluates growth rates, degradation capacities of different OPEs-FR-PL, and the ability of bacteria to utilize these pollutants as a sole source of carbon, phosphorus and energy. The proposed framework is more cost-effective than previous approaches as it is less time-consuming, reduces the use of solvents making it environmentally friendly, and can be used as a high throughput screening methodology. Although optimized here for OPEs-FR-PL degradation, this methodology can be adapted to a wide variety of contaminants of emerging concern. Using this developed workflow, we could detect that coastal Antarctic seawater harbors several bacterial taxa with the potential to degrade OPEs-FR-PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sanz-Sáez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Losantos D, Fernández-Arribas J, Pérez-Trujillo M, Eljarrat E, Sarrà M, Caminal G. Degradation of organophosphate flame retardants by white-rot fungi: Degradation pathways and associated toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 959:178260. [PMID: 39752987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
The environmental persistence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in water is becoming and environmental concern. White Rot Fungi (WRF) have proven its capability to degrade certain OPFRs such as tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). Despite this capability, there is limited knowledge about the specific pathways involved in the degradation. In this study, three different WRF were paired with individual OPFRs, and potential transformation products (TPs) were identified by UHPLC-HRMS. Some compounds structures were further validated by NMR. From these data degradation pathways were proposed. TBP was degraded by successive hydroxylation and hydrolysis reactions, with a novel dehydrogenation step suggested. Both TCEP and TCPP underwent oxidative dechlorination, with TCEP experiencing subsequent hydrolysis. Uncommon reductive dehalogenation was also observed. TCPP further underwent hydroxylation and environmentally relevant methylation. TBEP generated numerous TPs, mainly by successive dealkylations, along with hydroxylation. Notably, demethylation in TBEP degradation was proposed for the first time. Additional secondary products were formed through hydroxylation and oxidation of the initial metabolites. Finally, in vivo and in silico toxicity assessments were conducted, identifying certain TPs as potentially toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Losantos
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d'Enginyeria, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Julio Fernández-Arribas
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d'Enginyeria, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Gao M, Wang Y, Wei L, Li S, Zhang Q, Yang Z, Bai M, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun H. Novel organophosphate esters and their transformation products in offshore sediment from Eastern China: Occurrence, temporal trend, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2025; 195:109205. [PMID: 39675301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Offshore sediment serves as an important sink for traditional organophosphate esters (TOPEs) originating from terrestrial sources. However, the contamination characteristics of novel OPEs (NOPEs) and their hydrolyzed and hydroxylated transformation products (Di- and OH-OPEs) in marine sediment are still unknown. In this study, 34 OPE-associated contaminants were measured in six offshore sediment cores (71 samples) collected from Eastern China. The total concentrations of Σ15TOPEs, Σ3NOPEs, Σ9Di-OPEs, and Σ7OH-OPEs in surface sediments were 3.16-73.4, n.d.-16.3, 4.48-21.4, and 0.14-0.42 ng g-1, respectively. NOPE compounds, such as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate and its diester product, exhibited high contamination levels, primarily due to their high hydrophobicity and extensive industrial applications. Additionally, atmospheric transportation, along with wet and dry deposition and ocean currents, plays a crucial role in their distribution in offshore sediment. The location conditions and historical usage also influenced the vertical distributions of OPE-associated contaminants in sediment cores. Notably, a concentration peak of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (B2,4DtBPP) was dating back to 1940s, indicating the early usage of antioxidant tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite. Furthermore, a risk quotient (RQ) model was employed to assess the ecological risks posed by OPEs. Generally, the acute toxicity-based predicted no-effect concentrations for studied compounds were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than those based on chronic toxicity. NOPEs and B2,4DtBPP exhibited high ecological risks, with maximum RQ values of 1570-4877 based on acute toxicity and 93.4-197 based on chronic toxicity. Notably, ΣRQ values for NOPEs were significantly higher than those of TOPEs (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001), indicating their severe ecological risks in offshore sediment. Therefore, given the continuous input and considerable persistence of NOPEs in offshore sediment, their toxic effects and mechanisms warrant thorough investigation. This study provides the first evidence for the occurrence, temporal trends, and potential risks of NOPEs in marine sediment environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Liman Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhongkang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Mohan Bai
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Yu Y, Ai T, Huang J, Jin L, Yu X, Zhu X, Sun J, Zhu L. Metabolism of isodecyl diphenyl phosphate in rice and microbiome system: Differential metabolic pathways and underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124803. [PMID: 39181304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP) is among the emerging aromatic organophosphate esters (aryl-OPEs) that pose risks to both human beings and other organisms. This study aims to investigate the translocation and biotransformation behavior of IDDP in rice and the rhizosphere microbiome through hydroponic exposure (the duration of hydroponic exposure was 10 days). The rhizosphere microbiome 9-FY was found to efficiently eliminate IDDP, thereby reducing its uptake in rice tissues and mitigating the negative impact of IDDP on rice growth. Furthermore, this study proposed the first-ever transformation pathways of IDDP, identifying hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methylation, methoxylation, carboxylation, and glucuronidation products. Notably, the methylation and glycosylation pathways were exclusively observed in rice, indicating that the transformation of IDDP in rice may be more complex than in microbiome 9-FY. Additionally, the presence of the product COOH-IDDP in rice suggested that there might be an exchange of degradation products between rice and rhizobacteria, implying their potential interaction. This finding highlights the significance of rhizobacteria's role which cannot be overlooked in the accumulation and transformation of organic pollutants in grain crops. The study revealed active members in 9-FY during IDDP degradation, and metagenomic analysis indicated that most of the active populations contained IDDP-degrading genes. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing showed that cytochrome P450, acid phosphatase, glucosyltransferase, and methyltransferases genes in rice were up-regulated, which was further confirmed by RT-qPCR. This provides insight into the intermediate products identified in rice, such as hydrolysis, hydroxylated, glycosylated, and methylated products. These results significantly contribute to our understanding of the translocation and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and the rhizosphere microbiome, and reveal the fate of OPEs in rice and microbiome system to ensure the paddy yield and rice safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Tao Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Xifen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Huang ZS, Tan XQ, Yang HB, Zeng Y, Chen SJ, Wei ZS, Huang YQ. Mechanistic insights into tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate biomineralization coupled with lead (II) biostabilization driven by denitrifying bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173927. [PMID: 38901584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity and persistence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and heavy metal (HMs) pose global environmental risks. This study explored tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) biomineralization coupled to lead (Pb2+) biostabilization driven by denitrifying bacteria (DNB). The domesticated DNB achieved synergistic bioremoval of TCPP and Pb2+ in the batch bioreactor (efficiency: 98 %).TCPP mineralized into PO43- and Cl-, and Pb2+ precipitated with PO43-. The TCPP-degrading/Pb2+-resistant DNB: Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, and Stenotrophomonas, dominated the bacterial community, and synergized TCPP biomineralization and Pb2+ biostabilization. Metagenomics and metaproteomics revealed TCPP underwent dechlorination, hydrolysis, the TCA cycle-based dissimilation, and assimilation; Pb2+ was detoxified via bioprecipitation, bacterial membrane biosorption, EPS biocomplexation, and efflux out of cells. TCPP, as an initial donor, along with NO3-, as the terminal acceptor, formed a respiratory redox as the primary energy metabolism. Both TCPP and Pb2+ can stimulate phosphatase expression, which established the mutual enhancements between their bioconversions by catalyzing TCPP dephosphorylation and facilitating Pb2+ bioprecipitation. TCPP may alleviate the Pb2+-induced oxidative stress by aiding protein phosphorylation. 80 % of Pb2+ converted into crystalized pyromorphite. These results provide the mechanistic foundations and help develop greener strategies for synergistic bioremediation of OPEs and HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shan Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Han-Biao Yang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zai-Shan Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhou X, Wang C, Huang M, Zhang J, Cheng B, Zheng Y, Chen S, Xiang M, Li Y, Bedia J, Belver C, Li H. A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134834. [PMID: 38889460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used commercial additives, but their environmental persistence and toxicity raise serious concerns necessitating associated remediation strategies. Although there are various existing technologies for OPE removal, comprehensive screening for them is urgently needed to guide further research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques used to remove OPEs from soil and water, including their related influencing factors, removal mechanisms/degradation pathways, and practical applications. Based on an analysis of the latest literature, we concluded that (1) methods used to decontaminate OPEs include adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), activated sludge processes, and microbial degradation; (2) factors such as the quantity/characteristics of the catalysts/additives, pH value, inorganic ion concentration, and natural organic matter (NOM) affect OPE removal; (3) primary degradation mechanisms involve oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (including •OH and SO4•-) and degradation pathways include hydrolysis, hydroxylation, oxidation, dechlorination, and dealkylation; (5) interference from the pH value, inorganic ion and the presence of NOM may limit complete mineralization during the treatment, impacting practical application of OPE removal techniques. This review provides guidance on existing and potential OPE removal methods, providing a theoretical basis and innovative ideas for developing more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques to treat OPEs in soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Biao Cheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jorge Bedia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Carolina Belver
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Losantos D, Sarra M, Caminal G. OPFR removal by white rot fungi: screening of removers and approach to the removal mechanism. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1387541. [PMID: 38827887 PMCID: PMC11140845 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1387541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The persistent presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in wastewater (WW) effluents raises significant environmental and health concerns, highlighting the limitations of conventional treatments for their remotion. Fungi, especially white rot fungi (WRF), offer a promising alternative for OPFR removal. This study sought to identify fungal candidates (from a selection of four WRF and two Ascomycota fungi) capable of effectively removing five frequently detected OPFRs in WW: tributyl phosphate (TnBP), tributoxy ethyl phosphate (TBEP), trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), trichloro propyl phosphate (TCPP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). The objective was to develop a co-culture approach for WW treatment, while also addressing the utilization of less assimilable carbon sources present in WW. Research was conducted on carbon source uptake and OPFR removal by all fungal candidates, while the top degraders were analyzed for biomass sorption contribution. Additionally, the enzymatic systems involved in OPFR degradation were identified, along with toxicity of samples after fungal contact. Acetate (1.4 g·L-1), simulating less assimilable organic matter in the carbon source uptake study, was eliminated by all tested fungi in 4 days. However, during the initial screening where the removal of four OPFRs (excluding TCPP) was tested, WRF outperformed Ascomycota fungi. Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes versicolor removed over 90% of TnBP and TBEP within 4 days, with Pleorotus ostreatus and Pycnoporus sanguineus also displaying effective removal. TCEP removal was challenging, with only G. lucidum achieving partial removal (47%). A subsequent screening with selected WRF and the addition of TCPP revealed TCPP's greater susceptibility to degradation compared to TCEP, with T. versicolor exhibiting the highest removal efficiency (77%). This observation, plus the poor degradation of TEP by all fungal candidates suggests that polarity of an OPFR inversely correlates with its susceptibility to fungal degradation. Sorption studies confirmed the ability of top-performing fungi of each selected OPFR to predominantly degrade them. Enzymatic system tests identified the CYP450 intracellular system responsible for OPFR degradation, so reactions of hydroxylation, dealkylation and dehalogenation are possibly involved in the degradation pathway. Finally, toxicity tests revealed transformation products obtained by fungal degradation to be more toxic than the parent compounds, emphasizing the need to identify them and their toxicity contributions. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into OPFR degradation by WRF, with implications for future WW treatment using mixed consortia, emphasizing the importance of reducing generated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Losantos
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Quiímica Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Deng Y, Zhao H, Zhang X, Li X, Chi G. The dissipation of organophosphate esters mediated by ryegrass root exudate oxalic acid in soil: Analysis of enzymes activities, microorganism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141896. [PMID: 38579949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex rhizoremediation is the main mechanism of phytoremediation in organic-contaminated soil. Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates have been shown to increase the bioavailability of contaminants and are essential for promoting the dissipation of contaminants. The effects of root exudates on the dissipation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil are unclear. Consequently, we studied the combined effects of root exudates, soil enzymes and microorganisms on OPEs (tri (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)) dissipation through pot experiments. Oxalic acid (OA) was confirmed to be the main component of LMWOAs in root exudates of ryegrass. The existence of OA increased the dissipation rate of OPEs by 6.04%-25.50%. Catalase and dehydrogenase activities were firstly activated and then inhibited in soil. While, urease activity was activated and alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited during the exposure period. More bacteria enrichment (e.g., Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Pontibacter, Methylophilus and Massilia) improved the biodegradation of OPEs. In addition, the transformation paths of OPEs hydrolysis and methylation under the action of root exudates were observed. This study provided theoretical insights into reducing the pollution risk of OPEs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaonuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Goujian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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12
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Zhang YY, Huang JW, Liu YH, Zhang JN, Huang Z, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Ying GG. In vitro metabolism of the emerging contaminant 6PPD-quinone in human and rat liver microsomes: Kinetics, pathways, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123514. [PMID: 38346634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is an ozonation product of the rubber antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD). 6PPD-Q has recently been detected in various environmental media, which may enter the human body via inhalation and skin contact pathways. However, the human metabolism of 6PPD-Q has remained unknown. This study investigated the in vitro Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of 6PPD-Q in human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs and RLMs). 6PPD-Q was significantly metabolized at lower concentrations but slowed at high concentrations. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) of 6PPD-Q was 21.10 and 18.58 μL min-1 mg-1 protein of HLMs and RLMs, respectively, suggesting low metabolic ability compared with other reported pollutants. Seven metabolites and one intermediate were identified, and metabolites were predicted immunotoxic or mutagenic toxicity. Mono- and di-oxygenation reactions were the main phase I in vitro metabolic pathways. Enzyme inhibition experiments and molecular docking techniques were further used to reveal the metabolic mechanism. CYP1A2, 3A4, and 2C19, especially CYP1A2, play critical roles in 6PPD-Q metabolism in HLMs, whereas 6PPD-Q is extensively metabolized in RLMs. Our study is the first to demonstrate the in vitro metabolic profile of 6PPD-Q in HLMs and RLMs. The results will significantly contribute to future human health management targeting the emerging pollutant 6PPD-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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13
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Sun CS, Yuan SW, Hou R, Zhang SQ, Huang QY, Lin L, Li HX, Liu S, Cheng YY, Li ZH, Xu XR. First insights into the bioaccumulation, biotransformation and trophic transfer of typical tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) analogues along a simulated aquatic food chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133390. [PMID: 38163409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) analogues have been investigated for their prevalent occurrence in environments and potential hazardous effects to humans and wildlife; however, there is still limited knowledge regarding their toxicokinetics and trophic transfer in aquatic food chains. Using a developed toxicokinetic model framework, we quantified the bioaccumulation, biotransformation and trophic transfer of tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) and tetrabromobisphenol A di(allyl ether) (TBBPA-DAE) during trophic transfer from brine shrimp (Artemia salina) to zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that the two TBBPA analogues could be readily accumulated by brine shrimp, and the estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) value of TBBPS (5.68 L kg-1 ww) was higher than that of TBBPA-DAE (1.04 L kg-1 ww). The assimilation efficiency (AE) of TBBPA-DAE in zebrafish fed brine shrimp was calculated to be 16.3%, resulting in a low whole-body biomagnification factor (BMF) in fish (0.684 g g-1 ww). Based on the transformation products screened using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS), oxidative debromination and hydrolysis were identified as the major transformation pathways of TBBPS, while the biotransformation of TBBPA-DAE mainly took place through ether bond breaking and phase-II metabolism. Lower accumulation of TBBPA as a metabolite than its parent chemical was observed in both brine shrimp and zebrafish, with metabolite parent concentration factors (MPCFs) < 1. The investigated BCFs for shrimp of the two TBBPA analogues were only 3.77 × 10-10 - 5.59 × 10-3 times of the theoretical Kshrimp-water based on the polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs) model, and the BMF of TBBPA-DAE for fish was 0.299 times of the predicted Kshrimp-fish. Overall, these results indicated the potential of the trophic transfer in bioaccumulation of specific TBBPA analogues in higher trophic-level aquatic organisms and pointed out biotransformation as an important mechanism in regulating their bioaccumulation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The internal concentration of a pollutant in the body determines its toxicity to organisms, while bioaccumulation and trophic transfer play important roles in elucidating its risks to ecosystems. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) analogues have been extensively investigated for their adverse effects on humans and wildlife; however, there is still limited knowledge regarding their toxicokinetics and trophic transfer in aquatic food chains. This study investigated the bioaccumulation, biotransformation and trophic transfer of TBBPS and TBBPA-DAE in a simulated di-trophic food chain. This state-of-art study will provide a reference for further research on this kind of emerging pollutant in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng-Wu Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Si-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Li J, Liu Y, Meng W, Su G. Biotransformation of Organophosphate Diesters Characterized via In Vitro Metabolism and In Vivo Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4381-4391. [PMID: 38381810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), as additives in industrial applications and/or transformation products of emerging environmental pollutants, such as organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs), have been found in the environment and biological matrices. The metabolic fate of di-OPEs in biological media is of great significance for tracing the inherent and precursor toxicity variations. This is the first study to investigate the metabolism of a suite of di-OPEs by liver microsomes and to identify any metabolite of metabolizable di-OPEs in in vitro and in vivo samples. Of the 14 di-OPEs, 5 are significantly metabolizable, and their abundant metabolites with hydroxyl, carboxyl, dealkylated, carbonyl, and/or epoxide groups are tentatively identified. More than half of the di-OPEs are detectable in human serum and/or wild fish tissues, and dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (BDBPP), and isopropyl diphenyl phosphate (ip-DPHP) are first reported at a detectable level in humans and wildlife. Using an in vitro assay and a known biotransformation rule-based integrated screening strategy, 2 and 10 suspected metabolite peaks of DEHP are found in human serum and wild fish samples, respectively, and are then identified as phase I and phase II metabolites of DEHP. This study provides a novel insight into fate and persistence of di-OPE and confirms the presence of di-OPE metabolites in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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15
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Struzina L, Pineda M, Yargeau V. Occurrence and removal of legacy plasticizers and flame retardants through a drinking water treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169333. [PMID: 38097079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of thirty-four flame retardants and plasticizers throughout treatment steps in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) was analyzed to assess removal efficiencies of filtration, ultraviolet (UV) treatment, and chlorination. Legacy compounds and replacements were included to compare their presence and persistence. Twenty-four-hour composite sampling, offset to account for retention time, was performed at a direct filtration DWTP in Montreal, Canada over a three-day period. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), considered legacy flame retardants, were infrequently detected or at concentrations <1 ng/L. When overall removal efficiencies could be calculated, the removal of ∑7PBDEs was 49 and 94 % for days 2 and 3, respectively. No removal could be calculated on day 1 as PBDEs were only detected in finished drinking water. Higher brominated PBDEs BDE-183 and BDE-154 were only detected in raw water. Organophosphate esters (OPEs), considered replacement flame retardants, were frequently detected in all water samples. The total average concentration of ∑15OPes was 501 ng/L in raw water and 162 ng/L in drinking water, with an average removal efficiency of 67 %. OPEs were mainly removed during filtration, with TCIPP, TDCIPP, and TPHP showing statistically significant removal of 76, 84, and 95 %, respectively. The total average concentration of ∑8plasticizers was 2938 ng/L in raw water and 116 ng/L in drinking water. All plasticizers, except for metabolite MEHP, had significant removal from filtration, and the overall removal of plasticizers ranged from 20 % for DEP to 99 % for DEHP. Drinking water treatment decreases the concentration of these contaminants in drinking water but was less effective in removing flame retardants than plasticizers, as indicated by their higher number of PBDEs detected and higher concentrations of OPEs measured. To our knowledge, it is the first report of the removal of PBDEs, OPE metabolites and plasticizer replacements (DEHA, DIDA, DINCH, DINP) during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Struzina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Marco Pineda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 rue University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada.
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16
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Liang C, Zeng MX, Yuan XZ, Liu LY. An overview of current knowledge on organophosphate di-esters in environment: Analytical methods, sources, occurrence, and behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167656. [PMID: 37813257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) are highly related to tri-OPEs. The presence of di-OPEs in the environment has gained global concerns, as some di-OPEs are more toxic than their respective tri-OPE compounds. In this study, current knowledge on the analytical methods, sources, environmental occurrence, and behavior of di-OPEs were symmetrically reviewed by compiling data published till March 2023. The determination of di-OPEs in environmental samples was exclusively achieved with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry operated in negative mode. There are several sources of di-OPEs, including industrial production, biotic and abiotic degradation from tri-OPEs under environmental conditions. A total of 14 di-OPE compounds were determined in various environments, including dust, sediment, sludge, water, and atmosphere. The widespread occurrence of di-OPEs suggested that human and ecology are generally exposed to di-OPEs. Among all environmental matrixes, more data were recorded for dust, with the highest concentration of di-OPEs up to 32,300 ng g-1. Sorption behavior, phase distribution, gas-particle partitioning behavior was investigated for certain di-OPEs. Suggestions on future studies in the perspective of human exposure to and environmental behavior of di-OPEs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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17
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Chen X, Liang X, Yang J, Yuan Y, Xiao Q, Su Z, Chen Y, Lu S, Wang L. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based screening and dietary intake assessment of organophosphate esters in foodstuffs from South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167169. [PMID: 37730029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of emerging contaminants with widespread environmental occurrence, yet research on their occurrence in foodstuffs is limited. We collected 100 foodstuff samples in South China using a market basket method, and analyzed food extracts for the presence of OPEs and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) by suspect and nontarget screening through high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 30 OPEs, comprised of 25 OPEs with a confidence level (CL) of 1 (unequivocal identification using standards) and five OPEs with CL = 2b (probable structure based on diagnostic evidence). Interestingly, 11 of these identified OPEs had not been previously reported in food. No OPA was identified. The occurrence of identified OPEs within the food samples was further investigated. The highest median concentration of OPEs in all food samples was reached by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) (1.55 ng/g ww, range < 0.74-12.0 ng/g wet weight (ww)). Cereals demonstrated the highest median concentration of the cumulative 30 OPEs. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), TCPP, and triethyl phosphate (TEP) predominantly contributed to OPEs contamination in most food categories. Eight OPEs, namely TEP, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), TCEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phenyl phosphate (BEHPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), and methyl diphenyl phosphate (MDPP) exhibited significantly higher concentrations in the processed group as compared to non-processed group, suggesting that food processing may result in contamination of these OPEs. The median sum of estimated dietary intake (ΣEDI) of all OPEs was determined to be 161 ng/kg body weight/day. Cereals (38.5 %) and vegetables (23.5 %) were the predominant food categories contributing to ΣEDI, and TEP (29.0 %), TCEP (20.2 %), and TCPP (18.3 %) were three major OPEs contributing to ΣEDI. This study for the first time offered a comprehensive overview of OPE species and revealed their occurrence in foodstuffs from South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Chen
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinhan Liang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyu Yang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinqian Yuan
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanpeng Su
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhao Chen
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Yao C, Li Y, Li J, Jiang C, Jing K, Zhang S, Yang H, Liu C, Zhao L. Aerobic degradation of parent triisobutyl phosphate and its metabolite diisobutyl phosphate in activated sludge: Degradation pathways and degrading bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132380. [PMID: 37647667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate esters (OPEs) degradation has been widely studied, the degradation of their metabolites is always ignored. Triisobutyl phosphate (TiBP), a typical alkyl-OPEs, is of emerging concern because of its potential ecotoxicity in the environment. This study provides comprehensive understanding about the degradation of TiBP and one of its metabolites, diisobutyl phosphate (DiBP) using activated sludge (AS). The results showed that TiBP and DiBP were degraded mainly through hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, and hydroxylation. The degradation kinetics indicated that DiBP had similar transformation rates to its parent TiBP in AS, highlighting the importance of metabolite DiBP study. Dehydrogenase, hydroxylase, phosphotriesterase, phosphodiesterase, and phosphomonoesterase played an important role in contributing to TiBP and its metabolites degradation via enzyme activity analysis. Besides, the expression of genes encoding these enzymes in bacteria and the relative abundance change of bacterial populations indicated that Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas may be the degrading bacteria of TiBP and Pseudomonas may be the main degrading bacteria of DiBP. This study provides new perspectives for metabolite DiBP and its parent TiBP degradation. It highlights that the formation and degradation of metabolites must be considered into the future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chenxue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ke Jing
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Suisui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hanpei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lianfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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19
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Cao Z, Wang J, Zheng X, Hu B, Wang S, Zheng Q, Luo C, Zhang G. Effects of nitrogen stress on uptake and translocation of organophosphate esters by watermifoil (Myriophyllum aquaticum L.) in an aquatic ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:94950-94959. [PMID: 37542696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate esters (OPEs) and nitrogen (N) are normally present in aquatic environments, the effects of the plant uptake, accumulation, and translocation of OPEs in different levels of N remain ambiguous. To better understand these processes, watermifoil (Myriophyllum aquaticum L.) as tested plant was chosen to investigate the effects of different N levels on the uptake and translocation of OPEs by plants in matched water-sediment-plant samples. After two months, we found the root-water concentration factors, root-sediment concentration factors, and translocation factors (TFs) were significantly changed with the levels of N (p < 0.05), implying that the presence of N could alter uptake, accumulation, and translocation of OPEs in M. aquaticum, particularly the process of root absorption. Low concentrations of N could remarkably promote the uptake of OPEs by M. aquaticum. However, when the concentrations of N in water were higher than 200 mg/L, the plants' growth and OPE accumulation by M. aquaticum were obviously inhibited with the elevated N contents. Moreover, the enrichment and environmental transport of OPEs in M. aquaticum seemed to be closely associated with physicochemical parameters; the octanol-water partition coefficient had significant relationships with measured organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients and TFs in the present study. Additionally, the substituents and structures of OPEs could also affect the accumulation and translocation of OPEs in M. aquaticum, including the chlorination degree and alkyl chain length. This study could improve our understanding of uptake and translocation of OPEs in aquatic plants under different levels of N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Beibei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhao B, Chen Q, Zhu F, Wang J, Fu X, Zhou T. Fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the "Cambi® TH + AAD" of sludge in a WWTP in Beijing, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:363-373. [PMID: 37523947 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging environmental pollutants that cause endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Sewage sludge is an important source of tri-OPFRs that are released into the environment. The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of OPFRs in the full-scale "Cambi® thermal hydrolysis (TH) + advanced anaerobic digestion (AAD) + plate-frame pressure filtration" sludge treatment process is closely related to the application of sewage sludge. We tested sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Nine tri-OPFRs were detected in the sludge samples collected at different treatment units during four seasons. The ΣOPFRs decreased from 1,742.65-2,579.68 ng/g to 971.48-1,702.22 ng/g. The mass flow of tri-OPFRs in treated sludge decreased by 61.4%, 48.9%, 42.4%, and 63.9% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, effectively reducing the corresponding ecological risk. The ecological risk of tri-OPFRs in sludge in forestland utilization mainly lies in chlorinated tri-OPFRs, especially TCPP and TCEP. No >42.20 t/hm2 of sludge could be used continuously for one year to prevent tri-OPFRs from exceeding the low ecological risk level, indicating that the current commonly applied proportion of sludge (1.6-30 t/hm2) will likely not raise the ecological risk of tri-OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Fenfen Zhu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xingmin Fu
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
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21
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Hou R, Zhang S, Huang Q, Lin L, Li H, Li J, Liu S, Sun C, Xu X. Role of Gastrointestinal Microbiota from Crucian Carp in Microbial Transformation and Estrogenicity Modification of Novel Plastic Additives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11476-11488. [PMID: 37462611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion is a major exposure route for hydrophobic organic pollutants in fish, but the microbial transformation and estrogenic modification of the novel plastic additives by the gut microbiota of fish remain obscure. Using an in vitro approach, we provide evidence that structure-related transformation of various plastic additives by the gastric and intestinal (GI) microbiota from crucian carp, with the degradation ratio of bisphenols and triphenyl phosphate faster than those of brominated compounds. The degradation kinetics for these pollutants could be limited by oxygen and cometabolic substrates (i.e., glucose). The fish GI microbiota could utilize the vast majority of carbon sources in a Biolog EcoPlate, suggesting their high metabolic potential and ability to transform various organic compounds. Unique microorganisms associated with transformation of the plastic additives including genera of Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and some unclassified genera in Enterobacteriaceae were identified by combining high-throughput genetic analyses and metagenomic analyses. Through identification of anaerobic transformation products by high-resolution mass spectrometry, alkyl-cleavage was found the common transformation mechanism, and hydrolysis was the major pathway for ester-containing pollutants. After anaerobic incubation, the estrogenic activities of triphenyl phosphate and bisphenols A, F, and AF declined, whereas that of bisphenol AP increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
| | - Jingxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572100, China
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22
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Lao JY, Xu S, Zhang K, Lin H, Cao Y, Wu R, Tao D, Ruan Y, Yee Leung KM, Lam PKS. New Perspective to Understand and Prioritize the Ecological Impacts of Organophosphate Esters and Transformation Products in Urban Stormwater and Sewage Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11656-11665. [PMID: 37503546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their prevalence in urban contaminated water, the driving factors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) need to be well examined, and their related ecological impacts should include that of their transformation products (TPs). Additionally, a robust framework needs to be developed to integrate multiple variables related to ecological impacts for improving the ecological health assessment. Therefore, OPEs and TPs in urban stormwater and wastewater in Hong Kong were analyzed to fill these gaps. The results revealed that the total concentrations of OPEs in stormwater were positively correlated with the area of transportation land. Individual TP concentrations and the mass ratios of individual TPs/OPEs were somewhat higher in sewage effluents than that in stormwater. OPEs generally showed relatively higher risk quotients than TPs; however, the total risk quotients increased by approximately 38% when TPs were factored in. Moreover, the molecular docking results suggested that the investigated TPs might cause similar endocrine disruption in marine organisms as their parent OPEs. This study employed the Toxicological-Priority-Index scheme to successfully integrate the ecological risks and endocrine-disrupting effects to refine the ecological health assessment of the exposure to OPEs and their TPs, which can better inform the authority on the prioritization for regulating these contaminants of emerging concern in urban built environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao; Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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23
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Wang W, Cao G, Zhang J, Qiao H, Wang F, Cai Z. Recent applications of mass spectrometry in the analysis of transformation products of emerging contaminants in PM 2.5. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 4:49-59. [PMID: 38715926 PMCID: PMC10989652 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Ambient pollution correlated to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a worldwide environmental issue as it is highly associated with human health and eco-environmental safety. A significant part regarding the toxicity of PM2.5 is attributed to its bonded contaminants. Appreciable efforts have been performed to study the occurrence, exposure, and toxicological properties of chemicals of emerging concerns in PM2.5. Recent works indicated a broad environmental transformation of emerging contaminants in the atmospheric environment and highlighted the significance of PM2.5 bonded transformation products, which may exhibit higher environmental concentrations and toxicities compared to their parent compounds. Among these studies, mass spectrometry has been widely applied for the analysis of transformation products of emerging contaminants in PM2.5 on the aspects of suspect/non-target screening, structure elucidation, concentration profiling, and toxicity determination. This review describes key mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies and applications for determining transformation products in PM2.5 and presents outlooks for their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
| | - Fuyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisDepartment of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong KongSARChina
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24
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Liang Y, Zhou X, Wu Y, Wu Y, Zeng X, Yu Z, Peng P. Meta-omics elucidates key degraders in a bacterial tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)-degrading enrichment culture. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119774. [PMID: 36848852 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern, and there is limited information about the bacterial transformation of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), a frequently detected alkyl-OPE by a bacterial enrichment culture under aerobic conditions. The enrichment culture degraded 5 mg/L TBOEP following the first-order kinetics with a reaction rate constant of 0.314 h-1. TBOEP was mainly degraded via ether bond cleavage, evidenced by the production of bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate, 2-butoxyethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphate, and 2-butoxyethyl (2-hydroxyethyl) hydrogen phosphate. Other transformation pathways include terminal oxidation of the butoxyethyl group and phosphoester bond hydrolysis. Metagenomic sequencing generated 14 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), showing that the enrichment culture primarily consisted of Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, and Actinobacteriota. One MAG assigned to Rhodocuccus ruber strain C1 was the most active in the community, showing upregulation of various monooxygenase, dehydrogenase, and phosphoesterase genes throughout the degradation process, and thus was identified as the key degrader of TBOEP and the metabolites. Another MAG affiliated with Ottowia mainly contributed to TBOEP hydroxylation. Our results provided a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial TBOEP degradation at community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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25
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Dang Y, Tang K, Wang Z, Cui H, Lei J, Wang D, Liu N, Zhang X. Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) Flame Retardants in Water: A Review of Photocatalysis, Adsorption, and Biological Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072983. [PMID: 37049746 PMCID: PMC10096410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for banned brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) increased year by year with the increase in industrial production and living demand. It was inevitable that OPEs would be discharged into wastewater in excess, which posed a great threat to the health of human beings and aquatic organisms. In the past few decades, people used various methods to remove refractory OPEs. This paper reviewed the photocatalysis method, the adsorption method with wide applicability, and the biological method mainly relying on enzymolysis and hydrolysis to degrade OPEs in water. All three of these methods had the advantages of high removal efficiency and environmental protection for various organic pollutants. The degradation efficiency of OPEs, degradation mechanisms, and conversion products of OPEs by three methods were discussed and summarized. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of OPEs’ degradation technology were discussed.
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26
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Huang Q, Hou R, Lin L, Li H, Liu S, Cheng Y, Xu X. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Their Metabolites in the Estuarine Food Web of the Pearl River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3549-3561. [PMID: 36826812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and trophodynamics of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and their metabolites were investigated in the estuarine food web of the Pearl River, China. The mean ∑OPFR concentration among the investigated species increased in the following order: fish [431 ± 346 ng/g lipid weight (lw)] < snail (1310 ± 621 ng/g lw) < shrimp (1581 ± 1134 ng/g lw) < crab (1744 ± 1397 ng/g lw). The di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) of di-(n-butyl) phosphate (DNBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the most abundant metabolites, with concentrations same as or even higher than their corresponding parent compounds. The log bioaccumulation factors for most OPFRs were lower than 3.70, and significant biomagnification was only found for trisphenyl phosphate [TPHP, with the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) > 1]. The TMFs of OPFRs, except for TPHP and tributyl phosphate had a positive correlation with lipophilicity (log KOW, p ≤ 0.05) and a negative correlation with the biotransformation rate (log KM, p ≤ 0.05). The mean TMF > 1 was observed for all of the OPFR metabolites based on the bootstrap regression method. The "pseudo-biomagnification" of OPFR metabolites might be attributed to the biotransformation of OPFRs in organisms at high trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510301, China
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27
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Yao S, Shi Z, Cao P, Zhang L, Tang Y, Zhou P, Liu Z. A global survey of organophosphate esters and their metabolites in milk: Occurrence and dietary intake via milk consumption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130080. [PMID: 36206713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The first global survey of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and their metabolites (mOPEs) in milk was carried out in this study. Concentrations of 21 OPEs and 9 mOPEs were measured in 178 milk samples collected from 30 countries located on 5 continents, and the ubiquity of both OPEs and mOPEs was observed in milk. Concentrations of ∑21OPEs ranged from 53.3 pg/mL to 4270 pg/mL, with a median level of 367 pg/mL. The median level of ∑9mOPEs was 153 pg/mL, with a range of 15-7440 pg/mL. No difference was observed among the levels of both ∑21OPEs and ∑9mOPEs in milk from the five continents. For the relationship between mOPEs and their parent OPEs, some pairs presented significant and positive correlations, which indicated that they shared similar sources. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of OPEs/mOPEs via milk consumption were calculated. Asian countries presented relatively low EDIs, and European and American countries, especially Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland and Argentina, presented high EDIs. Current daily OPE intake via milk consumption for global adult populations was far lower than the corresponding reference dose; however, considering that human intake of OPEs occurs via multiple sources, it is too early to conclude that the intake of OPEs were unable to cause health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Pei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yu Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
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28
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhang D, Shen J, Huang X, Xiao L, Chen X, Lin X, Du S, Liu J, Lu S. Association between organophosphorus flame retardants exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157763. [PMID: 35926617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in consumer products leads to their ubiquitous occurrence. The neurotoxicity of OPFRs has been raised, whereas evidence from the elderly population were rather scarce. Hence, a case-control study was conducted based on the Shenzhen Aging-related Disorder Cohort. A total of 184 cases [Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) < 24] and 795 participants as controls (MMSE ≥24) were recruited. Eight metabolites of OPFRs (m-OPFRs) in urine samples were measured, including bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), di-o-cresyl phosphate (DOCP), di-p-cresyl phosphate (DPCP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP). The detection frequencies of m-OPFRs ranged from 88.8 % to 95.4 %. BCEP had the highest median concentration (0.93 μg/L), followed by BCIPP (0.32 μg/L), DPHP (0.27 μg/L) and DBP (0.20 μg/L). Significant correlations were found between all pairs of urinary m-OPFRs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.22 to 0.71 (p< 0.05). Logistic regression models showed that urinary concentrations of BDCIPP (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.25, 95 % confidential interval [CI]: 1.04-1.50) and DBP (adjusted OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.20) were positively associated with lower cognitive functions. Furthermore, a nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between urinary BDCIPP concentration and cognitive decline. To our knowledge, this is the first report on OPFR exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population. Further toxicological tests of BDCIPP and DBP are needed to illustrate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junchun Shen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lehan Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Lu J, Hou R, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yuan Y. Surfactant-sodium dodecyl sulfate enhanced degradation of polystyrene microplastics with an energy-saving electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) strategy. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119277. [PMID: 36283230 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been identified as a kind of emerging pollutant with potential ecological risks, and it is an urgent endeavor to find proper technologies for their remediation. Electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) technology has exhibited robust performance in the removal of various refractory organic pollutants. In this study, we explored a new remediation strategy for polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs), introducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to enhance its degradation performance in boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode adopted EAOP. At first, we investigated the degradation behaviors of SDS in the BDD electrolysis. According to the SDS half-life under various current densities, the SDS addition strategy into EAOP is proposed; that is, supplement SDS to 500 mg/L at every half-life during electrolysis except the last cycle. Results indicated that SDS addition greatly enhanced MPs degradation rate in 72 h of EAOP, about 1.35-2.29 times higher than that in BDD electrolysis alone. The SDS assisted EAOP also led to more obvious changes in the particle size, morphology, and functional groups of the MPs. After treatment, a variety of alkyl-cleavage and oxidation products were identified, which attributed to the strong attack of oxidants (i.e., persulfate) on the MPs. The enhanced persulfate generation and oxidants adsorption on MPs can explain the enhancement effect in the EAOP strategy. Cost analysis results showed the surfactant only accounts for < 0.05% of the total operating costs in the SDS assisted EAOP. In general, the current study provided new insight into the effective way to improve the EAOP efficiency of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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30
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Lao JY, Lin H, Qin X, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Zeng EY, Lam PKS. Insights into the Atmospheric Persistence, Transformation, and Health Implications of Organophosphate Esters in Urban Ambient Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12003-12013. [PMID: 35948419 PMCID: PMC9454243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in natural ambient air and potential health risks from coexposure to OPEs and their transformation products are largely unclear. Therefore, a novel framework combining field-based investigation, in silico prediction, and target and suspect screening was employed to understand atmospheric persistence and health impacts of OPEs. Alkyl-OPE transformation products ubiquitously occurred in urban ambient air. The transformation ratios of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were size-dependent, implying that transformation processes may be affected by particle size. Transformation products of chlorinated- and aryl-OPEs were not detected in atmospheric particles, and atmospheric dry deposition might significantly contribute to their removal. Although inhalation risk of coexposure to OPEs and transformation products in urban ambient air was low, health risks related to OPEs may be underestimated as constrained by the identification of plausible transformation products and their toxicity testing in vitro or in vivo at current stage. The present study highlights the significant impact of particle size on the atmospheric persistence of OPEs and suggests that health risk assessments should be conducted with concurrent consideration of both parental compounds and transformation products of OPEs, in view of the nonnegligible abundances of transformation products in the air and their potential toxicity in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Research
Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ; . Tel: + 852 3442-7833. Fax: + 852 3442-0524
| | - Kenneth M. Y. Leung
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Eddy Y. Zeng
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Paul K. S. Lam
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Office
of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan
University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- ; . Tel: +852 2768-6089. Fax: +852 3442-0524
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Li X, Yao Y, Chen H, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhao L, Guo S, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Identification of Novel Organophosphate Esters in Hydroponic Lettuces ( Lactuca sativa L.): Biotransformation and Acropetal Translocation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10699-10709. [PMID: 35849551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The absorption, translocation, and biotransformation behaviors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and diesters (OPdEs) in a hydroponic system were investigated. The lateral root was found as the main accumulation and biotransformation place of OPEs and OPdEs in lettuce. The nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed five hydroxylated metabolites and five conjugating metabolites in the OPE exposure group, among which methylation, acetylation, and palmitoyl conjugating OPEs were reported as metabolites for the first time. Particularly, methylation on phosphate can be a significant process for plant metabolism, and methyl diphenyl phosphate (MDPP) accounted for the majority of metabolites. The translocation factor values of most identified OPE metabolites are negatively associated with their predicted logarithmic octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log Kow) values (0.75-2.45), indicating that hydrophilicity is a dominant factor in the translocation of OPE metabolites in lettuce. In contrast, palmitoyl conjugation may lead to an enhanced acropetal translocation and those with log Kow values < 0 may have limited translocation potential. Additionally, OPE diesters produced from the biotransformation of OPEs in lettuce showed a higher acropetal translocation potential than those exposed directly. These results further emphasize the necessity to consider biotransformation as an utmost important factor in the accumulation and acropetal translocation potential of OPEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- School of Environmental and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sai Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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32
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Wang Y, Gan L, Liao Z, Hou R, Zhou S, Zhou L, Yuan Y. Self-produced biophotosensitizers enhance the degradation of organic pollutants in photo-bioelectrochemical systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128797. [PMID: 35366440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) with integrated photoactive components have been shown to be a promising strategy for enhancing the performance for bioenergy generation and pollutant removal. This study revealed an efficient photo-BES with an enhanced pollutant degradation rate by utilizing self-produced biomolecules as photosensitizers in situ. Results showed that the BES could increase the coulombic efficiency from 60.8% to 73.0% and the degradation rate of bisphenol A (BPA) from 0.030 to 0.189 h-1 when the suspension in the reactor was illuminated with simulated sunlight in the absence of any external photosensitizers. We identified that the regular BES released many organic substances into the reactor during operation. These substances, including dissolved biomolecules and solid cell residues, were photoactive for producing hydroxyl radicals during light illumination. Quenching experiments verified that the •OH generated from the self-produced biophotosensitizers contributed to the enhanced degradation of BPA. Additionally, the phototransformation of biophotosensitizers was also observed in photo-BES. The quantity of tyrosine protein-like components decreased, but that of the humic components remained relatively stable. Our findings imply that BESs with integrated self-produced biophotosensitizers may be promising for constructing advanced electrochemical and biological systems for synchronous bioelectricity production and degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lin Gan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Rui Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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33
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Chen Z, An C, Elektorowicz M, Tian X. Sources, behaviors, transformations, and environmental risks of organophosphate esters in the coastal environment: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113779. [PMID: 35635887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in the global production of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has resulted in their high environmental concentrations. The low removal rate of OPEs makes the effluents of wastewater treatment plants be one of the major sources of OPEs. Due to relatively high solubility and mobility, OPEs can be carried to the coastal environment through river discharge and atmospheric deposition. Therefore, the coastal environment can be an important OPE sink. Previous studies have shown that OPEs were widely detected in coastal atmospheres, water, sediments, and even aquatic organisms. OPEs can undergo various environmental processes in the coastal environment, including adsorption/desorption, air-water exchange, and degradation. In addition, bioaccumulation of OPEs was observed in coastal biota but current concentrations would not cause significant ecological risks. More efforts are required to understand the environmental behaviors of OPEs and address resultant environmental and health risks, especially in the complicated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - Maria Elektorowicz
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Xuelin Tian
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
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34
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Zhong X, Zhang X, Zhou T, Lv G, Zhao Q. Exploring kinetics, removal mechanism and possible transformation products of tigecycline by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152988. [PMID: 35026238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of antibiotics in wastewater leads to broad antibiotic resistance, threating human health. Microalgae have been receiving attention due to their ability to remove antibiotics from wastewater. Tigecycline (TGC) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. It has not been investigated for removal by microalgae. The removal kinetics of TGC by Chlorella pyrenoidosa were evaluated under different initial dry cell densities, TGC concentrations, temperatures and light intensity conditions. Approximately 90% of TGC could be removed when the TGC concentration was 10 mg∙L-1 and the initial dry cell density was more than 0.2 g∙L-1. A low value of TGC per g dry cell weight ratio led to a high removal efficiency of TGC. The initial dry cell density of microalgae was also critical for the removal of TGC. A high initial dry cell density is better than a low initial dry cell density to remove TGC when the ratio of the TGC concentration to dry cell weight are the same at the beginning of the cultivation. The removal mechanisms were investigated. Photolysis was a slow process that did not lead to removal at the beginning. Adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation by microalgae were the main contributors to the removal of TGC. TGC was easily hydrolyzed under high -temperature conditions. Three transformation products of TGC by microalgae were identified. The stability of TGC was evaluated in water and salt solutions of citric acid, K2HPO4·3H2O and ferric ammonium citrate. TGC was stable in ultrapure water and citric acid solution. TGC was hydrolyzed in K2HPO4·3H2O and ferric ammonium citrate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Lv
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Li J, Zhang Y, Bi R, Ye L, Su G. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:302-312. [PMID: 34898183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status of emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, and nontarget screening of OPEs in n = 48 samples of wild fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, and 9 out of them are emerging OPEs detected in wild fish for the first time. Importantly, some of the emerging OPEs, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared to traditional ones. There were no statistically significant interspecies (n = 6) differences regarding OPE concentrations. However, we observed significant differences on OPE concentrations among different tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), for which the intestine has the highest OPE mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by the liver (20.1 ng/g ww) ≈ brain (20.0 ng/g ww) > gill (14.8 ng/g ww) > muscle (11.4 ng/g ww). An interesting exception is IPDP, which presents an unexpectedly high concentration in the brain (0.510 ng/g ww). Collectively, this study expands our understanding of OPE contamination in wild fish and clearly shows that emerging TDtBPP, IPDP, and BPDP could play an equally important role as traditional OPEs in contribution of OPE pollution in wild fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ruifeng Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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