1
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Harmoush B, Viebahn C, Tsikolia N. Development of node architecture and emergence of molecular organizer characteristics in the pig embryo. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38733144 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The avian node is the equivalent of the amphibian Spemann's organizer, as indicated by its ability to induce a secondary axis, cellular contribution, and gene expression, whereas the node of the mouse, which displays limited inductive capacities, was suggested to be a part of spatially distributed signaling. Furthermore, the structural identity of the mouse node is subject of controversy, while little is known about equivalent structures in other mammals. RESULTS We analyzed the node and emerging organizer in the pig using morphology and the expression of selected organizer genes prior to and during gastrulation. The node was defined according to the "four-quarter model" based on comparative consideration. The node of the pig displays a multilayered, dense structure that includes columnar epithelium, bottle-like cells in the dorsal part, and mesenchymal cells ventrally. Expression of goosecoid (gsc), chordin, and brachyury, together with morphology, reveal the consecutive emergence of three distinct domains: the gastrulation precursor domain, the presumptive node, and the mature node. Additionally, gsc displays a ventral expression domain prior to epiblast epithelialization. CONCLUSION Our study defines the morphological and molecular context of the emerging organizer equivalent in the pig and suggests a sequential development of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braah Harmoush
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Abstract
In avian and mammalian embryos the "organizer" property associated with neural induction of competent ectoderm into a neural plate and its subsequent patterning into rostro-caudal domains resides at the tip of the primitive streak before neurulation begins, and before a morphological Hensen's node is discernible. The same region and its later derivatives (like the notochord) also have the ability to "dorsalize" the adjacent mesoderm, for example by converting lateral plate mesoderm into paraxial (pre-somitic) mesoderm. Both neural induction and dorsalization of the mesoderm involve inhibition of BMP, and the former also requires other signals. This review surveys the key experiments done to elucidate the functions of the organizer and the mechanisms of neural induction in amniotes. We conclude that the mechanisms of neural induction in amniotes and anamniotes are likely to be largely the same; apparent differences are likely to be due to differences in experimental approaches dictated by embryo topology and other practical constraints. We also discuss the relationships between "neural induction" assessed by grafts of the organizer and normal neural plate development, as well as how neural induction relates to the generation of neuronal cells from embryonic and other stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Wang R, Yang X, Chen J, Zhang L, Griffiths JA, Cui G, Chen Y, Qian Y, Peng G, Li J, Wang L, Marioni JC, Tam PPL, Jing N. Time space and single-cell resolved tissue lineage trajectories and laterality of body plan at gastrulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5675. [PMID: 37709743 PMCID: PMC10502153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the molecular drivers of lineage diversification and tissue patterning during primary germ layer development requires in-depth knowledge of the dynamic molecular trajectories of cell lineages across a series of developmental stages of gastrulation. Through computational modeling, we constructed at single-cell resolution, a spatio-temporal transcriptome of cell populations in the germ-layers of gastrula-stage mouse embryos. This molecular atlas enables the inference of molecular network activity underpinning the specification and differentiation of the germ-layer tissue lineages. Heterogeneity analysis of cellular composition at defined positions in the epiblast revealed progressive diversification of cell types. The single-cell transcriptome revealed an enhanced BMP signaling activity in the right-side mesoderm of late-gastrulation embryo. Perturbation of asymmetric BMP signaling activity at late gastrulation led to randomization of left-right molecular asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm of early-somite-stage embryo. These findings indicate the asymmetric BMP activity during gastrulation may be critical for the symmetry breaking process.
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Grants
- This work was supported in part by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0801402, 2018YFA0107200, 2018YFA0801402, 2018YFA0800100, 2018YFA0108000, 2017YFA0102700), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16020501, XDA16020404), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31630043, 31900573, 31900454, 31871456, 32130030), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (2018M642106). P.P.L.T. was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Research Fellowship grant 1110751).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xianfa Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jonathan A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Genomics Plc, 50-60 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JH, UK
| | - Guizhong Cui
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liantang Wang
- School of Mathematics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong Province, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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4
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Mayshar Y, Raz O, Cheng S, Ben-Yair R, Hadas R, Reines N, Mittnenzweig M, Ben-Kiki O, Lifshitz A, Tanay A, Stelzer Y. Time-aligned hourglass gastrulation models in rabbit and mouse. Cell 2023; 186:2610-2627.e18. [PMID: 37209682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The hourglass model describes the convergence of species within the same phylum to a similar body plan during development; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in mammals remain poorly described. Here, we compare rabbit and mouse time-resolved differentiation trajectories to revisit this model at single-cell resolution. We modeled gastrulation dynamics using hundreds of embryos sampled between gestation days 6.0 and 8.5 and compared the species using a framework for time-resolved single-cell differentiation-flows analysis. We find convergence toward similar cell-state compositions at E7.5, supported by the quantitatively conserved expression of 76 transcription factors, despite divergence in surrounding trophoblast and hypoblast signaling. However, we observed noticeable changes in specification timing of some lineages and divergence of primordial germ cell programs, which in the rabbit do not activate mesoderm genes. Comparative analysis of temporal differentiation models provides a basis for studying the evolution of gastrulation dynamics across mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Mayshar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Raz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saifeng Cheng
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raz Ben-Yair
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Hadas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netta Reines
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Mittnenzweig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Ben-Kiki
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviezer Lifshitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Yonatan Stelzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Geng S, Paul F, Kowalczyk I, Raimundo S, Sporbert A, Mamo TM, Hammes A. Balancing WNT signalling in early forebrain development: The role of LRP4 as a modulator of LRP6 function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1173688. [PMID: 37091972 PMCID: PMC10119419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The specification of the forebrain relies on the precise regulation of WNT/ß-catenin signalling to support neuronal progenitor cell expansion, patterning, and morphogenesis. Imbalances in WNT signalling activity in the early neuroepithelium lead to congenital disorders, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family members, including the well-studied receptors LRP5 and LRP6, play critical roles in modulating WNT signalling capacity through tightly regulated interactions with their co-receptor Frizzled, WNT ligands, inhibitors and intracellular WNT pathway components. However, little is known about the function of LRP4 as a potential modulator of WNT signalling in the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the role of LRP4 in the regulation of WNT signalling during early mouse forebrain development. Our results demonstrate that LRP4 can modulate LRP5- and LRP6-mediated WNT signalling in the developing forebrain prior to the onset of neurogenesis at embryonic stage 9.5 and is therefore essential for accurate neural tube morphogenesis. Specifically, LRP4 functions as a genetic modifier for impaired mitotic activity and forebrain hypoplasia, but not for NTDs in LRP6-deficient mutants. In vivo and in vitro data provide evidence that LRP4 is a key player in fine-tuning WNT signalling capacity and mitotic activity of mouse neuronal progenitors and of human retinal pigment epithelial (hTERT RPE-1) cells. Our data demonstrate the crucial roles of LRP4 and LRP6 in regulating WNT signalling and forebrain development and highlight the need to consider the interaction between different signalling pathways to understand the underlying mechanisms of disease. The findings have significant implications for our mechanistic understanding of how LRPs participate in controlling WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Geng
- Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Paul
- Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Izabela Kowalczyk
- Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Raimundo
- Advanced Light Microscopy Technology Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy Technology Platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamrat Meshka Mamo
- Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tamrat Meshka Mamo, ; Annette Hammes,
| | - Annette Hammes
- Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tamrat Meshka Mamo, ; Annette Hammes,
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6
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Verhoeff K, Cuesta-Gomez N, Jasra I, Marfil-Garza B, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ. Optimizing Generation of Stem Cell-Derived Islet Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2683-2698. [PMID: 35639237 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a highly effective treatment for select patients with type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, current use is limited to those with brittle disease due to donor limitations and immunosuppression requirements. Discovery of factors for induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells into a malleable state has reinvigorated the possibility of autologous-based regenerative cell therapies. Similarly, recent progress in allogeneic human embryonic stem cell islet products is showing early success in clinical trials. Describing safe and standardized differentiation protocols with clear pathways to optimize yield and minimize off-target growth is needed to efficiently move the field forward. This review discusses current islet differentiation protocols with a detailed break-down of differentiation stages to guide step-wise controlled generation of functional islet products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Verhoeff
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nerea Cuesta-Gomez
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ila Jasra
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Braulio Marfil-Garza
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, and CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub - Excellence and Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Nidheesh Dadheech
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- 1-002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, 112 St. NW & 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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7
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Kambhampati S, Murphy S, Uosaki H, Kwon C. Cross-Organ Transcriptomic Comparison Reveals Universal Factors During Maturation. J Comput Biol 2022; 29:1031-1044. [PMID: 35802489 PMCID: PMC9499449 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2021.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cell types can be derived from stem cells. However, these cells are immature and do not match their adult counterparts in functional capabilities, limiting their use in disease modeling and cell therapies. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of maturation in vivo. However, it is unknown if there are genes and pathways conserved across organs during maturation. To address this, we performed a time-series analysis of the transcriptome of the mouse heart, brain, liver, and kidney and analyzed their trajectories over time. In addition, gene regulatory networks were reconstructed to determine overlapping expression patterns. Based on these, we identified commonly upregulated and downregulated pathways across all four organs. Key upstream regulators were also predicted based on the temporal expression of downstream genes. These findings suggest the presence of universal regulators during organ maturation, which may help us develop a general strategy to mature stem cell-derived cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kambhampati
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Identification of the central intermediate in the extra-embryonic to embryonic endoderm transition through single-cell transcriptomics. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:833-844. [PMID: 35681011 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution maps of embryonic development suggest that acquisition of cell identity is not limited to canonical germ layers but proceeds via alternative routes. Despite evidence that visceral organs are formed via embryonic and extra-embryonic trajectories, the production of organ-specific cell types in vitro focuses on the embryonic one. Here we resolve these differentiation routes using massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing to generate datasets from FOXA2Venus reporter mouse embryos and embryonic stem cell differentiation towards endoderm. To relate cell types in these datasets, we develop a single-parameter computational approach and identify an intermediate en route from extra-embryonic identity to embryonic endoderm, which we localize spatially in embryos at embryonic day 7.5. While there is little evidence for this cell type in embryonic stem cell differentiation, by following the extra-embryonic trajectory starting with naïve extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells we can generate embryonic gut spheroids. Exploiting developmental plasticity therefore offers alternatives to pluripotent cells and opens alternative avenues for in vitro differentiation.
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9
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Zhong W, Lai Y, Xia ZS, Lin Y, Ni CY, Yu Z, Li JY, Yu T, Chen QK. Pancreatic-Like Cells Derived From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Are Regulated by Pdx1 Involving the Notch Pathway. Pancreas 2022; 51:330-337. [PMID: 35695761 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived pancreatic precursor cells have great potential for pancreas repair. Expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) in definitive endoderm (DE) cells is the premise that DE cells differentiate into pancreatic cells. To achieve the required number of Pdx1-expressing DE cells for cell transplantation therapy, a valid model must be established. Using this model, researchers investigated how Pdx1 regulates ESC differentiation into pancreatic cells. METHODS Tet-On inducible lentiviral vector encoding Pdx1 or mock vector was transduced into mouse ESC (ES-E14TG2a). The mouse ESCs were divided into 3 groups: control (ESC), mock vector (Pdx1 - -ESC), and vector encoding Pdx1 (Pdx1 + -ESC). All groups were separately cocultured with the DE cells sorted by immune beads containing CXCR-4 + (C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4) antibody. Doxycycline induced the expression of Pdx1 on the Pdx1 + -ESC cells. The markers of cell differentiation and Notch pathway were examined. RESULTS Significantly increased expression levels of Ptf1a, CK19, and amylase on day (d) 3 and d7, Neuro-D1 on d10 and d14, Pax6 and insulin on d14, as well as Notch1, Notch2, Hes1, and Hes5 on d3 and thereafter declined on d14 were observed in Pdx1 + -ESC group. CONCLUSIONS Pdx1 + -ESC could differentiate into pancreatic-like cells with involvement of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Zhong
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yu Lai
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Zhong-Sheng Xia
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Ying Lin
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | | | - Zhong Yu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Jie-Yao Li
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Tao Yu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Qi-Kui Chen
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
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10
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Fagg WS, Liu N, Patrikeev I, Saldarriaga OA, Motamedi M, Popov VL, Stevenson HL, Fair JH. Endoderm and Hepatic Progenitor Cells Engraft in the Quiescent Liver Concurrent with Intrinsically Activated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689721993780. [PMID: 33657866 PMCID: PMC7940740 DOI: 10.1177/0963689721993780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation to the liver is a promising therapeutic strategy for a variety of disorders. Hepatocyte transplantation has short-term efficacy but can be problematic due to portal hypertension, inflammation, and sinusoidal thrombosis. We have previously transplanted small mouse endoderm progenitor (EP) cells to successfully reverse a murine model of hemophilia B, and labeling these cells with iron nanoparticles renders them responsive to magnetic fields, which can be used to enhance engraftment. The mechanisms mediating progenitor cell migration from the sinusoidal space to the hepatocyte compartment are unknown. Here we find human EP and hepatic progenitor (HP) cells can be produced from human embryonic stem cells with high efficiency, and they also readily uptake iron nanoparticles. This provides a simple manner through which one can readily identify transplanted cells in vivo using electron microscopy, shortly after delivery. High resolution imaging shows progenitor cell morphologies consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediating invasion into the hepatic parenchyma. This occurs in as little as 3 h, which is considerably faster than observed when hepatocytes are transplanted. We confirmed activated EMT in transplanted cells in vitro, as well as in vivo 24 h after transplantation. We conclude that EMT naturally occurs concurrent with EP and HP cell engraftment, which may mediate the rate, safety, and efficacy of early cell engraftment in the undamaged quiescent liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Samuel Fagg
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Naiyou Liu
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Igor Patrikeev
- Department of Vice President for Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Omar A Saldarriaga
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Fair
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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11
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Amadei G, Lau KYC, De Jonghe J, Gantner CW, Sozen B, Chan C, Zhu M, Kyprianou C, Hollfelder F, Zernicka-Goetz M. Inducible Stem-Cell-Derived Embryos Capture Mouse Morphogenetic Events In Vitro. Dev Cell 2020; 56:366-382.e9. [PMID: 33378662 PMCID: PMC7883308 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of mouse embryos can be partially recapitulated by combining embryonic stem cells (ESCs), trophoblast stem cells (TS), and extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells to generate embryo-like structures called ETX embryos. Although ETX embryos transcriptionally capture the mouse gastrula, their ability to recapitulate complex morphogenic events such as gastrulation is limited, possibly due to the limited potential of XEN cells. To address this, we generated ESCs transiently expressing transcription factor Gata4, which drives the extra-embryonic endoderm fate, and combined them with ESCs and TS cells to generate induced ETX embryos (iETX embryos). We show that iETX embryos establish a robust anterior signaling center that migrates unilaterally to break embryo symmetry. Furthermore, iETX embryos gastrulate generating embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm and definitive endoderm. Our findings reveal that replacement of XEN cells with ESCs transiently expressing Gata4 endows iETX embryos with greater developmental potential, thus enabling the study of the establishment of anterior-posterior patterning and gastrulation in an in vitro system. Stem cells generate mouse-embryo-like structures with improved potential These structures undertake anterior visceral endoderm formation and gastrulation Single-cell sequencing shows improved resemblance to mouse embryo
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Amadei
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kasey Y C Lau
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Carlos W Gantner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Berna Sozen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher Chan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Christos Kyprianou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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12
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Guo SS, Au TYK, Wynn S, Aszodi A, Chan D, Fässler R, Cheah KSE. β1 Integrin regulates convergent extension in mouse notogenesis, ensures notochord integrity and the morphogenesis of vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Development 2020; 147:dev192724. [PMID: 33051257 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The notochord drives longitudinal growth of the body axis by convergent extension, a highly conserved developmental process that depends on non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. However, the role of cell-matrix interactions mediated by integrins in the development of the notochord is unclear. We developed transgenic Cre mice, in which the β1 integrin gene (Itgb1) is ablated at E8.0 in the notochord only or in the notochord and tail bud. These Itgb1 conditional mutants display misaligned, malformed vertebral bodies, hemi-vertebrae and truncated tails. From early somite stages, the notochord was interrupted and displaced in these mutants. Convergent extension of the notochord was impaired with defective cell movement. Treatment of E7.25 wild-type embryos with anti-β1 integrin blocking antibodies, to target node pit cells, disrupted asymmetric localization of VANGL2. Our study implicates pivotal roles of β1 integrin for the establishment of PCP and convergent extension of the developing notochord, its structural integrity and positioning, thereby ensuring development of the nucleus pulposus and the proper alignment of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Failure of this control may contribute to human congenital spine malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Shengzhen Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tiffany Y K Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sarah Wynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Fraunhoferstraβe 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kathryn S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Niu Y, Sun N, Li C, Lei Y, Huang Z, Wu J, Si C, Dai X, Liu C, Wei J, Liu L, Feng S, Kang Y, Si W, Wang H, Zhang E, Zhao L, Li Z, Luo X, Cui G, Peng G, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Ji W, Tan T. Dissecting primate early post-implantation development using long-term in vitro embryo culture. Science 2019; 366:science.aaw5754. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transition from peri-implantation to gastrulation in mammals entails the specification and organization of the lineage progenitors into a body plan. Technical and ethical challenges have limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this transition. We established a culture system that enabled the development of cynomolgus monkey embryos in vitro for up to 20 days. Cultured embryos underwent key primate developmental stages, including lineage segregation, bilaminar disc formation, amniotic and yolk sac cavitation, and primordial germ cell–like cell (PGCLC) differentiation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed development trajectories of primitive endoderm, trophectoderm, epiblast lineages, and PGCLCs. Analysis of single-cell chromatin accessibility identified transcription factors specifying each cell type. Our results reveal critical developmental events and complex molecular mechanisms underlying nonhuman primate embryogenesis in the early postimplantation period, with possible relevance to human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Nianqin Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ying Lei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Zhihao Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chenyang Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xi Dai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Jingkuan Wei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Su Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - E. Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, CAS, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- Center of Cell Lineage and Atlas, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, CAS, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Center of Cell Lineage and Atlas, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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14
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Molecular architecture of lineage allocation and tissue organization in early mouse embryo. Nature 2019; 572:528-532. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Aksoy YA, Nguyen DT, Chow S, Chung RS, Guillemin GJ, Cole NJ, Hesselson D. Chemical reprogramming enhances homology-directed genome editing in zebrafish embryos. Commun Biol 2019; 2:198. [PMID: 31149642 PMCID: PMC6533270 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise genome editing is limited by the inefficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR) compared to the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) of double strand breaks (DSBs). The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas9 system generates precise, locus-specific DSBs that can serve as substrates for HDR. We developed an in vivo visual reporter assay to quantify HDR-mediated events at single-cell resolution in zebrafish and used this system to identify small-molecule modulators that shift the DNA repair equilibrium in favor of HDR. By further optimizing the reaction environment and repair template, we achieved dramatic enhancement of HDR-mediated repair efficiency in zebrafish. Accordingly, under optimized conditions, inhibition of NHEJ with NU7441 enhanced HDR-mediated repair up to 13.4-fold. Importantly, we demonstrate that the increase in somatic HDR events correlates directly with germline transmission, permitting the efficient recovery of large seamlessly integrated DNA fragments in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz A. Aksoy
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - David T. Nguyen
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Sharron Chow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Roger S. Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Cole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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16
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McMahon R, Sibbritt T, Salehin N, Osteil P, Tam PPL. Mechanistic insights from the LHX1-driven molecular network in building the embryonic head. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:327-336. [PMID: 31111476 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of an embryo is driven by a series of molecular instructions that control the differentiation of tissue precursor cells and shape the tissues into major body parts. LIM homeobox 1 (LHX1) is a transcription factor that plays a major role in the development of the embryonic head of the mouse. Loss of LHX1 function disrupts the morphogenetic movement of head tissue precursors and impacts on the function of molecular factors in modulating the activity of the WNT signaling pathway. LHX1 acts with a transcription factor complex to regulate the transcription of target genes in multiple phases of development and in a range of embryonic tissues of the mouse and Xenopus. Determining the interacting factors and transcriptional targets of LHX1 will be key to unraveling the ensemble of factors involved in head development and building a head gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley McMahon
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tennille Sibbritt
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nazmus Salehin
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Yasuoka Y, Tando Y, Kubokawa K, Taira M. Evolution of cis-regulatory modules for the head organizer gene goosecoid in chordates: comparisons between Branchiostoma and Xenopus. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31388442 PMCID: PMC6679436 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cephalochordates (amphioxus), the notochord runs along the dorsal to the anterior tip of the body. In contrast, the vertebrate head is formed anterior to the notochord, as a result of head organizer formation in anterior mesoderm during early development. A key gene for the vertebrate head organizer, goosecoid (gsc), is broadly expressed in the dorsal mesoderm of amphioxus gastrula. Amphioxus gsc expression subsequently becomes restricted to the posterior notochord from the early neurula. This has prompted the hypothesis that a change in expression patterns of gsc led to development of the vertebrate head during chordate evolution. However, molecular mechanisms of head organizer evolution involving gsc have never been elucidated. RESULTS To address this question, we compared cis-regulatory modules of vertebrate organizer genes between amphioxus, Branchiostoma japonicum, and frogs, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. Here we show conservation and diversification of gene regulatory mechanisms through cis-regulatory modules for gsc, lim1/lhx1, and chordin in Branchiostoma and Xenopus. Reporter analysis using Xenopus embryos demonstrates that activation of gsc by Nodal/FoxH1 signal through the 5' upstream region, that of lim1 by Nodal/FoxH1 signal through the first intron, and that of chordin by Lim1 through the second intron, are conserved between amphioxus and Xenopus. However, activation of gsc by Lim1 and Otx through the 5' upstream region in Xenopus are not conserved in amphioxus. Furthermore, the 5' region of amphioxus gsc recapitulated the amphioxus-like posterior mesoderm expression of the reporter gene in transgenic Xenopus embryos. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of this study, we propose a model, in which the gsc gene acquired the cis-regulatory module bound with Lim1 and Otx at its 5' upstream region to be activated persistently in anterior mesoderm, in the vertebrate lineage. Because Gsc globally represses trunk (notochord) genes in the vertebrate head organizer, this cooption of gsc in vertebrates appears to have resulted in inhibition of trunk genes and acquisition of the head organizer and its derivative prechordal plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukiko Tando
- Center for Advance Marine Research, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8639 Japan
- Present address: Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kaoru Kubokawa
- Center for Advance Marine Research, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8639 Japan
- Present address: SIRC, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605 Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
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18
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Sibbritt T, Ip CK, Khoo P, Wilkie E, Jones V, Sun JQJ, Shen JX, Peng G, Han JJ, Jing N, Osteil P, Ramialison M, Tam PPL, Fossat N. A gene regulatory network anchored by LIM homeobox 1 for embryonic head development. Genesis 2018; 56:e23246. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tennille Sibbritt
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Chi K. Ip
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Poh‐Lynn Khoo
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Emilie Wilkie
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Vanessa Jones
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jane Q. J. Sun
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Joanne X. Shen
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jing‐Dong J. Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences‐Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Patrick P. L. Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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19
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Warga RM, Kane DA. Wilson cell origin for kupffer's vesicle in the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1057-1069. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Warga
- Department of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan
| | - Donald A. Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan
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20
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Martyn I, Kanno TY, Ruzo A, Siggia ED, Brivanlou AH. Self-organization of a human organizer by combined Wnt and Nodal signalling. Nature 2018; 558:132-135. [PMID: 29795348 PMCID: PMC6077985 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In amniotes, the development of the primitive streak (PS) and its accompanying “organizer” define the first stages of gastrulation. Despite detailed characterization in model organisms, the analogous human structures remain a mystery. We have previously shown that when stimulated with BMP4, micropatterned colonies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) self-organize to generate early embryonic germ layers1. Here we show that in the same type of colonies WNT signalling is sufficient to induce a PS, and WNT with ACTIVIN is sufficient to induce an organizer, as characterized by embryo-like sharp boundary formation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and expression of the organizer specific transcription factor GSC. Moreover, when grafted into chick embryos, WNT and ACTIVIN treated human cells induce and contribute autonomously to a secondary axis while inducing neural fate in the host. This fulfills the most stringent functional criteria for an organizer, and its discovery represents a major milestone in human embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Y Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Ruzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E D Siggia
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Watanabe M, Yasuoka Y, Mawaribuchi S, Kuretani A, Ito M, Kondo M, Ochi H, Ogino H, Fukui A, Taira M, Kinoshita T. Conservatism and variability of gene expression profiles among homeologous transcription factors in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 426:301-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Whitmill A, Liu Y, Timani KA, Niu Y, He JJ. Tip110 Deletion Impaired Embryonic and Stem Cell Development Involving Downregulation of Stem Cell Factors Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1674-1686. [PMID: 28436127 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat-interacting protein of 110 kDa, Tip110, plays important roles in multiple biological processes. In this study, we aimed to characterize the function of Tip110 in embryonic development. Transgenic mice lacking expression of a functional Tip110 gene (Tip110-/- ) died post-implantation, and Tip110-/- embryos exhibited developmental arrest between 8.5 and 9.5 days post coitum. However, in vitro cultures of Tip110-/- embryos showed that Tip110 loss did not impair embryo growth from the zygote to the blastocyst. Extended in vitro cultures of Tip110-/- blastocysts showed that Tip110 loss impaired both blastocyst outgrowth and self-renewal and survival of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells. Microarray analysis of Tip110-/- embryonic stem cells revealed that Tip110 loss altered differentiation, pluripotency, and cycling of embryonic stem cells and was associated with downregulation of several major stem cell factors including Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 through a complex network of signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings document for the first time the lethal effects of complete loss of Tip110 on mammalian embryonic development and suggest that Tip110 is an important regulator of not only embryonic development but also stem cell factors. Stem Cells 2017;35:1674-1686.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Whitmill
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Khalid Amine Timani
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Yinghua Niu
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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23
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Liu Z, Guo J, Wang Y, Weng Z, Huang B, Yu MK, Zhang X, Yuan P, Zhao H, Chan WY, Jiang X, Chan HC. CFTR-β-catenin interaction regulates mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation and embryonic development. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:98-110. [PMID: 27834953 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated anion channel capable of conducting both Cl- and HCO3-, mutations of which cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a common autosomal recessive disease. Although CF patients are known to have varied degree of developmental problems, the biological role of CFTR in embryonic development remains elusive. Here, we show that CFTR is functionally expressed in mouse ESCs. CFTR-/- mESCs exhibit dramatic defect in mesendoderm differentiation. In addition, CFTR physically interacts with β-catenin, defect of which leads to premature degradation of β-catenin and suppressed activation of β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, knockdown of CFTR retards the early development of Xenopus laevis with impaired mesoderm/endoderm differentiation and β-catenin signaling. Our study reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR in controlling ESC differentiation and early embryonic development via its interaction with β-catenin, and provides novel insights into the understanding of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Liu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jinghui Guo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhihui Weng
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Biao Huang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Mei-Kuen Yu
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hsiao-Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China
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24
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Peng G, Suo S, Chen J, Chen W, Liu C, Yu F, Wang R, Chen S, Sun N, Cui G, Song L, Tam PPL, Han JDJ, Jing N. Spatial Transcriptome for the Molecular Annotation of Lineage Fates and Cell Identity in Mid-gastrula Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2016; 36:681-97. [PMID: 27003939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation of the mouse embryo entails progressive restriction of lineage potency and the organization of the lineage progenitors into a body plan. Here we performed a high-resolution RNA sequencing analysis on single mid-gastrulation mouse embryos to collate a spatial transcriptome that correlated with the regionalization of cell fates in the embryo. 3D rendition of the quantitative data enabled the visualization of the spatial pattern of all expressing genes in the epiblast in a digital whole-mount in situ format. The dataset also identified genes that (1) are co-expressed in a specific cell population, (2) display similar global pattern of expression, (3) have lineage markers, (4) mark domains of transcriptional and signaling activity associated with cell fates, and (5) can be used as zip codes for mapping the position of single cells isolated from the mid-gastrula stage embryo and the embryo-derived stem cells to the equivalent epiblast cells for delineating their prospective cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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25
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Tam PPL, Fossat N, Wilkie E, Loebel DAF, Ip CK, Ramialison M. Formation of the Embryonic Head in the Mouse: Attributes of a Gene Regulatory Network. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 117:497-521. [PMID: 26969997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic head is the first major body part to be constructed during embryogenesis. The allocation and the assembly of the progenitor tissues, which start at gastrulation, are accompanied by the spatiotemporal activity of transcription factors and signaling pathways that drives lineage specification, germ layer formation, and cell/tissue movement. The morphogenesis, regionalization, and patterning of the brain and craniofacial structures rely on the function of LIM-domain, homeodomain, and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. These factors constitute the central nodes of a gene regulatory network (GRN) which encompasses and intersects with signaling pathways involved with head formation. It is predicted that the functional output of this "head GRN" impacts on cellular function and cell-cell interactions that are essential for lineage differentiation and tissue modeling, which are key processes underpinning the formation of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emilie Wilkie
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A F Loebel
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Yoshida M, Kajikawa E, Kurokawa D, Tokunaga T, Onishi A, Yonemura S, Kobayashi K, Kiyonari H, Aizawa S. Conserved and divergent expression patterns of markers of axial development in eutherian mammals. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:67-86. [PMID: 26404161 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse embryos are cup shaped, but most nonrodent eutherian embryos are disk shaped. Extraembryonic ectoderm (ExEc), which may have essential roles in anterior-posterior (A-P) axis formation in mouse embryos, does not develop in many eutherian embryos. To assess A-P axis formation in eutherians, comparative analyses were made on rabbit, porcine, and Suncus embryos. RESULTS All embryos examined expressed Nodal initially throughout epiblast and visceral endoderm; its expression became restricted to the posterior region before gastrulation. Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) genes were expressed in Otx2-positive visceral endoderm, with Dkk1 expression being most anterior. The mouse pattern of AVE formation was conserved in rabbit embryos, but had diverged in porcine and Suncus embryos. No structure that was molecularly equivalent to Bmp-positive ExEc, existed in rabbit or pig embryos. In Suncus embryos, A-P axis was determined at prehatching stage, and these embryos attached to uterine wall at future posterior side. CONCLUSIONS Nodal, but not Bmp, functions in epiblast and visceral endoderm development may be conserved in eutherians. AVE functions may also be conserved, but the pattern of its formation has diverged among eutherians. Roles of BMP and NODAL gradients in AVE formation seem to have been established in a subset of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yoshida
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tokunaga
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, Animal Research Division, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Ultrastructural Research Team, Biosystem Dynamics Group, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aizawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Rostovskaya M, Bredenkamp N, Smith A. Towards consistent generation of pancreatic lineage progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140365. [PMID: 26416676 PMCID: PMC4633994 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can in principle be used as a source of any differentiated cell type for disease modelling, drug screening, toxicology testing or cell replacement therapy. Type I diabetes is considered a major target for stem cell applications due to the shortage of primary human beta cells. Several protocols have been reported for generating pancreatic progenitors by in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Here we first assessed one of these protocols on a panel of pluripotent stem cell lines for capacity to engender glucose sensitive insulin-producing cells after engraftment in immunocompromised mice. We observed variable outcomes with only one cell line showing a low level of glucose response. We, therefore, undertook a systematic comparison of different methods for inducing definitive endoderm and subsequently pancreatic differentiation. Of several protocols tested, we identified a combined approach that robustly generated pancreatic progenitors in vitro from both embryo-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells. These findings suggest that, although there are intrinsic differences in lineage specification propensity between pluripotent stem cell lines, optimal differentiation procedures may consistently direct a substantial fraction of cells into pancreatic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rostovskaya
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nicholas Bredenkamp
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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28
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Hoshino H, Shioi G, Aizawa S. AVE protein expression and visceral endoderm cell behavior during anterior-posterior axis formation in mouse embryos: Asymmetry in OTX2 and DKK1 expression. Dev Biol 2015; 402:175-91. [PMID: 25910836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The initial landmark of anterior-posterior (A-P) axis formation in mouse embryos is the distal visceral endoderm, DVE, which expresses a series of anterior genes at embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5). Subsequently, DVE cells move to the future anterior region, generating anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). Questions remain regarding how the DVE is formed and how the direction of the movement is determined. This study compares the detailed expression patterns of OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1 and DKK1 by immunohistology and live imaging at E4.5-E6.5. At E6.5, the AVE is subdivided into four domains: most anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-low/DKK1-high), anterior (OTX2, HHEX, CER1-high/DKK1-low), main (OTX2, HHEX, CER1, LEFTY1-high) and antero-lateral and posterior (OTX2, HHEX-low). The study demonstrates how this pattern is established. AVE protein expression in the DVE occurs de novo at E5.25-E5.5. Neither HHEX, LEFTY1 nor CER1 expression is asymmetric. In contrast, OTX2 expression is tilted on the future posterior side with the DKK1 expression at its proximal domain; the DVE cells move in the opposite direction of the tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hoshino
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Aizawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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29
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Ip CK, Fossat N, Jones V, Lamonerie T, Tam PPL. Head formation: OTX2 regulates Dkk1 and Lhx1 activity in the anterior mesendoderm. Development 2014; 141:3859-67. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.114900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Otx2 gene encodes a paired-type homeobox transcription factor that is essential for the induction and the patterning of the anterior structures in the mouse embryo. Otx2 knockout embryos fail to form a head. Whereas previous studies have shown that Otx2 is required in the anterior visceral endoderm and the anterior neuroectoderm for head formation, its role in the anterior mesendoderm (AME) has not been assessed specifically. Here, we show that tissue-specific ablation of Otx2 in the AME phenocopies the truncation of the embryonic head of the Otx2 null mutant. Expression of Dkk1 and Lhx1, two genes that are also essential for head formation, is disrupted in the AME of the conditional Otx2-deficient embryos. Consistent with the fact that Dkk1 is a direct target of OTX2, we showed that OTX2 can interact with the H1 regulatory region of Dkk1 to activate its expression. Cross-species comparative analysis, RT-qPCR, ChIP-qPCR and luciferase assays have revealed two conserved regions in the Lhx1 locus to which OTX2 can bind to activate Lhx1 expression. Abnormal development of the embryonic head in Otx2;Lhx1 and Otx2;Dkk1 compound mutant embryos highlights the functional intersection of Otx2, Dkk1 and Lhx1 in the AME for head formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kin Ip
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa Jones
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Thomas Lamonerie
- Equipe Neurodéveloppement, Institut de Biologie Valrose, UMR UNS/CNRS 7277/INSERM 1091, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Patrick P. L. Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 23, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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30
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Wolfe AD, Downs KM. Mixl1 localizes to putative axial stem cell reservoirs and their posterior descendants in the mouse embryo. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:8-20. [PMID: 24632399 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mixl1 is thought to play important roles in formation of mesoderm and endoderm. Previously, Mixl1 expression was reported in the posterior primitive streak and allantois, but the precise spatiotemporal whereabouts of Mixl1 protein throughout gastrulation have not been elucidated. To localize Mixl1 protein, immunohistochemistry was carried out at 2-4 h intervals on mouse gastrulae between primitive streak and 16-somite pair (s) stages (~E6.5-9.5). Mixl1 localized to the entire primitive streak early in gastrulation. However, by headfold stages (~E7.75-8.0), Mixl1 diminished within the mid-streak but remained concentrated at either end of the streak, and localized throughout midline posterior visceral endoderm. At the streak's anterior end, Mixl1 was confined to the posterior crown cells of Hensen's node, which contribute to dorsal hindgut endoderm, and the posterior notochord. In the posterior streak, Mixl1 localized to the Allantoic Core Domain (ACD), which is the source of most of the allantois and contributes to the posterior embryonic-extraembryonic interface. In addition, Mix1 co-localized with the early hematopoietic marker, Runx1, in the allantois and visceral yolk sac blood islands. During hindgut invagination (4-16s, ~E8.5-9.5), Mixl1 localized to the hindgut lip, becoming concentrated within the midline anastomosis of the splanchnopleure, which appears to create the ventral component of the hindgut and omphalomesenteric artery. Surrounding the distal hindgut, Mixl1 identified midline cells within tailbud mesoderm. Mixl1 was also found in the posterior notochord. These findings provide a critical systematic, and tissue-level understanding of embryonic Mixl1 localization, and support its role in regulation of crucial posterior axial mesendodermal stem cell niches during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4105 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Karen M Downs
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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31
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Toivonen S, Lundin K, Balboa D, Ustinov J, Tamminen K, Palgi J, Trokovic R, Tuuri T, Otonkoski T. Activin A and Wnt-dependent specification of human definitive endoderm cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2535-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Arkell RM, Tam PPL. Initiating head development in mouse embryos: integrating signalling and transcriptional activity. Open Biol 2013; 2:120030. [PMID: 22754658 PMCID: PMC3382960 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of an embryonic body plan is the outcome of inductive interactions between the progenitor tissues that underpin their specification, regionalization and morphogenesis. The intercellular signalling activity driving these processes is deployed in a time- and site-specific manner, and the signal strength must be precisely controlled. Receptor and ligand functions are modulated by secreted antagonists to impose a dynamic pattern of globally controlled and locally graded signals onto the tissues of early post-implantation mouse embryo. In response to the WNT, Nodal and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling cascades, the embryo acquires its body plan, which manifests as differences in the developmental fate of cells located at different positions in the anterior–posterior body axis. The initial formation of the anterior (head) structures in the mouse embryo is critically dependent on the morphogenetic activity emanating from two signalling centres that are juxtaposed with the progenitor tissues of the head. A common property of these centres is that they are the source of antagonistic factors and the hub of transcriptional activities that negatively modulate the function of WNT, Nodal and BMP signalling cascades. These events generate the scaffold of the embryonic head by the early-somite stage of development. Beyond this, additional tissue interactions continue to support the growth, regionalization, differentiation and morphogenesis required for the elaboration of the structure recognizable as the embryonic head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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33
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Arias AM, Nichols J, Schröter C. A molecular basis for developmental plasticity in early mammalian embryos. Development 2013; 140:3499-510. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early mammalian embryos exhibit remarkable plasticity, as highlighted by the ability of separated early blastomeres to produce a whole organism. Recent work in the mouse implicates a network of transcription factors in governing the establishment of the primary embryonic lineages. A combination of genetics and embryology has uncovered the organisation and function of the components of this network, revealing a gradual resolution from ubiquitous to lineage-specific expression through a combination of defined regulatory relationships, spatially organised signalling, and biases from mechanical inputs. Here, we summarise this information, link it to classical embryology and propose a molecular framework for the establishment and regulation of developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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34
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Ichikawa T, Nakazato K, Keller PJ, Kajiura-Kobayashi H, Stelzer EHK, Mochizuki A, Nonaka S. Live imaging of whole mouse embryos during gastrulation: migration analyses of epiblast and mesodermal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64506. [PMID: 23861733 PMCID: PMC3704669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During gastrulation in the mouse embryo, dynamic cell movements including epiblast invagination and mesodermal layer expansion lead to the establishment of the three-layered body plan. The precise details of these movements, however, are sometimes elusive, because of the limitations in live imaging. To overcome this problem, we developed techniques to enable observation of living mouse embryos with digital scanned light sheet microscope (DSLM). The achieved deep and high time-resolution images of GFP-expressing nuclei and following 3D tracking analysis revealed the following findings: (i) Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) occurs in the epiblast at embryonic day (E)6 and 6.5. (ii) INM-like migration occurs in the E5.5 embryo, when the epiblast is a monolayer and not yet pseudostratified. (iii) Primary driving force for INM at E6.5 is not pressure from neighboring nuclei. (iv) Mesodermal cells migrate not as a sheet but as individual cells without coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ichikawa
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakazato
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Philipp J. Keller
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Kajiura-Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki Aichi, Japan
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Physical Biology (FB 15 IZN), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS, CEF-MC), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Andoniadou CL, Martinez-Barbera JP. Developmental mechanisms directing early anterior forebrain specification in vertebrates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3739-52. [PMID: 23397132 PMCID: PMC3781296 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research from the last 15 years has provided a working model for how the anterior forebrain is induced and specified during the early stages of embryogenesis. This model relies on three basic processes: (1) induction of the neural plate from naive ectoderm requires the inhibition of BMP/TGFβ signaling; (2) induced neural tissue initially acquires an anterior identity (i.e., anterior forebrain); (3) maintenance and expansion of the anterior forebrain depends on the antagonism of posteriorizing signals that would otherwise transform this tissue into posterior neural fates. In this review, we present a historical perspective examining some of the significant experiments that have helped to delineate this molecular model. In addition, we discuss the function of the relevant tissues that act prior to and during gastrulation to ensure proper anterior forebrain formation. Finally, we elaborate data, mainly obtained from the analyses of mouse mutants, supporting a role for transcriptional repressors in the regulation of cell competence within the anterior forebrain. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with a general overview of the signals as well as the signaling centers that control the development of the anterior neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lilian Andoniadou
- Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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36
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Sutherland MJ, Wang S, Quinn ME, Haaning A, Ware SM. Zic3 is required in the migrating primitive streak for node morphogenesis and left-right patterning. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1913-23. [PMID: 23303524 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, loss-of-function mutations in ZIC3 cause isolated cardiovascular malformations and X-linked heterotaxy, a disorder with abnormal left-right asymmetry of organs. Zic3 null mice recapitulate the human heterotaxy phenotype but also have early gastrulation defects, axial patterning defects and neural tube defects complicating an assessment of the role of Zic3 in cardiac development. Zic3 is expressed ubiquitously during critical stages of left-right patterning but its later expression in the developing heart remains controversial and the molecular mechanism(s) by which it causes heterotaxy are unknown. To define the temporal and spatial requirements, for Zic3 in left-right patterning, we generated conditional Zic3 mice and Zic3-LacZ-BAC reporter mice. The latter provide compelling evidence that Zic3 is expressed in the mouse node and absent in the heart. Conditional deletion using T-Cre identifies a requirement for Zic3 in the primitive streak and migrating mesoderm for proper left-right patterning and cardiac development. In contrast, Zic3 is not required in heart progenitors or the cardiac compartment. In addition, the data demonstrate abnormal node morphogenesis in Zic3 null mice and identify similar node dysplasia when Zic3 was specifically deleted from the migrating mesoderm and primitive streak. These results define the temporal and spatial requirements for Zic3 in node morphogenesis, left-right patterning and cardiac development and suggest the possibility that a requirement for Zic3 in node ultrastructure underlies its role in heterotaxy and laterality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi J Sutherland
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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37
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Finkbeiner SR, Spence JR. A gutsy task: generating intestinal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1176-84. [PMID: 23532718 PMCID: PMC3661082 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many significant advances in our understanding of intestine development, intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation have been made in recent years. These advances include novel techniques to culture primary human and mouse intestinal epithelium in three-dimensional matrices, and de novo generation of human intestinal tissue from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. This short review will focus on the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue, highlight novel uses of this tissue, and compare and contrast this system to primary intestinal epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R. Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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38
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Efficient differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into insulin-producing cells. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:201295. [PMID: 22919367 PMCID: PMC3420137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a potential source of a variety of differentiated cells for cell therapy, drug discovery, and toxicology screening. Here, we present an efficacy strategy for the differentiation of mouse ES cells into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) by a two-step differentiation protocol comprising of (i) the formation of definitive endoderm in monolayer culture by activin A, and (ii) this monolayer endoderm being induced to differentiate into IPCs by nicotinamide, insulin, and laminin. Differentiated cells can be obtained within approximately 7 days. The differentiation IPCs combined application of RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence to characterize phenotypic and functional properties. In our study, we demonstrated that IPCs produced pancreatic transcription factors, endocrine progenitor marker, definitive endoderm, pancreatic β-cell markers, and Langerhans α and δ cells. The IPCs released insulin in a manner that was dose dependent upon the amount of glucose added. These techniques may be able to be applied to human ES cells, which would have very important ramifications for treating human disease.
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Pereira LA, Wong MS, Mei Lim S, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. The Mix family of homeobox genes—Key regulators of mesendoderm formation during vertebrate development. Dev Biol 2012; 367:163-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Taubenschmid J, Weitzer G. Mechanisms of cardiogenesis in cardiovascular progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 293:195-267. [PMID: 22251563 PMCID: PMC7615846 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394304-0.00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing cells of the vertebrate heart have become a major subject of interest in the past decade. However, many researchers had a hard time to argue against the orthodox textbook view that defines the heart as a postmitotic organ. Once the scientific community agreed on the existence of self-renewing cells in the vertebrate heart, their origin was again put on trial when transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming could no longer be excluded as potential sources of self-renewal in the adult organ. Additionally, the presence of self-renewing pluripotent cells in the peripheral blood challenges the concept of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Leaving these unsolved problems aside, it seems very desirable to learn about the basic biology of this unique cell type. Thus, we shall here paint a picture of cardiovascular progenitor cells including the current knowledge about their origin, basic nature, and the molecular mechanisms guiding proliferation and differentiation into somatic cells of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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41
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Kimelman D, Martin BL. Anterior-posterior patterning in early development: three strategies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:253-66. [PMID: 23801439 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anterior-posterior (AP) axis is the most ancient of the embryonic axes and exists in most metazoans. Different animals use a wide variety of mechanisms to create this axis in the early embryo. In this study, we focus on three animals, including two insects (Drosophila and Tribolium) and a vertebrate (zebrafish) to examine different strategies used to form the AP axis. While Drosophila forms the entire axis within a syncytial blastoderm using transcription factors as morphogens, zebrafish uses signaling factors in a cellularized embryo, progressively forming the AP axis over the course of a day. Tribolium uses an intermediate strategy that has commonalities with both Drosophila and zebrafish. We discuss the specific molecular mechanisms used to create the AP axis and identify conserved features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kimelman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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42
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Integrated microarray and ChIP analysis identifies multiple Foxa2 dependent target genes in the notochord. Dev Biol 2011; 360:415-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yu YD, Kim KH, Lee SG, Choi SY, Kim YC, Byun KS, Cha IH, Park KY, Cho CH, Choi DH. Hepatic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells using stromal cells. J Surg Res 2011; 170:e253-61. [PMID: 21816427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The derivation of hepatocytes from human embryonic stem (hES) cells is of value both in the study of early human liver organogenesis and in the creation of an unlimited source of donor cells for hepatocyte transplantation therapy. Here, we report the generation of hepatocyte-like cells derived from hES cells. METHODS Hepatic endoderm cells were generated by adding activin A for 5 d- to 1-d-old embryoid bodies formed from hES cells. The hepatic endoderm cells were cocultured with mitomycin treated 3T3-J2 feeder cells. RESULTS After co-culture with mitomycin treated 3T3-J2 feeder cells, these hepatic endodermal cells yielded hepatocyte-like cell colonies, which possessed the proliferation potential to be cultured for an extended period of more than 30 d. With extensive expansion, they co-expressed the hepatic marker AFP and albumin, indicating that they were hepatocyte-like cells. CONCLUSIONS We report the generation of proliferative hepatocyte-like cells from hES cells. These hES cell derived hepatic cells can effectively be used as in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of hepatic stem/progenitor cell origin, self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dong Yu
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Turovets N, Fair J, West R, Ostrowska A, Semechkin R, Janus J, Cui L, Agapov V, Turovets I, Semechkin A, Csete M, Agapova L. Derivation of high-purity definitive endoderm from human parthenogenetic stem cells using an in vitro analog of the primitive streak. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:217-34. [PMID: 21669044 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x582723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parthenogenetic stem cells (hpSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with enormous potential as cell sources for cell-based therapies: hpSCs may have histocompatibilty advantages over human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derivation of hpSCs does not require viable blastocyst destruction. For translation of all pluripotent stem cell-based therapies, derivation of differentiated cell products that are not contaminated with undifferentiated cells is a major technical roadblock. We report here a novel method to derive high-purity definitive endoderm (DE) from hpSCs, based on reproducing features of the normal human embryonic microenvironment. The method mimics the developmental process of transition through a primitive streak, using a differentiation device that incorporates a three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) combined with a porous membrane. Treatment of undifferentiated hpSCs above the membrane results an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); thus, responsive cells acquire the ability to migrate through the membrane into the ECM, where they differentiate into DE. Importantly, the resultant DE is highly purified, and is not contaminated by undifferentiated cells, as assessed by OCT4 expression using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The functional properties of the DE are also preserved by the process: DE differentiated in the device can generate a highly enriched population of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) characterized by expression of hepatic lineage markers, indocyanine green clearance, glycogen storage, cytochrome P450 activity, and engraftment in the liver after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. The method is broadly applicable and we obtained purified DE using hESCs, as well as several hpSC lines. The novel method described here represents a significant step toward the efficient generation of high-purity cells derived from DE, including hepatocytes and pancreatic endocrine cells, for use in regenerative medicine and drug discovery, as well as a platform for studying cell fate specification and behavior during development.
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45
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Turovets N, D'Amour KA, Agapov V, Turovets I, Kochetkova O, Janus J, Semechkin A, Moorman MA, Agapova L. Human parthenogenetic stem cells produce enriched populations of definitive endoderm cells after trichostatin A pretreatment. Differentiation 2011; 81:292-8. [PMID: 21306817 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human parthenogenetic stem cells (hpSC) hold great promise as a source of pluripotent stem cells for cell-based transplantation therapy due to their ethical method of derivation as well as the enhanced capacity for immunomatching with significant segments of the human population. We report here the directed differentiation of hpSC to produce enriched populations of definitive endoderm. Moreover, we find that treatment of undifferentiated hpSC by trichostatin A (TSA) before applying the directed differentiation protocol significantly increases the proportion of definitive endoderm cells in the final population. TSA-pretreated as well as non-TSA-treated hpSC undergoing differentiation toward definitive endoderm demonstrate a similar temporal sequence of gene expression to that which occurs in the course of definitive endoderm differentiation during vertebrate gastrulation and for differentiation of hESCs to definitive endoderm. Creation of the definitive endoderm lineages from hpSC represents the critical first step toward the development of hpSC-based cellular therapies for diseases of the liver or pancreas.
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46
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Leung AWL, Wong SYY, Chan D, Tam PPL, Cheah KSE. Loss of procollagen IIA from the anterior mesendoderm disrupts the development of mouse embryonic forebrain. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2319-29. [PMID: 20730911 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the mammalian forebrain is influenced by the patterning activity of signals emanating from the anterior mesendoderm. In this study, we show that procollagen IIA (IIA), an isoform of the cartilage extracellular matrix protein encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript of Col2a1, is expressed in the prechordal plate and the anterior definitive endoderm. In the absence of IIA activity, the null mutants displayed a partially penetrant phenotype of loss of head tissues, holoprosencephaly, and loss of mid-facial structures, which is associated with reduced sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the prechordal mesoderm. Genetic interaction studies reveal that IIA function in forebrain and face development does not involve bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A)- or NODAL-mediated signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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47
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Fossat N, Jones V, Khoo PL, Bogani D, Hardy A, Steiner K, Mukhopadhyay M, Westphal H, Nolan PM, Arkell R, Tam PPL. Stringent requirement of a proper level of canonical WNT signalling activity for head formation in mouse embryo. Development 2011; 138:667-76. [PMID: 21228006 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mouse embryos, loss of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) activity is associated with an ectopic activation of WNT signalling responses in the precursors of the craniofacial structures and leads to a complete truncation of the head at early organogenesis. Here, we show that ENU-induced mutations of genes coding for two WNT canonical pathway factors, the co-receptor LRP6 and the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin, also elicit an ectopic signalling response and result in loss of the rostral tissues of the forebrain. Compound mutant embryos harbouring combinations of mutant alleles of Lrp6, Ctnnb1 and Dkk1 recapitulate the partial to complete head truncation phenotype of individual homozygous mutants. The demonstration of a synergistic interaction of Dkk1, Lrp6 and Ctnnb1 provides compelling evidence supporting the concepts that (1) stringent regulation of the level of canonical WNT signalling is necessary for head formation, (2) activity of the canonical pathway is sufficient to account for the phenotypic effects of mutations in three different components of the signal cascade and (3) rostral parts of the brain and the head are differentially more sensitive to canonical WNT signalling and their development is contingent on negative modulation of WNT signalling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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48
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Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to thymic epithelial cells by phenotype. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:314-21. [PMID: 20680027 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are present in both cortical and medullary thymic areas, and have crucial roles in functional T-cell development. In this study, we studied the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to TEC. When iPSC were cultured for 4 days in collagen IV-coated dishes in the presence of both activin A and lithium chloride (LiCl), the cells differentiated to definitive endoderm through mesendoderm. Further treatment with Fgf8 followed by Fgf7, Fgf10 and BMP4 differentiated iPSC to thymic epithelial progenitor cells (TEPCs) by phenotype. Gene expression of Hoxa3, Pax1 and Pax9 was observed and cell surface proteins EpCAM1 and MTS24 were detected at day 14 of iPSC differentiation. TEPCs differentiated to medullary TECs (mTECs) by phenotype following the addition of receptor activator nuclear factor B ligand with LiCl. Thus, we successfully induced efficient differentiation from mouse iPSC to TEPCs and mTEC by phenotype using chemically defined conditions.
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49
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Alev C, Wu Y, Kasukawa T, Jakt LM, Ueda HR, Sheng G. Transcriptomic landscape of the primitive streak. Development 2010; 137:2863-74. [PMID: 20667916 DOI: 10.1242/dev.053462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In birds and mammals, all mesoderm cells are generated from the primitive streak. Nascent mesoderm cells contain unique dorsoventral (D/V) identities according to their relative ingression position along the streak. Molecular mechanisms controlling this initial phase of mesoderm diversification are not well understood. Using the chick model, we generated high-quality transcriptomic datasets of different streak regions and analyzed their molecular heterogeneity. Fifteen percent of expressed genes exhibit differential expression levels, as represented by two major groups (dorsal to ventral and ventral to dorsal). A complete set of transcription factors and many novel genes with strong and region-specific expression were uncovered. Core components of BMP, Wnt and FGF pathways showed little regional difference, whereas their positive and negative regulators exhibited both dorsal-to-ventral and ventral-to-dorsal gradients, suggesting that robust D/V positional information is generated by fine-tuned regulation of key signaling pathways at multiple levels. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive molecular resource for understanding mesoderm diversification in vivo and targeted mesoderm lineage differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantas Alev
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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50
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Zhou X, Anderson KV. Development of head organizer of the mouse embryo depends on a high level of mitochondrial metabolism. Dev Biol 2010; 344:185-95. [PMID: 20450902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mouse genetic studies have defined a set of signaling molecules and transcription factors that are necessary to induce the forebrain. Here we describe an ENU-induced mouse mutation, nearly headless (nehe), that was identified based on the specific absence of most of the forebrain at midgestation. Positional cloning and genetic analysis show that, unlike other mouse mutants that disrupt specification of the forebrain, the nehe mutation disrupts mitochondrial metabolism. nehe is a hypomorphic allele of Lipoic acid Synthetase (Lias), the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of lipoic acid, an essential cofactor for several mitochondrial multienzyme complexes required for oxidative metabolism. The defect in forebrain development in nehe mutants is apparent as soon as the forebrain is specified, without a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Two tissues required for forebrain specification, the anterior visceral endoderm and the anterior definitive endoderm, develop normally in nehe mutants. However, a third head organizer tissue, the prechordal plate, fails to express markers of cell type determination and shows abnormal morphology in the mutants. We find that the level of phosphorylated (active) AMPK, a cellular energy sensor that affects cell polarity, is up-regulated in nehe mutants at the time when the prechordal plate is normally specified. The results suggest that the nehe phenotype arises because high levels of energy production are required for the specialized morphogenetic movements that generate the prechordal plate, which is required for normal development of the mammalian forebrain. We suggest that a requirement for high levels of ATP for early forebrain patterning may contribute to certain human microcephaly syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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