1
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Molon B, Liboni C, Viola A. CD28 and chemokine receptors: Signalling amplifiers at the immunological synapse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938004. [PMID: 35983040 PMCID: PMC9379342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are master regulators of the immune response tuning, among others, B cells, macrophages and NK cells. To exert their functions requiring high sensibility and specificity, T cells need to integrate different stimuli from the surrounding microenvironment. A finely tuned signalling compartmentalization orchestrated in dynamic platforms is an essential requirement for the proper and efficient response of these cells to distinct triggers. During years, several studies have depicted the pivotal role of the cytoskeleton and lipid microdomains in controlling signalling compartmentalization during T cell activation and functions. Here, we discuss mechanisms responsible for signalling amplification and compartmentalization in T cell activation, focusing on the role of CD28, chemokine receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. We also take into account the detrimental effect of mutations carried by distinct signalling proteins giving rise to syndromes characterized by defects in T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molon
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Molon,
| | - Cristina Liboni
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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2
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Darragh LB, Karam SD. Amateur antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:153-164. [PMID: 34570920 PMCID: PMC9899420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of tumor antigens is a critical step in producing a robust antitumor immune response. Classically tumor antigens are thought to be presented to both CD8 and CD4 T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs) like dendritic cells using major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) I and II. But recent evidence suggests that in the tumor microenvironment (TME) cells other than pAPCs are capable of presenting tumor antigens on both MHC I and II. The evidence currently available on tumor antigen presentation by epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells (VECs), fibroblasts, and cancer cells is reviewed herein. We refer to these cell types in the TME as "amateur" APCs (aAPCs). These aAPCs greatly outnumber pAPCs in the TME and could, potentially, play a significant role in priming an antitumor immune response. This new evidence supports a different perspective on antigen presentation and suggests new approaches that can be taken in designing immunotherapies to increase T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B. Darragh
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sana D. Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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Melssen MM, Lindsay RS, Stasiak K, Rodriguez AB, Briegel AM, Cyranowski S, Rutkowski MR, Conaway MR, Melief CJM, van der Burg SH, Eyo U, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH. Differential Expression of CD49a and CD49b Determines Localization and Function of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:583-597. [PMID: 33619119 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell infiltration and effector activity in tumors are correlated with better overall survival of patients, suggesting that the ability of T cells to enter and remain in contact with tumor cells supports tumor control. CD8+ T cells express the collagen-binding integrins CD49a and CD49b, but little is known about their function or how their expression is regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we found that tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells initially expressed CD49b, gained CD49a, and then lost CD49b over the course of tumor outgrowth. This differentiation sequence was driven by antigen-independent elements in the TME, although T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation further increased CD49a expression. Expression of exhaustion markers and CD49a associated temporally but not mechanistically. Intratumoral CD49a-expressing CD8+ T cells failed to upregulate TCR-dependent Nur77 expression, whereas CD69 was constitutively expressed, consistent with both a lack of productive antigen engagement and a tissue-resident memory-like phenotype. Imaging T cells in live tumor slices revealed that CD49a increased their motility, especially of those in close proximity to tumor cells, suggesting that it may interfere with T-cell recognition of tumor cells by distracting them from productive engagement, although we were not able to augment productive engagement by short-term CD49a blockade. CD49b also promoted relocalization of T cells at a greater distance from tumor cells. Thus, our results demonstrate that expression of these integrins affects T-cell trafficking and localization in tumors via distinct mechanisms, and suggests a new way in which the TME, and likely collagen, could promote tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin S Lindsay
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Katarzyna Stasiak
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Anthony B Rodriguez
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amanda M Briegel
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,ISA Pharmaceutical, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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4
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Emo K, Reilly EC, Sportiello M, Yang H, Topham DJ. T cell and chemokine receptors differentially control CD8 T cell motility behavior in the infected airways immediately before and after virus clearance in a primary infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227157. [PMID: 32817719 PMCID: PMC7444504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, experimental influenza virus infection stimulates CD8 T cell infiltration of the airways. Virus is cleared by day 9, and between days 8 and 9 there is an abrupt change in CD8 T cell motility behavior transitioning from low velocity and high confinement on day 8, to high velocity with continued high confinement on day 9. We hypothesized that loss of virus and/or antigen signals in the context of high chemokine levels drives the T cells into a rapid surveillance mode. Virus infection induces chemokine production, which may change when the virus is cleared. We therefore sought to examine this period of rapid changes to the T cell environment in the tissue and seek evidence on the roles of peptide-MHC and chemokine receptor interactions. Experiments were performed to block G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling with Pertussis toxin (Ptx). Ptx treatment generally reduced cell velocities and mildly increased confinement suggesting chemokine mediated arrest (velocity <2 μm/min) (Friedman RS, 2005), except on day 8 when velocity increased and confinement was relieved. Blocking specific peptide-MHC with monoclonal antibody unexpectedly decreased velocities on days 7 through 9, suggesting TCR/peptide-MHC interactions promote cell mobility in the tissue. Together, these results suggest the T cells are engaged with antigen bearing and chemokine producing cells that affect motility in ways that vary with the day after infection. The increase in velocities on day 9 were reversed by addition of specific peptide, consistent with the idea that antigen signals become limiting on day 9 compared to earlier time points. Thus, antigen and chemokine signals act to alternately promote and restrict CD8 T cell motility until the point of virus clearance, suggesting the switch in motility behavior on day 9 may be due to a combination of limiting antigen in the presence of high chemokine signals as the virus is cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mike Sportiello
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Moses ME, Cannon JL, Gordon DM, Forrest S. Distributed Adaptive Search in T Cells: Lessons From Ants. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1357. [PMID: 31263465 PMCID: PMC6585175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are striking similarities between the strategies ant colonies use to forage for food and immune systems use to search for pathogens. Searchers (ants and cells) use the appropriate combination of random and directed motion, direct and indirect agent-agent interactions, and traversal of physical structures to solve search problems in a variety of environments. An effective immune response requires immune cells to search efficiently and effectively for diverse types of pathogens in different tissues and organs, just as different species of ants have evolved diverse search strategies to forage effectively for a variety of resources in a variety of habitats. Successful T cell search is required to initiate the adaptive immune response in lymph nodes and to eradicate pathogens at sites of infection in peripheral tissue. Ant search strategies suggest novel predictions about T cell search. In both systems, the distribution of targets in time and space determines the most effective search strategy. We hypothesize that the ability of searchers to sense and adapt to dynamic targets and environmental conditions enhances search effectiveness through adjustments to movement and communication patterns. We also suggest that random motion is a more important component of search strategies than is generally recognized. The behavior we observe in ants reveals general design principles and constraints that govern distributed adaptive search in a wide variety of complex systems, particularly the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E Moses
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Judy L Cannon
- The Cannon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Deborah M Gordon
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Forrest
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.,Biodesign Institute and School for Computing, Informatics, and Decision Sciences Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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6
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Beilin C, Choudhuri K, Bouma G, Malinova D, Llodra J, Stokes DL, Shimaoka M, Springer TA, Dustin ML, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO. Dendritic cell-expressed common gamma-chain recruits IL-15 for trans-presentation at the murine immunological synapse. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:84. [PMID: 30483599 PMCID: PMC6234741 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14493.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γc) cause Severe Combined Immunodeficiency characterized by absent T and NK cell development. Although stem cell therapy restores these lineages, residual immune defects are observed that may result from selective persistence of γc-deficiency in myeloid lineages. However, little is known about the contribution of myeloid-expressed γc to protective immune responses. Here we examine the importance of γc for myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function. Methods: We utilize a combination of in vitro DC/T-cell co-culture assays and a novel lipid bilayer system mimicking the T cell surface to delineate the role of DC-expressed γc during DC/T-cell interaction. Results: We observed that γc in DC was recruited to the contact interface following MHCII ligation, and promoted IL-15Rα colocalization with engaged MHCII. Unexpectedly, trans-presentation of IL-15 was required for optimal CD4+T cell activation by DC and depended on DC γc expression. Neither recruitment of IL-15Rα nor IL-15 trans-signaling at the DC immune synapse (IS), required γc signaling in DC, suggesting that γc facilitates IL-15 transpresentation through induced intermolecular cis associations or cytoskeletal reorganization following MHCII ligation. Conclusions: These findings show that DC-expressed γc is required for effective antigen-induced CD4+ T cell activation. We reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of DC IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to the IS, leading to CD4+ T cell costimulation through localized IL-15 transpresentation that is coordinated with antigen-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Beilin
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jaime Llodra
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David L. Stokes
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Motumu Shimaoka
- Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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7
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Beilin C, Choudhuri K, Bouma G, Malinova D, Llodra J, Stokes DL, Shimaoka M, Springer TA, Dustin ML, Thrasher AJ, Burns SO. Dendritic cell-expressed common gamma-chain recruits IL-15 for trans-presentation at the murine immunological synapse. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:84. [PMID: 30483599 PMCID: PMC6234741 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (γc) cause Severe Combined Immunodeficiency characterized by absent T and NK cell development. Although stem cell therapy restores these lineages, residual immune defects are observed that may result from selective persistence of γc-deficiency in myeloid lineages. However, little is known about the contribution of myeloid-expressed γc to protective immune responses. Here we examine the importance of γc for myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function. Methods: We utilize a combination of in vitro DC/T-cell co-culture assays and a novel lipid bilayer system mimicking the T cell surface to delineate the role of DC-expressed γc during DC/T-cell interaction. Results: We observed that γc in DC was recruited to the contact interface following MHCII ligation, and promoted IL-15Rα colocalization with engaged MHCII. Unexpectedly, trans-presentation of IL-15 was required for optimal CD4+T cell activation by DC and depended on DC γc expression. Neither recruitment of IL-15Rα nor IL-15 trans-signaling at the DC immune synapse (IS), required γc signaling in DC, suggesting that γc facilitates IL-15 transpresentation through induced intermolecular cis associations or cytoskeletal reorganization following MHCII ligation. Conclusions: These findings show that DC-expressed γc is required for effective antigen-induced CD4+ T cell activation. We reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of DC IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to the IS, leading to CD4+ T cell costimulation through localized IL-15 transpresentation that is coordinated with antigen-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Beilin
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jaime Llodra
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David L. Stokes
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Motumu Shimaoka
- Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Program in Structural Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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8
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Chen J, Cai Z, Zhang L, Yin Y, Chen X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhai S, Long X, Liu X, Wang X. Lis1 Regulates Germinal Center B Cell Antigen Acquisition and Affinity Maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4304-4311. [PMID: 28446568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is the site where activated B cells undergo rapid expansions, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation. Affinity maturation is a process of Ag-driven selection. The amount of Ag acquired and displayed by GC B cells determines whether it can be positively selected, and therefore Ag acquisition has to be tightly regulated to ensure the efficient affinity maturation. Cell expansion provides sufficient quantity of GC B cells and Abs, whereas affinity maturation improves the quality of Abs. In this study, we found that Lis1 is a cell-intrinsic regulator of Ag acquisition capability of GC B cells. Lack of Lis1 resulted in redistribution of polymerized actin and accumulation of F-actin at uropod; larger amounts of Ags were acquired and displayed by GC B cells, which presumably reduced the selection stringency. Affinity maturation was thus compromised in Lis1-deficient mice. Consistently, overexpression of Lis1 in GC B cells led to less Ag acquisition and display. Additionally, Lis1 is required for GC B cell expansion, and Lis1 deficiency blocked the cell cycle at the mitotic phase and GC B cells were prone to apoptosis. Overall, we suggest that Lis1 is required for GC B cell expansion, affinity maturation, and maintaining functional intact GC response, thus ensuring both the quantity and quality of Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Chen
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Zhenming Cai
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Yuye Yin
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Xufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Sulan Zhai
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Xuehui Long
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and
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9
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Bergström SE, Uzunel M, Talme T, Bergdahl E, Sundqvist KG. Antigen-induced regulation of T-cell motility, interaction with antigen-presenting cells and activation through endogenous thrombospondin-1 and its receptors. Immunology 2015; 144:687-703. [PMID: 25393517 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition reduces T-cell motility, and induces prolonged contact with antigen-presenting cells and activation through mechanisms that remain unclear. Here we show that the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 regulate T-cell motility, contact with antigen-presenting cells and activation through endogenous thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and its receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), calreticulin and CD47. Antigen stimulation induced a prominent up-regulation of TSP-1 expression, and transiently increased and subsequently decreased LRP1 expression whereas calreticulin was unaffected. This antigen-induced TSP-1/LRP1 response down-regulated a motogenic mechanism directed by LRP1-mediated processing of TSP-1 in cis within the same plasma membrane while promoting contact with antigen-presenting cells and activation through cis interaction of the C-terminal domain of TSP-1 with CD47 in response to N-terminal TSP-1 triggering by calreticulin. The antigen-induced TSP-1/LRP1 response maintained a reduced but significant motility level in activated cells. Blocking CD28 co-stimulation abrogated LRP1 and TSP-1 expression and motility. TCR/CD3 ligation alone enhanced TSP-1 expression whereas CD28 ligation alone enhanced LRP1 expression. Silencing of TSP-1 inhibited T-cell conjugation to antigen-presenting cells and T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine responses. The Th1 response enhanced motility and increased TSP-1 expression through interleukin-2, whereas the Th2 response weakened motility and reduced LRP1 expression through interleukin-4. Ligation of the TCR and CD28 therefore elicits a TSP-1/LRP1 response that stimulates prolonged contact with antigen-presenting cells and, although down-regulating motility, maintains a significant motility level to allow serial contacts and activation. Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses differentially regulate T-cell expression of TSP-1 and LRP1 and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten-Erik Bergström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Bhat P, Leggatt G, Matthaei KI, Frazer IH. The kinematics of cytotoxic lymphocytes influence their ability to kill target cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95248. [PMID: 24801876 PMCID: PMC4011687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) have been reported to show a range of motility patterns from rapid long-range tracking to complete arrest, but how and whether these kinematics affect their ability to kill target cells is not known. Many in vitro killing assays utilize cell lines and tumour-derived cells as targets, which may be of limited relevance to the kinetics of CTL-mediated killing of somatic cells. Here, live-cell microscopy is used to examine the interactions of CTL and primary murine skin cells presenting antigens. We developed a qualitative and quantitative killing assay using extended-duration fluorescence time-lapse microscopy coupled with large-volume objective software-based data analysis to obtain population data of cell-to-cell interactions, motility and apoptosis. In vivo and ex vivo activated antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes were added to primary keratinocyte targets in culture with fluorometric detection of caspase-3 activation in targets as an objective determinant of apoptosis. We found that activated CTL achieved contact-dependent apoptosis of non-tumour targets after a period of prolonged attachment - on average 21 hours - which was determined by target cell type, amount of antigen, and activation status of CTL. Activation of CTL even without engagement of the T cell receptor was sufficient to mobilise cells significantly above baseline, while the addition of cognate antigen further enhanced their motility. Highly activated CTL showed markedly increased vector displacement, and velocity, and lead to increased antigen-specific target cell death. These data show that the inherent kinematics of CTL correlate directly with their ability to kill non-tumour cells presenting cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Bhat
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Klaus I. Matthaei
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Kloc M, Kubiak JZ, Li XC, Ghobrial RM. The newly found functions of MTOC in immunological response. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:417-30. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Tight regulation of actin dynamics is essential for T-cell trafficking and activation. Recent studies in human and murine T cells reveal that T-cell motility and full T-cell activation require the hematopoietic-specific, actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL). T cells lacking LPL do not form fully mature synapses and thus demonstrate reduced cytokine production and proliferation. Reduction or loss of LPL expression also reduces the velocity of T cells and impairs thymic egress and intranodal motility. Whereas dispensable for proximal T-cell receptor and chemokine receptor signaling, LPL is critical to the later stages of synapse maturation and cellular polarization. Serine phosphorylation, calcium, and calmodulin binding regulate the bundling activity and localization of LPL following T-cell receptor and chemokine receptor engagement. However, the interaction between these regulatory domains and resulting changes in local control of actin cytoskeletal structures has not been fully elucidated. Circumstantial evidence suggests a function for LPL in either the formation or maintenance of integrin-associated adhesion structures. As LPL may be a target of the commonly used immunosuppressive agent dexamethasone, full elucidation of the regulation and function of LPL in T-cell biology may illuminate new pathways for clinically useful immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Celeste Morley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Lam PY, Huttenlocher A. Interstitial leukocyte migration in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:650-8. [PMID: 23797028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid leukocyte motility is essential for immunity and host defense. There has been progress in understanding the molecular signals that regulate leukocyte motility both in vitro and in vivo. However, a gap remains in understanding how complex signals are prioritized to result in directed migration, which is critical for both adaptive and innate immune function. Here we focus on interstitial migration and how external cues are translated into intracellular signaling pathways that regulate leukocyte polarity, directional sensing and motility in three-dimensional spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-ying Lam
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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T cell antigen receptor activation and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:546-56. [PMID: 23680625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells constitute a crucial arm of the adaptive immune system and their optimal function is required for a healthy immune response. After the initial step of T cell-receptor (TCR) triggering by antigenic peptide complexes on antigen presenting cell (APC), the T cell exhibits extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. This cytoskeletal remodeling leads to the formation of an "immunological synapse" [1] characterized by regulated clustering, segregation and movement of receptors at the interface. Synapse formation regulates T cell activation and response to antigenic peptides and proceeds via feedback between actin cytoskeleton and TCR signaling. Actin polymerization participates in various events during the synapse formation, maturation, and eventually its disassembly. There is increasing knowledge about the actin effectors that couple TCR activation to actin rearrangements [2,3], and how defects in these effectors translate into impairment of T cell activation. In this review we aim to summarize and integrate parts of what is currently known about this feedback process. In addition, in light of recent advancements in our understanding of TCR triggering and translocation at the synapse, we speculate on the organizational and functional diversity of microfilament architecture in the T cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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15
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Cané S, Ponnappan S, Ponnappan U. Altered regulation of CXCR4 expression during aging contributes to increased CXCL12-dependent chemotactic migration of CD4(+) T cells. Aging Cell 2012; 11:651-8. [PMID: 22568557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-dependent migration of T lymphocytes assures recirculation of naïve T cells to secondary lymphoid organs and tissue-specific trafficking of memory-effector T cells. Previous studies carried out in rodents have demonstrated age-associated modulation of the expression of chemokine receptors such as CXCR4 and CCR5; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate receptor expression and turnover in T cells, during advancing age in humans. Our recent results demonstrating increased chemotactic migration in response to CXCL12 in CD4(+) T cells obtained from the elderly, as compared to those from young donors, led us to hypothesize that increase in surface expression, because of altered endocytic regulation of CXCR4 on T cells during aging, might be directly responsible for increased migration toward CXCL12. Studies presented here demonstrate a significant increase in the surface expression of CXCR4 in CD4(+) T cells from elderly human donors, relative to those from the young. Additionally, CXCL12-mediated endocytosis of CXCR4 was differentially regulated during aging, which could be attributed to alterations in the ubiquitination of CXCR4. Thus, altered ubiquitination of CXCR4 may contribute to the increased surface expression and enhanced T-cell migration to chemotactic stimuli in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cané
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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16
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Wiemer AJ, Wernimont S, Huttenlocher A. Live imaging of LFA-1-dependent T-cell motility and stop signals. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 757:191-204. [PMID: 21909914 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-166-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T-cell motility is critical for leukocyte trafficking both in normal host defense and in pathologic conditions including chronic inflammatory disease. Despite progress in understanding the mechanisms of T-cell polarity and motility, we have limited understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to antigen-induced T cell arrest. Here, we describe methods to analyze leukocyte function antigen-1-mediated T-cell motility and T-cell receptor-induced stop signals using in vitro assays on two-dimensional surfaces. Specifically, methods for live time-lapse imaging of T cell random migration and arrest on ICAM-1-coated surfaces are described. Additionally, we detail methods for live imaging of T-cell motility within 3D substrates to analyze T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions and APC-mediated stop signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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The actin-bundling protein L-plastin: a critical regulator of immune cell function. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2012:935173. [PMID: 22194750 PMCID: PMC3238366 DOI: 10.1155/2012/935173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
L-plastin is a leukocyte-specific protein that cross-links actin filaments into tight bundles, increasing the stability of actin-based structures such as podosomes and lamellipodia. While first identified as an abundant cytoplasmic protein in hematopoietically derived cells over 25 years ago, the requirement for L-plastin in multiple functions critical for immunity, such as antigen receptor signaling, adhesion, and motility, has only recently become clear. L-plastin has been identified as an important component in cellular processes critical for neutrophil, macrophage, osteoclast, eosinophil, and T- and B-lymphocyte biology. Following a brief description of the structure and function of L-plastin, the regulation of immune cell functions by L-plastin will be reviewed in detail.
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18
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Davis DM. Mechanisms and functions for the duration of intercellular contacts made by lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:543-55. [PMID: 19609264 DOI: 10.1038/nri2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Communication across intercellular contacts is central to establishing appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent imaging of lymphocyte interactions suggests that a complex orchestration of cell-cell contact times is a key correlate to establishing appropriate immune responses. Here I review the molecular and cellular processes that influence the duration of intercellular contacts, including integrin activation and dynamic changes in membrane morphology. I discuss how these processes can be regulated, for example, by the balance of activating and inhibitory receptor signals, and how they can establish the appropriate outcome for individual cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells use the chemokine receptor CCR7 to home to and migrate within lymphoid tissue, where T-cell activation takes place. Using primary T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (tg) CD4(+) T cells, we explored the effect of CCR7 ligands, in particular CCL21, on T-cell activation. We found that the presence of CCL21 during early time points strongly increased in vitro T-cell proliferation after TCR stimulation, correlating with increased expression of early activation markers. CCL21 costimulation resulted in increased Ras- and Rac-GTP formation and enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, MEK, and ERK but not p38 or JNK. Kinase-dead PI3Kdelta(D910A/D910A) or PI3Kgamma-deficient TCR-tg CD4(+) T cells showed similar responsiveness to CCL21 costimulation as control CD4(+) T cells. Conversely, deficiency in the Rac guanine exchange factor DOCK2 significantly impaired CCL21-mediated costimulation in TCR-tg CD4(+) T cells, concomitant with impaired Rac- but not Ras-GTP formation. Using lymph node slices for live monitoring of T-cell behavior and activation, we found that G protein-coupled receptor signaling was required for early CD69 expression but not for Ca(2+) signaling. Our data suggest that the presence of CCL21 during early TCR signaling lowers the activation threshold through Ras- and Rac-dependent pathways leading to increased ERK phosphorylation.
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20
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Bullen A, Friedman RS, Krummel MF. Two-photon imaging of the immune system: a custom technology platform for high-speed, multicolor tissue imaging of immune responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:1-29. [PMID: 19521679 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern imaging approaches are proving important for addressing contemporary issues in the immune system. These approaches are especially useful for characterizing the complex orchestration of immune responses in vivo. Multicolor, two-photon imaging has been proven to be especially enabling for such studies because of its superior tissue penetration, reduced image degradation by light scattering leading to better resolution, and its high image quality deep inside tissues. Here, we examine the functional requirements of two-photon imaging instruments necessary for such immune studies. These requirements include frame rate, spatial resolution and the number of emission channels. We use this discussion as a starting point to compare commercial systems and to introduce a custom technology platform that meets those requirements. This platform is noteworthy because it is very cost-effective, flexible and experimentally useful. Representative data collected with this instrument is used to demonstrate the utility of this platform. Finally, as the field is rapidly evolving, consideration is given to some of the cutting-edge developments in multiphoton microscopy that will likely improve signal strength, depth penetration and/or the experimental usefulness of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bullen
- Department of Pathology and Biological Imaging Development Center, University of California-San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA.
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21
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Worbs T, Förster R. T cell migration dynamics within lymph nodes during steady state: an overview of extracellular and intracellular factors influencing the basal intranodal T cell motility. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:71-105. [PMID: 19521682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes continuously recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes until they are eventually activated by recognizing cognate peptide/MHC-complexes on the surface of antigen-protecting cells. The intranodal T cell migration behavior leading to these crucial--and potentially rare--encounters during the induction of an adaptive immune response could not be directly addressed until, in 2002, the use of two-photon microscopy also allowed the visualization of cellular dynamics deep within intact lymph nodes. Since then, numerous studies have confirmed that, by default, naive T cells are extremely motile, scanning the paracortical T cell zone for cognate antigen by means of an apparent random walk. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of factors influencing the basal migration behavior of naive T lymphocytes within lymph nodes during steady state. Extracellular cues, such as the motility-promoting influence of CCR7 ligands and the role of integrins during interstitial migration, as well as intracellular signaling pathways involved in T cell motility, will be discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on structural features of the lymph node environment orchestrating T cell migration, namely the framework of fibroblastic reticular cells serving as migration "highways." Finally, new approaches to simulate the cellular dynamics within lymph nodes in silico by means of mathematical modeling will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
T cell cytoarchitecture differs dramatically depending on whether the cell is circulating within the bloodstream, migrating through tissues, or interacting with antigen-presenting cells. The transition between these states requires important signaling-dependent changes in actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Recently, analysis of actin-regulatory proteins associated with T cell activation has provided new insights into how T cells control actin dynamics in response to external stimuli and how actin facilitates downstream signaling events and effector functions. Among the actin-regulatory proteins that have been identified are nucleation-promoting factors such as WASp, WAVE2, and HS1; severing proteins such as cofilin; motor proteins such as myosin II; and linker proteins such as ezrin and moesin. We review the current literature on how signaling pathways leading from diverse cell surface receptors regulate the coordinated activity of these and other actin-regulatory proteins and how these proteins control T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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23
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Pittet MJ, Mempel TR. Regulation of T-cell migration and effector functions: insights from in vivo imaging studies. Immunol Rev 2008; 221:107-29. [PMID: 18275478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the immune system are providing us with ever more detailed information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie our evolutionarily conserved ability to fend off infectious pathogens. Progress has probably been fastest at two levels: the various basic biological functions of isolated cells on one side and the significance of individual molecules or cells to the organism as a whole on the other. In both cases, direct phenomenological observation has been an invaluable methodological approach. Where we know least is the middle ground, i.e. how immune functions are integrated through the dynamic interplay of immune cell subsets within the organism. Most of our knowledge in this area has been obtained through inference from static snapshots of dynamic processes, such as histological sections, or from surrogate cell co-culture models. The latter are employed under the assumption that an in vivo equivalent exists for each type of cellular contact artificially enforced in absence of anatomical compartmentalization. In this review, we summarize recent insights on migration and effector functions of T cells, focusing on observations gained from their dynamic microscopic visualization in physiological tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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24
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Worbs T, Bernhardt G, Förster R. Factors governing the intranodal migration behavior of T lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2008; 221:44-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Riggs T, Walts A, Perry N, Bickle L, Lynch JN, Myers A, Flynn J, Linderman JJ, Miller MJ, Kirschner DE. A comparison of random vs. chemotaxis-driven contacts of T cells with dendritic cells during repertoire scanning. J Theor Biol 2007; 250:732-51. [PMID: 18068193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Generating adaptive immunity after infection or immunization requires physical interactions within a lymph node (LN) T-zone between antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) that arrive from peripheral tissues and rare cognate T cells entering via high endothelial venules (HEVs). This interaction results in activation of cognate T cells, expansion of that T cell lineage and their exit from the LN T-zone via efferent lymphatics (ELs). How antigen-specific T cells locate DCs within this complex environment is controversial, and both random T cell migration and chemotaxis have been proposed. We developed an agent-based computational model of a LN that captures many features of T cell and DC dynamics observed by two-photon microscopy. Our simulations matched in vivo two-photon microscopy data regarding T cell speed, short-term directional persistence of motion and cell motility. We also obtained in vivo data regarding density of T cells and DCs within a LN and matched our model environment to measurements of the distance from HEVs to ELs. We used our model to compare chemotaxis with random motion and showed that chemotaxis increased total number of T cell DC contacts, but decreased unique contacts, producing fewer activated T cells. Our results suggest that, within a LN T-zone, a random search strategy is optimal for a rare cognate T cell to find its DC match and maximize production of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Riggs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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26
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Smith A, Stanley P, Jones K, Svensson L, McDowall A, Hogg N. The role of the integrin LFA-1 in T-lymphocyte migration. Immunol Rev 2007; 218:135-46. [PMID: 17624950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A successful immune response depends on the migration of lymphocytes into lymph nodes or inflamed tissues where they make contact with antigen-presenting cells. We are interested in how one member of the integrin family, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), controls the function and, in particular, the migration of immune cells. We find that this integrin operates not only as an adhesion receptor for T lymphoblasts (T cells) but also induces their migration in vitro at approximately 15 microm/min. Migration requires active myosin light chain kinase at the leading edge and Rho kinase at the trailing edge of the cell. Two active conformations of LFA-1 are differently distributed on the T-cell membrane and regulate independent aspects of migration. High-affinity LFA-1 is located in a midcell 'focal zone' and influences the speed of migration, whereas intermediate affinity LFA-1 controls leading edge adhesions. Manipulating LFA-1 conformation in vivo can be performed, for example, by creating the active conformation in a transgenic mouse, and this model gives further insight into the role of LFA-1 in migration. In humans, the beneficial effect of functioning CD18 integrins in combating infections in vivo is illustrated by rare patients displaying two forms of leukocyte adhesion deficiency. In summary, we speculate that T cells have evolved a mode of rapid migration that is of paramount importance in achieving the high-speed immune surveillance upon which depends the body's protection against diverse invaders from pathogens to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smith
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
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27
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Beltman JB, Marée AFM, Lynch JN, Miller MJ, de Boer RJ. Lymph node topology dictates T cell migration behavior. J Exp Med 2007; 204:771-80. [PMID: 17389236 PMCID: PMC2118562 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is initiated by T cell recognition of foreign peptides presented on dendritic cells (DCs) by major histocompatibility molecules. These interactions take place in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen, and hence the anatomical structure of these tissues plays a crucial role in the development of immune responses. Two-photon microscopy (2PM) imaging in LNs suggests that T cells walk in a consistent direction for several minutes, pause briefly with a regular period, and then take off in a new, random direction. Here, we construct a spatially explicit model of T cell and DC migration in LNs and show that all dynamical properties of T cells could be a consequence of the densely packed LN environment. By means of 2PM experiments, we confirm that the large velocity fluctuations of T cells are indeed environmentally determined rather than resulting from an intrinsic motility program. Our simulations further predict that T cells self-organize into microscopically small, highly dynamic streams. We present experimental evidence for the presence of such turbulent streams in LNs. Finally, the model allows us to estimate the scanning rates of DCs (2,000 different T cells per hour) and T cells (100 different DCs per hour).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost B Beltman
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
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28
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Fischer UB, Jacovetty EL, Medeiros RB, Goudy BD, Zell T, Swanson JB, Lorenz E, Shimizu Y, Miller MJ, Khoruts A, Ingulli E. MHC class II deprivation impairs CD4 T cell motility and responsiveness to antigen-bearing dendritic cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7181-6. [PMID: 17435166 PMCID: PMC1855382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role continuous contact with self-peptide/MHC molecules (self ligands) in the periphery plays in the function of mature T cells remains unclear. Here, we elucidate a role for MHC class II molecules in T cell trafficking and antigen responsiveness in vivo. We find that naïve CD4 T cells deprived of MHC class II molecules demonstrate a progressive and profound defect in motility (measured by real-time two-photon imaging) and that these cells have a decreased ability to interact with limiting numbers of cognate antigen-bearing dendritic cells, but they do not demonstrate a defect in their responsiveness to direct stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Using GST fusion proteins, we show that MHC class II availability promotes basal activation of Rap1 and Rac1 but does not alter the basal activity of Ras. We propose that tonic T cell receptor signaling from self-ligand stimulation is required to maintain a basal state of activation of small guanosine triphosphatases critical for normal T cell motility and that T cell motility is critical for the antigen receptivity of naïve CD4 T cells. These studies suggest a role for continuous self-ligand stimulation in the periphery for the maintenance and function of mature naïve CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo B. Medeiros
- *Center for Immunology and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoji Shimizu
- *Center for Immunology and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093
| | | | - Elizabeth Ingulli
- *Center for Immunology and
- Departments of Pediatrics
- To whom correspondence should be sent at the present address:
Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0831, La Jolla, CA 92093. E-mail:
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29
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Beltman JB, Marée AFM, de Boer RJ. Spatial modelling of brief and long interactions between T cells and dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:306-14. [PMID: 17420768 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the early phases of an immune response, T cells of appropriate antigen specificity become activated by antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Two-photon microscopy imaging experiments have shown that this stimulation occurs in distinct stages during which T cells exhibit different motilities and interactions with dendritic cells (DCs). In this paper, we utilize the Cellular Potts Model, a model formalism that takes cell shapes and cellular interactions explicitly into account, to simulate the dynamics of, and interactions between, T cells and DCs in the lymph node paracortex. Our three-dimensional simulations suggest that the initial decrease in T-cell motility after antigen appearance is due to "stop signals" transmitted by activated DCs to T cells. The long-lived interactions that occur at a later stage can only be explained by the presence of both stop signals and a high adhesion between specific T cells and antigen-bearing DCs. Furthermore, our results indicate that long-lasting contacts with T cells are promoted when DCs retract dendrites that detect a specific contact at lower velocities than other dendrites. Finally, by performing long simulations (after prior fitting to short time scale data) we are able to provide an estimate of the average contact duration between T cells and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost B Beltman
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, CH 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Irvine DJ, Doh J. Synthetic surfaces as artificial antigen presenting cells in the study of T cell receptor triggering and immunological synapse formation. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:245-54. [PMID: 17398113 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation occurs when T cell receptors engage peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Clustering of TCRs and other receptors in physical patterns at the T-APC interface forms a structure known as an immunological synapse (IS). Studies of the IS are challenging due to the cell-cell contact context of the governing interactions. Model surfaces as synthetic APCs have thus been developed, where the type, quantity, and physical arrangement of ligands displayed to T cells are precisely controlled. These model systems have provided important insights into the structure and function of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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31
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Kinashi T. Integrin Regulation of Lymphocyte Trafficking: Lessons from Structural and Signaling Studies. Adv Immunol 2007; 93:185-227. [PMID: 17383542 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(06)93005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High trafficking capability of lymphocytes is crucial in immune surveillance and antigen responses. Central to this regulatory process is a dynamic control of lymphocyte adhesion behavior regulated by chemokines and adhesion receptors such as integrins. Modulation of lymphocyte adhesive responses occurs in a wide range of time window from less than a second to hours, enabling rolling lymphocyte to attach to and migrate through endothelium and interact with antigen-presenting cells. While there has been a rapid progress in the understanding of integrin structure, elucidation of signaling events to relay extracellular signaling to integrins in physiological contexts has recently emerged from studies using gene-targeting and gene-silencing technique. Regulatory molecules critical for integrin activity control distribution of integrins, polarized cell morphology and motility, suggesting a signaling network that coordinates integrin function with lymphocyte migration. Here, I review recent studies of integrin structural changes and intracellular signal molecules that trigger integrin activation (inside-out signals), and discuss molecular mechanisms that control lymphocyte integrins and how inside-out signals coordinately modulate adhesive reactions and cell shape and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Kyoto 606, Japan
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Friedman RS, Jacobelli J, Krummel MF. Surface-bound chemokines capture and prime T cells for synapse formation. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1101-8. [PMID: 16964261 DOI: 10.1038/ni1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation in vivo occurs in a lymphoid milieu that presents chemotactic and T cell receptor signals concurrently. Here we demonstrate that T cell zone chemokines such as CCL21 are bound to the surface of lymph node dendritic cells. Contact with antigen-presenting cells bearing chemokines costimulated T cells by a previously unknown two-step contact mechanism. T cells initially formed an antigen-independent 'tethered' adhesion on chemokine-bearing antigen-presenting cells. The formation of those tethers superseded T cell receptor signaling and immunological synapse formation. However, chemokine-tethered T cells were hyper-responsive to subsequent contacts with antigen-presenting cells. Thus, T cells are costimulated 'in trans' and sequentially after initial engagement with their chemokine-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Friedman
- The Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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