1
|
Zoltowska KM, Das U, Lismont S, Enzlein T, Maesako M, Houser MCQ, Franco ML, Özcan B, Gomes Moreira D, Karachentsev D, Becker A, Hopf C, Vilar M, Berezovska O, Mobley W, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Alzheimer's disease linked Aβ42 exerts product feedback inhibition on γ-secretase impairing downstream cell signaling. eLife 2024; 12:RP90690. [PMID: 39027984 PMCID: PMC11259434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulating in the brain are proposed to trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, molecular cascades underlying their toxicity are poorly defined. Here, we explored a novel hypothesis for Aβ42 toxicity that arises from its proven affinity for γ-secretases. We hypothesized that the reported increases in Aβ42, particularly in the endolysosomal compartment, promote the establishment of a product feedback inhibitory mechanism on γ-secretases, and thereby impair downstream signaling events. We conducted kinetic analyses of γ-secretase activity in cell-free systems in the presence of Aβ, as well as cell-based and ex vivo assays in neuronal cell lines, neurons, and brain synaptosomes to assess the impact of Aβ on γ-secretases. We show that human Aβ42 peptides, but neither murine Aβ42 nor human Aβ17-42 (p3), inhibit γ-secretases and trigger accumulation of unprocessed substrates in neurons, including C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of APP, p75, and pan-cadherin. Moreover, Aβ42 treatment dysregulated cellular homeostasis, as shown by the induction of p75-dependent neuronal death in two distinct cellular systems. Our findings raise the possibility that pathological elevations in Aβ42 contribute to cellular toxicity via the γ-secretase inhibition, and provide a novel conceptual framework to address Aβ toxicity in the context of γ-secretase-dependent homeostatic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied SciencesMannheimGermany
| | - Masato Maesako
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Mei CQ Houser
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Maria Luisa Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Burcu Özcan
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Dmitry Karachentsev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied SciencesMannheimGermany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smukowski SN, Danyko C, Somberg J, Kaufman EJ, Course MM, Postupna N, Barker-Haliski M, Keene CD, Valdmanis PN. mRNA and circRNA mislocalization to synapses are key features of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011359. [PMID: 39074152 PMCID: PMC11309398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper transport of RNAs to synapses is essential for localized translation of proteins in response to synaptic signals and synaptic plasticity. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of amyloid aggregates and hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles followed by widespread synapse loss. To understand whether RNA synaptic localization is impacted in AD, we performed RNA sequencing on synaptosomes and brain homogenates from AD patients and cognitively healthy controls. This resulted in the discovery of hundreds of mislocalized mRNAs in AD among frontal and temporal brain regions. Similar observations were found in an APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mouse model. Furthermore, major differences were observed among circular RNAs (circRNAs) localized to synapses in AD including two overlapping isoforms of circGSK3β, one upregulated, and one downregulated. Expression of these distinct isoforms affected tau phosphorylation in neuronal cells substantiating the importance of circRNAs in the brain and pointing to a new class of therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Smukowski
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cassidy Danyko
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Basic Sciences Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jenna Somberg
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eli J. Kaufman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Meredith M. Course
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Valdmanis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genoyer E, Wilson J, Ames JM, Stokes C, Moreno D, Etzyon N, Oberst A, Gale M. Exposure of negative-sense viral RNA in the cytoplasm initiates innate immunity to West Nile virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597966. [PMID: 38895355 PMCID: PMC11185705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
For many RNA viruses, immunity is triggered when RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA. However, only a minority of infected cells undergo innate immune activation. By examining these "first responder" cells during West Nile virus infection, we found that specific accumulation of anti- genomic negative-sense viral RNA (-vRNA) underlies innate immune activation and that RIG-I preferentially interacts with -vRNA. However, flaviviruses sequester -vRNA into membrane-bound replication compartments away from cytosolic sensors. We found that single-stranded -vRNA accumulates outside of replication compartments in "first responder" cells, rendering it accessible to RLRs. Exposure of this -vRNA occurs at late timepoints of infection, is linked to viral assembly, and depends on the expression of viral structural proteins. These findings reveal that while most infected cells replicate high levels of vRNA, release of -vRNA from replication compartments during assembly occurs at low frequency and is critical for initiation of innate immunity during flavivirus infection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cerneckis J, Cai H, Shi Y. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): molecular mechanisms of induction and applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:112. [PMID: 38670977 PMCID: PMC11053163 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has transformed in vitro research and holds great promise to advance regenerative medicine. iPSCs have the capacity for an almost unlimited expansion, are amenable to genetic engineering, and can be differentiated into most somatic cell types. iPSCs have been widely applied to model human development and diseases, perform drug screening, and develop cell therapies. In this review, we outline key developments in the iPSC field and highlight the immense versatility of the iPSC technology for in vitro modeling and therapeutic applications. We begin by discussing the pivotal discoveries that revealed the potential of a somatic cell nucleus for reprogramming and led to successful generation of iPSCs. We consider the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of somatic cell reprogramming as well as the numerous methods available to induce pluripotency. Subsequently, we discuss various iPSC-based cellular models, from mono-cultures of a single cell type to complex three-dimensional organoids, and how these models can be applied to elucidate the mechanisms of human development and diseases. We use examples of neurological disorders, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and cancer to highlight the diversity of disease-specific phenotypes that can be modeled using iPSC-derived cells. We also consider how iPSC-derived cellular models can be used in high-throughput drug screening and drug toxicity studies. Finally, we discuss the process of developing autologous and allogeneic iPSC-based cell therapies and their potential to alleviate human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cerneckis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zoltowska KM, Das U, Lismont S, Enzlein T, Maesako M, Houser MCQ, Franco ML, Özcan B, Moreira DG, Karachentsev D, Becker A, Hopf C, Vilar M, Berezovska O, Mobley W, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Alzheimer's disease linked Aβ42 exerts product feedback inhibition on γ-secretase impairing downstream cell signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.02.551596. [PMID: 37577527 PMCID: PMC10418207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulating in the brain are proposed to trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, molecular cascades underlying their toxicity are poorly defined. Here, we explored a novel hypothesis for Aβ42 toxicity that arises from its proven affinity for γ-secretases. We hypothesized that the reported increases in Aβ42, particularly in the endolysosomal compartment, promote the establishment of a product feedback inhibitory mechanism on γ-secretases, and thereby impair downstream signaling events. We show that human Aβ42 peptides, but neither murine Aβ42 nor human Aβ17-42 (p3), inhibit γ-secretases and trigger accumulation of unprocessed substrates in neurons, including C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of APP, p75 and pan-cadherin. Moreover, Aβ42 treatment dysregulated cellular -homeostasis, as shown by the induction of p75-dependent neuronal death in two distinct cellular systems. Our findings raise the possibility that pathological elevations in Aβ42 contribute to cellular toxicity via the γ-secretase inhibition, and provide a novel conceptual framework to address Aβ toxicity in the context of γ-secretase-dependent homeostatic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Masato Maesako
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Mei CQ Houser
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - María Luisa Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Burcu Özcan
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dmitry Karachentsev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berndt A, Lee J, Nguyen A, Jin Z, Moghadasi A, Gibbs C, Wait S, Evitts K, Asencio A, Bremner S, Zuniga S, Chavan V, Williams A, Smith A, Moussavi-Harami F, Regnier M, Young J, Mack D, Nance E, Boyle P. Far-red and sensitive sensor for monitoring real time H2O2 dynamics with subcellular resolution and in multi-parametric imaging applications. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3974015. [PMID: 38699332 PMCID: PMC11065073 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974015/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
H 2 O 2 is a key oxidant in mammalian biology and a pleiotropic signaling molecule at the physiological level, and its excessive accumulation in conjunction with decreased cellular reduction capacity is often found to be a common pathological marker. Here, we present a red fluorescent Genetically Encoded H 2 O 2 Indicator (GEHI) allowing versatile optogenetic dissection of redox biology. Our new GEHI, oROS-HT, is a chemigenetic sensor utilizing a HaloTag and Janelia Fluor (JF) rhodamine dye as fluorescent reporters. We developed oROS-HT through a structure-guided approach aided by classic protein structures and recent protein structure prediction tools. Optimized with JF 635 , oROS-HT is a sensor with 635 nm excitation and 650 nm emission peaks, allowing it to retain its brightness while monitoring intracellular H 2 O 2 dynamics. Furthermore, it enables multi-color imaging in combination with blue-green fluorescent sensors for orthogonal analytes and low auto-fluorescence interference in biological tissues. Other advantages of oROS-HT over alternative GEHIs are its fast kinetics, oxygen-independent maturation, low pH sensitivity, lack of photo-artifact, and lack of intracellular aggregation. Here, we demonstrated efficient subcellular targeting and how oROS-HT can map inter and intracellular H 2 O 2 diffusion at subcellular resolution. Lastly, we used oROS-HT with other green fluorescence reporters to investigate the transient effect of the anti-inflammatory agent auranofin on cellular redox physiology and calcium levels via multi-parametric, dual-color imaging.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mishra S, Jayadev S, Young JE. Differential effects of SORL1 deficiency on the endo-lysosomal network in human neurons and microglia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220389. [PMID: 38368935 PMCID: PMC10874699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal gene SORL1 is a strong Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene that harbours loss-of-function variants causative for developing AD. The SORL1 protein SORL1/SORLA is an endosomal receptor that interacts with the multi-protein sorting complex retromer to traffic various cargo through the endo-lysosomal network (ELN). Impairments in endo-lysosomal trafficking are an early cellular symptom in AD and a novel therapeutic target. However, the cell types of the central nervous system are diverse and use the ELN differently. If this pathway is to be effectively therapeutically targeted, understanding how key molecules in the ELN function in various cell types and how manipulating them affects cell-type specific responses relative to AD is essential. Here, we discuss an example where deficiency of SORL1 expression in a human model leads to stress on early endosomes and recycling endosomes in neurons, but preferentially leads to stress on lysosomes in microglia. The differences observed in these organelles could relate to the unique roles of these cells in the brain as neurons are professional secretory cells and microglia are professional phagocytic cells. Experiments to untangle these differences are fundamental to advancing the understanding of cell biology in AD and elucidating important pathways for therapeutic development. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell models are a valuable platform for such experiments. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Deparment of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McDiarmid AH, Gospodinova KO, Elliott RJR, Dawson JC, Graham RE, El-Daher MT, Anderson SM, Glen SC, Glerup S, Carragher NO, Evans KL. Morphological profiling in human neural progenitor cells classifies hits in a pilot drug screen for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae101. [PMID: 38576795 PMCID: PMC10994270 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-70% of dementia cases. Current treatments are inadequate and there is a need to develop new approaches to drug discovery. Recently, in cancer, morphological profiling has been used in combination with high-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries in human cells in vitro. To test feasibility of this approach for Alzheimer's disease, we developed a cell morphology-based drug screen centred on the risk gene, SORL1 (which encodes the protein SORLA). Increased Alzheimer's disease risk has been repeatedly linked to variants in SORL1, particularly those conferring loss or decreased expression of SORLA, and lower SORL1 levels are observed in post-mortem brain samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Consistent with its role in the endolysosomal pathway, SORL1 deletion is associated with enlarged endosomes in neural progenitor cells and neurons. We, therefore, hypothesized that multi-parametric, image-based cell phenotyping would identify features characteristic of SORL1 deletion. An automated morphological profiling method (Cell Painting) was adapted to neural progenitor cells and used to determine the phenotypic response of SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells to treatment with compounds from a small internationally approved drug library (TargetMol, 330 compounds). We detected distinct phenotypic signatures for SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells compared to isogenic wild-type controls. Furthermore, we identified 16 compounds (representing 14 drugs) that reversed the mutant morphological signatures in neural progenitor cells derived from three SORL1-/- induced pluripotent stem cell sub-clones. Network pharmacology analysis revealed the 16 compounds belonged to five mechanistic groups: 20S proteasome, aldehyde dehydrogenase, topoisomerase I and II, and DNA synthesis inhibitors. Enrichment analysis identified DNA synthesis/damage/repair, proteases/proteasome and metabolism as key pathways/biological processes. Prediction of novel targets revealed enrichment in pathways associated with neural cell function and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, this work suggests that (i) a quantitative phenotypic metric can distinguish induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells from isogenic wild-type controls and (ii) phenotypic screening combined with multi-parametric high-content image analysis is a viable option for drug repurposing and discovery in this human neural cell model of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina H McDiarmid
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katerina O Gospodinova
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rebecca E Graham
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marie-Therese El-Daher
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Susan M Anderson
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sophie C Glen
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Supakul S, Oyama C, Hatakeyama Y, Maeda S, Okano H. Estradiol enhanced neuronal plasticity and ameliorated astrogliosis in human iPSC-derived neural models. Regen Ther 2024; 25:250-263. [PMID: 38293585 PMCID: PMC10826128 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction 17β-Estradiol (E2) is a sex hormone that has been previously demonstrated to have neurotherapeutic effects on animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, clinical trials on E2 replacement therapy for preventing AD onset yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify the therapeutic effects of E2 on human cells. In this study, we utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from multiple AD donors to explore the therapeutic effects of E2 on the in vitro model of human cells. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using a random-effects model of the previously reported AD clinical trials to summarize the effects of E2 replacement therapy on AD prevention. Subsequently, we induced iPSCs from the donors of the healthy control (1210B2 line (female) and 201B7 line (female)), the familial AD (APP V717L line (female) and APP KM670/671NL line (female)), and the sporadic AD (UCSD-SAD3.7 line (APOE ε3/ε3) (male), UCSD-SAD7D line (APOE ε3/ε4) (male), and TMGH-1 line (APOE ε3/ε3) (female)), then differentiated to neurons. In addition to the mono-culture model of the neurons, we also examined the effects of E2 on the co-culture model of neurons and astrocytes. Results The meta-analysis of the clinical trials concluded that E2 replacement therapy reduced the risk of AD onset (OR, 0.69; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.91; I2 = 82 %). Neural models from the iPSCs of AD donors showed an increase in secreted amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels in the mono-culture model and an astrogliosis-like phenotype in the co-culture model. E2 treatment to the neuronal models derived from the iPSCs enhanced neuronal activity and increased neurite complexity. Furthermore, E2 treatment of the co-culture model ameliorated the astrogliosis-like phenotype. However, in contrast to the previous reports using mouse models, E2 treatment did not change AD pathogenesis, including Aβ secretion and phosphorylated tau (pTau) accumulation. Conclusion E2 treatment of the human cellular model did not impact Aβ secretion and pTau accumulation, but promoted neuronal plasticity and alleviated the astrogliosis-like phenotype. The limited effects of E2 may give a clue for the mixed results of E2 clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Oyama
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee JD, Nguyen A, Jin ZR, Moghadasi A, Gibbs CE, Wait SJ, Evitts KM, Asencio A, Bremner SB, Zuniga S, Chavan V, Williams A, Smith N, Regnier M, Young JE, Mack D, Nance E, Boyle PM, Berndt A. Far-red and sensitive sensor for monitoring real time H 2O 2 dynamics with subcellular resolution and in multi-parametric imaging applications. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579232. [PMID: 38370715 PMCID: PMC10871219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
H2O2 is a key oxidant in mammalian biology and a pleiotropic signaling molecule at the physiological level, and its excessive accumulation in conjunction with decreased cellular reduction capacity is often found to be a common pathological marker. Here, we present a red fluorescent Genetically Encoded H2O2 Indicator (GEHI) allowing versatile optogenetic dissection of redox biology. Our new GEHI, oROS-HT, is a chemigenetic sensor utilizing a HaloTag and Janelia Fluor (JF) rhodamine dye as fluorescent reporters. We developed oROS-HT through a structure-guided approach aided by classic protein structures and recent protein structure prediction tools. Optimized with JF635, oROS-HT is a sensor with 635 nm excitation and 650 nm emission peaks, allowing it to retain its brightness while monitoring intracellular H2O2 dynamics. Furthermore, it enables multi-color imaging in combination with blue-green fluorescent sensors for orthogonal analytes and low auto-fluorescence interference in biological tissues. Other advantages of oROS-HT over alternative GEHIs are its fast kinetics, oxygen-independent maturation, low pH sensitivity, lack of photo-artifact, and lack of intracellular aggregation. Here, we demonstrated efficient subcellular targeting and how oROS-HT can map inter and intracellular H2O2 diffusion at subcellular resolution. Lastly, we used oROS-HT with the green fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-4 to investigate the transient effect of the anti-inflammatory agent auranofin on cellular redox physiology and calcium levels via multi-parametric, dual-color imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Daho Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zheyu Ruby Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Aida Moghadasi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea E. Gibbs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Wait
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kira M. Evitts
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony Asencio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Samantha B Bremner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shani Zuniga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vedant Chavan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andy Williams
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Netta Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Mack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mishra S, Knupp A, Kinoshita C, Williams CA, Rose SE, Martinez R, Theofilas P, Young JE. Pharmacologic enhancement of retromer rescues endosomal pathology induced by defects in the Alzheimer's gene SORL1. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2434-2450. [PMID: 37949073 PMCID: PMC10724056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene (SORLA) is strongly associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). SORLA is a regulator of endosomal trafficking in neurons and interacts with retromer, a complex that is a "master conductor" of endosomal trafficking. Small molecules can increase retromer expression in vitro, enhancing its function. We treated hiPSC-derived cortical neurons that are either fully deficient, haploinsufficient, or that harbor one copy of SORL1 variants linked to AD with TPT-260, a retromer-enhancing molecule. We show significant increases in retromer subunit VPS26B expression. We tested whether endosomal, amyloid, and TAU pathologies were corrected. We observed that the degree of rescue by TPT-260 treatment depended on the number of copies of functional SORL1 and which SORL1 variant was expressed. Using a disease-relevant preclinical model, our work illuminates how the SORL1-retromer pathway can be therapeutically harnessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Andrew Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Supakul S, Hatakeyama Y, Leventoux N, Itsuno M, Numata N, Hiramine H, Morimoto S, Iwata A, Maeda S, Okano H. Urine-derived cells from the aged donor for the 2D/3D modeling of neural cells via iPSCs. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100101. [PMID: 38045491 PMCID: PMC10689952 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neural cell models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely accepted to model various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro. Although the most common sources of iPSCs are fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the collection of these cells is invasive. To reduce the donor's burden, we propose the use of urine-derived cells (UDCs), which can be obtained non-invasively from a urine sample. However, the collection of UDCs from elderly donors suffering from age-related diseases such as AD has not been reported, and it is unknown whether these UDCs from the donor aged over 80 years old can be converted into iPSCs and differentiated into neural cells. In this study, we reported a case of using the UDCs from the urine sample of an 89-year-old AD patient, and the UDCs were successfully reprogrammed into iPSCs and differentiated into neural cells in four different ways: (i) the dual SMAD inhibition with small-molecules via the neural progenitor precursor stage, (ii) the rapid induction method using transient expression of Ngn2 and microRNAs without going through the neural progenitor stage, (iii) the cortical brain organoids for 3D culture, and (iv) the human astrocytes. The accumulation of phosphorylated Tau proteins, which is a pathological hallmark of AD, was examined in the neuronal models generated from the UDCs of the aged donor. The application of this cell source will broaden the target population for disease modeling using iPS technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nicolas Leventoux
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maika Itsuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Numata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Hiramine
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 173-0015 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 173-0015 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee H, Aylward AJ, Pearse RV, Lish AM, Hsieh YC, Augur ZM, Benoit CR, Chou V, Knupp A, Pan C, Goberdhan S, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, Taga MF, Huynh K, Arnold M, Meikle PJ, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young JE, Young-Pearse TL. Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE and CLU levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112994. [PMID: 37611586 PMCID: PMC10568487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through genetic studies. To interrogate the roles of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1-null induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated to neuron, astrocyte, microglial, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 leads to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. SORL1 loss induces a neuron-specific reduction in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and clusterin (CLU) and altered lipid profiles. Analyses of iPSCs derived from a large cohort reveal a neuron-specific association between SORL1, APOE, and CLU levels, a finding validated in postmortem brain. Enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking rescues tau phenotypes observed in SORL1-null neurons but does not rescue APOE levels. Pathway analyses implicate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling in SORL1 function, and modulating SMAD signaling in neurons alters APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. Taken together, these data provide a mechanistic link between strong genetic risk factors for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee J Aylward
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lish
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary M Augur
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney R Benoit
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheryl Pan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Goberdhan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariko F Taga
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shin YJ, Evitts KM, Jin S, Howard C, Sharp-Milgrom M, Schwarze-Taufiq T, Kinoshita C, Young JE, Zheng Y. Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) from Alzheimer's disease neuronal secretome induce endothelial activation in a human cerebral microvessel model. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106125. [PMID: 37062307 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), secretion and deposition of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) have been associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction. However, the role of Aβ in endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction remains elusive. Here we investigated AD mediated EC activation by studying the effect of Aβ secreted from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons (hiPSC-CN) harboring a familial AD mutation (Swe+/+) on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) in 2D and 3D perfusable microvessels. We demonstrated that increased Aβ levels in Swe+/+ conditioned media (CM) led to stress fiber formation and upregulation of genes associated with endothelial inflammation and immune-adhesion. Perfusion of Aβ-rich Swe+/+ CM induced acute formation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) fibers in the vessel lumen, which was attenuated by reducing Aβ levels in CM. Our findings suggest that Aβ peptides can trigger rapid inflammatory and thrombogenic responses within cerebral microvessels, which may exacerbate AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Kira M Evitts
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Solhee Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Howard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Margaret Sharp-Milgrom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Tiara Schwarze-Taufiq
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kondo T, Yada Y, Ikeuchi T, Inoue H. CDiP technology for reverse engineering of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:231-235. [PMID: 35680997 PMCID: PMC9968655 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment for which neither treatable nor preventable approaches have been confirmed. Although genetic factors are considered to contribute to sporadic AD, for the majority of AD patients, the exact causes of AD aren't fully understood. For AD genetics, we developed cellular dissection of polygenicity (CDiP) technology to identify the smallest unit of AD, i.e., genetic factors at a cellular level. By CDiP, we found potential therapeutic targets, a rare variant for disease stratification, and polygenes to predict real-world AD by using the real-world data of AD cohort studies (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: ADNI and Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: J-ADNI). In this review, we describe the components and results of CDiP in AD, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) cohort, a cell genome-wide association study (cell GWAS), and machine learning. And finally, we discuss the future perspectives of CDiP technology for reverse engineering of sporadic AD toward AD eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kondo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan.
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee H, Aylward AJ, Pearse RV, Hsieh YC, Augur ZM, Benoit CR, Chou V, Knupp A, Pan C, Goberdhan S, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, Klein HU, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young JE, Young-Pearse TL. Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530017. [PMID: 36865313 PMCID: PMC9980168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
SORL1 is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through human genetic studies that point to an association of reduced SORL1 levels with higher risk for AD. To interrogate the role(s) of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1 null iPSCs were generated, followed by differentiation to neuron, astrocyte, microglia, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 led to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. Intriguingly, SORL1 loss led to a dramatic neuron-specific reduction in APOE levels. Further, analyses of iPSCs derived from a human aging cohort revealed a neuron-specific linear correlation between SORL1 and APOE RNA and protein levels, a finding validated in human post-mortem brain. Pathway analysis implicated intracellular transport pathways and TGF- β/SMAD signaling in the function of SORL1 in neurons. In accord, enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking and autophagy rescued elevated phospho-tau observed in SORL1 null neurons but did not rescue APOE levels, suggesting that these phenotypes are separable. Stimulation and inhibition of SMAD signaling modulated APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. These studies provide a mechanistic link between two of the strongest genetic risk factors for AD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Young JE, Goldstein LSB. Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-Derived Neurons and Glia for the Elucidation of Pathogenic Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:105-133. [PMID: 36399267 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and a mechanistically complex disease. For the last decade, human models of AD using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a powerful way to understand disease pathogenesis in relevant human cell types. In this review, we summarize the state of the field and how this technology can apply to studies of both familial and sporadic studies of AD. We discuss patient-derived iPSCs, genome editing, differentiation of neural cell types, and three-dimensional organoids, and speculate on the future of this type of work for increasing our understanding of, and improving therapeutic development for, this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Limone A, Veneruso I, D'Argenio V, Sarnataro D. Endosomal trafficking and related genetic underpinnings as a hub in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3803-3815. [PMID: 35994714 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies support the amyloid cascade as the leading hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although significant efforts have been made in untangling the amyloid and other pathological events in AD, ongoing interventions for AD have not been revealed efficacious for slowing down disease progression. Recent advances in the field of genetics have shed light on the etiology of AD, identifying numerous risk genes associated with late-onset AD, including genes related to intracellular endosomal trafficking. Some of the bases for the development of AD may be explained by the recently emerging AD genetic "hubs," which include the processing pathway of amyloid precursor protein and the endocytic pathway. The endosomal genetic hub may represent a common pathway through which many pathological effects can be mediated and novel, alternative biological targets could be identified for therapeutic interventions. The aim of this review is to focus on the genetic and biological aspects of the endosomal compartments related to AD progression. We report recent studies which describe how changes in endosomal genetics impact on functional events, such as the amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic processing, degradative pathways, and the importance of receptors related to endocytic trafficking, including the 37/67 kDa laminin-1 receptor ribosomal protein SA, and their implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Limone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Veneruso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kitamura RA, Maxwell KG, Ye W, Kries K, Brown CM, Augsornworawat P, Hirsch Y, Johansson MM, Weiden T, Ekstein J, Cohen J, Klee J, Leslie K, Simeonov A, Henderson MJ, Millman JR, Urano F. Multidimensional analysis and therapeutic development using patient iPSC-derived disease models of Wolfram syndrome. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156549. [PMID: 36134655 PMCID: PMC9675478 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder largely caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene and manifested by diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, and progressive neurodegeneration. Recent genetic and clinical findings have revealed Wolfram syndrome as a spectrum disorder. Therefore, a genotype-phenotype correlation analysis is needed for diagnosis and therapeutic development. Here, we focus on the WFS1 c.1672C>T, p.R558C variant, which is highly prevalent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Clinical investigation indicated that patients carrying the homozygous WFS1 c.1672C>T, p.R558C variant showed mild forms of Wolfram syndrome phenotypes. Expression of WFS1 p.R558C was more stable compared with the other known recessive pathogenic variants associated with Wolfram syndrome. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) islets (SC-islets) homozygous for WFS1 c.1672C>T variant recapitulated genotype-related Wolfram syndrome phenotypes. Enhancing residual WFS1 function through a combination treatment of chemical chaperones mitigated detrimental effects caused by the WFS1 c.1672C>T, p.R558C variant and increased insulin secretion in SC-islets. Thus, the WFS1 c.1672C>T, p.R558C variant causes a mild form of Wolfram syndrome phenotypes, which can be remitted with a combination treatment of chemical chaperones. We demonstrate that our patient iPSC-derived disease model provides a valuable platform for further genotype-phenotype analysis and therapeutic development for Wolfram syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Asada Kitamura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristina G Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Kries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cris M Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Punn Augsornworawat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Martin M Johansson
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tzvi Weiden
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Ekstein
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Klee
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kent Leslie
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark J Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tejada Moreno JA, Villegas Lanau A, Madrigal Zapata L, Baena Pineda AY, Velez Hernandez J, Campo Nieto O, Soto Ospina A, Araque Marín P, Rishishwar L, Norris ET, Chande AT, Jordan IK, Bedoya Berrio G. Mutations in SORL1 and MTHFDL1 possibly contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease in a multigenerational Colombian Family. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269955. [PMID: 35905044 PMCID: PMC9337667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting over 50 million people worldwide in 2020 and this number will triple to 152 million by 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries like Colombia. In familial forms, highly penetrant mutations have been identified in three genes, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, supporting a role for amyloid-β peptide. In sporadic forms, more than 30 risk genes involved in the lipid metabolism, the immune system, and synaptic functioning mechanisms. We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) to evaluate a family of 97 members, spanning three generations, with a familiar AD, and without mutations in APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2. We sequenced two affected and one unaffected member with the aim of identifying genetic variants that could explain the presence of the disease in the family and the candidate variants were validated in eleven members. We also built a structural model to try to determine the effect on protein function. WES analysis identified two rare variants in SORL1 and MTHFD1L genes segregating in the family with other potential risk variants in APOE, ABCA7, and CHAT, suggesting an oligogenic inheritance. Additionally, the structural 3D models of SORL1 and MTHFD1L variants shows that these variants produce polarity changes that favor hydrophobic interactions, resulting in local structural changes that could affect the protein function and may contribute to the development of the disease in this family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Omer Campo Nieto
- Molecular Genetics Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Pedronel Araque Marín
- Research and Innovation Group in Chemical Formulations, EIA University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lavanya Rishishwar
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Emily T. Norris
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aroon T. Chande
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - I. King Jordan
- IHRC-Georgia Tech Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schramm C, Charbonnier C, Zaréa A, Lacour M, Wallon D, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Alarcon F, Campion D, Nuel G, Nicolas G. Penetrance estimation of Alzheimer disease in SORL1 loss-of-function variant carriers using a family-based strategy and stratification by APOE genotypes. Genome Med 2022; 14:69. [PMID: 35761418 PMCID: PMC9238165 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common complex disorder with a high genetic component. Loss-of-function (LoF) SORL1 variants are one of the strongest AD genetic risk factors. Estimating their age-related penetrance is essential before putative use for genetic counseling or preventive trials. However, relative rarity and co-occurrence with the main AD risk factor, APOE-ε4, make such estimations difficult. METHODS We proposed to estimate the age-related penetrance of SORL1-LoF variants through a survival framework by estimating the conditional instantaneous risk combining (i) a baseline for non-carriers of SORL1-LoF variants, stratified by APOE-ε4, derived from the Rotterdam study (N = 12,255), and (ii) an age-dependent proportional hazard effect for SORL1-LoF variants estimated from 27 extended pedigrees (including 307 relatives ≥ 40 years old, 45 of them having genotyping information) recruited from the French reference center for young Alzheimer patients. We embedded this model into an expectation-maximization algorithm to accommodate for missing genotypes. To correct for ascertainment bias, proband phenotypes were omitted. Then, we assessed if our penetrance curves were concordant with age distributions of APOE-ε4-stratified SORL1-LoF variant carriers detected among sequencing data of 13,007 cases and 10,182 controls from European and American case-control study consortia. RESULTS SORL1-LoF variants penetrance curves reached 100% (95% confidence interval [99-100%]) by age 70 among APOE-ε4ε4 carriers only, compared with 56% [40-72%] and 37% [26-51%] in ε4 heterozygous carriers and ε4 non-carriers, respectively. These estimates were fully consistent with observed age distributions of SORL1-LoF variant carriers in case-control study data. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SORL1-LoF variants should be interpreted in light of APOE genotypes for future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Schramm
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Aline Zaréa
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Flora Alarcon
- MAP5, UMR-CNRS 8145, Paris University, 75270, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, 76681, Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, France
| | - Grégory Nuel
- LPSM, CNRS 8001, Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Utility of iPSC-Derived Cells for Disease Modeling, Drug Development, and Cell Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111853. [PMID: 35681550 PMCID: PMC9180434 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. As such, the use of iPSCs in drug development and validation has shown a sharp increase in the past 15 years. Furthermore, many labs have been successful in reproducing many disease phenotypes, often difficult or impossible to capture, in commonly used cell lines or animal models. However, there still remain limitations such as the variability between iPSC lines as well as their maturity. Here, we aim to discuss the strategies in generating iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons for use in disease modeling, drug development and their use in cell therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses the spectrum of genetic risk in familial and sporadic forms of early- and late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Recent work illuminating the complex genetic architecture of AD is discussed in the context of high and low risk and what is known in different populations. RECENT FINDINGS A small proportion of AD is autosomal dominant familial AD caused by variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP, although more recently described rare genetic changes can also increase risk substantially over the general population, with odds ratios estimated at 2 to 4. APOE remains the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, and understanding the biology of APOE has yielded mechanistic insights and leads for therapeutic interventions. Genome-wide studies enabled by rapidly developing technologic advances in sequencing have identified numerous risk factors that have a low impact on risk but are widely shared throughout the population and involve a repertoire of cell pathways, again shining light on potential paths to intervention. Population studies aimed at defining and stratifying genetic AD risk have been informative, although they are not yet widely applicable clinically because the studies were not performed in people with diverse ancestry and ethnicity and thus population-wide data are lacking. SUMMARY The value of genetic information to practitioners in the clinic is distinct from information sought by researchers looking to identify novel therapeutic targets. It is possible to envision a future in which genetic stratification joins other biomarkers to facilitate therapeutic choices and inform prognosis. Genetics already has transformed our understanding of AD pathogenesis and will, no doubt, continue to reveal the complexity of brain biology in health and disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mishra S, Knupp A, Szabo MP, Williams CA, Kinoshita C, Hailey DW, Wang Y, Andersen OM, Young JE. The Alzheimer's gene SORL1 is a regulator of endosomal traffic and recycling in human neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:162. [PMID: 35226190 PMCID: PMC8885486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of the Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene seems to act as a causal event for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have established that loss of SORL1, as well as mutations in autosomal dominant AD genes APP and PSEN1/2, pathogenically converge by swelling early endosomes, AD's cytopathological hallmark. Acting together with the retromer trafficking complex, SORL1 has been shown to regulate the recycling of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) out of the endosome, contributing to endosomal swelling and to APP misprocessing. We hypothesized that SORL1 plays a broader role in neuronal endosomal recycling and used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSC-Ns) to test this hypothesis. We examined endosomal recycling of three transmembrane proteins linked to AD pathophysiology: APP, the BDNF receptor Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB), and the glutamate receptor subunit AMPA1 (GLUA1). METHODS We used isogenic hiPSCs engineered to have SORL1 depleted or to have enhanced SORL1 expression. We differentiated neurons from these cell lines and mapped the trafficking of APP, TRKB and GLUA1 within the endosomal network using confocal microscopy. We also performed cell surface recycling and lysosomal degradation assays to assess the functionality of the endosomal network in both SORL1-depleted and -overexpressing neurons. The functional impact of GLUA1 recycling was determined by measuring synaptic activity. Finally, we analyzed alterations in gene expression in SORL1-depleted neurons using RNA sequencing. RESULTS We find that as with APP, endosomal trafficking of GLUA1 and TRKB is impaired by loss of SORL1. We show that trafficking of all three cargoes to late endosomes and lysosomes is affected by manipulating SORL1 expression. We also show that depletion of SORL1 significantly impacts the endosomal recycling pathway for APP and GLUA1 at the level of the recycling endosome and trafficking to the cell surface. This has a functional effect on neuronal activity as shown by multi-electrode array (MEA). Conversely, increased SORL1 expression enhances endosomal recycling for APP and GLUA1. Our unbiased transcriptomic data further support SORL1's role in endosomal recycling. We observe altered expression networks that regulate cell surface trafficking and neurotrophic signaling in SORL1-depleted neurons. CONCLUSION Collectively, and together with other recent observations, these findings suggest that one role for SORL1 is to contribute to endosomal degradation and recycling pathways in neurons, a conclusion that has both pathogenic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Marcell P. Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Charles A. Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Dale W. Hailey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao L, Zhang Y, Sterling K, Song W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer's disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:4. [PMID: 35090576 PMCID: PMC8796548 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic abnormalities are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are known to arise as the disease progresses. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological alterations to neuronal circuits and synapses may provide a mechanistic link between amyloid β (Aβ) and tau pathology and thus may serve as an obligatory relay of the cognitive impairment in AD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) play an important role in maintaining synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Considering AD as a synaptic disorder, BDNF has attracted increasing attention as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutical molecule for AD. Although depletion of BDNF has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of impaired BDNF signaling on AD are still unknown. Here, we present an overview of how BDNF genomic structure is connected to factors that regulate BDNF signaling. We then discuss the role of BDNF in AD and the potential of BDNF-targeting therapeutics for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Deng Z, Dong Y, Zhou X, Lu JH, Yue Z. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for Alzheimer’s disease therapy: Opportunities and obstacles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 12:1688-1706. [PMID: 35847516 PMCID: PMC9279633 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an irreversible and progressive impairment of cognitive abilities as well as the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. By far, the precise mechanisms of AD are not fully understood and no interventions are available to effectively slow down progression of the disease. Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged organelles, pathogens, and disease-prone protein aggregates to lysosome for degradation. Emerging evidence suggests dysfunctional autophagy clearance pathway as a potential cellular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD in affected neurons. Here we summarize the current evidence for autophagy dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD and discuss the role of autophagy in the regulation of AD-related protein degradation and neuroinflammation in neurons and glial cells. Finally, we review the autophagy modulators reported in the treatment of AD models and discuss the obstacles and opportunities for potential clinical application of the novel autophagy activators for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Supakul S, Okano H, Maeda S. Utilization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived In vitro Models for the Future Study of Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:768948. [PMID: 34803659 PMCID: PMC8599796 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.768948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an aging-dependent neurodegenerative disease that impairs cognitive function. Although the main pathologies of AD are the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau protein, the mechanisms that lead to these pathologies and their effects are believed to be heterogeneous among patients. Many epidemiological studies have suggested that sex is involved in disease prevalence and progression. The reduction of sex hormones contributes to the pathogenesis of AD, especially in females, suggesting that the supplementation of sex hormones could be a therapeutic intervention for AD. However, interventional studies have revealed that hormone therapy is beneficial under limited conditions in certain populations with specific administration methods. Thus, this suggests the importance of identifying crucial factors that determine hormonal effects in patients with AD. Based on these factors, it is necessary to decide which patients will receive the intervention before starting it. However, the long observational period and many uncontrollable environmental factors in clinical trials made it difficult to identify such factors, except for the APOE ε4 allele. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients can differentiate into neurons and recapitulate some aspects of AD pathogenesis. This in vitro model allows us to control non-cell autonomous factors, including the amount of Aβ aggregates and sex hormones. Hence, iPSCs provide opportunities to investigate sex-dependent pathogenesis and predict a suitable population for clinical trials of hormone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mertens J, Herdy JR, Traxler L, Schafer ST, Schlachetzki JCM, Böhnke L, Reid DA, Lee H, Zangwill D, Fernandes DP, Agarwal RK, Lucciola R, Zhou-Yang L, Karbacher L, Edenhofer F, Stern S, Horvath S, Paquola ACM, Glass CK, Yuan SH, Ku M, Szücs A, Goldstein LSB, Galasko D, Gage FH. Age-dependent instability of mature neuronal fate in induced neurons from Alzheimer's patients. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1533-1548.e6. [PMID: 33910058 PMCID: PMC8423435 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) exclusively affects elderly people. Using direct conversion of AD patient fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs), we generated an age-equivalent neuronal model. AD patient-derived iNs exhibit strong neuronal transcriptome signatures characterized by downregulation of mature neuronal properties and upregulation of immature and progenitor-like signaling pathways. Mapping iNs to longitudinal neuronal differentiation trajectory data demonstrated that AD iNs reflect a hypo-mature neuronal identity characterized by markers of stress, cell cycle, and de-differentiation. Epigenetic landscape profiling revealed an underlying aberrant neuronal state that shares similarities with malignant transformation and age-dependent epigenetic erosion. To probe for the involvement of aging, we generated rejuvenated iPSC-derived neurons that showed no significant disease-related transcriptome signatures, a feature that is consistent with epigenetic clock and brain ontogenesis mapping, which indicate that fibroblast-derived iNs more closely reflect old adult brain stages. Our findings identify AD-related neuronal changes as age-dependent cellular programs that impair neuronal identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria.
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Larissa Traxler
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena Böhnke
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Dylan A Reid
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyungjun Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dina Zangwill
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diana P Fernandes
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ravi K Agarwal
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raffaella Lucciola
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Zhou-Yang
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Lukas Karbacher
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Institute of Molecular Biology and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Apua C M Paquola
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shauna H Yuan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Manching Ku
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Attila Szücs
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hung C, Tuck E, Stubbs V, van der Lee SJ, Aalfs C, van Spaendonk R, Scheltens P, Hardy J, Holstege H, Livesey FJ. SORL1 deficiency in human excitatory neurons causes APP-dependent defects in the endolysosome-autophagy network. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109259. [PMID: 34133918 PMCID: PMC8220253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endolysosomal-autophagy network is emerging as an important pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in the sorting receptor-encoding gene SORL1 cause autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, and SORL1 variants increase risk for late-onset AD. To understand the contribution of SORL1 mutations to AD pathogenesis, we analyze the effects of a SORL1 truncating mutation on SORL1 protein levels and endolysosome function in human neurons. We find that truncating mutation results in SORL1 haploinsufficiency and enlarged endosomes in human neurons. Analysis of isogenic SORL1 wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous null neurons demonstrates that, whereas SORL1 haploinsufficiency results in endosome dysfunction, complete loss of SORL1 leads to additional defects in lysosome function and autophagy. Neuronal endolysosomal dysfunction caused by loss of SORL1 is relieved by extracellular antisense oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of APP protein, demonstrating that PSEN1, APP, and SORL1 act in a common pathway regulating the endolysosome system, which becomes dysfunctional in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hung
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Eleanor Tuck
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Victoria Stubbs
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Cora Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Monti G, Kjolby M, Jensen AMG, Allen M, Reiche J, Møller PL, Comaposada-Baró R, Zolkowski BE, Vieira C, Jørgensen MM, Holm IE, Valdmanis PN, Wellner N, Vægter CB, Lincoln SJ, Nykjær A, Ertekin-Taner N, Young JE, Nyegaard M, Andersen OM. Expression of an alternatively spliced variant of SORL1 in neuronal dendrites is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33726851 PMCID: PMC7962264 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is strongly associated with both sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but a lack of information about alternatively spliced transcripts currently limits our understanding of the role of SORL1 in AD. Here, we describe a SORL1 transcript (SORL1-38b) characterized by inclusion of a novel exon (E38b) that encodes a truncated protein. We identified E38b-containing transcripts in several brain regions, with the highest expression in the cerebellum and showed that SORL1-38b is largely located in neuronal dendrites, which is in contrast to the somatic distribution of transcripts encoding the full-length SORLA protein (SORL1-fl). SORL1-38b transcript levels were significantly reduced in AD cerebellum in three independent cohorts of postmortem brains, whereas no changes were observed for SORL1-fl. A trend of lower 38b transcript level in cerebellum was found for individuals carrying the risk variant at rs2282649 (known as SNP24), although not reaching statistical significance. These findings suggest synaptic functions for SORL1-38b in the brain, uncovering novel aspects of SORL1 that can be further explored in AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monti
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Juliane Reiche
- Department of Biochemistry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter L Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Raquel Comaposada-Baró
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bartlomiej E Zolkowski
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cármen Vieira
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Margarita Melnikova Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Ida E Holm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niels Wellner
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sarah J Lincoln
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Anders Nykjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
MacDougall G, Brown LY, Kantor B, Chiba-Falek O. The Path to Progress Preclinical Studies of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Perspective on Rodent and hiPSC-Derived Models. Mol Ther 2021; 29:949-972. [PMID: 33429080 PMCID: PMC7934639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and currently no effective clinical treatments exist for either, despite decades of clinical trials. The failure to translate preclinical findings into effective treatments is indicative of a problem in the current evaluation pipeline for potential therapeutics. At present, there are no useful animal models for AD and PD research that reflect the entire biology of the diseases, specifically, the more common non-Mendelian forms. Whereas the field continues to seek suitable rodent models for investigating potential therapeutics for these diseases, rodent models have still been used primarily for preclinical studies. Here, we advocate for a paradigm shift toward the application of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived systems for PD and AD modeling and the development of improved human-based models in a dish for drug discovery and preclinical assessment of therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Logan Y Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Frankowski H, Yeboah F, Berry BJ, Kinoshita C, Lee M, Evitts K, Davis J, Kinoshita Y, Morrison RS, Young JE. Knock-Down of HDAC2 in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons Improves Neuronal Mitochondrial Dynamics, Neuronal Maturation and Reduces Amyloid Beta Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052526. [PMID: 33802405 PMCID: PMC7959288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a major HDAC protein in the adult brain and has been shown to regulate many neuronal genes. The aberrant expression of HDAC2 and subsequent dysregulation of neuronal gene expression is implicated in neurodegeneration and brain aging. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSC-Ns) are widely used models for studying neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but the role of HDAC2 in hiPSC-N differentiation and maturation has not been explored. In this study, we show that levels of HDAC2 progressively decrease as hiPSCs are differentiated towards neurons. This suppression of HDAC2 inversely corresponds to an increase in neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1, a multifunctional protein involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Expression of neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1 is accompanied by concomitant expression of a neuron-specific alternative splicing factor, SRRM4. Manipulation of HDAC2 and Endophilin-B1 using lentiviral approaches shows that the knock-down of HDAC2 or the overexpression of a neuron-specific Endophilin-B1 isoform promotes mitochondrial elongation and protects against cytotoxic stress in hiPSC-Ns, while HDAC2 knock-down specifically influences genes regulating mitochondrial dynamics and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, HDAC2 knock-down promotes enhanced mitochondrial respiration and reduces levels of neurotoxic amyloid beta peptides. Collectively, our study demonstrates a role for HDAC2 in hiPSC-neuronal differentiation, highlights neuron-specific isoforms of Endophilin-B1 as a marker of differentiating hiPSC-Ns and demonstrates that HDAC2 regulates key neuronal and mitochondrial pathways in hiPSC-Ns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Frankowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fred Yeboah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bonnie J. Berry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kira Evitts
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Davis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard S. Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (H.F.); (F.Y.); (B.J.B.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (K.E.); (J.D.); (Y.K.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Amponsah AE, Guo R, Kong D, Feng B, He J, Zhang W, Liu X, Du X, Ma Z, Liu B, Ma J, Cui H. Patient-derived iPSCs, a reliable in vitro model for the investigation of Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:379-402. [PMID: 33550785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and a common cause of dementia among elderly individuals. The disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, accumulation of senile amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Human-derived cell models of AD are scarce, and over the years, non-human-derived models have been developed to recapitulate clinical AD, investigate the disease's pathogenesis and develop therapies for the disease. Several pharmacological compounds have been developed for AD based on findings from non-human-derived cell models; however, these pharmacological compounds have failed at different phases of clinical trials. This necessitates the application of human-derived cell models, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in their optimized form in AD mechanistic studies and preclinical drug testing. This review provides an overview of AD and iPSCs. The AD-relevant phenotypes of iPSC-derived AD brain cells and the usefulness of iPSCs in AD are highlighted. Finally, the various recommendations that have been made to enhance iPSC/AD modelling are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asiamah Ernest Amponsah
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Ruiyun Guo
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Baofeng Feng
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Zhenhuan Ma
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Boxin Liu
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Human Anatomy Department, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Hebei Medical University-National University of Ireland Galway Stem Cell Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Hebei Research Center for Stem Cell Medical Translational Engineering, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China.,Human Anatomy Department, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province050017, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chacko S, Ladiges W. Therapeutic Targeting of Histone Deacetylation to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. EMEDICAL RESEARCH 2021; 3:100020. [PMID: 35984647 PMCID: PMC9385167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to find disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been largely unsuccessful. The relative lack of progress and the age-related incidence of AD suggest that modulation of aging per se may be a useful alternative treatment approach. Therapeutics aimed at preventing or reversing aging should be effective in preventing or reversing dementia and the pathology associated with progressive AD. Epigenetic dysregulation of neuronal gene expression occurs with age, propagating deficits in cellular homeostasis. Regulators of epigenetic processes, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), are well documented and may represent promising therapeutic targets. HDAC activity becomes dysregulated with age and in AD. An intriguing concept is that HDAC inhibition effectively forestalls AD pathology measured more broadly, addressing the notion that rectifying homeostatic gene expression may be the critical step in ameliorating AD pathogenesis at the earliest stage of disease initiation. HDAC inhibitors target several pathways associated with aging and AD neuropathology including loss of synaptic function, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and decreased autophagy activity. Since transcriptional levels of numerous genes are shown to decrease with increasing age, a recovery of their transcriptional activity through HDAC inhibition could prevent or delay age-associated declines in neurological function and provide pathways for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Chacko
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA,Corresponding author: Warren Ladiges, Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
D’Souza GX, Rose SE, Knupp A, Nicholson DA, Keene CD, Young JE. The application of in vitro-derived human neurons in neurodegenerative disease modeling. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:124-140. [PMID: 32170790 PMCID: PMC7487003 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective treatments for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders is an on-going challenge faced by the scientific field. Key to the development of such therapies is the appropriate selection of modeling systems in which to investigate disease mechanisms and to test candidate interventions. There are unique challenges in the development of representative laboratory models of neurodegenerative diseases, including the complexity of the human brain, the cumulative and variable contributions of genetic and environmental factors over the course of a lifetime, inability to culture human primary neurons, and critical central nervous system differences between small animal models and humans. While traditional rodent models have advanced our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, key divergences such as the species-specific genetic background can limit the application of animal models in many cases. Here we review in vitro human neuronal systems that employ stem cell and reprogramming technology and their application to a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we compare human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to directly converted, or transdifferentiated, induced neurons, as both model systems can take advantage of patient-derived human tissue to produce neurons in culture. We present recent technical developments using these two modeling systems, as well as current limitations to these systems, with the aim of advancing investigation of neuropathogenic mechanisms using these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary X. D’Souza
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Reconstruction of Alzheimer's Disease Cell Model In Vitro via Extracted Peripheral Blood Molecular Cells from a Sporadic Patient. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8897494. [PMID: 33381193 PMCID: PMC7762651 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) patients is necessary and could potentially benefit research into disease etiology and therapeutic strategies. However, the development of sAD iPSC models is still limited due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. Here, we extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with sAD and induced them into iPSC by introducing the Sendai virus expressing Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, which were subsequently induced into neural cells to build the cell model of AD. Using alkaline phosphatase staining, immunofluorescence staining, karyotype analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and teratoma formation in vitro, we demonstrated that the iPSC derived from PMBCs (PBMC-iPSC) had a normal karyotype and potential to differentiate into three embryonic layers. Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) suggested that PBMC-iPSCs were successfully differentiated into neural cells. Detection of beta-amyloid protein oligomer (AβO), beta-amyloid protein 1-40 (Aβ 1-40), and beta-amyloid protein 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) indicated that the AD cell model was satisfactorily constructed in vitro. In conclusion, this study has successfully generated an AD cell model with pathological features of beta-amyloid peptide deposition using PBMC from a patient with sAD.
Collapse
|
40
|
Langness VF, van der Kant R, Das U, Wang L, Chaves RDS, Goldstein LSB. Cholesterol-lowering drugs reduce APP processing to Aβ by inducing APP dimerization. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:247-259. [PMID: 33296223 PMCID: PMC8098827 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a major component of amyloid plaques, which are a key pathological hallmark found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. We show that statins are effective at reducing Aβ in human neurons from nondemented control subjects, as well as subjects with familial AD and sporadic AD. Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential proteolytic cleavage by BACE1 and γ-secretase. While previous studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism regulates APP processing to Aβ, the mechanism is not well understood. We used iPSC-derived neurons and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays in transfected cells to elucidate how altering cholesterol metabolism influences APP processing. Altering cholesterol metabolism using statins decreased the generation of sAPPβ and increased levels of full-length APP (flAPP), indicative of reduced processing of APP by BACE1. We further show that statins decrease flAPP interaction with BACE1 and enhance APP dimerization. Additionally, statin-induced changes in APP dimerization and APP-BACE1 are dependent on cholesterol binding to APP. Our data indicate that statins reduce Aβ production by decreasing BACE1 interaction with flAPP and suggest that this process may be regulated through competition between APP dimerization and APP cholesterol binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Langness
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Louie Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Chaves
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
VPS10P Domain Receptors: Sorting Out Brain Health and Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:870-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
Pensalfini A, Kim S, Subbanna S, Bleiwas C, Goulbourne CN, Stavrides PH, Jiang Y, Lee JH, Darji S, Pawlik M, Huo C, Peddy J, Berg MJ, Smiley JF, Basavarajappa BS, Nixon RA. Endosomal Dysfunction Induced by Directly Overactivating Rab5 Recapitulates Prodromal and Neurodegenerative Features of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108420. [PMID: 33238112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal endosomal dysfunction, the earliest known pathobiology specific to Alzheimer's disease (AD), is mediated by the aberrant activation of Rab5 triggered by APP-β secretase cleaved C-terminal fragment (APP-βCTF). To distinguish pathophysiological consequences specific to overactivated Rab5 itself, we activate Rab5 independently from APP-βCTF in the PA-Rab5 mouse model. We report that Rab5 overactivation alone recapitulates diverse prodromal and degenerative features of AD. Modest neuron-specific transgenic Rab5 expression inducing hyperactivation of Rab5 comparable to that in AD brain reproduces AD-related Rab5-endosomal enlargement and mistrafficking, hippocampal synaptic plasticity deficits via accelerated AMPAR endocytosis and dendritic spine loss, and tau hyperphosphorylation via activated glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Importantly, Rab5-mediated endosomal dysfunction induces progressive cholinergic neurodegeneration and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory. Aberrant neuronal Rab5-endosome signaling, therefore, drives a pathogenic cascade distinct from β-amyloid-related neurotoxicity, which includes prodromal and neurodegenerative features of AD, and suggests Rab5 overactivation as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Philip H Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sandipkumar Darji
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chunfeng Huo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - James Peddy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Martin J Berg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Barthelson K, Pederson SM, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptome analysis reveals subtle effects on mitochondrial function and iron homeostasis of mutations in the SORL1 gene implicated in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2020; 13:142. [PMID: 33076949 PMCID: PMC7570131 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we must understand its molecular basis. The great majority of AD cases arise sporadically with a late onset after 65 years of age (LOAD). However, rare familial cases of AD can occur due to dominant mutations in a small number of genes that cause an early onset prior to 65 years of age (EOfAD). As EOfAD and LOAD share similar pathologies and disease progression, analysis of EOfAD genetic models may give insight into both subtypes of AD. Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is genetically associated with both EOfAD and LOAD and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between both forms of AD. Currently, the role of SORL1 mutations in AD pathogenesis is unclear. To understand the molecular consequences of SORL1 mutation, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the orthologous gene in zebrafish. We generated an EOfAD-like mutation, V1482Afs, and a putatively null mutation, to investigate whether EOfAD-like mutations in sorl1 display haploinsufficiency by acting through loss-of-function mechanisms. We performed mRNA-sequencing on whole brains, comparing wild type fish with their siblings heterozygous for EOfAD-like or putatively loss-of-function mutations in sorl1, or transheterozygous for these mutations. Differential gene expression analysis identified a small number of differentially expressed genes due to the sorl1 genotypes. We also performed enrichment analysis on all detectable genes to obtain a more complete view on changes to gene expression by performing three methods of gene set enrichment analysis, then calculated an overall significance value using the harmonic mean p-value. This identified subtle effects on expression of genes involved in energy production, mRNA translation and mTORC1 signalling in both the EOfAD-like and null mutant brains, implying that these effects are due to sorl1 haploinsufficiency. Surprisingly, we also observed changes to expression of genes occurring only in the EOfAD-mutation carrier brains, suggesting gain-of-function effects. Transheterozygosity for the EOfAD-like and null mutations (i.e. lacking wild type sorl1), caused apparent effects on iron homeostasis and other transcriptome changes distinct from the single-mutation heterozygous fish. Our results provide insight into the possible early brain molecular effects of an EOfAD mutation in human SORL1. Differential effects of heterozygosity and complete loss of normal SORL1 expression are revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tao R, Lu R, Wang J, Zeng S, Zhang T, Guo W, Zhang X, Cheng Q, Yue C, Wang Y, Jing N. Probing the therapeutic potential of TRPC6 for Alzheimer's disease in live neurons from patient-specific iPSCs. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:807-816. [PMID: 32492143 PMCID: PMC7816687 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model and study Alzheimer's disease (AD) under patient-specific genetic background. The lower expression of transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) was associated with AD patients, which might be involved in AD pathogenesis. However, the role of TRPC6 that played in AD process still needs more investigation in patient-relevant neurons. In this study, the iPSCs were generated from peripheral blood cells of sporadic AD patients and efficiently differentiated into mature cortical neurons. These sporadic AD-bearing neurons displayed higher levels of AD pathological markers Aβ and phospho-tau, but lower levels of TRPC6, than those of control neurons. Treatment of AD neurons with TRPC6 protein fragment or agonist inhibited the elevation of Aβ and phospho-tau. Our results in live AD neurons manifest that the compromised expression of TRPC6 substantially contributed to Aβ pathology of sporadic AD, suggesting that targeting TRPC6 could help to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatments of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shujun Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chunmei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yizheng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Riemens RJM, Kenis G, van den Beucken T. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for studying sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107318. [PMID: 32977028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has the potential to accelerate scientific research for Alzheimer's disease (AD). iPSCs are therefore increasingly considered for AD modeling and drug development. Nevertheless, most of the work conducted so far has mainly focused on iPSC models from patients with familial AD (fAD), while actually sporadic AD (sAD) is more prevalent and represents over 90% of the AD cases in the population. The development of more sAD models is therefore key for studying this multifactorial disorder. In fact, probing the unique genomes of sAD patients and their interaction with AD-associated environmental factors could contribute to a better understanding of this disease. However, initial iPSC-based models for sAD have shown a high degree of variability and inconsistencies in terms of AD hallmarks. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that have been conducted for sAD so far. In addition, we critically assess important sources of variability related to the model in addition to those that might be explained by the heterogeneous nature of sAD. These considerations might aid in developing more consistent iPSC models of sAD, which could help in developing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J M Riemens
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Graduate School MHeNS (School for Mental Health and Neuroscience), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - G Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Graduate School MHeNS (School for Mental Health and Neuroscience), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T van den Beucken
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Graduate School GROW (Research School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee C, Willerth SM, Nygaard HB. The Use of Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Alzheimer’s Disease Modeling. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 192:101804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
47
|
Pinheiro L, Faustino C. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:418-452. [PMID: 30907320 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioral dysfunctions typical of AD. Amyloidosis has been implicated in the depression of acetylcholine synthesis and release, overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increased intracellular calcium levels that result in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. Current drugs used in AD treatment are either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists; however, they provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter the progression of the disease. Aβ is the product of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing after successive cleavage by β- and γ-secretases while APP proteolysis by α-secretase results in non-amyloidogenic products. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis results in the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ into soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils. The former are synaptotoxic and can induce tau hyperphosphorylation while the latter deposit in senile plaques and elicit proinflammatory responses, contributing to oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Aβ-protein-targeted therapeutic strategies are thus a promising disease-modifying approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. This review summarizes recent findings on Aβ-protein targeted AD drugs, including β-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, α-secretase activators, direct inhibitors of Aβ aggregation and immunotherapy targeting Aβ, focusing mainly on those currently under clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Pinheiro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Faustino
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Soluble SORLA Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration through Activation of the EGF Receptor/ERK Signaling Axis. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5908-5921. [PMID: 32601248 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0723-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Although SORLA is abundantly expressed in neurons, physiological roles for SORLA remain unclear. Here, we show that cultured transgenic neurons overexpressing SORLA feature longer neurites, and accelerated neurite regeneration with wounding. Enhanced release of a soluble form of SORLA (sSORLA) is observed in transgenic mouse neurons overexpressing human SORLA, while purified sSORLA promotes neurite extension and regeneration. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate enrichment of phosphoproteins related to the epidermal growth factor (EGFR)/ERK pathway in SORLA transgenic mouse hippocampus from both genders. sSORLA coprecipitates with EGFR in vitro, and sSORLA treatment increases EGFR Y1173 phosphorylation, which is involved in ERK activation in cultured neurons. Furthermore, sSORLA triggers ERK activation, whereas pharmacological EGFR or ERK inhibition reverses sSORLA-dependent enhancement of neurite outgrowth. In search for downstream ERK effectors activated by sSORLA, we identified upregulation of Fos expression in hippocampus from male mice overexpressing SORLA by RNAseq analysis. We also found that Fos is upregulated and translocates to the nucleus in an ERK-dependent manner in neurons treated with sSORLA. Together, these results demonstrate that sSORLA is an EGFR-interacting protein that activates EGFR/ERK/Fos signaling to enhance neurite outgrowth and regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SORLA is a transmembrane trafficking protein previously known to reduce the levels of amyloid-β, which is critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, SORLA mutations are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, the SORLA ectodomain is cleaved into a soluble form, sSORLA, which has been shown to regulate cytoskeletal signaling pathways and cell motility in cells outside the nervous system. We show here that sSORLA binds and activates the EGF receptor to induce downstream signaling through the ERK serine/threonine kinase and the Fos transcription factor, thereby enhancing neurite outgrowth. These findings reveal a novel role for sSORLA in promoting neurite regeneration through the EGF receptor/ERK/Fos pathway, thereby demonstrating a potential neuroprotective mechanism involving SORLA.
Collapse
|
49
|
Knupp A, Mishra S, Martinez R, Braggin JE, Szabo M, Kinoshita C, Hailey DW, Small SA, Jayadev S, Young JE. Depletion of the AD Risk Gene SORL1 Selectively Impairs Neuronal Endosomal Traffic Independent of Amyloidogenic APP Processing. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107719. [PMID: 32492427 PMCID: PMC7409533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1/SORLA is a sorting receptor involved in retromer-related endosomal traffic and an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deplete SORL1 in hiPSCs to ask if loss of SORL1 contributes to AD pathogenesis by endosome dysfunction. SORL1-deficient hiPSC neurons show early endosome enlargement, a hallmark cytopathology of AD. There is no effect of SORL1 depletion on endosome size in hiPSC microglia, suggesting a selective effect on neuronal endosomal trafficking. We validate defects in neuronal endosomal traffic by showing altered localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in early endosomes, a site of APP cleavage by the β-secretase (BACE). Inhibition of BACE does not rescue endosome enlargement in SORL1-deficient neurons, suggesting that this phenotype is independent of amyloidogenic APP processing. Our data, together with recent findings, underscore how sporadic AD pathways regulating endosomal trafficking and autosomal-dominant AD pathways regulating APP cleavage independently converge on the defining cytopathology of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Marcell Szabo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dale W Hailey
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Sorting Out the Role of the Sortilin-Related Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:123-140. [PMID: 32587946 PMCID: PMC7306921 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) encodes a large, multi-domain containing, membrane-bound receptor involved in endosomal sorting of proteins between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane. It is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. SORL1 is a unique gene in AD, as it appears to show strong associations with the common, late-onset, sporadic form of AD and the rare, early-onset familial form of AD. Here, we review the genetics of SORL1 in AD and discuss potential roles it could play in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|