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Flores-Opazo M, Kopinke D, Helmbacher F, Fernández-Verdejo R, Tuñón-Suárez M, Lynch GS, Contreras O. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors in physiological adipogenesis and intermuscular adipose tissue remodeling. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101277. [PMID: 38788527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a common pathological feature in various metabolic and health conditions and can cause muscle atrophy, reduced function, inflammation, insulin resistance, cardiovascular issues, and unhealthy aging. Although IMAT results from fat accumulation in muscle, the mechanisms underlying its onset, development, cellular components, and functions remain unclear. IMAT levels are influenced by several factors, such as changes in the tissue environment, muscle type and origin, extent and duration of trauma, and persistent activation of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are a diverse and transcriptionally heterogeneous population of stromal cells essential for tissue maintenance, neuromuscular stability, and tissue regeneration. However, in cases of chronic inflammation and pathological conditions, FAPs expand and differentiate into adipocytes, resulting in the development of abnormal and ectopic IMAT. This review discusses the role of FAPs in adipogenesis and how they remodel IMAT. It highlights evidence supporting FAPs and FAP-derived adipocytes as constituents of IMAT, emphasizing their significance in adipose tissue maintenance and development, as well as their involvement in metabolic disorders, chronic pathologies and diseases. We also investigated the intricate molecular pathways and cell interactions governing FAP behavior, adipogenesis, and IMAT accumulation in chronic diseases and muscle deconditioning. Finally, we hypothesize that impaired cellular metabolic flexibility in dysfunctional muscles impacts FAPs, leading to IMAT. A deeper understanding of the biology of IMAT accumulation and the mechanisms regulating FAP behavior and fate are essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies for several debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Mauro Tuñón-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Lin D, Zhou J, Cao Y, Wang Z, Hsu YC, Zheng F, Li H, Sun S, Ren H, Deng L, Chen F, Wang M. Echo time optimization for in-vivo measurement of unsaturated lipid resonances using J-difference-edited MRS. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:2217-2232. [PMID: 37496253 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measuring lipid composition provides more information than just total lipid content. Hence, the non-invasive measurement of unsaturated lipid protons with both high efficiency and precision is of pressing need. This study was to optimize echo time (TE) for the best resolving of J-difference editing of unsaturated lipid resonances. METHODS The TE dependence of J-difference-edited (JDE) MRS was verified in the density-matrix simulation, soybean oil phantom, in-vivo experiments of white adipose tissue (WAT), and skeletal muscles using single-voxel MEGA-PRESS sequence at 3T. The peak SNRs and Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) acquired at the proposed TE of 45 ms and previously published TE of 70 ms were compared (eight pairs) in WAT, extramyocelluar lipids (EMCLs), and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs). The lipid composition in skeletal muscles was compared between healthy males (n = 7) and females (n = 7). RESULTS The optimal TE was suggested as 45 ms. Compared to 70 ms, the mean signal gains at TE of 45 ms were 151% in WAT, 168% in EMCL, 204% in IMCL for allylic resonance, and 52% in EMCL for diallylic resonance. CRLBs were significantly reduced at TE of 45 ms in WAT, EMCL, IMCL for allylic resonance and in EMCL for diallylic resonance. With TE of 45 ms, significant gender differences were found in the lipid composition in EMCL pools, while no difference in IMCL pools. CONCLUSION The JDE-MRS protocol with TE of 45 ms allows improved quantification of unsaturated lipid resonances in vivo and future lipid metabolism investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Lin
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqiang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Hsu
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers Itd, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenping Zheng
- School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuiya Sun
- School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Radiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Shan L, Li X, Zheng X, Wu J, Ren H, Liu W, Wang P. Two Polarity-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes Based on Curcumin Analogs for Visualizing Polarity Changes in Lipid Droplets. Molecules 2023; 28:6626. [PMID: 37764402 PMCID: PMC10535065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of highly dynamic organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in numerous physiological functions, and the changes in polarity of LDs are closely related to a variety of diseases. In this work, we developed two polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes (CC-CH and CC-Cl) based on curcumin analogs. CC-CH and CC-Cl with a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structure exhibited the property of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT); thus, their fluorescence emissions were significantly attenuated with increasing ambient polarity. Cell experiments indicated that CC-CH and CC-Cl showed excellent photostability, a low cytotoxicity, and a superior targeting ability regarding LDs. After treatment with oleic acid (OA) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), the polarity changes of LDs in living cells could be visualized by using CC-CH and CC-Cl. In addition, CC-CH and CC-Cl could monitor polarity changes of LDs in different pathological processes, including inflammatory responses, nutrient deprivation, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, CC-CH and CC-Cl are promising potential fluorescent probes for tracking intracellular LD polarity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Optical Physics and Engineering Technology, Qilu Zhongke, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Optical Physics and Engineering Technology, Qilu Zhongke, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kim KH, Jia Z, Snyder M, Chen J, Qiu J, Oprescu SN, Chen X, Syed SA, Yue F, Roseguini BT, Imbalzano AN, Hu C, Kuang S. PRMT5 links lipid metabolism to contractile function of skeletal muscles. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57306. [PMID: 37334900 PMCID: PMC10398672 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a key role in systemic energy homeostasis besides its contractile function, but what links these functions is poorly defined. Protein Arginine Methyl Transferase 5 (PRMT5) is a well-known oncoprotein but also expressed in healthy tissues with unclear physiological functions. As adult muscles express high levels of Prmt5, we generated skeletal muscle-specific Prmt5 knockout (Prmt5MKO ) mice. We observe reduced muscle mass, oxidative capacity, force production, and exercise performance in Prmt5MKO mice. The motor deficiency is associated with scarce lipid droplets in myofibers due to defects in lipid biosynthesis and accelerated degradation. Specifically, PRMT5 deletion reduces dimethylation and stability of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Transcription Factor 1a (SREBP1a), a master regulator of de novo lipogenesis. Moreover, Prmt5MKO impairs the repressive H4R3 symmetric dimethylation at the Pnpla2 promoter, elevating the level of its encoded protein ATGL, the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing lipolysis. Accordingly, skeletal muscle-specific double knockout of Pnpla2 and Prmt5 normalizes muscle mass and function. Together, our findings delineate a physiological function of PRMT5 in linking lipid metabolism to contractile function of myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ho Kim
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Madigan Snyder
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Jingjuan Chen
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Jiamin Qiu
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Stephanie N Oprescu
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Sabriya A Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health and KinesiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Changdeng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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5
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Lloyd EM, Pinniger GJ, Murphy RM, Grounds MD. Slow or fast: Implications of myofibre type and associated differences for manifestation of neuromuscular disorders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14012. [PMID: 37306196 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many neuromuscular disorders can have a differential impact on a specific myofibre type, forming the central premise of this review. The many different skeletal muscles in mammals contain a spectrum of slow- to fast-twitch myofibres with varying levels of protein isoforms that determine their distinctive contractile, metabolic, and other properties. The variations in functional properties across the range of classic 'slow' to 'fast' myofibres are outlined, combined with exemplars of the predominantly slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, species comparisons, and techniques used to study these properties. Other intrinsic and extrinsic differences are discussed in the context of slow and fast myofibres. These include inherent susceptibility to damage, myonecrosis, and regeneration, plus extrinsic nerves, extracellular matrix, and vasculature, examined in the context of growth, ageing, metabolic syndrome, and sexual dimorphism. These many differences emphasise the importance of carefully considering the influence of myofibre-type composition on manifestation of various neuromuscular disorders across the lifespan for both sexes. Equally, understanding the different responses of slow and fast myofibres due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can provide deep insight into the precise molecular mechanisms that initiate and exacerbate various neuromuscular disorders. This focus on the influence of different myofibre types is of fundamental importance to enhance translation for clinical management and therapies for many skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lloyd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin J Pinniger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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6
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Najt CP, Adhikari S, Heden TD, Cui W, Gansemer ER, Rauckhorst AJ, Markowski TW, Higgins L, Kerr EW, Boyum MD, Alvarez J, Brunko S, Mehra D, Puchner EM, Taylor EB, Mashek DG. Organelle interactions compartmentalize hepatic fatty acid trafficking and metabolism. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112435. [PMID: 37104088 PMCID: PMC10278152 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Organelle interactions play a significant role in compartmentalizing metabolism and signaling. Lipid droplets (LDs) interact with numerous organelles, including mitochondria, which is largely assumed to facilitate lipid transfer and catabolism. However, quantitative proteomics of hepatic peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) and cytosolic mitochondria (CM) reveals that CM are enriched in proteins comprising various oxidative metabolism pathways, whereas PDM are enriched in proteins involved in lipid anabolism. Isotope tracing and super-resolution imaging confirms that fatty acids (FAs) are selectively trafficked to and oxidized in CM during fasting. In contrast, PDM facilitate FA esterification and LD expansion in nutrient-replete medium. Additionally, mitochondrion-associated membranes (MAM) around PDM and CM differ in their proteomes and ability to support distinct lipid metabolic pathways. We conclude that CM and CM-MAM support lipid catabolic pathways, whereas PDM and PDM-MAM allow hepatocytes to efficiently store excess lipids in LDs to prevent lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Najt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Santosh Adhikari
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy D Heden
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erica R Gansemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam J Rauckhorst
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd W Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Evan W Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew D Boyum
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonas Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sophia Brunko
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dushyant Mehra
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elias M Puchner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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7
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Blottner D, Moriggi M, Trautmann G, Hastermann M, Capitanio D, Torretta E, Block K, Rittweger J, Limper U, Gelfi C, Salanova M. Space Omics and Tissue Response in Astronaut Skeletal Muscle after Short and Long Duration Missions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044095. [PMID: 36835504 PMCID: PMC9962627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation to spaceflight are as yet not fully investigated and well understood. The MUSCLE BIOPSY study analyzed pre and postflight deep calf muscle biopsies (m. soleus) obtained from five male International Space Station (ISS) astronauts. Moderate rates of myofiber atrophy were found in long-duration mission (LDM) astronauts (~180 days in space) performing routine inflight exercise as countermeasure (CM) compared to a short-duration mission (SDM) astronaut (11 days in space, little or no inflight CM) for reference control. Conventional H&E scout histology showed enlarged intramuscular connective tissue gaps between myofiber groups in LDM post vs. preflight. Immunoexpression signals of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, collagen 4 and 6, COL4 and 6, and perlecan were reduced while matrix-metalloproteinase, MMP2, biomarker remained unchanged in LDM post vs. preflight suggesting connective tissue remodeling. Large scale proteomics (space omics) identified two canonical protein pathways associated to muscle weakness (necroptosis, GP6 signaling/COL6) in SDM and four key pathways (Fatty acid β-oxidation, integrin-linked kinase ILK, Rho A GTPase RHO, dilated cardiomyopathy signaling) explicitly in LDM. The levels of structural ECM organization proteins COL6A1/A3, fibrillin 1, FBN1, and lumican, LUM, increased in postflight SDM vs. LDM. Proteins from tricarboxylic acid, TCA cycle, mitochondrial respiratory chain, and lipid metabolism mostly recovered in LDM vs. SDM. High levels of calcium signaling proteins, ryanodine receptor 1, RyR1, calsequestrin 1/2, CASQ1/2, annexin A2, ANXA2, and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA1) pump, ATP2A, were signatures of SDM, and decreased levels of oxidative stress peroxiredoxin 1, PRDX1, thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, PRDX3, or superoxide dismutase [Mn] 2, SOD2, signatures of LDM postflight. Results help to better understand the spatiotemporal molecular adaptation of skeletal muscle and provide a large scale database of skeletal muscle from human spaceflight for the better design of effective CM protocols in future human deep space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blottner
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-347
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabor Trautmann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Katharina Block
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Salanova
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Grepper D, Tabasso C, Aguettaz AKF, Martinotti A, Ebrahimi A, Lagarrigue S, Amati F. Methodological advancements in organ-specific ectopic lipid quantitative characterization: Effects of high fat diet on muscle and liver intracellular lipids. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101669. [PMID: 36642092 PMCID: PMC9938329 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectopic lipid accumulation is a hallmark of metabolic diseases, linking obesity to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and diabetes. The use of zebrafish as a model of obesity and diabetes is raising due to the conserved properties of fat metabolism between humans and zebrafish, the homologous genes regulating lipid uptake and transport, the implementation of the '3R's principle and their cost-effectiveness. To date, a method allowing the conservation of lipid droplets (LDs) and organs in zebrafish larvae to image ectopic lipids is not available. Our objectives were to develop a novel methodology to quantitatively evaluate organ-specific LDs, in skeletal muscle and liver, in response to a nutritional perturbation. METHODS We developed a novel embedding and cryosectioning protocol allowing the conservation of LDs and organs in zebrafish larvae. To establish the quantitative measures, we used a three-arm parallel nutritional intervention design. Zebrafish larvae were fed a control diet containing 14% of nutritional fat or two high fat diets (HFDs) containing 25 and 36% of dietary fats. In muscle and liver, LDs were characterized using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In liver, intrahepatocellular lipids were discriminated from intrasinusoid lipids. To complete liver characteristics, fibrosis was identified with Masson's Trichrome staining. Finally, to confirm the conservation and effect of HFD, molecular players of fat metabolism were evaluated by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The cryosections obtained after setting up the embedding and cryopreservation method were of high quality, preserving tissue morphology and allowing the visualization of ectopic lipids. Both HFDs were obesogenic, without modifying larvae survival or development. Neutral lipid content increased with time and augmented dietary fat. Intramuscular LD volume density increased and was explained by an increase in LDs size but not in numbers. Intrahepatocellular LD volume density increased and was explained by an increased number of LDs, not by their increased size. Sinusoid area and lipid content were both increased. Hepatic fibrosis appeared with both HFDs. We observed alterations in the expression of genes associated with LD coating proteins, LD dynamics, lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we propose a reproducible and fast method to image zebrafish larvae without losing LD quality and organ morphology. We demonstrate the impact of HFD on LD characteristics in liver and skeletal muscle accompanied by alterations of key players of fat metabolism. Our observations confirm the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in lipid metabolism and reveal organ specific adaptations. The methodological advancements proposed in this work open the doors to study organelle adaptations in obesity and diabetes related research such as lipotoxicity, organelle contacts and specific lipid depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogan Grepper
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Tabasso
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Axel K F Aguettaz
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Martinotti
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ammar Ebrahimi
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Lagarrigue
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Amati
- Aging and Muscle Metabolism Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Selvais CM, Davis-López de Carrizosa MA, Nachit M, Versele R, Dubuisson N, Noel L, Gillard J, Leclercq IA, Brichard SM, Abou-Samra M. AdipoRon enhances healthspan in middle-aged obese mice: striking alleviation of myosteatosis and muscle degenerative markers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:464-478. [PMID: 36513619 PMCID: PMC9891981 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity among older adults has increased tremendously. Obesity accelerates ageing and predisposes to age-related conditions and diseases, such as loss of endurance capacity, insulin resistance and features of the metabolic syndrome. Namely, ectopic lipids play a key role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and myosteatosis, two severe burdens of ageing and metabolic diseases. Adiponectin (ApN) is a hormone, mainly secreted by adipocytes, which exerts insulin-sensitizing and fat-burning properties in several tissues including the liver and the muscle. Its overexpression also increases lifespan in mice. In this study, we investigated whether an ApN receptor agonist, AdipoRon (AR), could slow muscle dysfunction, myosteatosis and degenerative muscle markers in middle-aged obese mice. The effects on myosteatosis were compared with those on NAFLD. METHODS Three groups of mice were studied up to 62 weeks of age: One group received normal diet (ND), another, high-fat diet (HFD); and the last, HFD combined with AR given orally for almost 1 year. An additional group of young mice under an ND was used. Treadmill tests and micro-computed tomography (CT) were carried out in vivo. Histological, biochemical and molecular analyses were performed on tissues ex vivo. Bodipy staining was used to assess intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and lipid droplet morphology. RESULTS AR did not markedly alter diet-induced obesity. Yet, this treatment rescued exercise endurance in obese mice (up to 2.4-fold, P < 0.05), an event that preceded the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Dorsal muscles and liver densities, measured by CT, were reduced in obese mice (-42% and -109%, respectively, P < 0.0001), suggesting fatty infiltration. This reduction tended to be attenuated by AR. Accordingly, AR significantly mitigated steatosis and cellular ballooning at liver histology, thereby decreasing the NALFD activity score (-30%, P < 0.05). AR also strikingly reversed IMCL accumulation either due to ageing in oxidative fibres (types 1/2a, soleus) or to HFD in glycolytic ones (types 2x/2b, extensor digitorum longus) (-50% to -85%, P < 0.05 or less). Size of subsarcolemmal lipid droplets, known to be associated with adverse metabolic outcomes, was reduced as well. Alleviation of myosteatosis resulted from improved mitochondrial function and lipid oxidation. Meanwhile, AR halved aged-related accumulation of dysfunctional proteins identified as tubular aggregates and cylindrical spirals by electron microscopy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Long-term AdipoRon treatment promotes 'healthy ageing' in obese middle-aged mice by enhancing endurance and protecting skeletal muscle and liver against the adverse metabolic and degenerative effects of ageing and caloric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Selvais
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - María A Davis-López de Carrizosa
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Maxime Nachit
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Versele
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dubuisson
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Noel
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justine Gillard
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonia M Brichard
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Abou-Samra
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Bao X, Ma X, Huang R, Chen J, Xin H, Zhou M, Li L, Tong S, Zhang Q, Shui G, Deng F, Yu L, Li MD, Zhang Z. Knockdown of hepatocyte Perilipin-3 mitigates hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis caused by hepatocyte CGI-58 deletion in mice. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6701373. [PMID: 36107452 PMCID: PMC9929509 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β hydrolase domain containing 5, is the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase that hydrolyzes triglycerides stored in the cytosolic lipid droplets. Mutations in CGI-58 gene cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome (CDS), an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. The liver pathology of CDS manifests as steatosis and steatohepatitis, which currently has no effective treatments. Perilipin-3 (Plin3) is a member of the Perilipin-ADRP-TIP47 protein family that is essential for lipid droplet biogenesis. The objective of this study was to test a hypothesis that deletion of a major lipid droplet protein alleviates fatty liver pathogenesis caused by CGI-58 deficiency in hepatocytes. Adult CGI-58-floxed mice were injected with adeno-associated vectors simultaneously expressing the Cre recombinase and microRNA against Plin3 under the control of a hepatocyte-specific promoter, followed by high-fat diet feeding for 6 weeks. Liver and blood samples were then collected from these animals for histological and biochemical analysis. Plin3 knockdown in hepatocytes prevented steatosis, steatohepatitis, and necroptosis caused by hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency. Our work is the first to show that inhibiting Plin3 in hepatocytes is sufficient to mitigate hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency-induced hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaogen Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianghui Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China,Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Haoran Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Meiyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shifei Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Min-Dian Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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11
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Tuñón-Suárez M, Reyes-Ponce A, Godoy-Órdenes R, Quezada N, Flores-Opazo M. Exercise Training to Decrease Ectopic Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Individuals With Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6309597. [PMID: 34174085 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise training on ectopic fat within skeletal muscle (intermuscular adipose tissue [IMAT]) in adult populations with chronic diseases. METHODS A literature search was conducted in relevant databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception. Selected studies examined the effect of aerobic training (AET), resistance training (RT), or combined training (COM) on IMAT as assessed by noninvasive magnetic resonance imagery or computed tomography. Eligibility was determined using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data extraction was performed using the population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), outcome (O), timing (T), and settings (S) approach. Methodological quality was analyzed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Standardized effect sizes (ES) with 95% CIs were calculated. Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using I2 statistics. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were included. Risk of publication bias was examined by the Egger regression test. RESULTS Nineteen RCTs included 962 adults (628 women; age range = 34.8-93.4 years) with different chronic conditions that participated in 10 AET, 12 RT, and 5 COM interventions. The quality of studies was deemed moderate. Overall, the effect of exercise on IMAT was small (ES = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.37; heterogeneity I2 = 0.0%) compared with no exercise or control interventions. Moderate-intensity AET and COM had larger ES compared with RT regardless of intensity. This effect was associated with exercise-induced body weight and fat mass losses. Subgroup analysis revealed larger ES in studies assessing IMAT by magnetic resonance imagery compared with computed tomography in adults and middle-aged individuals compared with older adults and in participants who were HIV+ compared with other diagnoses. CONCLUSION AET and COM of moderate intensity reduce IMAT in individuals from 18 to 65 years of age who are affected by chronic diseases. This effect is associated with exercise-induced body weight and fat mass losses. In older individuals who are frail and patients at an advanced disease stage, exercise may result in a paradoxical IMAT accumulation. IMPACT In people affected by chronic conditions, IMAT accumulation induces muscle mass and strength losses, decline in physical performance, inflammation, and metabolic alterations. The present study shows that moderate-intensity AET or COM prevent or reduce IMAT in these conditions. Thus, the deleterious effect of IMAT on skeletal muscle homeostasis may be reverted by a properly prescribed exercise regime. The findings of the present systematic review are critical for physical therapists and health care professionals because they emphasize the therapeutic role of exercise and provide recommendations for exercise prescription that ultimately may have a positive impact on the course of disease, recovery of functionality, and independence. LAY SUMMARY Aerobic exercise (eg, walking/jogging, cycling) alone or combined with resistance exercise (strength training with free-weights, kettle bells, or gym equipment) is effective in reducing fat streaks that infiltrate muscles and impair muscle function and growth, particularly in adults affected by chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tuñón-Suárez
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Reyes-Ponce
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Godoy-Órdenes
- Clinical Exercise Physiology Program, Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Quezada
- Departamento de Cirugía Digestiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Byun KA, Oh S, Son M, Oh SE, Park CH, Son KH, Byun K. Dieckol-Attenuated High-Fat Diet Induced Muscle Atrophy by Modulating Muscular Deposition of Lipid Droplets. Nutrients 2021; 13:3160. [PMID: 34579038 PMCID: PMC8467349 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An excessive fat diet induces intramuscular fat deposition that accumulates as a form of lipid droplet (LD) and leads to lipotoxicity, including muscle atrophy or decreasing muscle strength. Lipotoxicity depends on the number of LDs, subcellular distribution (intermyofibrillar, IMF, LDs or subsarcolemmal, SS), and fiber type-specific differences (type I or type II fiber) as well as the size of LD. Ecklonia cava extracts (ECE), which is known to increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), which leads to decreasing expression level of perilipin2 (PLIN2). PLIN2 is involved in modulating the size of LDs. This study shows that ECE and dieckol could decrease PLIN2 expression and decrease the size and number of LDs in the muscle of high-fat diet (HF)-fed animals and lead to attenuating muscle atrophy. Expression level of PPAR-α was decreased, and PLIN2 was increased by HF. ECE and dieckol increased PPAR-α expression and decreased PLIN2. The diameter of LDs was increased in high-fat diet condition, and it was decreased by ECE or dieckol treatment. The number of LDs in type II fibers/total LDs was increased by HF and it was decreased by ECE or dieckol. The SS LDs were increased, and IMF LDs were decreased by HF. ECE or dieckol decreased SS LDs and increased IMF LDs. The ECE or dieckol attenuated the upregulation of muscle atrophy-related genes including Murf1, Atrogin-1, and p53 by HF. ECE or dieckol increased the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers and grip strength, which were decreased by HF. In conclusion, ECE or dieckol decreased the size of LDs and modulated the contribution of LDs to less toxic ones by decreasing PLIN2 expression and thus attenuated muscle atrophy and strength, which were induced by HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Byun
- Department of Anatomy&Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy&Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Seung Eon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Chul-Hyun Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy&Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (S.E.O.)
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