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Potter TM, Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Methods for Analysis of Nanoparticles' Potential to Induce Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2789:193-207. [PMID: 38507005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3786-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are among the common reasons for drug withdrawal from clinical use during the post-marketing stage. Several in vivo methods have been developed to test DTH responses in animal models. They include the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and local lymph node proliferation assay (LLNP). While LLNA is instrumental in testing topically administered formulations (e.g., creams), the LLNP was proven to be predictive of drug-mediated DTH in response to small molecule pharmaceuticals. Global efforts in reducing the use of research animals lead to the development of in vitro models to predict test-materials' mediated DTH. Two such models include the analysis of surface marker expression in human cell lines THP-1 and U-937. These tests are known as the human cell line activation test (hCLAT) and myeloid U937 skin sensitization test (MUSST or U-SENS), respectively. Here we describe experimental procedures for all these methods, discuss their in vitro-in vivo correlation, and suggest a strategy for applying these tests to analyze engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnology-formulated drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Potter
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Barry W Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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2
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Siswina T, Rustama MM, Sumiarsa D, Apriyanti E, Dohi H, Kurnia D. Antifungal Constituents of Piper crocatum and Their Activities as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors Discovered via In Silico Study Using ADMET and Drug-Likeness Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7705. [PMID: 38067436 PMCID: PMC10708292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the increasing resistance of Candida spp. to some antibiotics, it is necessary to find new antifungal drugs, one of which is from the medicinal plant Red Betel (Piper crocatum). The purpose of this research is to isolate antifungal constituents from P. crocatum and evaluate their activities as ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors via an in silico study of ADMET and drug-likeness analysis. Two new active compounds 1 and 2 and a known compound 3 were isolated, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, while their bioactivities were evaluated via in vitro and in silico studies, respectively. Antifungal compound 3 was the most active compared to 1 and 2 with zone inhibition values of 14.5, 11.9, and 13.0 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10% w/v, together with MIC/MFC at 0.31/1.2% w/v. Further in silico study demonstrated that compound 3 had a stronger ΔG than the positive control and compounds 1 and 2 with -11.14, -12.78, -12.00, and -6.89 Kcal/mol against ERG1, ERG2, ERG11, and ERG24, respectively, and also that 3 had the best Ki with 6.8 × 10-3, 4 × 10-4, 1.6 × 10-3, and 8.88 μM. On the other hand, an ADMET analysis of 1-3 met five parameters, while 1 had one violation of Ro5. Based on the research data, the promising antifungal constituents of P. crocatum allow P. crocatum to be proposed as a new antifungal candidate to treat and cure infections due to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Siswina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
- Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
| | - Mia Miranti Rustama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Dadan Sumiarsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Eti Apriyanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Hirofumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
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3
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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Choi M, Park M, Lee S, Lee JW, Choi WJ, Lee C. Establishment of Nrf2-deficient HaCaT and immortalized primary human foreskin keratinocytes and characterization of their responses to ROS-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104602. [PMID: 31319135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor responsible for the induction of cytoprotective genes when a cell is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Insufficient ROS neutralization has been associated with undesirable changes in the skin caused by age and disease. In order to mimic the pathological conditions of these oxidative stress-induced skin disorders, we established Nrf2-deficient HaCaT and immortalized human foreskin keratinocyte (iHFK) cell lines via lentiviral transduction of Nrf2-targeting short-hairpin RNAs. Their transcriptional, as well as translational blockage of Nrf2 expression, was verified by using a proteasomal inhibitor (MG132) and well-known Nrf2 activator (α-lipoic acid (ALA)). Reduced expression of NADPH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) genes, which are well-characterized downstream targets of Nrf2-mediated transactivation, was also confirmed by using ALA and another Nrf2 activator, marliolide. In general, iHFK cells displayed more enhanced cytotoxicity to menadione, a ROS-generating reference compound, than HaCaT cells. In addition, the Nrf2 deficiency highly potentiated the cytotoxic effects of menadione in both HaCaT and iHFK cells. Interestingly, pretreatment of either ALA or marliolide conferred protection against the ROS induction and the subsequent development of cytotoxicity by menadione in both HaCaT and iHFK cells regardless of the Nrf2 status. These data suggest a possibility for activation of Nrf2-independent ROS detoxification pathways by either ALA or marliolide. These newly established Nrf2-deficient HaCaT and iHFK cell lines should be useful as a highly ROS-sensitive damaged skin model for the study of age-dependent cellular changes in an in vitro setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonju Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Adaptation of a skin sensitization assay to a chemically defined culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 57:145-153. [PMID: 30543842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are currently three in vitro methods adopted by the Organization for the Economic Co-operation and Development for testing chemicals based on the third key event of the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway, the activation of dendritic cells. All of them use culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), which brings technical disadvantages and animal welfare concerns. The objective of this study was to analyze the possibility of eliminating the use of FBS in the human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT). After successful implementation of the h-CLAT using THP-1 cells cultured in FBS-containing medium, several attempts to adapt THP-1 cells to four different serum-free media were made. The best results were obtained with gradual adaptation to RPMI-1640 medium with HL-1™ Supplement and to X-VIVO™ 10. Adapted cells were cryopreserved and submitted to the reactivity check. After being approved, they were used in dose finding and proficiency assays. Despite minor adjustments in the original protocol, it was possible to correctly predict the sensitizing potential of the ten proficiency substances using THP-1 cells adapted to X-VIVO™ 10, which indicates that it is possible to eliminate the use of FBS in the h-CLAT, using a chemically defined medium.
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A highly sensitive and selective high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) method for the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 94:1-15. [PMID: 30099091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the HPLC/UV (high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-violet spectrometry)-based DPRA (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay) identifies dermal sensitizers with approximately 80% accuracy, the low selectivity and sensitivity of the HPLC/UV-based DPRA poses challenges to accurately identify the sensitization potential of certain chemicals. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS)-based DPRA was developed and validated according to the test guideline (OECD TG 442C). The final results were compared with the results from the traditional HPLC/UV-based guideline DPRA. This HPLC/MS-MS-based DPRA demonstrated similar performance compared to HPLC/UV-based DPRA using known dermal sensitizers and non-sensitizers according to the test guideline (OECD TG 442C). Following the validation, a challenge set of chemicals with either overlapping retention time with peptides, or higher hydrophobicity or chemicals potentially forming non-covalent interactions with peptides were assessed for dermal sensitization potential using both methods and the results were compared to existing in vivo data. The HPLC/MS-MS-based DPRA correctly predicted these chemicals as sensitizers or non-sensitizers; however, the HPLC/UV-based DPRA resulted in false-positive predictions for hydrophobic substances, chemicals with UV peaks overlapping with those of the peptide(s), and compounds that non-covalently interact with the peptides. These findings demonstrate the broader applicability and better sensitivity and selectivity of the LC/MS-MS-based DPRA over the traditional HPLC/UV-based guideline DPRA.
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Leme DM, Sehr A, Grummt T, Gonçalves JP, Jacomasso T, Winnischofer SMB, Potrich FB, Oliveira CCD, Trindade EDS, de Oliveira DP. In vitro characterization of cutaneous immunotoxicity of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) exposed to reactive and disperse textile dyes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:589-603. [PMID: 29714641 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1464981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several synthetic dyes are used by textile industry for supplying the market of colored clothes. However, these chemicals have been associated with a variety of adverse human health effects, including textile dermatitis. Thus, there is a growing concern to identify textile dyes potentially as skin immunotoxicants. The aim of this in vitro study was to characterize the immunotoxic potential of reactive (Reactive Green 19 [RG19], Reactive Blue 2 [RB2], Reactive Black 5 [RB5]) and disperse (Disperse Red 1 [DR1]) textile dyes using a dermal cell line. For this purpose, a cell-based approach was conducted with immortalized human keratinocytes (KC) (HaCaT) using selected biomarkers of cutaneous inflammation including modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inflammatory cytokine profile. DR1 was the only dye able to trigger an immune response such as release of IL-12 cytokine, a potent co-stimulator of T helper 1 cell, which may be considered as a skin immunotoxicant. The reactive dyes including RB5 that were previously reported as skin sensitizers failed to induce inflammatory reactions under the conditions tested. The reactive dyes studied may pose a risk to human KC by induction of effects related to modulation of MMP-2 (RB5) and -9 (RB5 and RB2) and generation of ROS (RG19 and RB2). Thus, all these dyes need to be used with caution to avoid undesirable effects to consumers who may be exposed dermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morais Leme
- a Departamento de Genética , Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brasil
| | - Andrea Sehr
- b Federal Environment Agency, Section Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water Toxicology , Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster Branch , Bad Elster , Germany
| | - Tamara Grummt
- b Federal Environment Agency, Section Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water Toxicology , Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster Branch , Bad Elster , Germany
| | | | - Thiago Jacomasso
- d Departamento de Bioquímica , Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- e Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brasil
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8
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Zhang W, Chen L, Yao L. Predicting skin sensitization potential of organic compounds based on toxicity enhancement to Tetrahymena pyriformis, fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:82-89. [PMID: 29697003 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1465144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization is an important occupational health problem and immunotoxicity endpoint. Considering animal welfare and time and cost savings, many alternative approaches, such as those conducted in vitro, in silico, and in chemo, have been proposed and applied to predict skin sensitization of compounds. Toxicologically, sensitizers can elicit excess toxicity at greater levels than non-sensitizers due to their capacity to react with proteins/peptides. Based on this understanding, calculated toxicity enhancements (Te) of 65 organic compounds from three in vitro bioassays, i.e. 48-hr ciliate (Tetrahymena pyriformis) growth inhibition, and both 96-hr fathead minnow and 48-hr Daphnia magna acute lethal toxicities, were employed to qualitatively and quantitatively predict skin sensitization potencies of the test agents. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy reaching 80% strongly suggested toxicity enhancement was an excellent parameter for predicting skin sensitization. Linear regressions of skin sensitization against toxicity enhancement were fitted for each bioassay, and they were improved after the sensitizers were categorized into different reaction mechanistic domains, which, in decreasing order of contribution from Te to sensitization, were SNAr > SN1 > MA. These results indicated that toxicity bioassays are useful tools and that Te could be a useful parameter that might be applied to predict skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhang
- a Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion, Project of Henan Province , College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , China
| | - Libao Chen
- a Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion, Project of Henan Province , College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- a Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion, Project of Henan Province , College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , China
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9
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Parkinson E, Aleksic M, Cubberley R, Kaur-Atwal G, Vissers JPC, Skipp P. Determination of Protein Haptenation by Chemical Sensitizers Within the Complexity of the Human Skin Proteome. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:429-438. [PMID: 29267982 PMCID: PMC5889026 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis occurs via a number of specific key events at the cellular level. The molecular initiating event (MIE), the first in the sequence of these events, occurs after exposure of the skin to an electrophilic chemical, causing the irreversible haptenation of proteins within skin. Characterization of this MIE is a key step in elucidating the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway and is essential to providing parameters for mathematical models to predict the capacity of a chemical to cause sensitization. As a first step to addressing this challenge, we have exposed complex protein lysates from a keratinocyte cell line and human skin tissue with a range of well characterized sensitizers, including dinitrochlorobenzene, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one, cinnamaldehyde, and the non (or weak) sensitizer 6-methyl coumarin. Using a novel stable isotope labeling approach combined with ion mobility-assisted data independent mass spectrometry (HDMSE), we have characterized the haptenome for these sensitizers. Although a significant proportion of highly abundant proteins were haptenated, we also observed the haptenation of low abundant proteins by all 3 of the chemical sensitizers tested, indicating that within a complex protein background, protein abundance is not the sole determinant driving haptenation, highlighting a relationship to tertiary protein structure and the amino acid specificity of these chemical sensitizers and sensitizer potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Parkinson
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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10
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Potter TM, Neun BW, Dobrovolskaia MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Methods for Analysis of Nanoparticle Potential to Induce Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1682:197-210. [PMID: 29039104 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7352-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are among the common reasons for drug withdrawal from clinical use during the post-marketing stage. Several in vivo methods have been developed to test DTH responses in animal models. They include the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and local lymph node proliferation assay (LLNP). While LLNA is instrumental in testing topically administered formulations (e.g., creams), the LLNP was proven to be predictive of drug-mediated DTH in response to small molecule pharmaceuticals. Global efforts in reducing the use of research animals lead to the development of in vitro models to predict test-material-mediated DTH. Two such models include analysis of surface marker expression in human cell lines THP-1 and U-937. These tests are known as the human cell line activation test (hCLAT) and myeloid U937 skin sensitization test (MUSST or U-SENS), respectively. Here we describe experimental procedures for all these methods, discuss their in vitro-in vivo correlation, and suggest a strategy for applying these tests to analyze engineered nanomaterials and nanotechnology-formulated drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Potter
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Barry W Neun
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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11
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Clouet E, Kerdine-Römer S, Ferret PJ. Comparison and validation of an in vitro skin sensitization strategy using a data set of 33 chemical references. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:374-385. [PMID: 28539215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an adverse health effect that develops following repeated exposure to skin sensitizing chemicals. An animal testing ban has been applied in EU, leading to development of reliably predictive non-animal methods. Several in vitro methods have been developed as alternatives but one single non-animal test method is not been sufficient to fully address since the LLNA test ban. Here, we have selected an ITS (Integrated Testing Strategy) for skin sensitization which focuses on three in vitro methods that covered the first three steps of the AOP (DPRA, SENS-IS or h-CLAT). The aim of this study was to compare these three methods due to the WoE approach based on a 2-out-of-3-assessment. The results of 33 references were compared to in vivo data (especially human). We have shown that tested firstly DPRA and SENS-IS have permitted to conclude on 29 of 33 chemicals, whereas DPRA and h-CLAT on 25, and SENS-IS and h-CLAT on 23. With this sequence, DPRA and SENS-IS and then h-CLAT in case of equivocal results, we conclude more quickly by performing fewer tests. Thereby, we have shown that it is better to follow a preferential sequence than testing chemicals simultaneously with these three methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Clouet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France; UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France
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12
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Blume-Peytavi U, Tan J, Tennstedt D, Boralevi F, Fabbrocini G, Torrelo A, Soares-Oliveira R, Haftek M, Rossi AB, Thouvenin MD, Mangold J, Galliano MF, Hernandez-Pigeon H, Aries MF, Rouvrais C, Bessou-Touya S, Duplan H, Castex-Rizzi N, Mengeaud V, Ferret PJ, Clouet E, Saint Aroman M, Carrasco C, Coutanceau C, Guiraud B, Boyal S, Herman A, Delga H, Biniek K, Dauskardt R. Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30 Suppl 4:3-56. [PMID: 27062556 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Within their first days of life, newborns' skin undergoes various adaptation processes needed to accommodate the transition from the wet uterine environment to the dry atmosphere. The skin of newborns and infants is considered as a physiological fragile skin, a skin with lower resistance to aggressions. Fragile skin is divided into four categories up to its origin: physiological fragile skin (age, location), pathological fragile skin (acute and chronic), circumstantial fragile skin (due to environmental extrinsic factors or intrinsic factors such as stress) and iatrogenic fragile skin. Extensive research of the past 10 years have proven evidence that at birth albeit showing a nearly perfect appearance, newborn skin is structurally and functionally immature compared to adult skin undergoing a physiological maturation process after birth at least throughout the first year of life. This article is an overview of all known data about fragility of epidermis in 'fragile populations': newborns, children and adolescents. It includes the recent pathological, pathophysiological and clinical data about fragility of epidermis in various dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, contact dermatitis, irritative dermatitis and focus on UV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada.,Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - D Tennstedt
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Boralevi
- Pediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - G Fabbrocini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Torrelo
- Pediatric Dermatology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Haftek
- University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, EA4169, "Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function", Lyon, France
| | - A B Rossi
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Department of Dermatology, Toulouse University hospital, France
| | - M D Thouvenin
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - J Mangold
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - M F Galliano
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - H Hernandez-Pigeon
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - M F Aries
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - C Rouvrais
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - S Bessou-Touya
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - N Castex-Rizzi
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - V Mengeaud
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - P J Ferret
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France
| | - E Clouet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France
| | | | - C Carrasco
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.,Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - C Coutanceau
- Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France
| | - B Guiraud
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - S Boyal
- Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - A Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Delga
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France
| | - K Biniek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Evaluation of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells for the in vitro detection of sensitizers: Results of a ring study in five laboratories. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:976-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Ho KK, Campbell KL, Lavergne SN. Contact dermatitis: a comparative and translational review of the literature. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:314-27, e66-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Ho
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 1008 W Hazelwood Dr Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Karen L. Campbell
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 1008 W Hazelwood Dr Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Sidonie N. Lavergne
- Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 2001 South Lincoln Av Urbana IL 61802 USA
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15
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Wong CL, Ghassabian S, Smith MT, Lam AL. In vitro methods for hazard assessment of industrial chemicals - opportunities and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:94. [PMID: 25999858 PMCID: PMC4419653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction mediated by T-lymphocytes as a result of repeated exposure of an allergen primarily on skin. ACD accounts for up to 95% of occupational skin diseases, with epoxy resins implicated as one of the most common causes of ACD. Efficient high-throughput in vitro screening for accurate identification of compounds and materials that may pose hazardous risks in the workplace is crucial. At present, the murine local lymph node assay is the 'method of choice' for predicting the sensitizing potency of contact allergens. As the 3Rs principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement in animal testing has gained political and economic momentum, several in vitro screening methods have been developed for identifying potential contact allergens. To date, these latter methods have been utilized primarily to assess the skin sensitizing potential of the chemical components of cosmetic products with scant research attention as to the applicability of these methods to industrial chemicals, particularly epoxy resins. Herein we review the currently utilized in vitro methods and identify the knowledge gaps with regard to assessing the generalizability of in vitro screening methods for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lin Wong
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ai-Leen Lam
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
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16
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Alves VM, Muratov E, Fourches D, Strickland J, Kleinstreuer N, Andrade CH, Tropsha A. Predicting chemically-induced skin reactions. Part I: QSAR models of skin sensitization and their application to identify potentially hazardous compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:262-72. [PMID: 25560674 PMCID: PMC4546933 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive exposure to a chemical agent can induce an immune reaction in inherently susceptible individuals that leads to skin sensitization. Although many chemicals have been reported as skin sensitizers, there have been very few rigorously validated QSAR models with defined applicability domains (AD) that were developed using a large group of chemically diverse compounds. In this study, we have aimed to compile, curate, and integrate the largest publicly available dataset related to chemically-induced skin sensitization, use this data to generate rigorously validated and QSAR models for skin sensitization, and employ these models as a virtual screening tool for identifying putative sensitizers among environmental chemicals. We followed best practices for model building and validation implemented with our predictive QSAR workflow using Random Forest modeling technique in combination with SiRMS and Dragon descriptors. The Correct Classification Rate (CCR) for QSAR models discriminating sensitizers from non-sensitizers was 71-88% when evaluated on several external validation sets, within a broad AD, with positive (for sensitizers) and negative (for non-sensitizers) predicted rates of 85% and 79% respectively. When compared to the skin sensitization module included in the OECD QSAR Toolbox as well as to the skin sensitization model in publicly available VEGA software, our models showed a significantly higher prediction accuracy for the same sets of external compounds as evaluated by Positive Predicted Rate, Negative Predicted Rate, and CCR. These models were applied to identify putative chemical hazards in the Scorecard database of possible skin or sense organ toxicants as primary candidates for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Alves
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil; Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eugene Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, A.V. Bogatsky Physical-Chemical Institute NAS of Ukraine, Odessa 65080, Ukraine
| | - Denis Fourches
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Judy Strickland
- ILS/Contractor Supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- ILS/Contractor Supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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17
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Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Tsujita-Inoue K, Atobe T, Hirota M, Ashikaga T, Kouzuki H. In silico risk assessment for skin sensitization using artificial neural network analysis. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:193-209. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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20
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Gonçalo M, Martins J, Silva A, Neves B, Figueiredo A, Cruz T, Lopes C. Systemic drugs inducing non-immediate cutaneous adverse reactions and contact sensitizers evoke similar responses in THP-1 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:398-406. [PMID: 25091725 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact sensitizers induce phenotypic and functional changes in dendritic cells (DC) that enhance their antigen-presenting capacity and, ultimately, modulate the T cell response. To evaluate if there is a similar effect of drugs causing T-cell-mediated cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR), we studied the in vitro effect of drugs on THP-1 cells, a cell line widely used to evaluate the early molecular and cellular events triggered by contact sensitizers. The effect of allopurinol, oxypurinol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate, at EC30 concentrations, was evaluated on p38 MAPK activation, by Western Blot, and on the expression of genes coding for DC maturation markers, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines and hemeoxygenase 1 (HMOX1), by real-time RT-PCR. Results were compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a DC maturation stimulus, and the strong contact sensitizer, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). All drugs studied significantly upregulated HMOX1 gene transcription and all, except the anticonvulsants, also upregulated IL8. Allopurinol and oxypurinol showed the most intense effect, in a magnitude similar to DNFB and superior to betalactams. Transcription of CD40, IL12B and CXCL10 genes by drugs was more irregular. Moreover, like DNFB, all drugs activated p38 MAPK, although significantly only for oxypurinol. Like contact sensitizers, drugs that cause non-immediate CADR activate THP-1 cells in vitro, using different signalling pathways and affecting gene transcription with an intensity that may reflect the frequency and severity of the CADR they cause. Direct activation of antigen-presenting DC by systemic drugs may be an important early step in the pathophysiology of non-immediate CADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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van der Veen JW, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Ezendam J, Stierum R, Kuper FC, van Loveren H. Anchoring molecular mechanisms to the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization: Analysis of existing data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:590-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.925425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Dreno B, Araviiskaia E, Berardesca E, Bieber T, Hawk J, Sanchez-Viera M, Wolkenstein P. The science of dermocosmetics and its role in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 28:1409-17. [PMID: 24684296 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our increased knowledge of normal skin physiology has ushered in a subtle revolution in cosmetic science. Originally designed as preparations to enhance personal appearance by direct application on to the skin, cosmetics have now taken on a new role in dermatology, through the support of the management of many skin disorders. This evolving role of cosmetics in skin care is primarily due to scientific and technological advancements that have changed our understanding of normal skin physiology and how cosmetics modify its appearance both physically and biologically. The vast array of techniques currently available to investigate skin responsivity to multiple stimuli has brought about a new era in cosmetic and dermocosmetic development based on a robust understanding of skin physiology and its varied responses to commonly encountered environmental insults. Most cosmetic research is undertaken on reconstructed skin models crucial in dermatological research, given the strict ban imposed by the European Union on animal testing. In addition, the design and conduct of trials evaluating cosmetics now follow rules comparable to those used in the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical products. Cosmetic research should now aim to ensure all trials adhere to strictly reproducible and scientifically sound methodologies. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the multidisciplinary scientific approach used in formulating dermocosmetics, and to examine the major advances in dermocosmetic development and assessment, the safety and regulatory guidelines governing their production and the exciting future outlook for these dermocosmetic processes following good practice rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dreno
- Department of Dermato Cancerology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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23
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Safety Evaluation of Cosmetic Ingredients: In Vitro Opportunities for the Identification of Contact Allergens. COSMETICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics1010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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24
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Guyard-Nicodème M, Gerault E, Platteel M, Peschard O, Veron W, Mondon P, Pascal S, Feuilloley MGJ. Development of a multiparametric in vitro model of skin sensitization. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:48-58. [PMID: 24496914 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most animal experiments on cosmetics safety are prohibited and since March 2013, this obligation includes sensitization tests. However, until now there has been no validated alternative in vitro method. In this work, 400 compounds used in the cosmetic industry were selected to cover the greatest diversity of structures, biological activities and sensitizing potential. These molecules were submitted to a series of tests aimed at reproducing essential steps in sensitization and to distinguish between sensitization and irritations, i.e., transcutaneous permeation (factor A), haptenation (factor B), sensitization cytokines production (factor C) and acute toxicity (factor D). The transcutaneous diffusion was measured on human skin explants using Franz cells. Haptenation was tested in solution on human serum albumin. Sensitization cytokine production was investigated by measurement of interleukin-18 release by keratinocytes. Acute toxicity was determined using an 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(75) cell viability test. As only sufficiently stable, soluble and detectable compounds are usable, 33, 72, 68 and 68 molecules were finally tested on factors A, B, C and D, respectively, and 32 were completely screened by the four factors. The individual correlation of the four factors with the reference in vivo tests was limited but the combination of these factors led to a correlation between in vivo and in vitro assays of 81.2% and the safety of the test (risk of false negative) reached 96.8%. The techniques employed are simple and inexpensive and this model of four tests appears as a promising technique to evaluate in vitro the skin sensitization potential of unknown molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment (LMSM), EA 4312, University of Rouen, 55 rue Saint Germain, F-27000, Evreux, France; Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES, BP53, F-22440, Ploufragan, France
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25
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Approaches and considerations for the assessment of immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals: A workshop summary. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Pyridoxylamine reactivity kinetics as an amine based nucleophile for screening electrophilic dermal sensitizers. Toxicology 2013; 315:102-9. [PMID: 24333919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical allergens bind directly, or after metabolic or abiotic activation, to endogenous proteins to become allergenic. Assessment of this initial binding has been suggested as a target for development of assays to screen chemicals for their allergenic potential. Recently we reported a nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) based method for screening thiol reactive skin sensitizers, however, amine selective sensitizers are not detected by this assay. In the present study we describe an amine (pyridoxylamine (PDA)) based kinetic assay to complement the NBT assay for identification of amine-selective and non-selective skin sensitizers. UV-Vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence were used to measure PDA reactivity for 57 chemicals including anhydrides, aldehydes, and quinones where reaction rates ranged from 116 to 6.2 × 10(-6) M(-1) s(-1) for extreme to weak sensitizers, respectively. No reactivity towards PDA was observed with the thiol-selective sensitizers, non-sensitizers and prohaptens. The PDA rate constants correlated significantly with their respective murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) threshold EC3 values (R(2) = 0.76). The use of PDA serves as a simple, inexpensive amine based method that shows promise as a preliminary screening tool for electrophilic, amine-selective skin sensitizers.
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27
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Emter R, van der Veen JW, Adamson G, Ezendam J, van Loveren H, Natsch A. Gene expression changes induced by skin sensitizers in the KeratinoSens™ cell line: Discriminating Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent events. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2225-32. [PMID: 24055896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The KeratinoSens™ assay is an in vitro screen for the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. It is based on a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the antioxidant response element of the aldoketoreductase gene AKR1C2. The transferability, reproducibility, and predictivity of the KeratinoSens™ assay have been investigated in detail and it is currently under assessment at the European Center for Validation of Alternatives to animal testing (ECVAM). Here we investigate the sensitizer-induced gene expression in the KeratinoSens™ cell line at the mRNA level and discriminate Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent events by using siRNA to better characterize this test system at the molecular level. The results show that (i) the sensitizer-induced luciferase signal in KeratinoSens™ cells is completely dependent on Nrf2. The same holds true for the luciferase induction observed for the false positive chemical Tween80, indicating that the false positive result is not due to recruitment of an alternative transcription factor. (ii) Luciferase induction parallels the induction of endogenous Nrf2-dependent genes, indicating that the luciferase signal is representative for the sensitizer-induced Nrf2-response. (iii) The induction by sensitizers of additional genetic markers related to heat shock proteins and cellular stress could be reproduced in the KeratinoSens™ cell line and they were shown to be Nrf2-independent. These results confirm that the KeratinoSens™ cell line is a rapid and adequate screening tool to assess the sensitizer-induced Nrf2-response in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Emter
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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28
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Establishment of an in vitro photoassay using THP-1 cells and IL-8 to discriminate photoirritants from photoallergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1920-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Delaine T, Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Skin Sensitization of Epoxyaldehydes: Importance of Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:674-84. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Richter A, Schmucker SS, Esser PR, Traska V, Weber V, Dietz L, Thierse HJ, Pennino D, Cavani A, Martin SF. Human T cell priming assay (hTCPA) for the identification of contact allergens based on naive T cells and DC – IFN-γ and TNF-α readout. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Corsini E, Galbiati V, Mitjans M, Galli CL, Marinovich M. NCTC 2544 and IL-18 production: A tool for the identification of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Dietz L, Kinzebach S, Ohnesorge S, Franke B, Goette I, Koenig-Gressel D, Thierse HJ. Proteomic allergen–peptide/protein interaction assay for the identification of human skin sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Development of an in vitro skin sensitization test based on ROS production in THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in the mouse model is a standard method to assess delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in the skin induced by low molecular weight chemicals that in humans cause contact dermatitis. These responses are clinically important and present as eczematous skin reactions. Here, this chapter describes the standard protocol for T cell-mediated CHS and a variation thereof, which allows to address more specific questions regarding immunologic pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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Nukada Y, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Hirota M, Sakaguchi H, Sasa H, Nishiyama N. Prediction of skin sensitization potency of chemicals by human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) and an attempt at classifying skin sensitization potency. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Basketter D, Crozier J, Hubesch B, Manou I, Mehling A, Scheel J. Optimised testing strategies for skin sensitization – The LLNA and beyond. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Contact allergens are small reactive chemicals. They cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by activating the innate and adaptive immune system. Contact allergens are very peculiar because of their built-in autoadjuvanticity that allows them to trigger sterile inflammation following skin penetration. The innate inflammatory response involves the triggering of pattern recognition receptors either by direct chemical interaction with such receptors or by induction of endogenous activators. I discuss here the recent findings regarding prevalence and predisposition, the identification of innate immune and stress response mechanisms relevant for sensitization and the orchestration of the innate and adaptive immune response to contact allergens. Despite still significant gaps of knowledge, recent advances in our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ACD can now be used for the development of causative treatment strategies and of in vitro alternatives to animal testing for the identification of contact allergens in immunotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Sebastian K, Ott H, Zwadlo-Klarwasser G, Skazik-Voogt C, Marquardt Y, Czaja K, Merk HF, Baron JM. Evaluation of the sensitizing potential of antibiotics in vitro using the human cell lines THP-1 and MUTZ-LC and primary monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:283-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Maxwell G, Kreysa J, Barroso J, Adriaens E, Alépée N, Berg N, Bremer S, Coecke S, Comenges JZ, Corvi R, Casati S, Dal Negro G, Marrec-Fairley M, Griesinger C, Halder M, Heisler E, Hirmann D, Kleensang A, Kopp-Schneider A, Lapenna S, Munn S, Prieto P, Schechtman L, Schultz T, Vidal JM, Worth A, Zuang V. Report of the EPAA–ECVAM Workshop on the Validation of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS). Altern Lab Anim 2012; 40:175-81. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) permits the combination of diverse types of chemical and toxicological data for the purposes of hazard identification and characterisation. In November 2008, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), together with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), held a workshop on Overcoming Barriers to Validation of Non-animal Partial Replacement Methods/Integrated Testing Strategies, in Ispra, Italy, to discuss the extent to which current ECVAM approaches to validation can be used to evaluate partial replacement in vitro test methods (i.e. as potential ITS components) and ITS themselves. The main conclusions of these discussions were that formal validation was only considered necessary for regulatory purposes (e.g. the replacement of a test guideline), and that current ECVAM approaches to validation should be adapted to accommodate such test methods (1). With these conclusions in mind, a follow-up EPAA–ECVAM workshop was held in October 2009, to discuss the extent to which existing validation principles are applicable to the validation of ITS test methods, and to develop a draft approach for the validation of such test methods and/or overall ITS for regulatory purposes. This report summarises the workshop discussions that started with a review of the current validation methodologies and the presentation of two case studies (skin sensitisation and acute toxicity), before covering the definition of ITS and their components, including their validation and regulatory acceptance. The following main conclusions/recommendations were made: that the validation of a partial replacement test method (for application as part of a testing strategy) should be differentiated from the validation of an in vitro test method for application as a stand-alone replacement, especially with regard to its predictive capacity; that, in the former case, the predictive capacity of the whole testing strategy (rather than of the individual test methods) would be more important, especially if the individual test methods had a high biological relevance; that ITS allowing for flexible and ad hoc approaches cannot be validated, whereas the validation of clearly defined ITS would be feasible, although practically quite difficult; and that test method developers should be encouraged to develop and submit to ECVAM not only full replacement test methods, but also partial replacement methods to be placed as parts of testing strategies. The added value from the formal validation of testing strategies, and the requirements needed in view of regulatory acceptance of the data, require further informed discussion within the EPAA forum on the basis of case studies provided by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Joachim Kreysa
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - João Barroso
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Bremer
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - José Z. Comenges
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Silvia Casati
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudius Griesinger
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Marlies Halder
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - André Kleensang
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Lapenna
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sharon Munn
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Len Schechtman
- Innovative Toxicology Consulting, LLC, Lake Worth, FL, USA
| | - Terry Schultz
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, Paris, France
| | | | - Andrew Worth
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Valérie Zuang
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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40
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Teunis M, Corsini E, Smits M, Madsen CB, Eltze T, Ezendam J, Galbiati V, Gremmer E, Krul C, Landin A, Landsiedel R, Pieters R, Rasmussen TF, Reinders J, Roggen E, Spiekstra S, Gibbs S. Transfer of a two-tiered keratinocyte assay: IL-18 production by NCTC2544 to determine the skin sensitizing capacity and epidermal equivalent assay to determine sensitizer potency. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:1135-50. [PMID: 22728231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, the identification of potentially sensitizing chemicals is carried out using animal models. However, it is very important from ethical, safety and economic point of view to have biological markers to discriminate allergy and irritation events, and to be able to classify sensitizers according to their potency, without the use of animals. Within the Sens-it-iv EU Frame Programme 6 funded Integrated Project (LSHB-CT-2005-018681), a number of in vitro, human cell based assays were developed which, when optimized and used in an integrated testing strategy, may be able to distinguish sensitizers from non-sensitizers. This study describes two of these assays, which when used in a tiered strategy, may be able to identify contact sensitizers and also to quantify sensitizer potency. Tier 1 is the human keratinocyte NCTC2544 IL-18 assay and tier 2 is the Epidermal Equivalent potency assay. The aim of this study is to show the transferability of the two-tiered approach with training chemicals: 3 sensitizers (DNCB, resorcinol, pPD) and 1 non sensitizer (lactic acid) in tier 1 and 2 sensitizers with different potency in tier 2 (DNCB; extreme and resorcinol; moderate). The chemicals were tested in a non-coded fashion. Here we describe the transferability to naïve laboratories, the establishment of the standard operating procedure, critical points, acceptance criteria and project management. Both assays were successfully transferred to laboratories that had not performed the assays previously. The two tiered approach may offer an unique opportunity to provide an alternative method to the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). These assays are both based on the use of human keratinocytes, which have been shown over the last two decades, to play a key role in all phases of skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teunis
- University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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41
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Mehling A, Eriksson T, Eltze T, Kolle S, Ramirez T, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Non-animal test methods for predicting skin sensitization potentials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1273-95. [PMID: 22707154 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and it is estimated that 15-20 % of the general population suffers from contact allergy, with increasing prevalence. Evaluation of the sensitization potential of a substance is usually carried out in animal models. Nowadays, there is much interest in reducing and ultimately replacing current animal tests. Furthermore, as of 2013, the EU has posed a ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients that includes skin sensitization. Therefore, predictive and robust in vitro tests are urgently needed. In order to establish alternatives to animal testing, the in vitro tests must mimic the very complex interactions between the sensitizing chemical and the different parts of the immune system. This review article summarizes recent efforts to develop in vitro tests for predicting skin sensitizers. Cell-based assays, in chemico methods and, to a lesser extent, in silico methods are presented together with a discussion of their current status. With considerable progress having been achieved during the last years, the rationale today is that data from different non-animal test methods will have to be combined in order to obtain reliable hazard and potency information on potential skin sensitizers.
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42
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McKim JM, Keller DJ, Gorski JR. Anin vitromethod for detecting chemical sensitization using human reconstructed skin models and its applicability to cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical device safety testing. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:292-305. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.667031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Goebel C, Aeby P, Ade N, Alépée N, Aptula A, Araki D, Dufour E, Gilmour N, Hibatallah J, Keller D, Kern P, Kirst A, Marrec-Fairley M, Maxwell G, Rowland J, Safford B, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Seaman C, Teichert T, Tessier N, Teissier S, Weltzien HU, Winkler P, Scheel J. Guiding principles for the implementation of non-animal safety assessment approaches for cosmetics: skin sensitisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:40-52. [PMID: 22374415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of skin sensitisation potential is a key endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients especially when significant dermal exposure to an ingredient is expected. At present the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) remains the 'gold standard' test method for this purpose however non-animal test methods are under development that aim to replace the need for new animal test data. COLIPA (the European Cosmetics Association) funds an extensive programme of skin sensitisation research, method development and method evaluation and helped coordinate the early evaluation of the three test methods currently undergoing pre-validation. In May 2010, a COLIPA scientific meeting was held to analyse to what extent skin sensitisation safety assessments for cosmetic ingredients can be made in the absence of animal data. In order to propose guiding principles for the application and further development of non-animal safety assessment strategies it was evaluated how and when non-animal test methods, predictions based on physico-chemical properties (including in silico tools), threshold concepts and weight-of-evidence based hazard characterisation could be used to enable safety decisions. Generation and assessment of potency information from alternative tools which at present is predominantly derived from the LLNA is considered the future key research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- Procter & Gamble, Berliner Allee 65, 64274 Darmstadt, Germany
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44
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Assessment of the sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes and some of their metabolites by the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA). Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:733-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Inter-laboratory study of the in vitro dendritic cell migration assay for identification of contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:2124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Luebke R. Immunotoxicant Screening and Prioritization in the Twenty-first Century. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:294-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311427572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luebke
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Klein SG, Hennen J, Serchi T, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Potential of coculture in vitro models to study inflammatory and sensitizing effects of particles on the lung. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1516-34. [PMID: 21963807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) like nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the last century due to increased combustion processes, road traffic, etc. In addition, the progress in chemical and cosmetic industry led to many new compounds, e.g. fragrances, which humans are exposed to every day. Many chemicals are known to act as contact and some as respiratory sensitizers, causing allergic reactions. Exposure to small particles of less than 100 nm in diameter is linked with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, such as asthma or rhinitis. To date already more than 1000 customer products contain eNPs without knowing much about the health effects. In comparison to chemicals, the mechanisms by which PM and eNPs can cause sensitization are still not fully understood. Validated and regulatory accepted in vitro models to assess this hazard in its full range are still missing. While a huge number of animal studies contributed to our knowledge about sensitization processes, knowledge on involved cellular mechanisms is still limited. In this review relevant in vitro models to study and elucidate these mechanisms in more detail are presented and their potential to serve as part of a tiered testing strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Klein
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public, Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:1152-63. [PMID: 21599706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most prevalent occupational skin diseases and causes severe and long-lasting health problems in the case of chronification. It is initiated by an innate inflammatory immune response to skin contact with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, skin-homing CD8(+) Tc1/Tc17 and CD4(+) Th1/Th17 cells. Following this sensitization step, T lymphocytes infiltrate the inflamed skin upon challenge with the same chemical. The T cells then exert cytotoxic function and secrete inflammatory mediators to produce an eczematous skin reaction. The recent characterization of the mechanisms underlying the innate inflammatory response has revealed that contact allergens activate innate effector mechanisms and signalling pathways that are also involved in anti-infectious immunity. This emerging analogy implies infection as a potential trigger or amplifier of the sensitization to contact allergens. Moreover, new mechanistic insights into the induction of ACD identify potential targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention. We summarize here the latest findings in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, Freiburg, Germany.
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49
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Sharma NS, Jindal R, Mitra B, Lee S, Li L, Maguire TJ, Schloss R, Yarmush ML. Perspectives on Non-Animal Alternatives for Assessing Sensitization Potential in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011; 5:52-72. [PMID: 24741377 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization remains a major environmental and occupational health hazard. Animal models have been used as the gold standard method of choice for estimating chemical sensitization potential. However, a growing international drive and consensus for minimizing animal usage have prompted the development of in vitro methods to assess chemical sensitivity. In this paper, we examine existing approaches including in silico models, cell and tissue based assays for distinguishing between sensitizers and irritants. The in silico approaches that have been discussed include Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR) and QSAR based expert models that correlate chemical molecular structure with biological activity and mechanism based read-across models that incorporate compound electrophilicity. The cell and tissue based assays rely on an assortment of mono and co-culture cell systems in conjunction with 3D skin models. Given the complexity of allergen induced immune responses, and the limited ability of existing systems to capture the entire gamut of cellular and molecular events associated with these responses, we also introduce a microfabricated platform that can capture all the key steps involved in allergic contact sensitivity. Finally, we describe the development of an integrated testing strategy comprised of two or three tier systems for evaluating sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripen S Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bhaskar Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Serom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tim J Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, 231, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA ; Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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50
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Nukada Y, Ashikaga T, Sakaguchi H, Sono S, Mugita N, Hirota M, Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Sasa H, Nishiyama N. Predictive performance for human skin sensitizing potential of the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Contact Dermatitis 2011; 65:343-53. [PMID: 21767275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent changes in regulatory restrictions and social opposition to animal toxicology experiments have driven the need for reliable in vitro tests for predicting the skin sensitizing potentials of a wide variety of industrial chemicals. Previously, we developed the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) as a cell-based assay to predict the skin sensitizing potential of chemicals, and showed the correspondence between the h-CLAT and the murine local lymph node assay results. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the predictive performance of the h-CLAT for human skin sensitizing potential. MATERIALS/METHODS We selected a total of 66 test chemicals with known human sensitizing potential, and tested all chemicals with the h-CLAT. We then evaluated the performance of the h-CLAT in predicting human sensitizing potential. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Forty-five of 51 tested sensitizers were positive in the h-CLAT, indicating relatively high sensitivity. Also, 10 of 15 non-sensitizers were correctly detected as negative. The overall agreement between human data and h-CLAT outcome was 83%. Furthermore, the h-CLAT could accurately predict the human sensitizing potential of 23 tested chemicals that were amines, heterocyclic compounds, or sulfur compounds. Our data indicate the utility of the h-CLAT for predicting the human skin sensitizing potential of a variety of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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