1
|
Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Lomonte B, Fontes MRM. Inhibitors and activators for myotoxic phospholipase A 2-like toxins from snake venoms - A structural overview. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00175-5. [PMID: 39089640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomations result in acute and chronic physical and psychological health effects on their victims, leading to a substantial socio-economic burden in tropical and subtropical countries. Local necrosis is one of the serious effects caused by envenomation, primarily induced by snake venoms from the Viperidae family through the direct action of components collectively denominated as myotoxins, including the phopholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins. Considering the limitations of antivenoms in preventing the rapid development of local tissue damage caused by envenomation, the use of small molecule therapeutics has been suggested as potential first-aid treatments or as adjuvants to antivenom therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural interactions of molecules exhibiting inhibitory activity toward PLA2-like toxins. Additionally, we discuss the implications for the myotoxic mechanism of PLA2-like toxins and the molecules involved in their activation, highlighting key differences between activators and inhibitors. Finally, we integrate all these results to propose a classification of inhibitors into three different classes and five sub-classes. Taking into account the structural and affinity information, we compare the different inhibitors/ligands to gain a deeper understanding of the structural basis for the effective inhibition of PLA2-like toxins. By offering these insights, we aim to contribute to the search for new and efficient inhibitor molecules to complement and improve current therapy by conventional antivenoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente-SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santhosh KH, Krishna V, Kemparaju K, Manjunatha H, Shashi Kumar R, Mukherjee A, Gomez Mejiba SE, Ramirez DC, Ravindranath BS. β-keto amyrin isolated from Cryptostegia grandiflora R. br. inhibits inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper venom: Direct binding of β-keto amyrin to phospholipase A 2. Toxicon 2024; 241:107679. [PMID: 38447765 PMCID: PMC11194115 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The search for mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies is of fundamental importance to avoid undesired off-target effects. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity is a potential molecular target for anti-inflammatory drugs because it fuels arachidonic acid needed to synthesize inflammation mediators, such as prostaglandins. Herein, we aim to investigate the molecular mechanism by which β-keto amyrin isolated from a methanolic extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Leaves can inhibit inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper (DR) venom that mainly contains PLA2. We found that β-keto amyrin neutralizes DR venom-induced paw-edema in a mouse model. Molecular docking of PLA2 with β-keto amyrin complex resulted in a higher binding energy score of -8.86 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant of 611.7 nM. Diclofenac had a binding energy of -7.04 kcal/mol and an IC50 value of 620 nM, which predicts a poorer binding interaction than β-keto amyrin. The higher conformational stability of β-keto amyrin interaction compared to diclofenac is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. β-keto amyrin isolated from C. grandiflora inhibits the PLA2 activity contained in Daboia russellii viper venom. The anti-inflammatory property of β-keto amyrin is due to its direct binding into the active site of PLA2, thus inhibiting its enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Santhosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - V Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - K Kemparaju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri Campus, Mysore-57006, Karnataka, India
| | - H Manjunatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore- 56005, Karnataka, India
| | - R Shashi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - A Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - S E Gomez Mejiba
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Experimental Therapeutics, CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - D C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine. CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - B S Ravindranath
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardoso FF, Salvador GHM, Cavalcante WLG, Dal-Pai M, Fontes MRDM. BthTX-I, a phospholipase A 2-like toxin, is inhibited by the plant cinnamic acid derivative: chlorogenic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140988. [PMID: 38142025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite is a significant health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, resulting in more than 2.7 million envenomations and an estimated one hundred thousand fatalities annually. The Bothrops genus is responsible for the majority of snakebite envenomings in Latin America and Caribbean countries. Accidents involving snakes from this genus are characterized by local symptoms that often lead to permanent sequelae and death. However, specific antivenoms exhibit limited effectiveness in inhibiting local tissue damage. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins emerge as significant contributors to local myotoxicity in accidents involving Bothrops species. As a result, they represent a crucial target for prospective treatments. Some natural and synthetic compounds have shown the ability to reduce or abolish the myotoxic effects of PLA2-like proteins. In this study, we employed a combination approach involving myographic, morphological, biophysical and bioinformatic techniques to investigate the interaction between chlorogenic acid (CGA) and BthTX-I, a PLA2-like toxin. CGA provided a protection of 71.8% on muscle damage in a pre-incubation treatment. Microscale thermophoresis and circular dichroism experiments revealed that CGA interacted with the BthTX-I while preserving its secondary structure. CGA exhibited an affinity to the toxin that ranks among the highest observed for a natural compound. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CGA inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel in a manner similar to other phenolic compounds previously investigated. These findings suggest that CGA interferes with the allosteric transition of the non-activated toxin, and the stability of the dimeric assembly of its activated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Luís Garrido Cavalcante
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto de Mattos Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shimizu JF, Feferbaum-Leite S, Santos IA, Martins DOS, Kingston NJ, Shegdar M, Zothner C, Sampaio SV, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Jardim ACG. Effect of proteins isolated from Brazilian snakes on enterovirus A71 replication cycle: An approach against hand, foot and mouth disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124519. [PMID: 37085072 PMCID: PMC7615699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) belongs to the Picornaviridae family and is the main etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). There is no approved antiviral against EVA71, and therefore the search for novel anti-EVA71 therapeutics is essential. In this context, the antiviral activity of proteins isolated from snake venoms has been reported against a range of viruses. Here, the proteins CM10 and CM14 isolated from Bothrops moojeni, and Crotamin and PLA2CB isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus were investigated for their antiviral activity against EVA71 infection. CM14 and Crotamin possessed a selective index (SI) of 170.8 and 120.4, respectively, while CM10 and PLA2CB had an SI of 67.4 and 12.5, respectively. CM14 inhibited all steps of viral replication (protective effect: 76 %; virucidal: 99 %; and post-entry: 99 %). Similarly, Crotamin inhibited up to 99 % of three steps. In contrast, CM10 and PLA2CB impaired one or two steps of EVA71 replication, respectively. Further dose-response assays using increasing titres of EVA71 were performed and CM14 and Crotamin retained functionality with high concentrations of EVA71 (up to 1000 TCID50). These data demonstrate that proteins isolated from snake venom are potent inhibitors of EVA71 and could be used as scaffolds for future development of novel antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Shiraz Feferbaum-Leite
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalie J Kingston
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Shegdar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Structural and functional studies of a snake venom phospholipase A 2-like protein complexed to an inhibitor from Tabernaemontana catharinensis. Biochimie 2023; 206:105-115. [PMID: 36273763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenomation is an ongoing global health problem and tropical neglected disease that afflicts millions of people each year. The only specific treatment, antivenom, has several limitations that affects its proper distribution to the victims and its efficacy against local effects, such as myonecrosis. The main responsible for this consequence are the phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like proteins, such as BthTX-I from Bothrops jararacussu. Folk medicine resorts to plants such as Tabernaemontana catharinensis to palliate these and other snakebite effects. Here, we evaluated the effect of its root bark extract and one of its isolated compounds, 12-methoxy-4-methyl-voachalotine (MMV), against the in vitro paralysis and muscle damage induced by BthTX-I. Secondary and quaternary structures of BthTX-I were not modified by the interaction with MMV. Instead, this compound interacted in an unprecedented way with the region inside the toxin hydrophobic channel and promoted a structural change in Val31, loop 58-71 and Membrane Disruption Site. Thus, we hypothesize that MMV inhibits PLA2-like proteins by preventing entrance of fatty acid into the hydrophobic channel. These data may explain the traditional use of T. catharinensis extract and confirm MMV as a promising candidate to complement antivenom or a structural guide to develop more effective inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osipov A, Utkin Y. What Are the Neurotoxins in Hemotoxic Snake Venoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032919. [PMID: 36769242 PMCID: PMC9917609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms as tools for hunting are primarily aimed at the most vital systems of the prey, especially the nervous and circulatory systems. In general, snakes of the Elapidae family produce neurotoxic venoms comprising of toxins targeting the nervous system, while snakes of the Viperidae family and most rear-fanged snakes produce hemotoxic venoms directed mainly on blood coagulation. However, it is not all so clear. Some bites by viperids results in neurotoxic signs and it is now known that hemotoxic venoms do contain neurotoxic components. For example, viperid phospholipases A2 may manifest pre- or/and postsynaptic activity and be involved in pain and analgesia. There are other neurotoxins belonging to diverse families ranging from large multi-subunit proteins (e.g., C-type lectin-like proteins) to short peptide neurotoxins (e.g., waglerins and azemiopsin), which are found in hemotoxic venoms. Other neurotoxins from hemotoxic venoms include baptides, crotamine, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, Kunitz-type protease inhibitors, sarafotoxins and three-finger toxins. Some of these toxins exhibit postsynaptic activity, while others affect the functioning of voltage-dependent ion channels. This review represents the first attempt to systematize data on the neurotoxins from "non-neurotoxic" snake venom. The structural and functional characteristic of these neurotoxins affecting diverse targets in the nervous system are considered.
Collapse
|
8
|
Costa TR, Francisco AF, Cardoso FF, Moreira-Dill LS, Fernandes CAH, Gomes AAS, Guimarães CLS, Marcussi S, Pereira PS, Oliveira HC, Fontes MRM, Silva SL, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Gallic acid anti-myotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A 2 toxin inhibitor, isolated from the medicinal plant Anacardium humile. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:494-512. [PMID: 34197854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is the cause of an ongoing health crisis in several regions of the world, particularly in tropical and neotropical countries. This scenario creates an urgent necessity for new practical solutions to address the limitations of current therapies. The current study investigated the isolation, phytochemical characterization, and myotoxicity inhibition mechanism of gallic acid (GA), a myotoxin inhibitor obtained from Anacardium humile. The identification and isolation of GA was achieved by employing analytical chromatographic separation, which exhibited a compound with retention time and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compatible with GA's commercial standard and data from the literature. GA alone was able to inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by the crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and its two main myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and interaction studies by molecular docking suggested that GA forms a complex with BthTX-I and II. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetics assays showed that GA has a high affinity for BthTX-I with a KD of 9.146 × 10-7 M. Taken together, the two-state reaction mode of GA binding to BthTX-I, and CD, FS and DLS assays, suggest that GA is able to induce oligomerization and secondary structure changes for BthTX-I and -II. GA and other tannins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of snake venoms' toxic effects, and herein we demonstrated GA's ability to bind to and inhibit a snake venom PLA2, thus proposing a new mechanism of PLA2 inhibition, and presenting more evidence of GA's potential as an antivenom compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Hamine C Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; LAQV/Requimte, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In-solution structural studies involving a phospholipase A 2-like myotoxin and a natural inhibitor: Plasticity of oligomeric assembly affects mechanisms of inhibition. Biochimie 2020; 181:145-153. [PMID: 33333169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation has been categorized by World Health Organization as a category A neglected tropical disease, since it causes chronic psychological disorders, physical disablement and death. Ophidian accidents may cause local myonecrosis that cause drastic sequelae, which are not efficiently neutralized via serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) myotoxins have a major role in the local effects caused by several snake venoms. We previously demonstrated that chicoric acid (CA) is an efficient inhibitor of the BthTX-I myotoxin and solved the X-ray structure of complex. Herein, we assess the oligomeric behavior of the BthTX-I/CA complex in solution under different physical-chemical conditions and using toxin obtained by two different biochemical methodologies to fully elucidate structural bases of inhibition of myotoxins by CA. We demonstrated the ability of PLA2-like proteins to form different oligomeric assemblies in the presence of certain inhibitors, which can also be modulated by buffer polarity change. In the presence of ethanol, BthTX-I/CA remains predominantly in a monomeric conformation, which prevents it from being in its active form (dimeric conformation). In contrast, in the absence of ethanol, the tetramer assembly was observed, which hid key regions of the protein responsible for docking and disruption of the muscle membrane. Therefore, the "plasticity" of these proteins with regard to their abilities to form oligomeric assemblies is a key issue for the future development of therapeutic agents to complement of serum therapy.
Collapse
|
10
|
The allosteric activation mechanism of a phospholipase A 2-like toxin from Bothrops jararacussu venom: a dynamic description. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16252. [PMID: 33004851 PMCID: PMC7529814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation process of phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins is a key step in their molecular mechanism, which involves oligomeric changes leading to the exposure of specific sites. Few studies have focused on the characterization of allosteric activators and the features that distinguish them from inhibitors. Herein, a comprehensive study with the BthTX-I toxin from Bothrops jararacussu venom bound or unbound to α-tocopherol (αT) was carried out. The oligomerization state of BthTX-I bound or unbound to αT in solution was studied and indicated that the toxin is predominantly monomeric but tends to oligomerize when complexed with αT. In silico molecular simulations showed the toxin presents higher conformational changes in the absence of αT,
which suggests that it is important to stabilize the structure of the toxin. The transition between the two states (active/inactive) was also studied, showing that only the unbound BthTX-I system could migrate to the inactive state. In contrast, the presence of αT induces the toxin to leave the inactive state, guiding it towards the active state, with more regions exposed to the solvent, particularly its active site. Finally, the structural determinants necessary for a molecule to be an inhibitor or activator were analyzed in light of the obtained results.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardoso FF, Gomes AAS, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Dal Pai M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Neutralization of a bothropic PLA 2-like protein by caftaric acid, a novel potent inhibitor of ophidian myotoxicity. Biochimie 2020; 170:163-172. [PMID: 31978419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming by snakebite is an important global health issue that has received little attention, leading the World Health Organization to naming it as neglected tropical disease. Several snakebites present serious local symptoms manifested on victims that may not be efficiently neutralized by serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins are present in Viperidae venoms and are responsible for local myotoxic activity. Herein, we investigated the association between BthTX-I toxin and caftaric acid (CFT), a molecule present in plants. CFT neutralized neuromuscular blocking and muscle-damaging activities promoted by BthTX-I. Calorimetric and light-scattering assays demonstrated that CFT inhibitor interacted with dimeric BthTX-I. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CFT inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel (HCh). According to the current myotoxic mechanism, three different regions of PLA2-like toxins have specific tasks: protein allosteric activation (HCh), membrane dockage (MDoS), and membrane rupture (MDiS). We propose CFT inhibitor interferes with the allosteric activation, which is related to the conformation change leading to the exposure/alignment of MDoS/MDiS region. This is the first report of a PLA2-like toxin fully inhibited by a compound that interacts only with its HCh region. Thus, CFT is a novel candidate to complement serum therapy and improve the treatment of snakebite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Dreyer
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal Pai
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salvador GHM, Cardoso FF, Gomes AA, Cavalcante WLG, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Search for efficient inhibitors of myotoxic activity induced by ophidian phospholipase A 2-like proteins using functional, structural and bioinformatics approaches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:510. [PMID: 30679550 PMCID: PMC6346006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidian accidents are considered an important neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Particularly in Latin America, Bothrops snakes are responsible for the majority of the snakebite envenomings that are not efficiently treated by conventional serum therapy. Thus, the search for simple and efficient inhibitors to complement this therapy is a promising research area, and a combination of functional and structural assays have been used to test candidate ligands against specific ophidian venom compounds. Herein, we tested a commercial drug (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) and a plant compound with antiophidian properties (rosmarinic acid, RA) using myographic, crystallographic and bioinformatics experiments with a phospholipase A2-like toxin, MjTX-II. MjTX-II/RA and MjTX-II/ASA crystal structures were solved at high resolution and revealed the presence of ligands bound to different regions of the toxin. However, in vitro myographic assays showed that only RA is able to prevent the myotoxic effects of MjTX-II. In agreement with functional results, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the RA molecule remains tightly bound to the toxin throughout the calculations, whereas ASA molecules tend to dissociate. This approach aids the design of effective inhibitors of PLA2-like toxins and, eventually, may complement serum therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A Gomes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carvalho LHD, Teixeira LF, Zaqueo KD, Bastos JF, Nery NM, Setúbal SS, Pontes AS, Butzke D, Cavalcante W, Gallacci M, Fernandes CFC, Stabeli RG, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Local and systemic effects caused by Crotalus durissus terrificus, Crotalus durissus collilineatus, and Crotalus durissus cascavella snake venoms in swiss mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180526. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0526-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayena Delaix Zaqueo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana Butzke
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cardoso FF, Borges RJ, Dreyer TR, Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, Pai MD, Gallacci M, Fontes MR. Structural basis of phospholipase A2-like myotoxin inhibition by chicoric acid, a novel potent inhibitor of ophidian toxins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2728-2737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Structural and functional characterization of suramin-bound MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni suggests a particular myotoxic mechanism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10317. [PMID: 29985425 PMCID: PMC6037679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Local myonecrosis is the main event resulting from snakebite envenomation by the Bothrops genus and, frequently, it is not efficiently neutralized by antivenom administration. Proteases, phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and PLA2-like toxins are found in venom related to muscle damage. Functional sites responsible for PLA2-like toxins activity have been proposed recently; they consist of a membrane docking-site and a membrane rupture-site. Herein, a combination of functional, biophysical and crystallographic techniques was used to characterize the interaction between suramin and MjTX-I (a PLA2-like toxin from Bothrops moojeni venom). Functional in vitro neuromuscular assays were performed to study the biological effects of the protein-ligand interaction, demonstrating that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic effect of MjTX-I. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events: (i) inhibitor-protein interactions and (ii) toxin oligomerization processes. These hypotheses were also corroborated with dynamic light and small angle X-ray scattering assays. The crystal structure of the MjTX-I/suramin showed a totally different interaction mode compared to other PLA2-like/suramin complexes. Thus, we suggested a novel myotoxic mechanism for MjTX-I that may be inhibited by suramin. These results can further contribute to the search for inhibitors that will efficiently counteract local myonecrosis in order to be used as an adjuvant of conventional serum therapy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Oliveira ICF, de Paula MO, Lastra HCB, Alves BDB, Moreno DAN, Yoshida EH, Amaral Filho J, Cogo JC, Varanda EA, Rai M, Santos CAD, Oshima-Franco Y. Activity of silver nanoparticles on prokaryotic cells and Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:60-64. [PMID: 29961355 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1478850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-conjugated venom-toxins of venomous animals and its therapeutic efficacy against emerging or neglecting diseases is a promising strategy. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs ∼50 nm, 0.081 mg mL-1) were studied against the neuromuscular blockade, myotoxic effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom (60 µg mL-1) and also against prokaryotic cells. The neurotoxicity was evaluated on ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm using traditional myographic technique, able to obtain functional contractile responses and to check the neurotransmission. The myotoxicity on mammalian cells was evaluated in muscles resulting from pharmacological assays using routine histological techniques and light microscopy. The toxicity to prokaryotic cells was evaluated on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without metabolic activation. The in vitro preincubation model between AgNPs and venom was enough to abolish toxic effects of B. jararacussu venom, but mammalian cells were highly sensitive to AgNPs more than prokaryotic cells, by acting as dose-independently and dose-dependently parameters, respectively. These results allowed us to conclude that AgNPs showed promising activity as antivenom agent but for its safer use, the toxicity should be evaluated on experimental animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno de Brito Alves
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | | | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - Jorge Amaral Filho
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- d Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Technological and Scientific Institute , Brazil University , Itaquera, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- e Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Araraquara , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Mahendra Rai
- f Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , India
| | - Carolina Alves Dos Santos
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, Palma MS. Diversity of peptidic and proteinaceous toxins from social Hymenoptera venoms. Toxicon 2018; 148:172-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Influence of phospholipasic inhibition on neuromuscular activity of Bothrops fonsecai snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 130:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Resende L, Almeida J, Schezaro-Ramos R, Collaço R, Simioni L, Ramírez D, González W, Soares A, Calderon L, Marangoni S, da Silva S. Exploring and understanding the functional role, and biochemical and structural characteristics of an acidic phospholipase A2, AplTx-I, purified from Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 127:22-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
20
|
Collaço RDCO, Randazzo-Moura P, Tamascia ML, da Silva IRF, Rocha T, Cogo JC, Hyslop S, Sanny CG, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Bothrops fonsecai snake venom activities and cross-reactivity with commercial bothropic venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:86-100. [PMID: 27590117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined some biochemical and biological activities of Bothrops fonsecai venom, a pitviper endemic to southeastern Brazil, and assessed their neutralization by commercial bothropic antivenom (CAv). Cross-reactivity of venom with CAv was also assessed by immunoblotting and size-exclusion high performance chromatography (SE-HPLC). Bothrops fonsecai venom had PLA2, proteolytic and esterase activities that were neutralized to varying extents by venom:antivenom ratios of 5:1 and 5:2 (PLA2 and esterase activities) or not significantly by either venom:antivenom ratio (proteolytic activity). The minimum hemorrhagic dose (69.2μg) was totally neutralized by both ratios. Clotting time in rat citrated plasma was 33±10.5s (mean±SD; n=5) and was completely neutralized by a 5:2 ratio. Edema formation was dose-dependent (1-30μg/site) and significantly inhibited by both ratios. Venom (10-300μg/mL) caused neuromuscular blockade in extensor digitorum longus preparations; this blockade was inhibited best by a 5:2 ratio. Venom caused myonecrosis and creatine kinase release in vivo (gastrocnemius muscle) and in vitro (extensor digitorum longus) that was effectively neutralized by both venom:antivenom ratios. Immunoblotting showed that venom components of ~25-100kDa interacted with CAv. SE-HPLC profiles for venom incubated with CAv or specific anti-B. fonsecai antivenom raised in rabbits (SAv) indicated that CAv had a higher binding capacity than SAv, whereas SAv had higher affinity than CAv. These findings indicate that B. fonsecai venom contains various activities that are neutralized to different extents by CAv and suggest that CAv could be used to treat envenoming by B. fonsecai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia O Collaço
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Randazzo-Moura
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Pontífica Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUCSP), Praça Dr. José Ermirio de Moraes, 290, 18030-095, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana L Tamascia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Rapp F da Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 281, Jardim São José, 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - José C Cogo
- Serpentário do Centro de Estudos da Natureza, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Avenida Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles G Sanny
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University (OSU), 1111 W. 17th Street, 74107, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dias L, Rodrigues MA, Rennó AL, Stroka A, Inoue BR, Panunto PC, Melgarejo AR, Hyslop S. Hemodynamic responses to Lachesis muta (South American bushmaster) snake venom in anesthetized rats. Toxicon 2016; 123:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Melaré R, Floriano RS, Gracia M, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Cruz-Höfling MAD, Rocha T. Ultrastructural aspects of mouse nerve-muscle preparation exposed to Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops bilineatus venoms and their toxins BthTX-I and Bbil-TX: Unknown myotoxic effects. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1082-1089. [PMID: 27535875 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bites by Bothrops snakes normally induce local pain, haemorrhage, oedema and myonecrosis. Mammalian isolated nerve-muscle preparations exposed to Bothrops venoms and their phospholipase A2 toxins (PLA2 ) can exhibit a neurotoxic pattern as increase in frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) as well as in amplitude of end-plate potentials (EPPs); neuromuscular facilitation followed by complete and irreversible blockade without morphological evidence for muscle damage. In this work, we analysed the ultrastructural damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops bilineatus venoms and their PLA2 toxins (BthTX-I and Bbil-TX) in mouse isolated nerve-phrenic diaphragm preparations (PND). Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), PND preparations previously exposed to B. jararacussu and B. bilineatus venoms and BthTX-I and Bbil-TX toxins showed hypercontracted and loosed myofilaments; unorganized sarcomeres; clusters of edematous sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; abnormal chromatin distribution or apoptotic-like nuclei. The principal affected organelles, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, were those related to calcium buffering and, resulting in sarcomeres and myofilaments hypercontraction. Schwann cells were also damaged showing edematous axons and mitochondria as well as myelin sheath alteration. These ultrastructural changes caused by both of Bothrops venoms and toxins indicate that the neuromuscular blockade induced by them in vitro can also be associated with nerve and muscle degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Melaré
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Stuani Floriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Zip Code 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Gracia
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Zip Code 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salvador GHM, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Matioli FF, dos Santos JI, Velazquez-Campoy A, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural and functional evidence for membrane docking and disruption sites on phospholipase A2-like proteins revealed by complexation with the inhibitor suramin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:2066-78. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715014443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Local myonecrosis resulting from snakebite envenomation is not efficiently neutralized by regular antivenom administration. This limitation is considered to be a significant health problem by the World Health Organization. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are among the most important proteins related to the muscle damage resulting from several snake venoms. However, despite their conserved tertiary structure compared with PLA2s, their biological mechanism remains incompletely understood. Different oligomeric conformations and binding sites have been identified or proposed, leading to contradictory data in the literature. In the last few years, a comprehensive hypothesis has been proposed based on fatty-acid binding, allosteric changes and the presence of two different interaction sites. In the present study, a combination of techniques were used to fully understand the structural–functional characteristics of the interaction between suramin and MjTX-II (a PLA2-like toxin).In vitroneuromuscular studies were performed to characterize the biological effects of the protein–ligand interaction and demonstrated that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic activity of MjTX-II. The high-resolution structure of the complex identified the toxin–ligand interaction sites. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events between the protein and the inhibitor. It is demonstrated for the first time that the inhibitor binds to the surface of the toxin, obstructing the sites involved in membrane docking and disruption according to the proposed myotoxic mechanism. Furthermore, higher-order oligomeric formation by interaction with interfacial suramins was observed, which may also aid the inhibitory process. These results further substantiate the current myotoxic mechanism and shed light on the search for efficient inhibitors of the local myonecrosis phenomenon.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fernandes CAH, Cardoso FF, Cavalcante WGL, Soares AM, Dal-Pai M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural Basis for the Inhibition of a Phospholipase A2-Like Toxin by Caffeic and Aristolochic Acids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133370. [PMID: 26192963 PMCID: PMC4508052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in toxicology today is to develop therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of snake venom injuries that are not efficiently neutralized by conventional serum therapy. Venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and PLA2-like proteins play a fundamental role in skeletal muscle necrosis, which can result in permanent sequelae and disability. This leads to economic and social problems, especially in developing countries. In this work, we performed structural and functional studies with Piratoxin-I, a Lys49-PLA2 from Bothropspirajai venom, complexed with two compounds present in several plants used in folk medicine against snakebites. These ligands partially neutralized the myotoxic activity of PrTX-I towards binding on the two independent sites of interaction between Lys49-PLA2 and muscle membrane. Our results corroborate the previously proposed mechanism of action of PLA2s-like and provide insights for the design of structure-based inhibitors that could prevent the permanent injuries caused by these proteins in snakebite victims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Dep. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Dep. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dep. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter G. L. Cavalcante
- Dep. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Dep. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai
- Dep. de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gallacci
- Dep. de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Dep. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP–Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, CNPq, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vyas VK, Brahmbhatt K, Bhatt H, Parmar U. Therapeutic potential of snake venom in cancer therapy: current perspectives. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:156-62. [PMID: 23593597 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many active secretions produced by animals have been employed in the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as hypertension and cancer. Snake venom toxins contributed significantly to the treatment of many medical conditions. There are many published studies describing and elucidating the anti-cancer potential of snake venom. Cancer therapy is one of the main areas for the use of protein peptides and enzymes originating from animals of different species. Some of these proteins or peptides and enzymes from snake venom when isolated and evaluated may bind specifically to cancer cell membranes, affecting the migration and proliferation of these cells. Some of substances found in the snake venom present a great potential as anti-tumor agent. In this review, we presented the main results of recent years of research involving the active compounds of snake venom that have anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Vyas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad 382 481 Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Floriano RS, Rocha T, Carregari VC, Marangoni S, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Rowan EG. The neuromuscular activity of Bothriopsis bilineata smaragdina (forest viper) venom and its toxin Bbil-TX (Asp49 phospholipase A2) on isolated mouse nerve-muscle preparations. Toxicon 2015; 96:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Purification and biochemical characterization of three myotoxins from Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom with toxicity against Leishmania and tumor cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:195356. [PMID: 24724078 PMCID: PMC3958778 DOI: 10.1155/2014/195356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops mattogrossensis snake is widely distributed throughout eastern South America and is responsible for snakebites in this region. This paper reports the purification and biochemical characterization of three new phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), one of which is presumably an enzymatically active Asp49 and two are very likely enzymatically inactive Lys49 PLA2 homologues. The purification was obtained after two chromatographic steps on ion exchange and reverse phase column. The 2D SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the proteins have pI values around 10, are each made of a single chain, and have molecular masses near 13 kDa, which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The N-terminal similarity analysis of the sequences showed that the proteins are highly homologous with other Lys49 and Asp49 PLA2s from Bothrops species. The PLA2s isolated were named BmatTX-I (Lys49 PLA2-like), BmatTX-II (Lys49 PLA2-like), and BmatTX-III (Asp49 PLA2). The PLA2s induced cytokine release from mouse neutrophils and showed cytotoxicity towards JURKAT (leukemia T) and SK-BR-3 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines and promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The structural and functional elucidation of snake venoms components may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these proteins during envenomation and their potential pharmacological and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
28
|
Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, dos Santos JI, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural and functional studies with mytoxin II from Bothrops moojeni reveal remarkable similarities and differences compared to other catalytically inactive phospholipases A2-like. Toxicon 2013; 72:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
29
|
Floriano RS, Carregari VC, de Abreu VA, Kenzo-Kagawa B, Ponce-Soto LA, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Marangoni S, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Pharmacological study of a new Asp49 phospholipase A2 (Bbil-TX) isolated from Bothriopsis bilineata smargadina (forest viper) venom in vertebrate neuromuscular preparations. Toxicon 2013; 69:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Conlon JM, Attoub S, Arafat H, Mechkarska M, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Calvete JJ. Cytotoxic activities of [Ser⁴⁹]phospholipase A₂ from the venom of the saw-scaled vipers Echis ocellatus, Echis pyramidum leakeyi, Echis carinatus sochureki, and Echis coloratus. Toxicon 2013; 71:96-104. [PMID: 23747272 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fractionation by reversed-phase HPLC of venom from four species of saw-scaled viper: Echis ocellatus, Echis pyramidum leakeyi, Echis carinatus sochureki, and Echis coloratus led to identification in each sample of an abundant protein with cytotoxic activity against human non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The active component in each case was identified by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting of tryptic digests as [Ser⁴⁹]phospholipase A₂ ([Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂). An isoform of [Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂ containing the single Ala¹⁸→ Val substitution and a partially characterized [Asp⁴⁹]PLA₂ were also present in the E. coloratus venom. LC₅₀ values against A549 cells for the purified [Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂ proteins from the four species are in the range 2.9-8.5 μM. This range is not significantly different from the range of LC₅₀ values against human umbilical vein endothelial HUVEC cells (2.5-12.2 μM) indicating that the [Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂ proteins show no differential anti-tumor activity. The LC₅₀ value for [Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂ from E. ocellatus against human erythrocytes is >100 μM and the MIC values against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are >100 μM. It is suggested that the [Ser⁴⁹]PLA₂ proteins play a major role in producing local tissue necrosis and hemorrhage at the site of envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Salvador GHM, Fernandes CAH, Magro AJ, Marchi-Salvador DP, Cavalcante WLG, Fernandez RM, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Oliveira CLP, Fontes MRM. Structural and phylogenetic studies with MjTX-I reveal a multi-oligomeric toxin--a novel feature in Lys49-PLA2s protein class. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60610. [PMID: 23573271 PMCID: PMC3616104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality caused by snakebites is more damaging than many tropical diseases, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever, cholera, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and Chagas disease. For this reason, snakebite envenoming adversely affects health services of tropical and subtropical countries and is recognized as a neglected disease by the World Health Organization. One of the main components of snake venoms is the Lys49-phospholipases A2, which is catalytically inactive but possesses other toxic and pharmacological activities. Preliminary studies with MjTX-I from Bothrops moojeni snake venom revealed intriguing new structural and functional characteristics compared to other bothropic Lys49-PLA2s. We present in this article a comprehensive study with MjTX-I using several techniques, including crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, myographic studies, bioinformatics and molecular phylogenetic analyses.Based in all these experiments we demonstrated that MjTX-I is probably a unique Lys49-PLA2, which may adopt different oligomeric forms depending on the physical-chemical environment. Furthermore, we showed that its myotoxic activity is dramatically low compared to other Lys49-PLA2s, probably due to the novel oligomeric conformations and important mutations in the C-terminal region of the protein. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that this toxin is clearly distinct from other bothropic Lys49-PLA2s, in conformity with the peculiar oligomeric characteristics of MjTX-I and possible emergence of new functionalities inresponse to environmental changes and adaptation to new preys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H. M. Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelo J. Magro
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Marchi-Salvador
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L. G. Cavalcante
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M. Fernandez
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Depto. de Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ Rondônia and Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas – CEBio, Universidade Federal de Rondônia – UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L. P. Oliveira
- Depto. de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Depto. de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Correia-de-Sá P, Noronha-Matos JB, Timóteo MA, Ferreirinha F, Marques P, Soares AM, Carvalho C, Cavalcante WLG, Gallacci M. Bothropstoxin-I reduces evoked acetylcholine release from rat motor nerve terminals: radiochemical and real-time video-microscopy studies. Toxicon 2012; 61:16-25. [PMID: 23142504 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological activity profile of the snake venom components is fundamental for improving the treatment of snakebite envenomings and may also contribute for the development of new potential therapeutic agents. In this work, we tested the effects of BthTX-I, a Lys49 PLA(2) homologue from the Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. While this toxin induces conspicuous myonecrosis by a catalytically independent mechanism, a series of in vitro studies support the hypothesis that BthTX-I might also exert a neuromuscular blocking activity due to its ability to alter the integrity of muscle cell membranes. To gain insight into the mechanisms of this inhibitory neuromuscular effect, for the first time, the influence of BthTX-I on nerve-evoked ACh release was directly quantified by radiochemical and real-time video-microscopy methods. Our results show that the neuromuscular blockade produced by in vitro exposure to BthTX-I (1 μM) results from the summation of both pre- and postsynaptic effects. Modifications affecting the presynaptic apparatus were revealed by the significant reduction of nerve-evoked [(3)H]-ACh release; real-time measurements of transmitter exocytosis using the FM4-64 fluorescent dye fully supported radiochemical data. The postsynaptic effect of BthTX-I was characterized by typical histological alterations in the architecture of skeletal muscle fibers, increase in the outflow of the intracellular lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and progressive depolarization of the muscle resting membrane potential. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the neuromuscular blockade produced by BthTX-I results from transient depolarization of skeletal muscle fibers, consequent to its general membrane-destabilizing effect, and subsequent decrease of evoked ACh release from motor nerve terminals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, UMIB, Univ. Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lomonte B, Rangel J. Snake venom Lys49 myotoxins: From phospholipases A2 to non-enzymatic membrane disruptors. Toxicon 2012; 60:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
34
|
Calvete JJ, Ghezellou P, Paiva O, Matainaho T, Ghassempour A, Goudarzi H, Kraus F, Sanz L, Williams DJ. Snake venomics of two poorly known Hydrophiinae: Comparative proteomics of the venoms of terrestrial Toxicocalamus longissimus and marine Hydrophis cyanocinctus. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4091-101. [PMID: 22643073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The venom proteomes of Toxicocalamus longissimus and Hydrophis cyanocinctus, a fossorial and a marine species, respectively, of the Hydrophiinae genus of Elapidae, were investigated by Edman degradation of RP-HPLC isolated proteins, and de novo MS/MS sequencing of in-gel derived tryptic peptide ions. The toxin arsenal of T. longissimus is made up of 1-2 type-I PLA(2) molecules, which account for 6.5% of the venom proteins, a minor PIII-SVMP (1.4% of the venom toxins), and ~20 members of the 3FTx family comprising 92% of the venom proteome. Seventeen proteins (5 type-I PLA(2)s and 12 3FTxs) were found in the venom of H. cyanocinctus. Three-finger toxins and type-I PLA(2) proteins comprise, respectively, 81% and 19% of its venom proteome. The simplicity of the H. cyanocinctus venom proteome is highlighted by the fact that only 6 venom components (3 short-chain neurotoxins, two long-chain neurotoxins, and one PLA(2) molecule) exhibit relative abundances >5%. As expected from its high neurotoxin abundance, the LD(50) for mice of H. cyanocinctus venom was fairly low, 0.132μg/g (intravenous) and 0.172μg/g (intraperitoneal). Our data indicate that specialization towards a lethal cocktail of 3FTx and type-I PLA(2) molecules may represent a widely adopted trophic solution throughout the evolution of Elapidae. Our results also points to a minimization of the molecular diversity of the toxin arsenal of the marine snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus in comparison to the venom proteome of its terrestrial relatives, and highlight that the same evolutionary solution, economy of the toxin arsenal, has been convergently adopted by different taxa in response to opposite selective pressures, loss and gain of neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Moraes DS, Aparecido de Abreu V, Rostelato-Ferreira S, Leite GB, Alice da Cruz-Höfling M, Travaglia-Cardoso SR, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Neuromuscular activity of Bothrops alcatraz snake venom in chick biventer cervicis preparations. Toxicon 2012; 59:294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
dos Santos JI, Cardoso FF, Soares AM, dal Pai Silva M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural and functional studies of a bothropic myotoxin complexed to rosmarinic acid: new insights into Lys49-PLA₂ inhibition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28521. [PMID: 22205953 PMCID: PMC3244394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries, and is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Most severe cases are inflicted by species of the families Elapidae and Viperidae, and lead to a number of systemic and local effects in the victim. One of the main problems regarding viperidic accidents is prominent local tissue damage whose pathogenesis is complex and involves the combined actions of a variety of venom components. Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) are the most abundant muscle-damaging components of these venoms. Herein, we report functional and structural studies of PrTX-I, a Lys49-PLA₂ from Bothops pirajai snake venom, and the influence of rosmarinic acid (RA) upon this toxin's activities. RA is a known active component of some plant extracts and has been reported as presenting anti-myotoxic properties related to bothopic envenomation. The myotoxic activity of Lys49-PLA₂s is well established in the literature and although no in vivo neurotoxicity has been observed among these toxins, in vitro neuromuscular blockade has been reported for some of these proteins. Our in vitro studies show that RA drastically reduces both the muscle damage and the neuromuscular blockade exerted by PrTX-I on mice neuromuscular preparations (by ∼80% and ∼90%, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that the two effects are closely related and lead us to suggest that they are consequences of the muscle membrane-destabilizing activity of the Lys49-PLA₂. Although the C-terminal region of these proteins has been reported to comprise the myotoxic site, we demonstrate by X-ray crystallographic studies that RA interacts with PrTX-I in a different region. Consequently, a new mode of Lys49-PLA₂ inhibition is proposed. Comparison of our results with others in the literature suggests possible new ways to inhibit bothropic snake venom myotoxins and improve serum therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana I. dos Santos
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio F. Cardoso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia and Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho/Rondonia, Brazil
| | - Maeli dal Pai Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Toxinas, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Botucatu/Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Presynaptic action of Bothriopsis bilineata smargadina (forest viper) venom in vitro. Toxicon 2011; 58:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
38
|
Poor regenerative outcome after skeletal muscle necrosis induced by Bothrops asper venom: alterations in microvasculature and nerves. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19834. [PMID: 21629691 PMCID: PMC3101212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viperid snakebite envenoming is characterized by prominent local tissue damage, including muscle necrosis. A frequent outcome of such local pathology is deficient skeletal muscle regeneration, which causes muscle dysfunction, muscle loss and fibrosis, thus provoking permanent sequelae that greatly affect the quality of life of patients. The causes of such poor regenerative outcome of skeletal muscle after viperid snakebites are not fully understood. Methodology/Principal Findings A murine model of muscle necrosis and regeneration was adapted to study the effects of the venom and isolated toxins of Bothrops asper, the medically most important snake in Central America. Gastrocnemius muscle was injected with either B. asper venom, a myotoxic phospholipase A2 (Mtx), a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase (SVMP), or saline solution. At various time intervals, during one month, tissue samples were collected and analyzed by histology, and by immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical techniques aimed at detecting muscle fibers, collagen, endothelial cells, myoblasts, myotubes, macrophages, TUNEL-positive nuclei, and axons. A successful regenerative response was observed in muscle injected with Mtx, which induces myonecrosis but does not affect the microvasculature. In contrast, poor regeneration, with fibrosis and atrophic fibers, occurred when muscle was injected with venom or SVMP, both of which provoke necrosis, microvascular damage leading to hemorrhage, and poor axonal regeneration. Conclusions/Significance The deficient skeletal muscle regeneration after injection of B. asper venom is likely to depend on the widespread damage to the microvasculature, which affects the removal of necrotic debris by phagocytes, and the provision of nutrients and oxygen required for regeneration. In addition, deficient axonal regeneration is likely to contribute to the poor regenerative outcome in this model.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cardoso KC, Da Silva MJ, Costa GGL, Torres TT, Del Bem LEV, Vidal RO, Menossi M, Hyslop S. A transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in the venom gland of the snake Bothrops alternatus (urutu). BMC Genomics 2010; 11:605. [PMID: 20977763 PMCID: PMC3017861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Bothrops is widespread throughout Central and South America and is the principal cause of snakebite in these regions. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have examined the venom composition of several species in this genus, but many others remain to be studied. In this work, we used a transcriptomic approach to examine the venom gland genes of Bothrops alternatus, a clinically important species found in southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina and eastern Paraguay. Results A cDNA library of 5,350 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was produced and assembled into 838 contigs and 4512 singletons. BLAST searches of relevant databases showed 30% hits and 70% no-hits, with toxin-related transcripts accounting for 23% and 78% of the total transcripts and hits, respectively. Gene ontology analysis identified non-toxin genes related to general metabolism, transcription and translation, processing and sorting, (polypeptide) degradation, structural functions and cell regulation. The major groups of toxin transcripts identified were metalloproteinases (81%), bradykinin-potentiating peptides/C-type natriuretic peptides (8.8%), phospholipases A2 (5.6%), serine proteinases (1.9%) and C-type lectins (1.5%). Metalloproteinases were almost exclusively type PIII proteins, with few type PII and no type PI proteins. Phospholipases A2 were essentially acidic; no basic PLA2 were detected. Minor toxin transcripts were related to L-amino acid oxidase, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, hyaluronidase, three-finger toxins and ohanin. Two non-toxic proteins, thioredoxin and double-specificity phosphatase Dusp6, showed high sequence identity to similar proteins from other snakes. In addition to the above features, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, transposable elements and inverted repeats that could contribute to toxin diversity were observed. Conclusions Bothrops alternatus venom gland contains the major toxin classes described for other Bothrops venoms based on trancriptomic and proteomic studies. The predominance of type PIII metalloproteinases agrees with the well-known hemorrhagic activity of this venom, whereas the lower content of serine proteases and C-type lectins could contribute to less marked coagulopathy following envenoming by this species. The lack of basic PLA2 agrees with the lower myotoxicity of this venom compared to other Bothrops species with these toxins. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the physiopathology of envenoming by this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiara C Cardoso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|