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Marinho Righetto G, Alves Santos-Filho N, Oliveira Catarin Nunes L, André C, Souza JM, Andricopulo AD, Martins Bispo PJ, Cilli EM, Camargo ILBDC. Optimizing Bothropstoxin-I-Derived Peptides: Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of p-BthW. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23662-23674. [PMID: 38854567 PMCID: PMC11154919 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are an emerging class of antibiotics that present a series of advantageous characteristics such as wide structural variety, broad spectrum of activity, and low propensity to select for resistance. They are found in all classes of life as defense molecules. A group of peptides derived from the protein Bothropstoxin-I has been previously studied as an alternative treatment against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The peptide p-BthTX-I (sequence: KKYRYHLKPFCKK) and its homodimer, linked by disulfide oxidation through the residues of Cys11 and the serum degradation product [sequence: (KKYRYHLKPFC)2], were evaluated and showed similar antimicrobial activity. In this study, we synthesized an analogue of p-BthTX-I that uses the strategy of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH in the C-terminal region for dimerization and tryptophan for all aromatic amino acids to provide better membrane interactions. This analogue, named p-BthW, displayed potent antibacterial activity at lower concentrations and maintained the same hemolytic levels as the original molecule. Our assessment revealed that p-BthW has a quick in vitro bactericidal action and prolonged post-antibiotic effect, comparable to the action of polymyxin B. The mode of action of p-BthW seems to rely not only on membrane depolarization but also on necrosis-like effects, especially in Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the remarkable results regarding the propensity to develop resistance reaffirmed the great potential of the developed molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marinho Righetto
- Laboratory
of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics
and Interdisciplinary Science, University
of Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Letícia Oliveira Catarin Nunes
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Camille André
- Infectious
Disease Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye
and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Julia Medeiros Souza
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Department of Physics and
Interdisciplinary Science, University of
Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Adriano Defini Andricopulo
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Department of Physics and
Interdisciplinary Science, University of
Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Martins Bispo
- Infectious
Disease Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye
and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ilana Lopes Baratella da Cunha Camargo
- Laboratory
of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics
and Interdisciplinary Science, University
of Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
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2
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Wang M, Wang L, Leng P, Guo J, Zhou H. Drugs targeting structural and nonstructural proteins of the chikungunya virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129949. [PMID: 38311132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single positive-stranded RNA virus of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus, with a typical lipid bilayer envelope structure, and is the causative agent of human chikungunya fever (CHIKF). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved the first chikungunya vaccine, Ixchiq; however, vaccination rates are low, and CHIKF is prevalent owing to its periodic outbreaks. Thus, developing effective anti-CHIKV drugs in clinical settings is imperative. Viral proteins encoded by the CHIKV genome play vital roles in all stages of infection, and developing therapeutic agents that target these CHIKV proteins is an effective strategy to improve CHIKF treatment efficacy and reduce mortality rates. Therefore, in the present review article, we aimed to investigate the basic structure, function, and replication cycle of CHIKV and comprehensively outline the current status and future advancements in anti-CHIKV drug development, specifically targeting nonstructural (ns) proteins, including nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4 and structural proteins such as capsid (C), E3, E2, 6K, and E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400016, China.
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3
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Alves de Melo Fernandes T, Rafaella Costa T, de Paula Menezes R, Arantes de Souza M, Gomes Martins CH, Junior NN, Gobbi Amorim F, Quinton L, Polloni L, Teixeira SC, Amália Vieira Ferro E, Soares AM, de Melo Rodrigues Ávila V. Bothrops snake venom L-amino acid oxidases impair biofilm formation of clinically relevant bacteria. Toxicon 2024; 238:107569. [PMID: 38122835 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The present work addressed the abilities of two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops moojeni (BmooLAAO-I) and Bothrops jararacussu (BjussuLAAO-II) snake venoms to control the growth and prevent the biofilm formation of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. Upon S. aureus (ATCC BAA44) and S. aureus (clinical isolates), BmooLAAO-I (MIC = 0.12 and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively) and BjussuLAAO-II (MIC = 0.15 μg/mL) showed a potent bacteriostatic effect. Against E. coli (ATCC BAA198) and E. coli (clinical isolates), BmooLAAO-I (MIC = 15.6 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively) and BjussuLAAO-II (MIC = 4.88 and 9.76 μg/mL, respectively) presented a lower extent effect. Also, BmooLAAO-I (MICB50 = 0.195 μg/mL) and BjussuLAAO-II (MICB50 = 0.39 μg/mL) inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus (clinical isolates) in 88% and 89%, respectively, and in 89% and 53% of E. coli (clinical isolates). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the toxins affected bacterial morphology by increasing the roughness of the cell surface and inhibited the biofilm formation. Furthermore, analysis of the tridimensional structures of the toxins showed that the surface-charge distribution presents a remarkable positive region close to the glycosylation motif, which is more pronounced in BmooLAAO-I than BjussuLAAO-II. This region may assist the interaction with bacterial and biofilm surfaces. Collectively, our findings propose that venom-derived antibiofilm agents are promising biotechnological tools which could provide novel strategies for biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ralciane de Paula Menezes
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Meliza Arantes de Souza
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Loïc Quinton
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys RU, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lorena Polloni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Proteins and Bioactive Compounds in the Western Amazon (LABIOPROT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), And National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, INCT-EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
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4
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Kumar G, Engle K. Natural products acting against S. aureus through membrane and cell wall disruption. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1608-1646. [PMID: 37326041 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2022Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is responsible for several community and hospital-acquired infections with life-threatening complications such as bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis, liver abscess, and spinal cord epidural abscess. In recent decades, the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, plants, and fungi and the treatment of nonmicrobial diseases have led to the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The bacterial wall is a complex structure consisting of the cell membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and various associated polymers. The enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis are established antibiotic targets and continue to be a central focus for antibiotic development. Natural products play a vital role in drug discovery and development. Importantly, natural products provide a starting point for active/lead compounds that sometimes need modification based on structural and biological properties to meet the drug criteria. Notably, microorganisms and plant metabolites have contributed as antibiotics for noninfectious diseases. In this study, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the activity of the drugs or agents of natural origin that directly inhibit the bacterial membrane, membrane components, and membrane biosynthetic enzymes by targeting membrane-embedded proteins. We also discussed the unique aspects of the active mechanisms of established antibiotics or new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
| | - Kritika Engle
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India.
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5
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Costa NS, dos Anjos LR, de Souza JV, Brasil MCDA, Moreira VP, Graminha MAS, Lubec G, Gonzalez ERP, Cilli EM. Development of New Leishmanicidal Compounds via Bioconjugation of Antimicrobial Peptides and Antileishmanial Guanidines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34008-34016. [PMID: 37744786 PMCID: PMC10515597 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis refers to a collection of diseases caused by protozoa from the Leishmania genus. These diseases, along with other parasitic afflictions, pose a significant public health issue, particularly given the escalating number of at-risk patients. This group includes immunocompromised individuals and those residing in impoverished conditions. The treatment of leishmaniasis is crucial, particularly in light of the mortality rate associated with nontreatment, which stands at 20-30,000 deaths per year globally. However, the therapeutic options currently available are limited, often ineffective, and potentially toxic. Consequently, the pursuit of new therapeutic alternatives is warranted. This study aims to design, synthesize, and evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of antimicrobial peptides functionalized with guanidine compounds and identify those with enhanced potency and selectivity against the parasite. Accordingly, three bioconjugates were obtained by using the solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol. Each proved to be more potent against intracellular amastigotes than their respective peptide or guanidine compounds alone and demonstrated higher selectivity to the parasites than to the host cells. Thus, the conjugation strategy employed with these compounds effectively contributes to the development of new molecules with leishmanicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia
C. S. Costa
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Ribeiro dos Anjos
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor
Marcelino de Souza
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Partite Moreira
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia A. S. Graminha
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo
State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department
of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eduardo Rene P. Gonzalez
- Fine
Organic Chemistry Lab, School of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-080 Presidente
Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Ayusso GM, Lima MLD, da Silva Sanches PR, Santos IA, Martins DOS, da Conceição PJP, Carvalho T, da Costa VG, Bittar C, Merits A, Santos-Filho NA, Cilli EM, Jardim ACG, de Freitas Calmon M, Rahal P. The Dimeric Peptide (KKYRYHLKPF) 2K Shows Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting Different Steps of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051168. [PMID: 37243254 DOI: 10.3390/v15051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are important disease-causing agents worldwide. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines approved to treat these viruses. However, peptides have shown great potential for new drug development. A recent study described (p-BthTX-I)2K [(KKYRYHLKPF)2K], a peptide derived from the Bothropstoxin-I toxin in the venom of the Bothrops jararacussu snake, showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we assessed the activity of this peptide against CHIKV and ZIKV and its antiviral action in the different stages of the viral replication cycle in vitro. We observed that (p-BthTX-I)2K impaired CHIKV infection by interfering with the early steps of the viral replication cycle, reducing CHIKV entry into BHK-21 cells specifically by reducing both the attachment and internalization steps. (p-BthTX-I)2K also inhibited the ZIKV replicative cycle in Vero cells. The peptide protected the cells against ZIKV infection and decreased the levels of the viral RNA and the NS3 protein of this virus at viral post-entry steps. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of the (p-BthTX-I)2K peptide to be a novel broad-spectrum antiviral candidate that targets different steps of the replication cycle of both CHIKV and ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Miranda Ayusso
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Duarte Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tamara Carvalho
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Gomes da Costa
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Marilia de Freitas Calmon
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
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7
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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Past, Present, and Future of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials Related to Snake Venoms. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040744. [PMID: 36830531 PMCID: PMC9952678 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and β-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new β-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny.
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Effects of Dimerization, Dendrimerization, and Chirality in p-BthTX-I Peptide Analogs on the Antibacterial Activity and Enzymatic Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 PL pro Protein. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020436. [PMID: 36839758 PMCID: PMC9964244 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the peptide [des-Cys11,Lys12,Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)2K] (p-Bth) is a p-BthTX-I analog that shows enhanced antimicrobial activity, stability and hemolytic activity, and is easy to obtain compared to the wild-type sequence. This molecule also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 viral infection in Vero cells, acting on SARS-CoV-2 PLpro enzymatic activity. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effects of structural modifications to p-Bth, such as dimerization, dendrimerization and chirality, on the antibacterial activity and inhibitory properties of PLpro. The results showed that the dimerization or dendrimerization of p-Bth was essential for antibacterial activity, as the monomeric structure led to a total loss of, or significant reduction in, bacterial activities. The dimers and tetramers obtained using branched lysine proved to be prominent compounds with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, hemolysis rates were below 10% at the corresponding concentrations. Conversely, the inhibitory activity of the PLpro of SARS-CoV-2 was similar in the monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric forms of p-Bth. Our findings indicate the importance of the dimerization and dendrimerization of this important class of antimicrobial peptides, which shows great potential for antimicrobial and antiviral drug-discovery campaigns.
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10
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Nogueira RS, Salu BR, Nardelli VG, Bonturi CR, Pereira MR, de Abreu Maffei FH, Cilli EM, Oliva MLV. A snake venom-analog peptide that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and papain-like protease displays antithrombotic activity in mice arterial thrombosis model, without interfering with bleeding time. Thromb J 2023; 21:1. [PMID: 36593467 PMCID: PMC9806807 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (p-BthTX-I)2 K, a dimeric analog peptide derived from the C-terminal region of phospholipase A2-like bothropstoxin-I (p-BthTX-I), is resistant to plasma proteolysis and inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains with weak cytotoxic effects. Complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection include vascular problems and increased risk of thrombosis; therefore, studies to identify new drugs for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections that also inhibit thrombosis and minimize the risk of bleeding are required. OBJECTIVES To determine whether (p-BthTX-I)2 K affects the hemostatic system. METHODS Platelet aggregation was induced by collagen, arachidonic acid, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the Chronolog Lumi-aggregometer. The coagulation activity was evaluated by determining activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) with (p-BthTX-I)2 K (5.0-434.5 µg) or 0.9% NaCl. Arterial thrombosis was induced with a 540 nm laser and 3.5-20 mg kg- 1 Rose Bengal in the carotid artery of male C57BL/6J mice using (p-BthTX-I)2 K. Bleeding time was determined in mouse tails immersed in saline at 37 °C after (p-BthTX-I)2 K (4.0 mg/kg and 8.0 mg/kg) or saline administration. RESULTS (p-BthTX-I)2 K prolonged the aPTT and PT by blocking kallikrein and FXa-like activities. Moreover, (p-BthTX-I)2 K inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Further, low concentrations of (p-BthTX-I)2 K extended the time to artery occlusion by the formed thrombus. However, (p-BthTX-I)2 K did not prolong the bleeding time in the mouse model of arterial thrombosis. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the antithrombotic activity of the peptide (p-BthTX-I)2 K possibly by kallikrein inhibition, suggesting its strong biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Siedlarczyk Nogueira
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP 04044- 020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ramos Salu
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP 04044- 020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Goulart Nardelli
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP 04044- 020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Ramalho Bonturi
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP 04044- 020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Rodrigues Pereira
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP 14800-060 São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto de Abreu Maffei
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Surgery and Orthopedics, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-687 São Paulo, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP 14800-060 São Paulo, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP 04044- 020 São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Pereira MR, dos Santos VR, de Oliveira WC, Duque C, da Silva BF, Santos-Filho NA, Carneiro VA, Lorenzón EN, Cilli EM. Effects of Conjugation of Ferrocene and Gallic Acid On desCys 11/Lys 12/Lys 13-(p-BthTX-I) 2K Peptide: Structure, Permeabilization and Antibacterial Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:690-698. [PMID: 37488753 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666230721112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global health challenge that has led researchers to study alternatives to conventional antibiotics. A promising alternative is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), produced as the first line of defense by almost all living organisms. To improve its biological activity, the conjugation of AMPs is a promising approach. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the N-terminal conjugation of p-Bt (a peptide derived from Bothrops Jararacuçu`s venom) with ferrocene (Fc) and gallic acid (GA). Acetylated and linear versions of p-Bt were also synthesized to evaluate the importance of N-terminal charge and dimeric structure. METHODS The compounds were obtained using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Circular dichroism, vesicle permeabilization, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity studies were conducted. RESULTS No increase in antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was observed by adding either Fc or GA to p-Bt. However, Fc-p-Bt and GA-p-Bt exhibited improved activity against Staphylococcus aureus. No cytotoxicity upon fibroblast was observed for GA-p-Bt. On the other hand, conjugation with Fc increased cytotoxicity. This toxicity may be related to the membrane permeabilization capacity of this bioconjugate, which showed the highest carboxyfluorescein leakage in vesicle permeabilization experiments. CONCLUSION Considering these observations, our findings highlight the importance of adding bioactive organic compounds in the N-terminal position as a tool to modulate the activity of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodrigues Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP, 14800-060, São Paulo, Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues dos Santos
- Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brasil
| | - Warlley Campos de Oliveira
- Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Duque
- Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brasil
- Dental Research Institute, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 1G6, Canadá
| | - Benise Ferreira da Silva
- Núcleo de Bioprospecção e Experimentação Molecular Aplicada (NUBEM), Centro Universitário INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62050-100, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP, 14800-060, São Paulo, Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Victor Alves Carneiro
- Núcleo de Bioprospecção e Experimentação Molecular Aplicada (NUBEM), Centro Universitário INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, 62050-100, Ceará, Brasil
| | | | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP, 14800-060, São Paulo, Araraquara, Brasil
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12
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Roque-Borda CA, Gualque MWDL, da Fonseca FH, Pavan FR, Santos-Filho NA. Nanobiotechnology with Therapeutically Relevant Macromolecules from Animal Venoms: Venoms, Toxins, and Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:891. [PMID: 35631477 PMCID: PMC9146920 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some diseases of uncontrolled proliferation such as cancer, as well as infectious diseases, are the main cause of death in the world, and their causative agents have rapidly developed resistance to the various existing treatments, making them even more dangerous. Thereby, the discovery of new therapeutic agents is a challenge promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Biomacromolecules, isolated or synthesized from a natural template, have therapeutic properties which have not yet been fully studied, and represent an unexplored potential in the search for new drugs. These substances, starting from conglomerates of proteins and other substances such as animal venoms, or from minor substances such as bioactive peptides, help fight diseases or counteract harmful effects. The high effectiveness of these biomacromolecules makes them promising substances for obtaining new drugs; however, their low bioavailability or stability in biological systems is a challenge to be overcome in the coming years with the help of nanotechnology. The objective of this review article is to describe the relationship between the structure and function of biomacromolecules of animal origin that have applications already described using nanotechnology and targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (C.A.R.-B.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Marcos William de Lima Gualque
- Proteomics Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Fauller Henrique da Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (C.A.R.-B.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
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13
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Lai Z, Yuan X, Chen H, Zhu Y, Dong N, Shan A. Strategies employed in the design of antimicrobial peptides with enhanced proteolytic stability. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107962. [PMID: 35452776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the alarming developing rate of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, the development and modification of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are unprecedentedly active. Despite the fact that considerable efforts have been expended on the discovery and design strategies of AMPs, the clinical translation of peptide antibiotics remains inadequate. A large number of articles and reviews credited the limited success of AMPs to their poor stability in the biological environment, particularly their poor proteolytic stability. In the past forty years, various design strategies have been used to improve the proteolytic stability of AMPs, such as sequence modification, cyclization, peptidomimetics, and nanotechnology. Herein, we focus our discussion on the progress made in improving the proteolytic stability of AMPs and the principle, successes, and limitations of various anti-proteolytic design strategies. It is of prospective significance to extend current insights into the degradation-related inactivation of AMPs and also alleviate/overcome the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenheng Lai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yunhui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Na Dong
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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14
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Lessons from a Single Amino Acid Substitution: Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties of Two Phospholipase A2-Derived Peptides. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:46-62. [PMID: 35723383 PMCID: PMC8929095 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-active nature of phospholipase A2-derived peptides makes them potential candidates for antineoplastic and antibacterial therapies. Two short 13-mer C-terminal fragments taken from snake venom Lys49-PLA2 toxins (p-AppK and p-Acl), differing by a leucine/phenylalanine substitution, were synthesized and their bioactivity was evaluated. Their capacity to interfere with the survival of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as with solid and liquid tumors was assessed in vitro. Toxicity to red blood cells was investigated via in silico and in vitro techniques. The mode of action was mainly studied by molecular dynamics simulations and membrane permeabilization assays. Briefly, both peptides have dual activity, i.e., they act against both bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains and tumor cells. All tested bacteria were susceptible to both peptides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most affected. RAMOS, K562, NB4, and CEM cells were the main leukemic targets of the peptides. In general, p-Acl showed more significant activity, suggesting that phenylalanine confers advantages to the antibacterial and antitumor mechanism, particularly for osteosarcoma lines (HOS and MG63). Peptide-based treatment increased the uptake of a DNA-intercalating dye by bacteria, suggesting membrane damage. Indeed, p-AppK and p-Acl did not disrupt erythrocyte membranes, in agreement with in silico predictions. The latter revealed that the peptides deform the membrane and increase its permeability by facilitating solvent penetration. This phenomenon is expected to catalyze the permeation of solutes that otherwise could not cross the hydrophobic membrane core. In conclusion, the present study highlights the role of a single amino acid substitution present in natural sequences towards the development of dual-action agents. In other words, dissecting and fine-tuning biomembrane remodeling proteins, such as snake venom phospholipase A2 isoforms, is again demonstrated as a valuable source of therapeutic peptides.
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15
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Santos‐Filho NA, Righetto GM, Pereira MR, Piccoli JP, Almeida LMT, Leal TC, Camargo ILBC, Cilli EM. Effect of C‐terminal and N‐terminal dimerization and alanine scanning on antibacterial activity of the analogs of the peptide
p‐BthTX‐I. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Peña-Carrillo MS, Pinos-Tamayo EA, Mendes B, Domínguez-Borbor C, Proaño-Bolaños C, Miguel DC, Almeida JR. Dissection of phospholipases A 2 reveals multifaceted peptides targeting cancer cells, Leishmania and bacteria. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105041. [PMID: 34130109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic peptides bio-inspired by natural toxins have been recognized as an efficient strategy for the treatment of different health problems. Due to the specific interaction with substrates from biological membranes, snake venom phospholipases (PLA2s) represent valuable scaffolds for the research and development of short peptides targeting parasites, bacteria, and cancer cells. Considering this, we evaluated the in vitro therapeutic potential of three biomimetic peptides (pCergo, pBmTxJ and pBmje) based on three different amino acid sequences from Asp49 PLA2s. First, short amino acid sequences (12-17 in length) derived from these membranolytic toxins were selected using a combination of bioinformatics tools, including AntiCP, AMPA, PepDraw, ToxinPred, and HemoPI. The peptide, from each polypeptide sequence, with the greatest average antimicrobial index, no toxicity, and no hemolysis predicted was synthesized, purified, and characterized. According to in vitro assays performed, pBmje showed moderate cytotoxicity specifically against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) with an EC50 of 464.85 µM, whereas pBmTxJ showed an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with an MIC of 37.5 µM, and pCergo against E. coli (ATCC 25922) with an MIC of 75 µM. In addition, pCergo showed antileishmanial activity with an EC50 of 93.69 µM and 110.40 µM against promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis and L. amazonensis, respectively. Altogether, these results confirmed the versatility of PLA2-derived synthetic peptides, highlighting the relevance of the use of these membrane-interacting toxins as specific archetypes for drug design focused on public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Peña-Carrillo
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Edgar A Pinos-Tamayo
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristobal Domínguez-Borbor
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30. 5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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17
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Freire MCLC, Noske GD, Bitencourt NV, Sanches PRS, Santos-Filho NA, Gawriljuk VO, de Souza EP, Nogueira VHR, de Godoy MO, Nakamura AM, Fernandes RS, Godoy AS, Juliano MA, Peres BM, Barbosa CG, Moraes CB, Freitas-Junior LHG, Cilli EM, Guido RVC, Oliva G. Non-Toxic Dimeric Peptides Derived from the Bothropstoxin-I Are Potent SARS-CoV-2 and Papain-like Protease Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164896. [PMID: 34443484 PMCID: PMC8401042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly spread on a global scale, affecting the economy and public health systems throughout the world. In recent years, peptide-based therapeutics have been widely studied and developed to treat infectious diseases, including viral infections. Herein, the antiviral effects of the lysine linked dimer des-Cys11, Lys12,Lys13-(pBthTX-I)2K ((pBthTX-I)2K)) and derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 are reported. The lead peptide (pBthTX-I)2K and derivatives showed attractive inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 (EC50 = 28–65 µM) and mostly low cytotoxic effect (CC50 > 100 µM). To shed light on the mechanism of action underlying the peptides’ antiviral activity, the Main Protease (Mpro) and Papain-Like protease (PLpro) inhibitory activities of the peptides were assessed. The synthetic peptides showed PLpro inhibition potencies (IC50s = 1.0–3.5 µM) and binding affinities (Kd = 0.9–7 µM) at the low micromolar range but poor inhibitory activity against Mpro (IC50 > 10 µM). The modeled binding mode of a representative peptide of the series indicated that the compound blocked the entry of the PLpro substrate toward the protease catalytic cleft. Our findings indicated that non-toxic dimeric peptides derived from the Bothropstoxin-I have attractive cellular and enzymatic inhibitory activities, thereby suggesting that they are promising prototypes for the discovery and development of new drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie C. L. C. Freire
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Gabriela D. Noske
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Natália V. Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (N.V.B.); (P.R.S.S.); (N.A.S.-F.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Paulo R. S. Sanches
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (N.V.B.); (P.R.S.S.); (N.A.S.-F.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Norival A. Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (N.V.B.); (P.R.S.S.); (N.A.S.-F.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Victor O. Gawriljuk
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Eduardo P. de Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Victor H. R. Nogueira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Mariana O. de Godoy
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Aline M. Nakamura
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Rafaela S. Fernandes
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Andre S. Godoy
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Maria A. Juliano
- The Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bianca M. Peres
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (B.M.P.); (C.G.B.); (L.H.G.F.-J.)
| | - Cecília G. Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (B.M.P.); (C.G.B.); (L.H.G.F.-J.)
| | - Carolina B. Moraes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lucio H. G. Freitas-Junior
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (B.M.P.); (C.G.B.); (L.H.G.F.-J.)
| | - Eduardo M. Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil; (N.V.B.); (P.R.S.S.); (N.A.S.-F.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Rafael V. C. Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.C.G.); (G.O.); Tel.: +55-16-3373-8673 (R.V.C.G.); +55-16-3373-6664 (G.O.)
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.C.L.C.F.); (G.D.N.); (V.O.G.); (V.H.R.N.); (M.O.d.G.); (A.M.N.); (R.S.F.); (A.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.C.G.); (G.O.); Tel.: +55-16-3373-8673 (R.V.C.G.); +55-16-3373-6664 (G.O.)
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18
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Santos-Filho NA, de Freitas LM, Santos CTD, Piccoli JP, Fontana CR, Fusco-Almeida AM, Cilli EM. Understanding the mechanism of action of peptide (p-BthTX-I) 2 derived from C-terminal region of phospholipase A2 (PLA 2)-like bothropstoxin-I on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Toxicon 2021; 196:44-55. [PMID: 33781796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on the antimicrobial activity of bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) and on the premise that a C-terminal peptide of Lys49 myotoxin can reproduce the antimicrobial activity of the parent protein, we aimed to study the mechanism of action of a peptide derived from the C-terminal region of the myotoxin BthTX-I [(p-BthTX-I)2, sequence: KKYRYHLKPFCKK, disulfide-linked dimer] against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fluorescence quenching technique showed that the carboxyfluorescein labeled-peptide [CF-(p-BthTX-I)2] when incubated with E. coli displayed a superior penetration activity than when incubated with S. aureus. Cell death induced by the peptide (p-BthTX-I)2 showed a loss of membrane integrity in E. coli and S. aureus; however, the mechanisms of cell death were different, characterized by the presence of necrosis-like and apoptosis-like deaths, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy studies in E. coli and S. aureus showed morphological changes in the cells, with superficial deformities, appearance of wrinkles and bubbles, and formation of vesicles. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism of action of the peptide (p-BthTX-I)2 is different in Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. Knowledge of the mechanism of action of these peptides is important, since they are promising prototypes for new antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Campus Experimental de Registro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Depto de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Pinto Piccoli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Assane IM, Santos-Filho NA, de Sousa EL, de Arruda Brasil MCO, Cilli EM, Pilarski F. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of synthetic peptides alone or in combination with conventional antimicrobials against fish pathogenic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1762-1774. [PMID: 33742508 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and efficacy of synthetic host defence peptides (HDPs), alone or in combination with florfenicol (FFC), oxytetracycline (OTC) or thiamphenicol (TAP), against different pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased fish. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid-phase synthesis, purification and characterization of several HDPs were performed manually, using the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protecting group in different resins and via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of HDPs, FFC, OTC and TAP against Nile tilapia red blood cells (RBCs) and relevant fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Vibrio) was determined using the haemolysis assay and broth microdilution method, respectively. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the synergy between the most active HDPs and other antimicrobials against the tested strains. MUC 7 12-mer, FFC, OTC and TAP were not cytotoxic to Nile tilapia RBCs, in all tested concentrations. LL-37, (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin-a1 were not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 78·13, 19·53 and 9·77 μg ml-1 , respectively. HDPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤31·25 µg ml-1 ) against Aeromonas jandaei (KR-12-a5), Citrobacter freundii (Kr-12-a5; (p-BthTX-I)2 ; LL-37; and Hylin a1), Streptococcus agalactiae (Hylin a1; (p-BthTX-I)2 and LL-37), Lactococcus garviae (Hylin a1), and Vibrio fluvialis (KR-12-a5). The combinations of (p-BthTX-I)2 with TAP and LL-37 with FFC showed synergistic activity against C. freundii (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0·25 and 0·50, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Synthetic HDPs have the potential as a good treatment option for bacterial diseases in aquaculture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The in vivo effectiveness of synthetic HDPs such as KR-12-a5; LL-37; (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin a1 can be tested alone or in combination with conventional antimicrobials as a treatment option to reduce the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Assane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Zambeze (UniZambeze), Tete, Mozambique
| | - N A Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Registro Experimental Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E L de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C O de Arruda Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E M Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Mendes B, Almeida JR, Vale N, Gomes P, Gadelha FR, Da Silva SL, Miguel DC. Potential use of 13-mer peptides based on phospholipase and oligoarginine as leishmanicidal agents. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108612. [PMID: 31454702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 toxins present in snake venoms interact with biological membranes and serve as structural models for the design of small peptides with anticancer, antibacterial and antiparasitic properties. Oligoarginine peptides are capable of increasing cell membrane permeability (cell penetrating peptides), and for this reason are interesting delivery systems for compounds of pharmacological interest. Inspired by these two families of bioactive molecules, we have synthesized two 13-mer peptides as potential antileishmanial leads gaining insights into structural features useful for the future design of more potent peptides. The peptides included p-Acl, reproducing a natural segment of a Lys49 PLA2 from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus snake venom, and its p-AclR7 analogue where all seven lysine residues were replaced by arginines. Both peptides were active against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum, while displaying low cytotoxicity for primary murine macrophages. Spectrofluorimetric studies suggest that permeabilization of the parasite's cell membrane is the probable mechanism of action of these biomolecules. Relevantly, the engineered peptide p-AclR7 was more active in both life stages of Leishmania and induced higher rates of ethidium bromide incorporation than its native template p-Acl. Taken together, the results suggest that short peptides based on phospholipase toxins are potential scaffolds for development of antileishmanial candidates. Moreover, specific amino acid substitutions, such those herein employed, may enhance the antiparasitic action of these cationic peptides, encouraging their future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Almeida
- Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Nuno Vale
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP/Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda R Gadelha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Da Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca/Azuay, Ecuador.; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca/Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Lorenzon EN, Piccoli JP, Santos-Filho NA, Cilli EM. Dimerization of Antimicrobial Peptides: A Promising Strategy to Enhance Antimicrobial Peptide Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:98-107. [PMID: 30605048 PMCID: PMC6416459 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190102125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem with strong social and economic impacts. The development of new antimicrobial agents is considered an urgent challenge. In this regard, Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) appear to be novel candidates to overcome this problem. The mechanism of action of AMPs involves intracellular targets and membrane disruption. Although the exact mechanism of action of AMPs remains controversial, most AMPs act through membrane disruption of the target cell. Several strategies have been used to improve AMP activity, such as peptide dimerization. In this review, we focus on AMP dimerization, showing many examples of dimerized peptides and their effects on biological activity. Although more studies are necessary to elucidate the relationship between peptide properties and the dimerization effect on antimicrobial activity, dimerization constitutes a promising strategy to improve the effectiveness of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban N Lorenzon
- Unidade Academica Especial da Saude, Universidade Federal de Jatai, Jatai-GO, Brazil
| | - Julia P Piccoli
- Instituto de Quimica, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Registro, Registro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Instituto de Quimica, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
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22
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Spósito L, Oda FB, Vieira JH, Carvalho FA, Dos Santos Ramos MA, de Castro RC, Crevelin EJ, Crotti AEM, Santos AG, da Silva PB, Chorilli M, Bauab TM. In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Casearia sylvestris leaf derivatives. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 233:1-12. [PMID: 30594606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The number of bacterial strains that are resistant to multiple conventional antimicrobial agents is increasing. In this context, natural products have been widely used as a strategy to treat diseases caused by bacteria. Infections by Helicobacter pylori have attracted attention because they are directly related to severe gastric medical conditions. Casearia sylvestris Swartz, popularly known as guaçatonga, is largely employed to treat gastric disorders in Brazilian folk medicine. This plant species has aroused much interest mainly because it displays anti-inflammatory activity and can act as an antiulcer agent. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-H. pylori action of C. sylvestris leaf derivatives incorporated or not in a nanostructured drug delivery system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The essential oil (obtained by hydrodistillation) and ethanolic extract (obtained by maceration) were obtained from C. sylvestris leaves. The ethanolic extract was submitted to fractionation through solid phase extraction and column chromatography, to yield the ethanolic fractions. Hydrolyzed casearin J was achieved by submitting isolated casearin J to acid hydrolysis. The derivatives were chemically characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. A nanostructured lipid system was used as drug delivery system. To assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of C. sylvestris leaf essential oil, ethanolic extract, and derivatives, microdilution, biofilm, and time-kill assays were performed against H. pylori ATCC 43504. Finally, the in vivo action was investigated by employing male Wistar rats experimentally infected with H. pylori. RESULTS Many C. sylvestris leaf derivatives presented significant in vitro activity against H. pylori. Among the derivatives, fraction 2 (F2) was the most effective. In vivo tests showed that both the ethanolic extract and F2 decreased the ulcerative lesion size, but only the ethanolic extract eradicated H. pylori from the gastric lesions. Incorporation of plant derivatives in nanostructured lipid system blunted the in vitro action, as demonstrated by the microdilution assay. However, this incorporation improved the ethanolic extract activity against biofilms. CONCLUSION C. sylvestris leaf derivatives are effective against H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo. According to phytochemical analyses, these derivatives are rich in terpenoids, which could be related to the anti-H. pylori action. Synergism could also underlie C. sylvestris efficacy judging from the fact that the sub-fractions and isolated compounds had lower activity than the extract. Incorporation in a nanostructured lipid system did not improve the activity of the compounds in our in vivo protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Spósito
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bombarda Oda
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Hunger Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alexandre Carvalho
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Cardoso de Castro
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Crevelin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Gonzaga Santos
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Almeida JR, Palacios ALV, Patiño RSP, Mendes B, Teixeira CAS, Gomes P, da Silva SL. Harnessing snake venom phospholipases A 2 to novel approaches for overcoming antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:68-85. [PMID: 30255943 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance drives an essential race against time to reveal new molecular structures capable of addressing this alarming global health problem. Snake venoms are natural catalogs of multifunctional toxins and privileged frameworks, which serve as potential templates for the inspiration of novel treatment strategies for combating antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2 s) are one of the main classes of antibacterial biomolecules, with recognized therapeutic value, found in these valuable secretions. Recently, a number of biomimetic oligopeptides based on small fragments of primary structure from PLA2 toxins has emerged as a meaningful opportunity to overcome multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Thus, this review will highlight the biochemical and structural properties of antibacterial PLA2 s and peptides thereof, as well as their possible molecular mechanisms of action and key roles in development of effective therapeutic strategies. Chemical strategies possibly useful to convert antibacterial peptides from PLA2 s to efficient drugs will be equally addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cátia A S Teixeira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Química, Universidad de Cuenca - Cuenca/Azuay - Ecuador
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24
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Lorenzón EN, Nobre TM, Caseli L, Cilli EM, da Hora GC, Soares TA, Oliveira ON. The “pre-assembled state” of magainin 2 lysine-linked dimer determines its enhanced antimicrobial activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 167:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Gallego M, Mora L, Reig M, Toldrá F. Stability of the potent antioxidant peptide SNAAC identified from Spanish dry-cured ham. Food Res Int 2018; 105:873-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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A novel synthetic peptide inspired on Lys49 phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom active against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:248-256. [PMID: 29501945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the evolving and complex mechanisms of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics are increasing, while alternative medicines are drying up, which urges the need to discover novel agents able to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Lys49 phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) from snake venoms are multifunctional toxins able to induce a huge variety of therapeutic effects and consequently serve as templates for new drug leads. Hence, the present study was aimed at the synthesis of oligopeptides mimicking regions of the antibacterial Lys49 PLA2 toxin (CoaTx-II), recently isolated from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom, to identify small peptides able to reproduce the therapeutic action of the toxin. Five peptides, representing major regions of interest within CoaTx-II, were synthesized and screened for their antibacterial properties. The 13-mer peptide pC-CoaTxII, corresponding to residues 115-129 of CoaTx-II, was able to reproduce the promising bactericidal effect of the toxin against multi-resistant clinical isolates. Peptide pC-CoaTxII is mainly composed by positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids, a typical trait in most antimicrobial peptides, and presented no defined secondary structure in aqueous environment. The physicochemical properties of pC-CoaTxII are favorable towards a strong interaction with anionic lipid membranes as those in bacteria. Additional in silico studies suggest formation of a water channel across the membrane upon peptide insertion, eventually leading to bacterial cell disruption and death. Overall, our findings confirm the valuable potential of snake venom toxins towards design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials, thus representing key insights towards development of alternative efficient antimicrobials to fight bacterial resistance to current antibiotics.
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27
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Diniz-Sousa R, Caldeira CAS, Kayano AM, Paloschi MV, Pimenta DC, Simões-Silva R, Ferreira AS, Zanchi FB, Matos NB, Grabner FP, Calderon LA, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Identification of the Molecular Determinants of the Antibacterial Activity of LmutTX, a Lys49 Phospholipase A2
Homologue Isolated from Lachesis muta muta
Snake Venom (Linnaeus, 1766). Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:413-423. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Diniz-Sousa
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Cleópatra A. S. Caldeira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Anderson M. Kayano
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Mauro V. Paloschi
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Applied to Heath; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Daniel. C. Pimenta
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory; Butantan Institute; Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Simões-Silva
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Amália S. Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Najla B. Matos
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Microbiology Laboratory; Research Center on Tropical Medicine of Rondonia (CEPEM); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology Applied to Heath; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applied to Heath (CEBio); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Fiocruz Rondonia; Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Medicine Department; Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Experimental Biology Posgraduate Program (PGBIOEXP); Federal University of Rondonia (UNIR); Porto Velho RO Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Posgraduate Program; Rede BIONORTE; Manaus Brazil
- Sao Lucas Universitary Center (UNISL); Porto Velho RO Brazil
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Antibacterial Activity of the Non-Cytotoxic Peptide (p-BthTX-I)₂ and Its Serum Degradation Product against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111898. [PMID: 29113051 PMCID: PMC6150245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides can be used systemically, however, their susceptibility to proteases is a major obstacle in peptide-based therapeutic development. In the present study, the serum stability of p-BthTX-I (KKYRYHLKPFCKK) and (p-BthTX-I)₂, a p-BthTX-I disulfide-linked dimer, were analyzed by mass spectrometry and analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antimicrobial activities were assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth. Furthermore, biofilm eradication and time-kill kinetics were performed. Our results showed that p-BthTX-I and (p-BthTX-I)₂ were completely degraded after 25 min. Mass spectrometry showed that the primary degradation product was a peptide that had lost four lysine residues on its C-terminus region (des-Lys12/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)₂), which was stable after 24 h of incubation. The antibacterial activities of the peptides p-BthTX-I, (p-BthTX-I)₂, and des-Lys12/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)₂ were evaluated against a variety of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Des-Lys12/Lys13-(p-BthTX-I)₂ and (p-BthTX-I)₂ degraded Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Additionally, both the peptides exhibited bactericidal activities against planktonic S. epidermidis in time-kill assays. The emergence of bacterial resistance to a variety of antibiotics used in clinics is the ultimate challenge for microbial infection control. Therefore, our results demonstrated that both peptides analyzed and the product of proteolysis obtained from (p-BthTX-I)₂ are promising prototypes as novel drugs to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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29
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Zambelli VO, Chioato L, Gutierrez VP, Ward RJ, Cury Y. Structural determinants of the hyperalgesic activity of myotoxic Lys49-phospholipase A 2. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:7. [PMID: 28203248 PMCID: PMC5303236 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I) is a Lys49-phospholipase A2 (Lys49-PLA2) from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu, which despite of the lack of catalytic activity induces myotoxicity, inflammation and pain. The C-terminal region of the Lys49-PLA2s is important for these effects; however, the amino acid residues that determine hyperalgesia and edema are unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the structural determinants for the Lys49-PLA2-induced nociception and inflammation. METHODS Scanning alanine mutagenesis in the active-site and C-terminal regions of BthTx-I has been used to study the structural determinants of toxin activities. The R118A mutant was employed as this substitution decreases PLA2 myotoxicity. In addition, K115A and K116A mutants - which contribute to decrease cytotoxicity - and the K122A mutant - which decreases both myotoxicity and cytotoxicity - were also used. The H48Q mutant - which does not interfere with membrane damage or myotoxic activity - was used to evaluate if the PLA2 catalytic site is relevant for the non-catalytic PLA2-induced pain and inflammation. Wistar male rats received intraplantar injections with mutant PLA2. Subsequently, hyperalgesia and edema were evaluated by the paw pressure test and by a plethysmometer. Native and recombinant BthTx-I were used as controls. RESULTS Native and recombinant BthTx-I induced hyperalgesia and edema, which peaked at 2 h. The R118A mutant did not induce nociception or edema. The mutations K115A and K116A abolished hyperalgesia without interfering with edema. Finally, the K122A mutant did not induce hyperalgesia and presented a decreased inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained with the BthTx-I mutants suggest, for the first time, that there are distinct residues responsible for the hyperalgesia and edema induced by BthTx-I. In addition, we also showed that cytolytic activity is essential for the hyperalgesic effect but not for edematogenic activity, corroborating previous data showing that edema and hyperalgesia can occur in a non-dependent manner. Understanding the structure-activity relationship in BthTx-I has opened new possibilities to discover the target for PLA2-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Olzon Zambelli
- Butantan Institute, Special Laboratory for Pain and Signaling, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Lucimara Chioato
- Department of Chemistry, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pacciari Gutierrez
- Butantan Institute, Special Laboratory for Pain and Signaling, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Richard John Ward
- Department of Chemistry, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Yara Cury
- Butantan Institute, Special Laboratory for Pain and Signaling, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900 Brazil
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rBaltMIP, a recombinant alpha-type myotoxin inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) snake, as a potential candidate to complement the antivenom therapy. Toxicon 2016; 124:53-62. [PMID: 28327300 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 inhibitors (PLIs) are important targets in the search and development of new drugs. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of an alpha-type phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) snake in its recombinant form (rBaltMIP) to complement the conventional antivenom therapy. Biochemical experiments showed that rBaltMIP presented pI 5.8 and molecular masses of ∼21 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 19.57 kDa by MALDI/TOF MS. After tryptic peptides sequencing, the results were compared with other PLIs available in databases, showing 100% identity between rBaltMIP and its native inhibitor BaltMIP and from 92% to 96% identity with other inhibitors. Myotoxic activities of BthTX-I and BthTX-II toxins were measured via plasma CK levels, showing myotoxic effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.1256 μg/μL and 0.6183 μg/μL, respectively. rBaltMIP neutralized the myotoxicity caused by these two toxins up to 65%, without promoting primary antibody response against itself. Nevertheless, this recombinant PLI was immunogenic when standard immunization protocol with Freud's adjuvant was used. In paw edema assays, EC50 of 0.02581 μg/μL and 0.02810 μg/μL, respectively, were observed with edema reductions of up to 40% by rBaltMIP, suggesting its use as an additional antivenom. In addition, myotoxicity neutralization experiments with the myotoxin BthTX-I showed that rBaltMIP was more effective in inhibiting muscle damage than the conventional antivenom. Thus, considering the severity of envenomations due to Bothrops alternatus (Rhinocerophis alternatus) and the low neutralization of their local effects (such as myotoxicity) by the current antivenoms, rBaltMIP is a promising molecule for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for clinical applications.
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Essential Oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: A Strategy to Combat Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081252. [PMID: 27517903 PMCID: PMC5000650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida yeasts, has increased over the last two decades. However, the indicated therapy for fungal control has limitations. Hence, medicinal plants have emerged as an alternative in the search for new antifungal agents as they present compounds, such as essential oils, with important biological effects. Published data demonstrate important pharmacological properties of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle; these include anti-tumor, anti-nociceptive, and antibacterial activities, and so an investigation of this compound against pathogenic fungi is interesting. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological potential of essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of C. nardus focusing on its antifungal profile against Candida species. Methods: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Testing of the antifungal potential against standard and clinical strains was performed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill, inhibition of Candida albicans hyphae growth, and inhibition of mature biofilms. Additionally, the cytotoxicity was investigated by the IC50 against HepG-2 (hepatic) and MRC-5 (fibroblast) cell lines. Results: According to the chemical analysis, the main compounds of the EO were the oxygen-containing monoterpenes: citronellal, geranial, geraniol, citronellol, and neral. The results showed important antifungal potential for all strains tested with MIC values ranging from 250 to 1000 μg/mL, except for two clinical isolates of C. tropicalis (MIC > 1000 μg/mL). The time-kill assay showed that the EO inhibited the growth of the yeast and inhibited hyphal formation of C. albicans strains at concentrations ranging from 15.8 to 1000 μg/mL. Inhibition of mature biofilms of strains of C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis occurred at a concentration of 10× MIC. The values of the IC50 for the EO were 96.6 μg/mL (HepG-2) and 33.1 μg/mL (MRC-5). Conclusion: As a major virulence mechanism is attributed to these types of infections, the EO is a promising compound to inhibit Candida species, especially considering its action against biofilm.
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Wronska MA, O'Connor IB, Tilbury MA, Srivastava A, Wall JG. Adding Functions to Biomaterial Surfaces through Protein Incorporation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5485-5508. [PMID: 27164952 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of biomaterials has evolved from one of inert mechanical supports with a long-term, biologically inactive role in the body into complex matrices that exhibit selective cell binding, promote proliferation and matrix production, and may ultimately become replaced by newly generated tissues in vivo. Functionalization of material surfaces with biomolecules is critical to their ability to evade immunorecognition, interact productively with surrounding tissues and extracellular matrix, and avoid bacterial colonization. Antibody molecules and their derived fragments are commonly immobilized on materials to mediate coating with specific cell types in fields such as stent endothelialization and drug delivery. The incorporation of growth factors into biomaterials has found application in promoting and accelerating bone formation in osteogenerative and related applications. Peptides and extracellular matrix proteins can impart biomolecule- and cell-specificities to materials while antimicrobial peptides have found roles in preventing biofilm formation on devices and implants. In this progress report, we detail developments in the use of diverse proteins and peptides to modify the surfaces of hard biomaterials in vivo and in vitro. Chemical approaches to immobilizing active biomolecules are presented, as well as platform technologies for isolation or generation of natural or synthetic molecules suitable for biomaterial functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata A Wronska
- Microbiology and Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Iain B O'Connor
- Microbiology and Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maura A Tilbury
- Microbiology and Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Microbiology and Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Gerard Wall
- Microbiology and Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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