1
|
Oyono MG, Kenmoe S, Abanda NN, Takuissu GR, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kenfack-Momo R, Kengne-Nde C, Mbaga DS, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko’o Menkem E, Ndzie Ondigui JL, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Bowo-Ngandji A, Nkie Esemu S, Ndip L. Epidemiology of yellow fever virus in humans, arthropods, and non-human primates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010610. [PMID: 35867659 PMCID: PMC9307179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) has re-emerged in the last two decades causing several outbreaks in endemic countries and spreading to new receptive regions. This changing epidemiology of YF creates new challenges for global public health efforts. Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) that circulates between humans, the mosquito vector, and non-human primates (NHP). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we review and analyse data on the case fatality rate (CFR) and prevalence of YFV in humans, and on the prevalence of YFV in arthropods, and NHP in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, African Journal Online, and African Index Medicus databases. We included studies reporting data on the CFR and/or prevalence of YFV. Extracted data was verified and analysed using the random effect meta-analysis. We conducted subgroup, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analyses using the random effect meta-analysis while I2 statistic was employed to determine heterogeneity. This review was registered with PROSPERO under the identification CRD42021242444. The final meta-analysis included 55 studies. The overall case fatality rate due to YFV was 31.1% (18.3–45.4) in humans and pooled prevalence of YFV infection was 9.4% (6.9–12.2) in humans. Only five studies in West and East Africa detected the YFV in mosquito species of the genus Aedes and in Anopheles funestus. In NHP, YFV antibodies were found only in members of the Cercopithecidae family. Our analysis provides evidence on the ongoing circulation of the YFV in humans, Aedes mosquitoes and NHP in SSA. These observations highlight the ongoing transmission of the YFV and its potential to cause large outbreaks in SSA. As such, strategies such as those proposed by the WHO’s Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) initiative are urgently needed to control and prevent yellow fever outbreaks in SSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gael Oyono
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Ngu Njei Abanda
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Raoul Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Nde
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ginette Irma Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fang Y, Khater EIM, Xue JB, Ghallab EHS, Li YY, Jiang TG, Li SZ. Epidemiology of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Egypt: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071577. [PMID: 35891557 PMCID: PMC9322113 DOI: 10.3390/v14071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are at least five common mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) recorded in Egypt, including dengue virus (DENV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), West Nile virus (WNV), Chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus. Unexpected outbreaks caused by MBVs reflect the deficiencies of the MBV surveillance system in Egypt. This systematic review characterized the epidemiology of MBV prevalence in Egypt. Human, animal, and vector prevalence studies on MBVs in Egypt were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, and Bing Scholar, and 33 eligible studies were included for further analyses. The monophyletic characterization of the RVFV and WNV strains found in Egypt, which spans about half a century, suggests that both RVFV and WNV are widely transmitted in this nation. Moreover, the seropositive rates of DENV and WNV in hosts were on the rise in recent years, and spillover events of DENV and WNV to other countries from Egypt have been recorded. The common drawback for surveillance of MBVs in Egypt is the lack of seroprevalence studies on MBVs, especially in this century. It is necessary to evaluate endemic transmission risk, establish an early warning system for MBVs, and develop a sound joint system for medical care and public health for managing MBVs in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Emad I. M. Khater
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasiah, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (E.I.M.K.); (E.H.S.G.)
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Enas H. S. Ghallab
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasiah, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (E.I.M.K.); (E.H.S.G.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Tian-Ge Jiang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adam A, Jassoy C. Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnostics of Dengue, Yellow Fever, Zika, and Chikungunya Virus Infections in Africa. Pathogens 2021; 10:1324. [PMID: 34684274 PMCID: PMC8541377 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbovirus infections are widespread, and their disease burden has increased in the past decade. In Africa, arbovirus infections and fever with unknown etiology are common. Due to the lack of well-established epidemiologic surveillance systems and accurate differential diagnosis in most African countries, little is known about the prevalence of human arbovirus infections in Africa. The aim of this review is to summarize the available epidemiological data and diagnostic laboratory tools of infections with dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, all transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Studies indicate that these arboviral infections are endemic in most of Africa. Surveillance of the incidence and prevalence of the infections would enable medical doctors to improve the diagnostic accuracy in patients with typical symptoms. If possible, arboviral diagnostic tests should be added to the routine healthcare systems. Healthcare providers should be informed about the prevalent arboviral diseases to identify possible cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (C.J.); Tel.: +49-341-9714314 (C.J.); Fax: +49-341-9714309 (C.J.)
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tjaden NB, Cheng Y, Beierkuhnlein C, Thomas SM. Chikungunya Beyond the Tropics: Where and When Do We Expect Disease Transmission in Europe? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061024. [PMID: 34072346 PMCID: PMC8226708 DOI: 10.3390/v13061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus disease (chikungunya) is a mosquito-borne infectious disease reported in at least 50 countries, mostly in the tropics. It has spread around the globe within the last two decades, with local outbreaks in Europe. The vector mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) has already widely established itself in southern Europe and is spreading towards central parts of the continent. Public health authorities and policymakers need to be informed about where and when a chikungunya transmission is likely to take place. Here, we adapted a previously published global ecological niche model (ENM) by including only non-tropical chikungunya occurrence records and selecting bioclimatic variables that can reflect the temperate and sub-tropical conditions in Europe with greater accuracy. Additionally, we applied an epidemiological model to capture the temporal outbreak risk of chikungunya in six selected European cities. Overall, the non-tropical ENM captures all the previous outbreaks in Europe, whereas the global ENM had underestimated the risk. Highly suitable areas are more widespread than previously assumed. They are found in coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, and in Atlantic coastal areas of France. Under a worst-case scenario, even large areas of western Germany and the Benelux states are considered potential areas of transmission. For the six selected European cities, June–September (the 22th–38th week) is the most vulnerable time period, with the maximum continuous duration of a possible transmission period lasting up to 93 days (Ravenna, Italy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Benjamin Tjaden
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.T.); (Y.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Yanchao Cheng
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.T.); (Y.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.T.); (Y.C.); (C.B.)
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephanie Margarete Thomas
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.T.); (Y.C.); (C.B.)
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-921-55-2307
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tambwe MM, Saddler A, Kibondo UA, Mashauri R, Kreppel KS, Govella NJ, Moore SJ. Semi-field evaluation of the exposure-free mosquito electrocuting trap and BG-Sentinel trap as an alternative to the human landing catch for measuring the efficacy of transfluthrin emanators against Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:265. [PMID: 34016149 PMCID: PMC8138975 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human landing catch (HLC) measures human exposure to mosquito bites and evaluates the efficacy of vector control tools. However, it may expose volunteers to potentially infected mosquitoes. The mosquito electrocuting trap (MET) and BG-Sentinel traps (BGS) represent alternative, exposure-free methods for sampling host-seeking mosquitoes. This study investigates whether these methods can be effectively used as alternatives to HLC for measuring the efficacy of transfluthrin emanator against Aedes aegypti. METHODS The protective efficacy (PE) of freestanding passive transfluthrin emanators (FTPEs), measured by HLC, MET and BGS, was compared in no-choice and choice tests. The collection methods were conducted 2 m from an experimental hut with FTPEs positioned at 3 m on either side of them. For the choice experiment, a competitor HLC was included 10 m from the first collection point. One hundred laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were released and collected for 3 consecutive h. RESULTS In the no-choice test, each method measured similar PE: HLC: 66% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50-82), MET: 55% (95% CI: 48-63) and BGS: 64% (95% CI: 54-73). The proportion of mosquitoes recaptured was consistent between methods (20-24%) in treatment and varied (47-71%) in the control. However, in choice tests, the PE measured by each method varied: HLC: 37% (95% CI: 25-50%), MET: 76% (95% CI: 61-92) and BGS trap: 0% (95% CI: 0-100). Recaptured mosquitoes were no longer consistent between methods in treatment (2-26%) and remained variable in the control (7-42%). FTPE provided 50% PE to the second HLC 10 m away. In the control, the MET and the BGS were less efficacious in collecting mosquitoes in the presence of a second HLC. CONCLUSIONS Measuring the PE in isolation was fairly consistent for HLC, MET and BGS. Because HLC is not advisable, it is reasonable to use either MET or BGS as a proxy for HLC for testing volatile pyrethroid (VP) in areas of active arbovirus-endemic areas. The presence of a human host in close proximity invalidated the PE estimates from BGS and METs. Findings also indicated that transfluthrin can protect multiple people in the peridomestic area and that at short range mosquitoes select humans over the BGS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mgeni M. Tambwe
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Saddler
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Ummi Abdul Kibondo
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Rajabu Mashauri
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Katharina S. Kreppel
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| | - Nicodem J. Govella
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sserwanja Q, Adam MB, Kawuki J, Olal E. COVID-19 in conflict border regions: a case of South Kordofan, Sudan. Confl Health 2021; 15:34. [PMID: 33947451 PMCID: PMC8094973 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Sudan on 13 March 2020. Since then, Sudan has experienced one of the highest rates of COVID-19 spread and fatalities in Africa. One year later, as per 22 March 2021, Sudan had registered 29,661 confirmed cases and 2,028 deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 6.8 %. By 12 December 2020, of the 18 states in Sudan, South Kordofan had the fifth highest CFR of 17.4 %, only surpassed by the other conflict affected North (57.5 %), Central (50.0 %) and East (31.8 %) Darfur States. By late March 2021, just three months from December 2020, the number of cases in South Kordofan increased by 100 %, but with a significant decline in the CFR from 17.4 to 8.5 %. South Kordofan is home to over 200,000 poor and displaced people from years of destructive civil unrests. To date, several localities such as the Nubba mountains region remain under rebel control and are not accessible. South Kordofan State Ministry of Health in collaboration with the federal government and non-governmental organizations set up four isolation centres with 40 total bed capacity, but with only two mechanical ventilators and no testing centre. There is still need for further multi-sectoral coalition and equitable allocation of resources to strengthen the health systems of rural and conflict affected regions. This article aims at providing insight into the current state of COVID-19 in South Kordofan amidst the second wave to address the dearth of COVID-19 information in rural and conflict affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quraish Sserwanja
- Programmes Department, GOAL Global, Khartoum, Sudan. .,Global Health Uganda, Mawanda Road, Plot 667, P.0 Box 33842, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Joseph Kawuki
- Centre for Health Behaviors Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong- SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Aedes aegypti Subspecies across the Sahelian Belt in Sudan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010078. [PMID: 33477339 PMCID: PMC7830107 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the most important arboviral disease vector worldwide. In Africa, it exists as two morphologically distinct forms, often referred to as subspecies, Aaa and Aaf. There is a dearth of information on the distribution and genetic diversity of these two forms in Sudan and other African Sahelian region countries. This study aimed to explore the distribution and genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti subspecies using morphology and Cytochrome oxidase-1 mitochondrial marker in a large Sahelian zone in Sudan. An extensive cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti in Sudan was performed. Samples collected from eight locations were morphologically identified, subjected to DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and analyses. We classified four populations as Aaa and the other four as Aaf. Out of 140 sequence samples, forty-six distinct haplotypes were characterized. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the collected samples were 0.377–0.947 and 0.002–0.01, respectively. Isolation by distance was significantly evident (r = 0.586, p = 0.005). The SAMOVA test indicated that all Aaf populations are structured in one group, while the Aaa clustered into two groups. AMOVA showed 53.53% genetic differences within populations and 39.22% among groups. Phylogenetic relationships indicated two clusters in which the two subspecies were structured. Thus, the haplotype network consisted of three clusters.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ogunlade ST, Meehan MT, Adekunle AI, Rojas DP, Adegboye OA, McBryde ES. A Review: Aedes-Borne Arboviral Infections, Controls and Wolbachia-Based Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 33435566 PMCID: PMC7827552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) continue to generate significant health and economic burdens for people living in endemic regions. Of these viruses, some of the most important (e.g., dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus), are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. Over the years, viral infection control has targeted vector population reduction and inhibition of arboviral replication and transmission. This control includes the vector control methods which are classified into chemical, environmental, and biological methods. Some of these control methods may be largely experimental (both field and laboratory investigations) or widely practised. Perceptively, one of the biological methods of vector control, in particular, Wolbachia-based control, shows a promising control strategy for eradicating Aedes-borne arboviruses. This can either be through the artificial introduction of Wolbachia, a naturally present bacterium that impedes viral growth in mosquitoes into heterologous Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors (vectors that are not natural hosts of Wolbachia) thereby limiting arboviral transmission or via Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which naturally harbour Wolbachia infection. These strategies are potentially undermined by the tendency of mosquitoes to lose Wolbachia infection in unfavourable weather conditions (e.g., high temperature) and the inhibitory competitive dynamics among co-circulating Wolbachia strains. The main objective of this review was to critically appraise published articles on vector control strategies and specifically highlight the use of Wolbachia-based control to suppress vector population growth or disrupt viral transmission. We retrieved studies on the control strategies for arboviral transmissions via arthropod vectors and discussed the use of Wolbachia control strategies for eradicating arboviral diseases to identify literature gaps that will be instrumental in developing models to estimate the impact of these control strategies and, in essence, the use of different Wolbachia strains and features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson T. Ogunlade
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Michael T. Meehan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Adeshina I. Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Diana P. Rojas
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Emma S. McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.T.M.); (A.I.A.); (O.A.A.); (E.S.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evidence of chikungunya virus infection among febrile patients in northwest Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 104:183-188. [PMID: 33373719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has similar clinical presentations to malaria. Hence, febrile illnesses are often misdiagnosed as malaria. Therefore, this study aimed to generate baseline data on CHIKV infection in northwest Ethiopia where malaria is endemic. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among febrile patients presenting at the Metema and Humera Kahsay Abera hospitals from March 2016 to May 2017. Data on socio-demographic, clinical presentations, and possible risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were screened for immunoglobulin-M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to CHIKV infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the strength of association. RESULTS Of 586 samples screened, the overall seroprevalence of CHIKV infection was 23%. Of the total study participants, 22.5% had CHIKV-specific IgM, indicating recent CHIKV infection. During monsoon and post-monsoon periods, increased prevalence of anti-CHIKV IgM seropositivity was found. The most common clinical presentation observed was fever, followed by headache and joint pain. Men had twice the likelihood of CHIKV infection. The presence of stagnant water near the residence almost doubled the risk for CHIKV infection. CONCLUSIONS Most of the study participants had recent infection with CHIKV, suggesting the need to design disease prevention and intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ogunlade ST, Adekunle AI, Meehan MT, Rojas DP, McBryde ES. Modeling the potential of wAu-Wolbachia strain invasion in mosquitoes to control Aedes-borne arboviral infections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16812. [PMID: 33033285 PMCID: PMC7544821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya are fast spreading diseases that pose significant health problems globally. In order to control these infections, an intracellular bacterium called Wolbachia has been introduced into wild-type mosquito populations in the hopes of replacing the vector transmitting agent, Aedes aegypti with one that is incapable of transmission. In this study, we developed a Wolbachia transmission model for the novel wAu strain which possesses several favourable traits (e.g., enhanced viral blockage and maintenance at higher temperature) but not cyctoplasmic incompatibility (CI)-when a Wolbachia-infected male mosquito mates with an uninfected female mosquito, producing no viable offspring. This model describes the competitive dynamics between wAu-Wolbachia-infected and uninfected mosquitoes and the role of imperfect maternal transmission. By analysing the system via computing the basic reproduction number(s) and stability properties, the potential of the wAu strain as a viable strategy to control arboviral infections is established. The results of this work show that enhanced maintenance of Wolbachia infection at higher temperatures can overcome the lack of CI induction to support wAu-Wolbachia infected mosquito invasion. This study will support future arboviral control programs, that rely on the introduction of new Wolbachia variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson T Ogunlade
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Adeshina I Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael T Meehan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana P Rojas
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma S McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Endale A, Michlmayr D, Abegaz WE, Asebe G, Larrick JW, Medhin G, Legesse M. Community-based sero-prevalence of chikungunya and yellow fever in the South Omo Valley of Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008549. [PMID: 32881913 PMCID: PMC7470273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya (CHIK) and yellow fever (YF) are becoming major public health threats in East African countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is no reliable information about the epidemiology of CHIK. This study aimed to assess a community-based sero-prevalence of CHIK and YF in the South Omo Valley, an endemic area for YF. Methods Between February and June 2018, blood samples were collected from study participants and screened for IgG antibody against CHIK virus (CHIKV) and YF virus (YFV) infections using ELISA. Data were computerized using Epi Data Software v.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS. Results A total of 360 participants (51.7% males, age range from 6 to 80, mean age ± SD = 31.95 ± 14.05 years) participated in this study. The overall sero-prevalence of IgG antibody was 43.6% (157/360) against CHIKV, while it was 49.5% (155/313) against YFV. Out of 155 samples which were positive for IgG antibody to YFV, 93 (60.0%) were positive for IgG antibody to CHIKV. Out of 158 samples which were negative for IgG antibody to YFV, 64(40.5%) were positive for IgG antibody to CHIKV. There was a significant positive correlation between IgG antibodies to CHIKV and YFV (sr = 0.82; P<0.01). Residency in the Debub Ari district (AOR = 8.47; 95% CI: 1.50, 47.74) and travel history to sylvatic areas (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 4.81) were significantly and positively associated with high sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to CHIKV and YFV, respectively. Conclusion High sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to CHIKV shows the circulation of the virus in the present study area. A low sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to YFV in YF vaccine received individuals is highly concerning from a public health point of view as waning of immune response to YFV infection could result in a periodic outbreaks of YF in endemic areas.Nevertheless, the present study has not investigated for possible cross-reactivity of antibody to CHIKV with other alphaviruses like O’nyong-nyong virus and antibody to YFV with other flaviviruses like Dengue fever virus and this warrants further studies in the present study area. Mosquito-borne viral diseases including yellow fever and chikungunya are becoming major public health problem in Africa. Community-based sero-epidemiological studies of mosquito-borne viral infections are important to known the occurrence of these diseases and to design appropriate prevention and control strategies. In this study, we assessed the sero-prevalence of IgG antibody against Chikungunya virus and Yellow fever virus in 360 study participants and associated risk factors among the community members of South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. Our study showed a sero-prevalence of IgG antibody; 43.6%, (157 out of 360) to Chikungunya virus, and 49.5% (155 out of 313) against Yellow fever virus in the study participants.Further studies on active case detection of chikungunya and raising awareness, advocating policies to mitigate the risk of arboviral infections have paramount importance in the present study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Asebe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - James W. Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tambwe MM, Moore SJ, Chilumba H, Swai JK, Moore JD, Stica C, Saddler A. Semi-field evaluation of freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators and the BG sentinel trap as a "push-pull control strategy" against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:392. [PMID: 32736580 PMCID: PMC7395400 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial repellents that drive mosquitoes away from treated areas, and odour-baited traps, that attract and kill mosquitoes, can be combined and work synergistically in a push-pull system. Push-pull systems have been shown to reduce house entry and outdoor biting rates of malaria vectors and so have the potential to control other outdoor biting mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti that transmit arboviral diseases. In this study, semi-field experiments were conducted to evaluate whether a push-pull system could be used to reduce bites from Aedes mosquitoes. Methods The push and pull under investigation consisted of two freestanding transfluthrin passive emanators (FTPE) and a BG sentinel trap (BGS) respectively. The FTPE contained hessian strips treated with 5.25 g of transfluthrin active ingredient. The efficacies of FTPE and BGS alone and in combination were evaluated by human landing catch in a large semi-field system in Tanzania. We also investigated the protection of FTPE over six months. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution. Results Two FTPE had a protective efficacy (PE) of 61.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 52.2–69.9%) against the human landing of Ae. aegypti. The BGS did not significantly reduce mosquito landings; the PE was 2.1% (95% CI: −2.9–7.2%). The push-pull provided a PE of 64.5% (95% CI: 59.1–69.9%). However, there was no significant difference in the PE between the push-pull and the two FTPE against Ae. aegypti (P = 0.30). The FTPE offered significant protection against Ae. aegypti at month three, with a PE of 46.4% (95% CI: 41.1–51.8%), but not at six months with a PE of 2.2% (95% CI: −9.0–14.0%). Conclusions The PE of the FTPE and the full push-pull are similar, indicative that bite prevention is primarily due to the activity of the FTPE. While these results are encouraging for the FTPE, further work is needed for a push-pull system to be recommended for Ae. aegypti control. The three-month protection against Ae. aegypti bites suggests that FTPE would be a useful additional control tool during dengue outbreaks, that does not require regular user compliance.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mgeni M Tambwe
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. .,Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Chilumba
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Johnson K Swai
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jason D Moore
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caleb Stica
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Adam Saddler
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antigenic Characterization of New Lineage II Insect-Specific Flaviviruses in Australian Mosquitoes and Identification of Host Restriction Factors. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00095-20. [PMID: 32554715 PMCID: PMC7300350 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00095-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two new insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) isolated from mosquitoes in Australia, Binjari virus (BinJV) and Hidden Valley virus (HVV), that grow efficiently in mosquito cells but fail to replicate in a range of vertebrate cell lines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BinJV and HVV were closely related (90% amino acid sequence identity) and clustered with lineage II (dual-host affiliated) ISFs, including the Lammi and Nounané viruses. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies prepared to BinJV viral proteins, we confirmed a close relationship between HVV and BinJV and revealed that they were antigenically quite divergent from other lineage II ISFs. We also constructed chimeric viruses between BinJV and the vertebrate-infecting West Nile virus (WNV) by swapping the structural genes (prM and E) to produce BinJ/WNVKUN-prME and WNVKUN/BinJV-prME. This allowed us to assess the role of different regions of the BinJV genome in vertebrate host restriction and revealed that while BinJV structural proteins facilitated entry to vertebrate cells, the process was inefficient. In contrast, the BinJV replicative components in wild-type BinJV and BinJ/WNVKUN-prME failed to initiate replication in a wide range of vertebrate cell lines at 37°C, including cells lacking components of the innate immune response. However, trace levels of replication of BinJ/WNVKUN-prME could be detected in some cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in antiviral responses (IFNAR-/- MEFs or RNase L-/- MEFs) incubated at 34°C after inoculation. This suggests that BinJV replication in vertebrate cells is temperature sensitive and restricted at multiple stages of cellular infection, including inefficient cell entry and susceptibility to antiviral responses.IMPORTANCE The globally important flavivirus pathogens West Nile virus, Zika virus, dengue viruses, and yellow fever virus can infect mosquito vectors and be transmitted to humans and other vertebrate species in which they cause significant levels of disease and mortality. However, the subgroup of closely related flaviviruses, known as lineage II insect-specific flaviviruses (Lin II ISFs), only infect mosquitoes and cannot replicate in cells of vertebrate origin. Our data are the first to uncover the mechanisms that restrict the growth of Lin II ISFs in vertebrate cells and provides new insights into the evolution of these viruses and the mechanisms associated with host switching that may allow new mosquito-borne viral diseases to emerge. The new reagents generated in this study, including the first Lin II ISF-reactive monoclonal antibodies and Lin II ISF mutants and chimeric viruses, also provide new tools and approaches to enable further research advances in this field.
Collapse
|
14
|
Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Since the identification of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), sporadic cases and outbreaks were reported in several African countries, on the Indian subcontinent, and in south-east Asia. In the last 20 years, there is a growing number of reports of CHIKV infections from African countries, but the overall picture of its circulation at the continent level remains ill-characterized because of under-diagnosis and under-reporting. Moreover, the public health impact of the infection in Africa is generally poorly understood, especially during outbreak situations. Our work has the aim to review available data on CHIKV circulation in Africa to facilitate the understanding of underlying reasons of its increased detection in the African continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Subissi
- Directorate Infectious Diseases in Humans Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanita (ISS), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ahmed A, Dietrich I, LaBeaud AD, Lindsay SW, Musa A, Weaver SC. Risks and Challenges of Arboviral Diseases in Sudan: The Urgent Need for Actions. Viruses 2020; 12:E81. [PMID: 31936607 PMCID: PMC7019415 DOI: 10.3390/v12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of emergence and/or re-emergence of arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) infections is rapidly growing worldwide, particularly in Africa. The burden of arboviral infections and diseases is not well scrutinized because of the inefficient surveillance systems in endemic countries. Furthermore, the health systems are fully occupied by the burden of other co-existing febrile illnesses, especially malaria. In this review we summarize the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the major human arboviral diseases and highlight the gap in knowledge, research, and control in Sudan. Published data in English up to March 2019 were reviewed and are discussed to identify the risks and challenges for the control of arboviruses in the country. In addition, the lack of suitable diagnostic tools such as viral genome sequencing, and the urgent need for establishing a genomic database of the circulating viruses and potential sources of entry are discussed. Moreover, the research and healthcare gaps and global health threats are analyzed, and suggestions for developing strategic health policy for the prevention and control of arboviruses with focus on building the local diagnostic and research capacity and establishing an early warning surveillance system for the early detection and containment of arboviral epidemics are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77755, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77755, USA
| | | | | | - Steve W. Lindsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ahmed Musa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77755, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A systematic review of individual and community mitigation measures for prevention and control of chikungunya virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212054. [PMID: 30811438 PMCID: PMC6392276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes from the Aedes genus. The virus, endemic to parts of Asia and Africa, has recently undergone an emergence in other parts of the world where it was previously not found including Indian Ocean Islands, Europe, the Western Pacific and the Americas. There is no vaccine against chikungunya virus, which means that prevention and mitigation rely on personal protective measures and community level interventions including vector control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A systematic review (SR) was conducted to summarize the literature on individual and community mitigation and control measures and their effectiveness. From a scoping review of the global literature on chikungunya, there were 91 articles that investigated mitigation or control strategies identified at the individual or community level. Of these, 81 were confirmed as relevant and included in this SR. The majority of the research was published since 2010 (76.5%) and was conducted in Asia (39.5%). Cross sectional studies were the most common study design (36.6%). Mitigation measures were placed into six categories: behavioural protective measures, insecticide use, public education, control of blood and blood products, biological vector control and quarantine of infected individuals. The effectiveness of various mitigation measures was rarely evaluated and outcomes were rarely quantitative, making it difficult to summarize results across studies and between mitigation strategies. Meta-analysis of the proportion of individuals engaging in various mitigation measures indicates habitat removal is the most common measure used, which may demonstrate the effectiveness of public education campaigns aimed at reducing standing water. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Further research with appropriate and consistent outcome measurements are required in order to determine which mitigation measures, or combination of mitigation measures, are the most effective at protecting against exposure to chikungunya virus.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mohamed N, Magzoub M, Mohamed REH, Aleanizy FS, Alqahtani FY, Nour BYM, Alkarsany MMS. Prevalence and identification of arthropod-transmitted viruses in Kassala state, Eastern Sudan. Libyan J Med 2019. [PMID: 30716013 PMCID: PMC6366427 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2018.1564511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than 20% of the infectious diseases worldwide. The prevalence of arboviruses transmit diseases to humans in Sudan has not been investigated. Mosquito-borne viral diseases increase globally incidence, including the Sudan. Frequent unknown fever outbreaks have been reported in eastern region, Sudan. However, diagnosis was based exclusively on clinical signs and symptoms without confirmatory laboratory investigations. However, for accurate detection of these viruses in outbreaks, molecular technique is considered. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of six arboviruses in the Kassala state of east Sudan during unknown fever outbreak. A cross sectional hospital-based study was conducted in the Kassala, Teaching Hospital. Blood samples from 119 patients suffering from unknown fever were used for screening of six arboviruses, hepatitis E virus and malarial using molecular techniques and serology. The overall arboviruses seroprevelance was 61.3% (73/119). The highest positivity rate was 73.1% (52/73) chikungunya virus; 29 males and 20 females patients were chikungunya positive. Other arboviruses were circulating in low rate 20.5% (15/73), and 6.8% (5/73) for sindbis and rift valley fever viruses respectively. Hepatitis E virus was negative in all cases and malaria positivity rate 13.4% (16/119). The prevalence of arboviruses among unknown fever patients present to Kassala teaching hospital of eastern region in Sudan is significantly high (61.3%). The chikungunya virus is the predominant causative agent of arboviruses. Molecular techniques such as PCR are important for accurate and rapid diagnosis of this viral outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mohamed
- a Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Karrary University , Omdurman , Sudan.,b Faculty of Medicine , University of Kassala, Kassala , Sudan
| | - Mamoun Magzoub
- c College of Medicine , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,d Clinical Microbiology Department, Virology Unit , Umeå university , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Rania El Hadi Mohamed
- e College of Science , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,f Federal Ministry of Health , Khartoum , Sudan
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- g Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fulwah Y Alqahtani
- g Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakri Y M Nour
- h Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases , University of Gezira , Wad Medani , Sudan.,i Department of Parasitology , University of Gezira , Wad Medani , Sudan
| | - Mubark M S Alkarsany
- c College of Medicine , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Humphrey JM, Al-Absi ES, Hamdan MM, Okasha SS, Al-Trmanini DM, El-Dous HG, Dargham SR, Schieffelin J, Abu-Raddad LJ, Nasrallah GK. Dengue and chikungunya seroprevalence among Qatari nationals and immigrants residing in Qatar. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211574. [PMID: 30703150 PMCID: PMC6355019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to characterize the seroprevalence of anti-dengue (DENV) and anti-chikungunya (CHIKV) antibodies among blood donors residing in Qatar who are Middle East and North Africa (MENA) nationals and non-nationals. Sera were collected from adult blood donors in Qatar from 2013 to 2016 and tested for anti-DENV and anti-CHIKV IgG using commercial microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Age-specific seroprevalence was summarized by region/nationality: Asia (India, Philippines), Middle East (Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Palestine, Syria, Yemen), North Africa (Egypt, Sudan), Qatar. The adjusted odds of anti-DENV and anti-CHIKV IgG seropositivity was estimated by logistic regression. Among 1,992 serum samples tested, Asian nationals had higher adjusted odds of being seropositive for anti-DENV antibodies compared to nationals of the Middle East (aOR 0.05, 95% CI 0.04-0.07), North Africa (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.10-0.20), and Qatar (aOR 0.01, 95% CI 0.01-0.03). Asian nationals also had higher adjusted odds of being seropositive for anti-CHIKV antibodies compared to those from the Middle East (aOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.27), North Africa (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.96), and Qatar (aOR 0.38, 95% CI 0.15-0.96). The adjusted odds of being anti-DENV seropositive was higher among anti-CHIKV seropositive adults, and vice versa (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.09-3.44), suggesting co-circulation of these viruses. DENV and CHIKV exposure is lower in Qatar and MENA nationals compared to Asian nationals suggesting a lower burden of DENV and CHIKV disease in the MENA. Antibodies to both viruses were detected in nationals from most MENA countries, supporting the need to better understand the regional epidemiology of these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Enas S. Al-Absi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Munia M. Hamdan
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara S. Okasha
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Diyna M. Al-Trmanini
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hend G. El-Dous
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soha R. Dargham
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine‐Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation—Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - John Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine‐Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation—Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eder M, Cortes F, Teixeira de Siqueira Filha N, Araújo de França GV, Degroote S, Braga C, Ridde V, Turchi Martelli CM. Scoping review on vector-borne diseases in urban areas: transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity and co-infection. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:90. [PMID: 30173661 PMCID: PMC6120094 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity, and co-infections have substantial impacts on vector-borne diseases (VBDs) affecting urban and suburban populations. Reviewing key factors can provide insight into priority research areas and offer suggestions for potential interventions. MAIN BODY Through a scoping review, we identify knowledge gaps on transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity, and co-infections regarding VBDs in urban areas. Peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2000 and 2016 was searched. We screened abstracts and full texts to select studies. Using an extraction grid, we retrieved general data, results, lessons learned and recommendations, future research avenues, and practice implications. We classified studies by VBD and country/continent and identified relevant knowledge gaps. Of 773 articles selected for full-text screening, 50 were included in the review: 23 based on research in the Americas, 15 in Asia, 10 in Africa, and one each in Europe and Australia. The largest body of evidence concerning VBD epidemiology in urban areas concerned dengue and malaria. Other arboviruses covered included chikungunya and West Nile virus, other parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, and bacterial rickettsiosis and plague. Most articles retrieved in our review combined transmission dynamics and vectorial capacity; only two combined transmission dynamics and co-infection. The review identified significant knowledge gaps on the role of asymptomatic individuals, the effects of co-infection and other host factors, and the impacts of climatic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on VBD transmission in urban areas. Limitations included the trade-off from narrowing the search strategy (missing out on classical modelling studies), a lack of studies on co-infections, most studies being only descriptive, and few offering concrete public health recommendations. More research is needed on transmission risk in homes and workplaces, given increasingly dynamic and mobile populations. The lack of studies on co-infection hampers monitoring of infections transmitted by the same vector. CONCLUSIONS Strengthening VBD surveillance and control, particularly in asymptomatic cases and mobile populations, as well as using early warning tools to predict increasing transmission, were key strategies identified for public health policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Eder
- Public Health England Sierra Leone Country Office, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Aggeu Magalhaes Institute (IAM) / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n. Cidade Universitaria. CEP 50, Recife, Pernambuco 740-465 Brazil
| | - Fanny Cortes
- Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Degroote
- University of Montreal School of Public Health (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Cynthia Braga
- Aggeu Magalhaes Institute (IAM) / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n. Cidade Universitaria. CEP 50, Recife, Pernambuco 740-465 Brazil
| | - Valéry Ridde
- University of Montreal School of Public Health (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec Canada
- IRD (French Institute For Research on Sustainable Development), CEPED (IRD-Université Paris Descartes), Universités Paris Sorbonne Cités, ERL INSERM SAGESUD, Paris, France
| | - Celina Maria Turchi Martelli
- Aggeu Magalhaes Institute (IAM) / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n. Cidade Universitaria. CEP 50, Recife, Pernambuco 740-465 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Makiala-Mandanda S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Abbate JL, Pukuta-Simbu E, Nsio-Mbeta J, Berthet N, Leroy EM, Becquart P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ. Identification of Dengue and Chikungunya Cases Among Suspected Cases of Yellow Fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:364-370. [PMID: 29768102 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 95% of acute febrile jaundice cases identified through surveillance for yellow fever, a reemerging arthropod-borne viral disease, no etiological exploration is ever done. The aim of this study was to test for other arthropod-borne viruses that can induce the same symptoms in patients enrolled in the yellow fever surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Of 652 patients included in the surveillance of yellow fever in DRC from January 2003 to January 2012, 453 patients that tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were selected for the study. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong, Rift Valley fever, Zika, and YFV. The average age of patients was 22.1 years. We reported 16 cases (3.5%; confidence interval [CI]: 0.8-5.2) of dengue (serotypes 1 and 2) and 2 cases (0.4%; CI: 0.0-1.0) of Chikungunya. Three patients were co-infected with the two serotypes of dengue virus. Three cases of dengue were found in early July 2010 from the city of Titule (Oriental province) during a laboratory-confirmed outbreak of yellow fever, suggesting simultaneous circulation of dengue and yellow fever viruses. This study showed that dengue and Chikungunya viruses are potential causes of acute febrile jaundice in the DRC and highlights the need to consider dengue and Chikungunya diagnosis in the integrated disease surveillance and response program in the DRC. A prospective study is necessary to establish the epidemiology of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- 1 Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) , Franceville, Gabon .,2 Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- 2 Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo.,3 Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jessica L Abbate
- 4 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) , Montpellier, France .,5 UMR UMMISCO (UMI 209 IRD-UPMC) , Bondy, France
| | - Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu
- 3 Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Justus Nsio-Mbeta
- 6 Direction de Lutte Contre la Maladie (DLM) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- 1 Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) , Franceville, Gabon .,7 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569 , Paris, France .,8 Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence , Paris, France
| | - Eric Maurice Leroy
- 1 Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) , Franceville, Gabon .,4 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) , Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Becquart
- 4 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) , Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- 2 Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo.,3 Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) , Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Agha SB, Tchouassi DP, Bastos ADS, Sang R. Assessment of risk of dengue and yellow fever virus transmission in three major Kenyan cities based on Stegomyia indices. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005858. [PMID: 28817563 PMCID: PMC5574621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue (DEN) and yellow fever (YF) are re-emerging in East Africa, with contributing drivers to this trend being unplanned urbanization and increasingly adaptable anthropophilic Aedes (Stegomyia) vectors. Entomological risk assessment of these diseases remains scarce for much of East Africa and Kenya even in the dengue fever-prone urban coastal areas. Focusing on major cities of Kenya, we compared DEN and YF risk in Kilifi County (DEN-outbreak-prone), and Kisumu and Nairobi Counties (no documented DEN outbreaks). We surveyed water-holding containers for mosquito immature (larvae/pupae) indoors and outdoors from selected houses during the long rains, short rains and dry seasons (100 houses/season) in each County from October 2014-June 2016. House index (HI), Breteau index (BI) and Container index (CI) estimates based on Aedes (Stegomyia) immature infestations were compared by city and season. Aedes aegypti and Aedes bromeliae were the main Stegomyia species with significantly more positive houses outdoors (212) than indoors (88) (n = 900) (χ2 = 60.52, P < 0.0001). Overall, Ae. aegypti estimates of HI (17.3 vs 11.3) and BI (81.6 vs 87.7) were higher in Kilifi and Kisumu, respectively, than in Nairobi (HI, 0.3; BI,13). However, CI was highest in Kisumu (33.1), followed by Kilifi (15.1) then Nairobi (5.1). Aedes bromeliae indices were highest in Kilifi, followed by Kisumu, then Nairobi with HI (4.3, 0.3, 0); BI (21.3, 7, 0.7) and CI (3.3, 3.3, 0.3), at the respective sites. HI and BI for both species were highest in the long rains, compared to the short rains and dry seasons. We found strong positive correlations between the BI and CI, and BI and HI for Ae. aegypti, with the most productive container types being jerricans, drums, used/discarded containers and tyres. On the basis of established vector index thresholds, our findings suggest low-to-medium risk levels for urban YF and high DEN risk for Kilifi and Kisumu, whereas for Nairobi YF risk was low while DEN risk levels were low-to-medium. The study provides a baseline for future vector studies needed to further characterise the observed differential risk patterns by vector potential evaluation. Identified productive containers should be made the focus of community-based targeted vector control programs. Despite the growing problem of dengue (DEN) and yellow fever (YF) evidenced from recent outbreaks in East Africa, risk assessment for their transmission and establishment through surveys of populations of the Aedes mosquito vectors, remain scarce. By estimating standard indices for the potential vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes bromeliae we partly could deduce the risk of transmission of these diseases in three major cities of Kenya, namely Kilifi (DEN-prone) and Kisumu and Nairobi (without any DEN outbreak reports). When compared to established threshold risk levels by WHO and PAHO, our findings suggest low-to-medium risk of urban YF, and high risk of DEN transmission for Kilifi and Kisumu but not Nairobi (low risk level for YF and low-to-medium risk for DEN). The observed seasonal risk patterns, higher Aedes infestation outdoors than indoors and productive container types (jerricans, drums, discarded containers and tyres), provide insights into the disease epidemiology and are valuable for targeted vector control, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila B. Agha
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Humphrey JM, Cleton NB, Reusken CBEM, Glesby MJ, Koopmans MPG, Abu-Raddad LJ. Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28651007 PMCID: PMC5501693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the Middle
East and North Africa (MENA) is not well characterized despite increasing
recognition of its expanding infection and disease burden in recent
years. Methodology / Principal findings Following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reporting our findings
following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed records describing
the human prevalence and incidence, CHIKV prevalence/infection rates in
vectors, outbreaks, and reported cases for CHIKV across the MENA region. We
identified 29 human seroprevalence measures, one human incidence study, one
study reporting CHIKV infection rates in Aedes, and nine
outbreaks and case reports/series reported in the MENA from 1970–2015.
Overall, anti-CHIKV antibody or reports of autochthonous transmission were
identified from 10 of 23 countries in the MENA region (Djibouti, Egypt,
Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen), with
seroprevalence measures among general populations (median 1.0%, range 0–43%)
and acute febrile illness populations (median 9.8%, range 0–30%). Sudan
reported the highest number of studies (n = 11) and the highest
seroprevalence among general populations (median 12%, range 0–43%) and
undifferentiated acute febrile illness populations (median 18%, range
10–23%). CHIKV outbreaks were reported from Djibouti, Pakistan, Sudan, and
Yemen. Conclusions / Significance Seroprevalence studies and outbreak reports suggest endemic transmission of
urban cycle CHIKV in at least the Red Sea region and Pakistan. However,
indications of seroprevalence despite a low quantity of CHIKV epidemiologic
research from the region suggests that CHIKV transmission is currently
underrecognized. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus whose principal
vectors are the Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus mosquitoes. Though long endemic to Asia and Africa,
detection of CHIKV has recently been reported throughout the Western Hemisphere,
including much of South America and the Caribbean. In the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA), the epidemiology of CHIKV remains poorly characterized despite
recent reports of outbreaks and novel transmission in the Arabian Peninsula. To
better understand existing data describing the epidemiology of urban CHIKV in
the MENA region, we conducted a systematic review of human prevalence studies
and incidence studies; CHIKV detections, prevalence, and infection rates in
Aedes; and reported CHIKV outbreaks, case series, and case
reports from the region. A total of 29 seroprevalence studies were identified
through our search, with anti-CHIKV antibodies and/or outbreaks detected in
Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and
Yemen. Sudan reported the highest number of studies (n = 11) and the highest
seroprevalence among all studies. The epidemiology of urban CHIKV in other MENA
countries is less well characterized, suggesting underascertainment of cases and
the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalie B. Cleton
- Viroscience department, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),
Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marshall J. Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine,
Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of
America
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Viroscience department, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),
Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine,
Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of
America
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar,
Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha,
Qatar
- College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation,
Education City, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lilay A, Asamene N, Bekele A, Mengesha M, Wendabeku M, Tareke I, Girmay A, Wuletaw Y, Adossa A, Ba Y, Sall A, Jima D, Mengesha D. Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:343. [PMID: 28506254 PMCID: PMC5432991 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by aedes mosquito species. Approximately, 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths occur worldwide every year. In Ethiopia, the last outbreak was reported in 1966 with 2200 cases and 450 deaths. A number of cases with deaths from unknown febrile illness reported from South Ari district starting from November 2012. This investigation was conducted to identify the causative agent, source of the outbreak and recommend appropriate interventions. Methods Medical records were reviewed and Patients and clinicians involved in managing the case were interviewed. Descriptive data analysis was done by time, person and place. Serum samples were collected for serological analysis it was done using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for initial screening and confirmatory tests were done using Plaque Reduction and Neutralization Test. Breteau and container indices were used for the entomological investigation to determine the risk of epidemic. Results A total of 141 Suspected YF cases with 43 deaths (CFR = 30.5%) were reported from November 2012 to October 2013 from South Omo Zone. All age groups were affected (mean 27.5, Range 1–75 Years). Of the total cases, 85.1% cases had jaundice and 56.7% cases had fever. Seven of the 21 samples were IgM positive for YF virus. Aedes bromeliae and Aedes aegypti were identified as responsible vectors of YF in affected area. The Breteau indices of Arkisha and Aykamer Kebeles were 44.4% and 33.3%, whereas the container indices were 12.9% and 22.2%, respectively. Conclusion The investigation revealed that YF outbreak was reemerged after 50 years in Ethiopia. Vaccination should be given for the affected and neighboring districts and Case based surveillance should be initiated to detect every case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrham Lilay
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Negga Asamene
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Abyot Bekele
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mesfin Mengesha
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Milliyon Wendabeku
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Yonas Wuletaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- WHO Collaborating Center for Arboviruses and Hemorrhage Fevers, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Sall
- WHO Collaborating Center for Arboviruses and Hemorrhage Fevers, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daddi Jima
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute-Ethiopia, PO Box: 1242, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Debritu Mengesha
- Regional Health Bureau of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples-Ethiopia, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 58:69-76. [PMID: 28288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease and unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Chikungunya originated in Africa and has since spread across the entire globe causing large numbers of epidemics that have infected millions of people in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific Islands. Phylogenetic analysis has identified four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). In the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies, the aim of this review article was to summarize the global epidemiology of CHIKV and to provide baseline data for future research on the treatment, prevention, and control of this life-threatening disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gautret P, Mouffok N, Parola P. North Africa. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Unité de Recherche sur les maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - Nadjet Mouffok
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Oran; Oran Algeria
| | - Philippe Parola
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine; Université de la Méditerranée; Marseille France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Burt FJ, Chen W, Miner JJ, Lenschow DJ, Merits A, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Rudd PA, Taylor A, Herrero LJ, Zaid A, Ng LFP, Mahalingam S. Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e107-e117. [PMID: 28159534 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Burt
- National Health Laboratory Services, Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Humphrey JM, Cleton NB, Reusken CBEM, Glesby MJ, Koopmans MPG, Abu-Raddad LJ. Dengue in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005194. [PMID: 27926925 PMCID: PMC5142774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection is widespread and its disease burden has increased in past decades. However, little is known about the epidemiology of dengue in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Methodology / Principal Findings Following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reporting our findings following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed available records across MENA describing dengue occurrence in humans (prevalence studies, incidence studies, and outbreak reports), occurrence of suitable vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), and DENV vector infection rates. We identified 105 human prevalence measures in 13 of 24 MENA countries; 81 outbreaks reported from 9 countries from 1941–2015; and reports of Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus occurrence in 15 countries. The majority of seroprevalence studies were reported from the Red Sea region and Pakistan, with multiple studies indicating >20% DENV seroprevalence in general populations (median 25%, range 0–62%) in these subregions. Fifty percent of these studies were conducted prior to 1990. Multiple studies utilized assays susceptible to serologic cross-reactions and 5% of seroprevalence studies utilized viral neutralization testing. There was considerable heterogeneity in study design and outbreak reporting, as well as variability in subregional study coverage, study populations, and laboratory methods used for diagnosis. Conclusions / Significance DENV seroprevalence in the MENA is high among some populations in the Red Sea region and Pakistan, while recent outbreaks in these subregions suggest increasing incidence of DENV which may be driven by a variety of ecologic and social factors. However, there is insufficient study coverage to draw conclusions about Aedes or DENV presence in multiple MENA countries. These findings illustrate the epidemiology of DENV in the MENA while revealing priorities for DENV surveillance and Aedes control. Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus whose global distribution and disease incidence has increased in recent decades. In the Middle East and North Africa, the epidemiology of dengue remains poorly characterized despite increasing reports of outbreaks and transmission in new areas. In order to understand the evidence supporting the epidemiology of this virus in the region and the areas in need of further research, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting human prevalence, incidence, and infection rates in the virus’ main mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Among the studies identified, the Red Sea subregion and Pakistan reported the highest seroprevalence estimates for dengue. However, we encountered substantial heterogeneity in the distribution, quality, and quantity of published studies. These findings inform future research and surveillance priorities for DENV in the MENA region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphrey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalie B. Cleton
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marshall J. Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baudin M, Jumaa AM, Jomma HJE, Karsany MS, Bucht G, Näslund J, Ahlm C, Evander M, Mohamed N. Association of Rift Valley fever virus infection with miscarriage in Sudanese women: a cross-sectional study. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2016; 4:e864-e871. [PMID: 27692776 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that causes infections in animals and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever lead to mass abortions in livestock, but such abortions have not been identified in human beings. Our aim was to investigate the cause of miscarriages in febrile pregnant women in an area endemic for Rift Valley fever. METHODS Pregnant women with fever of unknown origin who attended the governmental hospital of Port Sudan, Sudan, between June 30, 2011, and Nov 17, 2012, were sampled at admission and included in this cross-sectional study. Medical records were retrieved and haematological tests were done on patient samples. Presence of viral RNA as well as antibodies against a variety of viruses were analysed. Any association of viral infections, symptoms, and laboratory parameters to pregnancy outcome was investigated using Pearson's χ2 test. FINDINGS Of 130 pregnant women with febrile disease, 28 were infected with Rift Valley fever virus and 31 with chikungunya virus, with typical clinical and laboratory findings for the infection in question. 15 (54%) of 28 women with an acute Rift Valley fever virus infection had miscarriages compared with 12 (12%) of 102 women negative for Rift Valley fever virus (p<0·0001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age, haemorrhagic disease, and chikungunya virus infection, an acute Rift Valley fever virus infection was an independent predictor of having a miscarriage (odds ratio 7·4, 95% CI 2·7-20·1; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION This study is the first to show an association between infection with Rift Valley fever virus and miscarriage in pregnant women. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possible mechanisms. Our findings have implications for implementation of preventive measures, and evidence-based information to the public in endemic countries should be strongly recommended during Rift Valley fever outbreaks. FUNDING Schlumberger Faculty for the Future, CRDF Global (31141), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the County Council of Västerbotten, and the Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baudin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ammar M Jumaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Red Sea University, Port Sudan, Sudan
| | - Huda J E Jomma
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
| | - Mubarak S Karsany
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Karary University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Göran Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Näslund
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Nahla Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Yellow Fever Virus and Application in Antigen Detection and IgM Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:689-97. [PMID: 27307452 PMCID: PMC4979174 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00209-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is an acute hemorrhagic viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes in Africa and South America. The major challenge in YF disease detection and confirmation of outbreaks in Africa is the limited availability of reference laboratories and the persistent lack of access to diagnostic tests. We used wild-type YF virus sequences to generate recombinant envelope protein in an Escherichia coli expression system. Both the recombinant protein and sucrose gradient-purified YF vaccine virus 17D (YF-17D) were used to immunize BALB/c mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Eight MAbs were established and systematically characterized by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The established MAbs showed strong reactivity with wild-type YF virus and recombinant protein with no detectable cross-reactivity to dengue virus or Japanese encephalitis virus. Epitope mapping showed strong binding of three MAbs to amino acid positions 1 to 51, while two MAbs mapped to amino acid positions 52 to 135 of the envelope protein. The remaining three MAbs did not show reactivity to envelope fragments. The established MAbs exert no neutralization against wild-type YF and 17D viruses (titer of <10 for both strains). The applicability of MAbs 8H3 and 3F4 was further evaluated using IgM capture ELISA. A total of 49 serum samples were analyzed, among which 12 positive patient and vaccinee samples were correctly identified. Using serum samples that were 2-fold serially diluted, the IgM capture ELISA was able to detect all YF-positive samples. Furthermore, MAb-based antigen detection ELISA enabled the detection of virus in culture supernatants containing titers of about 1,000 focus-forming units.
Collapse
|
31
|
Adam A, Seidahmed OME, Weber C, Schnierle B, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Reiche S, Jassoy C. Low Seroprevalence Indicates Vulnerability of Eastern and Central Sudan to Infection with Chikungunya Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:290-1. [PMID: 26974266 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of infections with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have previously been reported from Sudan but the prevalence in the general population is unknown. We investigated the seroprevalence of CHIKV infection in 379 serum samples from patients with fever in the outpatient clinics of three hospitals in eastern and central Sudan. The seroprevalence was 1.8%, indicating that CHIKV infections are rare in these parts of Sudan. As the vector Aedes aegypti is endemic in this area, the population is at risk for a CHIKV epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- 1 Institute of Virology, University Clinics and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany .,2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, International University of Africa , Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Osama M E Seidahmed
- 3 Department of Medical Entomology, National Health Laboratory , Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- 5 Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and WHO Collaborating Research Centre , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Reiche
- 6 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- 1 Institute of Virology, University Clinics and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bennett KL, Linton YM, Shija F, Kaddumukasa M, Djouaka R, Misinzo G, Lutwama J, Huang YM, Mitchell LB, Richards M, Tossou E, Walton C. Molecular Differentiation of the African Yellow Fever Vector Aedes bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Its Sympatric Non-vector Sister Species, Aedes lilii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004250. [PMID: 26641858 PMCID: PMC4671560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow fever continues to be a problem in sub-Saharan Africa with repeated epidemics occurring. The mosquito Aedes bromeliae is a major vector of yellow fever, but it cannot be readily differentiated from its non-vector zoophilic sister species Ae. lilii using morphological characters. Genetic differences have been reported between anthropophilic Ae. bromeliae and zoophilic Ae. lilii and between forest and domestic populations. However, due to the application of different molecular markers and non-overlapping populations employed in previous studies, interpretation of species delimitation is unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS DNA sequences were generated from specimens of Ae. simpsoni s.l. from the Republic of Benin, Tanzania and Uganda for two nuclear genes apolipophorin 2 (apoLp2) and cytochrome p450 (CYPJ92), the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) barcoding region. Nuclear genes apoLp2 and CYPJ92 were unable to differentiate between species Ae. bromeliae and Ae. lilii due to ancestral lineage sorting, while ITS sequence data provided clear topological separation on a phylogeny. The standard COI barcoding region was shown to be subject to species introgression and unable to clearly distinguish the two taxa. Here we present a reliable direct PCR-based method for differentiation of the vector species Ae. bromeliae from its isomorphic, sympatric and non-biomedically important sister taxon, Ae. lilii, based on the ITS region. Using molecular species verification, we describe novel immature habitats for Ae. lilii and report both sympatric and allopatric populations. Whereas only Ae. lilii is found in the Republic of Benin and only Ae. bromeliae in Tanzania, both species are sympatric in Uganda. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our accurate identification method will allow informed distribution and detailed ecological studies that will facilitate assessment of arboviral disease risk and development of future targeted vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Louise Bennett
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Fortunate Shija
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Martha Kaddumukasa
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Yiau-Min Huang
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Luke B. Mitchell
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Centre, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Miriam Richards
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eric Tossou
- Agro-Eco-Health Platform for West and Central Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Republic of Benin
| | - Catherine Walton
- Computational Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Weng SC, Shiao SH. Frizzled 2 is a key component in the regulation of TOR signaling-mediated egg production in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 61:17-24. [PMID: 25890109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway was first discovered as a key event in embryonic development and cell polarity in Drosophila. Recently, several reports have shown that Wnt stimulates translation and cell growth by activating the mTOR pathway in mammals. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway plays an important role in mosquito vitellogenesis. However, the interactions between these two pathways are poorly understood in the mosquito. In this study, we hypothesized that factors from the TOR and Wnt signaling pathways interacted synergistically in mosquito vitellogenesis. Our results showed that silencing Aedes aegypti Frizzled 2 (AaFz2), a transmembrane receptor of the Wnt signaling pathway, decreased the fecundity of mosquitoes. We showed that AaFz2 was highly expressed at the transcriptional and translational levels in the female mosquito 6 h after a blood meal, indicating amino acid-stimulated expression of AaFz2. Notably, the phosphorylation of S6K, a downstream target of the TOR pathway, and the expression of vitellogenin were inhibited in the absence of AaFz2. A direct link was found in this study between Wnt and TOR signaling in the regulation of mosquito reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Parasitology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Parasitology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bacci A, Marchi S, Fievet N, Massougbodji A, Perrin RX, Chippaux JP, Sambri V, Landini MP, Varani S, Rossini G. High seroprevalence of chikungunya virus antibodies among pregnant women living in an urban area in Benin, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1133-6. [PMID: 25940198 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antichikungunya virus (anti-CHIKV) antibodies in pregnant women living in an urban area of Benin (West Africa). Results were obtained by screening sera collected in 2006 and 2007 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Positive results were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence test and microneutralization assay. We found that a large proportion (36.1%) of pregnant women living in Cotonou had specific IgG against CHIKV, indicating a high seroprevalence of the infection in urban southern Benin, whereas no active cases of CHIKV infection were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bacci
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Nadine Fievet
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Achille Massougbodji
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Renè Xavier Perrin
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Landini
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giada Rossini
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Centre d'étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unitès mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 216, Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, France; Pres Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Area Vasta Romagna (AVR), Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kwallah AO, Inoue S, Thairu-Muigai AW, Kuttoh N, Morita K, Mwau M. Seroprevalence of yellow fever virus in selected health facilities in Western Kenya from 2010 to 2012. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 68:230-4. [PMID: 25672346 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF), which is caused by a mosquito-borne virus, is an important viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in equatorial Africa and South America. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the prototype of the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of YFV in selected health facilities in Western Kenya during the period 2010-2012. A total of 469 serum samples from febrile patients were tested for YFV antibodies using in-house IgM-capture ELISA, in-house indirect IgG ELISA, and 50% focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50). The present study did not identify any IgM ELISA-positive cases, indicating absence of recent YFV infection in the area. Twenty-eight samples (6%) tested positive for YFV IgG, because of either YFV vaccination or past exposure to various flaviviruses including YFV. Five cases were confirmed by FRNT50; of these, 4 were either vaccination or natural infection during the YF outbreak in 1992-1993 or another period and 1 case was confirmed as a West Nile virus infection. Domestication and routine performance of arboviral differential diagnosis will help to address the phenomenon of pyrexia of unknown origin, contribute to arboviral research in developing countries, and enhance regular surveillance.
Collapse
|
37
|
Coffey LL, Failloux AB, Weaver SC. Chikungunya virus-vector interactions. Viruses 2014; 6:4628-63. [PMID: 25421891 PMCID: PMC4246241 DOI: 10.3390/v6114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a severe, debilitating disease that often produces chronic arthralgia. Since 2004, CHIKV has emerged in Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, causing millions of human infections. Central to understanding CHIKV emergence is knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and vector infection dynamics. This review presents current understanding of CHIKV infection dynamics in mosquito vectors and its relationship to human disease emergence. The following topics are reviewed: CHIKV infection and vector life history traits including transmission cycles, genetic origins, distribution, emergence and spread, dispersal, vector competence, vector immunity and microbial interactions, and co-infection by CHIKV and other arboviruses. The genetics of vector susceptibility and host range changes, population heterogeneity and selection for the fittest viral genomes, dual host cycling and its impact on CHIKV adaptation, viral bottlenecks and intrahost diversity, and adaptive constraints on CHIKV evolution are also discussed. The potential for CHIKV re-emergence and expansion into new areas and prospects for prevention via vector control are also briefly reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Van Bortel W, Dorleans F, Rosine J, Blateau A, Rousset D, Matheus S, Leparc-Goffart I, Flusin O, Prat C, Cesaire R, Najioullah F, Ardillon V, Balleydier E, Carvalho L, Lemaître A, Noel H, Servas V, Six C, Zurbaran M, Leon L, Guinard A, van den Kerkhof J, Henry M, Fanoy E, Braks M, Reimerink J, Swaan C, Georges R, Brooks L, Freedman J, Sudre B, Zeller H. Chikungunya outbreak in the Caribbean region, December 2013 to March 2014, and the significance for Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24721539 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.13.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
On 6 December 2013, two laboratory-confirmed cases of chikungunya without a travel history were reported on the French part of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, indicating the start of the first documented outbreak of chikungunya in the Americas. Since this report, the virus spread to several Caribbean islands and French Guiana, and between 6 December 2013 and 27 March 2014 more than 17,000 suspected and confirmed cases have been reported. Further spread and establishment of the disease in the Americas is likely, given the high number of people travelling between the affected and non-affected areas and the widespread occurrence of efficient vectors. Also, the likelihood of the introduction of the virus into Europe from the Americas and subsequent transmission should be considered especially in the context of the next mosquito season in Europe. Clinicians should be aware that, besides dengue, chikungunya should be carefully considered among travellers currently returning from the Caribbean region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Malik MR, Mnzava A, Mohareb E, Zayed A, Al Kohlani A, Thabet AAK, El Bushra H. Chikungunya outbreak in Al-Hudaydah, Yemen, 2011: epidemiological characterization and key lessons learned for early detection and control. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4:203-11. [PMID: 25107656 PMCID: PMC7333817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the occurrence of chikungunya fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). In January 2011, the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MoPH&P) of Yemen reported to WHO an increasing number of “dengue-like” acute febrile illnesses of unknown origin from one of its coastal governorates. An epidemiological investigation was conducted in Al-Hudaydah governorate between 23 and 26 January 2011 by a joint team of WHO, the MoPH&P of Yemen and the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit (NAMRU-3) in Cairo, Egypt. The investigation led to the detection of an outbreak of chikungunya in Yemen which was the first time ever from any of the 22 countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of WHO. Appropriate public health control measures were strengthened following the investigation, and the outbreak was contained. This paper provides a short description of the outbreak and its epidemiological characteristics and highlights the important lessons that were learned for early detection and control of chikungunya in countries where competent vectors for transmission of the virus exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emad Mohareb
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alia Zayed
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Diallo D, Sall AA, Diagne CT, Faye O, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Ba Y, Faye O, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Patterns of a sylvatic yellow fever virus amplification in southeastern Senegal, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1003-13. [PMID: 24615140 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During the wet season of 2010, yellow fever virus (YFV) was detected in field-collected mosquitoes in the Kédougou region in southeastern Senegal. During this outbreak, we studied the association of the abundance of YFV-infected mosquitoes and land cover features to try and understand the dynamics of YFV transmission within the region. In total, 41,234 mosquito females were collected and tested for virus infection in 5,152 pools. YFV was detected in 67 pools; species including Aedes furcifer (52.2% of the infected pools), Ae. luteocephalus (31.3% of the infected pools), Ae. taylori (6.0% of the infected pools) and six other species (10.4% of the infected pools) captured in September (13.4%), October (70.1%), and November (16.4%). Spatially, YFV was detected from mosquitoes collected in all land cover classes but mainly, forest canopies (49.2%). Human infection is likely mediated by Ae. furcifer, the only species found infected with YFV within villages. Villages containing YFV-infected mosquitoes were significantly closer to large forests (> 2 ha) than villages in which no infected mosquitoes were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Cheikh T Diagne
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kwallah AO, Inoue S, Muigai AW, Kubo T, Sang R, Morita K, Mwau M. A real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of yellow fever virus. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Soghaier MA, Hagar A, Abbas MA, Elmangory MM, Eltahir KM, Sall AA. Yellow Fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan in October 2012; the initial outbreak investigation report. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6:370-6. [PMID: 23999341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sudan is subject to repeated outbreaks, including Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF), which is considered to be a very serious illness. Yellow Fever (YF) outbreaks in Sudan have been reported from the 1940s through 2005. In 2012, a new outbreak of YF occurred in the Darfur region. OBJECTIVE To identify the potential for an outbreak, to diagnose the disease and to be able to recognize its cause among the initial reported cases. METHODOLOGY >This is a descriptive and investigative field study that applies standard communicable disease outbreak investigation steps. The study involved clinical, serological, entomological and environmental surveys. RESULTS The field investigation confirmed the outbreak and identified its cause to be YF. CONCLUSION National surveillance systems should be strong enough to detect VHFs in a timely manner. Local health facilities should be prepared to promptly treat the initial cases because the case fatality ratios (CFRs) are usually very high among the index cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Soghaier
- Directorate of Epidemiology & Zoonotic Diseases, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
In the past decade, chikungunya--a virus transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes--has re-emerged in Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, and the Indian Ocean Islands as the cause of large outbreaks of human disease. The disease is characterised by fever, headache, myalgia, rash, and both acute and persistent arthralgia. The disease can cause severe morbidity and, since 2005, fatality. The virus is endemic to tropical regions, but the spread of Aedes albopictus into Europe and the Americas coupled with high viraemia in infected travellers returning from endemic areas increases the risk that this virus could establish itself in new endemic regions. This Seminar focuses on the re-emergence of this disease, the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis of virus-induced arthralgia, diagnostic techniques, and various treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Burt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Services Universitas and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bruckner C, Checchi F. Detection of infectious disease outbreaks in twenty-two fragile states, 2000-2010: a systematic review. Confl Health 2011; 5:13. [PMID: 21861869 PMCID: PMC3180250 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1505-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile states are home to a sixth of the world's population, and their populations are particularly vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks. Timely surveillance and control are essential to minimise the impact of these outbreaks, but little evidence is published about the effectiveness of existing surveillance systems. We did a systematic review of the circumstances (mode) of detection of outbreaks occurring in 22 fragile states in the decade 2000-2010 (i.e. all states consistently meeting fragility criteria during the timeframe of the review), as well as time lags from onset to detection of these outbreaks, and from detection to further events in their timeline. The aim of this review was to enhance the evidence base for implementing infectious disease surveillance in these complex, resource-constrained settings, and to assess the relative importance of different routes whereby outbreak detection occurs.We identified 61 reports concerning 38 outbreaks. Twenty of these were detected by existing surveillance systems, but 10 detections occurred following formal notifications by participating health facilities rather than data analysis. A further 15 outbreaks were detected by informal notifications, including rumours.There were long delays from onset to detection (median 29 days) and from detection to further events (investigation, confirmation, declaration, control). Existing surveillance systems yielded the shortest detection delays when linked to reduced barriers to health care and frequent analysis and reporting of incidence data.Epidemic surveillance and control appear to be insufficiently timely in fragile states, and need to be strengthened. Greater reliance on formal and informal notifications is warranted. Outbreak reports should be more standardised and enable monitoring of surveillance systems' effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bruckner
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E7HT, UK
| | - Francesco Checchi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E7HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
LaBeaud AD, Bashir F, King CH. Measuring the burden of arboviral diseases: the spectrum of morbidity and mortality from four prevalent infections. Popul Health Metr 2011; 9:1. [PMID: 21219615 PMCID: PMC3024945 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7954-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, arthropod-borne virus infections are increasingly common causes of severe febrile disease that can progress to long-term physical or cognitive impairment or result in early death. Because of the large populations at risk, it has been suggested that these outcomes represent a substantial health deficit not captured by current global disease burden assessments. METHODS We reviewed newly available data on disease incidence and outcomes to critically evaluate the disease burden (as measured by disability-adjusted life years, or DALYs) caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). We searched available literature and official reports on these viruses combined with the terms "outbreak(s)," "complication(s)," "disability," "quality of life," "DALY," and "QALY," focusing on reports since 2000. We screened 210 published studies, with 38 selected for inclusion. Data on average incidence, duration, age at onset, mortality, and severity of acute and chronic outcomes were used to create DALY estimates for 2005, using the approach of the current Global Burden of Disease framework. RESULTS Given the limitations of available data, nondiscounted, unweighted DALYs attributable to YFV, JEV, CHIKV, and RVFV were estimated to fall between 300,000 and 5,000,000 for 2005. YFV was the most prevalent infection of the four viruses evaluated, although a higher proportion of the world's population lives in countries at risk for CHIKV and JEV. Early mortality and long-term, related chronic conditions provided the largest DALY components for each disease. The better known, short-term viral febrile syndromes caused by these viruses contributed relatively lower proportions of the overall DALY scores. CONCLUSIONS Limitations in health systems in endemic areas undoubtedly lead to underestimation of arbovirus incidence and related complications. However, improving diagnostics and better understanding of the late secondary results of infection now give a first approximation of the current disease burden from these widespread serious infections. Arbovirus control and prevention remains a high priority, both because of the current disease burden and the significant threat of the re-emergence of these viruses among much larger groups of susceptible populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Desirée LaBeaud
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fatima Bashir
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Charles H King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Farnon EC, Gould LH, Griffith KS, Osman MS, Kholy AE, Brair ME, Panella AJ, Kosoy O, Laven JJ, Godsey MS, Perea W, Hayes EB. Household-based sero-epidemiologic survey after a yellow fever epidemic, Sudan, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:1146-52. [PMID: 20519615 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
From September through early December 2005, an outbreak of yellow fever (YF) occurred in South Kordofan, Sudan, resulting in a mass YF vaccination campaign. In late December 2005, we conducted a serosurvey to assess YF vaccine coverage and to better define the epidemiology of the outbreak in an index village. Of 552 persons enrolled, 95% reported recent YF vaccination, and 25% reported febrile illness during the outbreak period: 13% reported YF-like illness, 4% reported severe YF-like illness, and 12% reported chikungunya-like illness. Of 87 persons who provided blood samples, all had positive YF serologic results, including three who had never been vaccinated. There was also serologic evidence of recent or prior chikungunya virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Sindbis virus infections. These results indicate that YF virus and chikungunya virus contributed to the outbreak. The high prevalence of YF antibody among vaccinees indicates that vaccination was effectively implemented in this remotely located population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen C Farnon
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Seyler T, Grandesso F, Strat YL, Tarantola A, Depoortere E. Assessing the risk of importing dengue and chikungunya viruses to the European Union. Epidemics 2009; 1:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
48
|
Abstract
Despite a safe and effective vaccine, there are approximately 200,000 cases, including 30,000 deaths, due to yellow fever virus (YFV) each year, of which 90% are in Africa. The natural history of YFV has been well described, especially in West Africa, but in East Africa yellow fever (YF) remains characterised by unpredictable focal periodicity and a precarious potential for large epidemics. Recent outbreaks of YF in Kenya (1992-1993) and Sudan (2003 and 2005) are important because each of these outbreaks have involved the re-emergence of a YFV genotype (East Africa) that remained undetected for nearly 40 years and was previously unconfirmed in a clinically apparent outbreak. In addition, unlike West Africa and South America, YF has yet to emerge in urban areas of East Africa and be vectored by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti. This is a significant public health concern in a region where the majority of the population remains unvaccinated. This review describes historical findings, highlights a number of disease indicators, and provides clarification regarding the natural history, recent emergence and future risk of YF in East Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Ellis
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|