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Tekle M, Legesse M, Mamo G. Seropositivity, Comparison Between the Efficiency of Serological Tests and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Small Ruminants with History of Abortion in the Afar Region of North-Eastern Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 14:245-252. [PMID: 38196943 PMCID: PMC10775148 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s446714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Brucellosis is one of the most important reproductive diseases that cause abortion and breeding failure in small ruminants in Ethiopia. Therefore, our objective was to detect the seropositivity and risk factors of Brucella infection in small ruminants with history of abortion using modified RBPT, cELISA, and CFT in the Amibara district of the Afar Region, Ethiopia. Methods Sera were collected from 226 animals (195 goats and 31ewes) and assessed for seropositivity of Brucella infection using modified RBPT, CFT, and competitive ELISA. Results The overall seroprevalence was 12.0% (27 out of 226), 7.5% (17 out of 226), and 26.5% (60 out of 226) by mRBPT, CFT, and cELISA, respectively. Out of 27 sera that were reactive by mRBPT, 17 (63.0%) were also reactive by (CFT). Out of the 17 sera that were reactive by CFT and mRBPT, 14 (82.4%) were reactive by cELISA. Out of the 29 sera that were non-reactive by both mRBPT and CFT, 10 (34.5%) were found reactive by cELISA. Out of the 226 sera that were tested by both mRBPT and cELISA, 20 (8.9%) were reactive by both tests, while 159 (70.4%) were non-reactive by both tests. The percentage of test agreement (79.2%) between mRBPT and cELISA was poor (k=0.353). High seropositivity for Brucella infection was significantly associated with the presence of retained placenta in the studied animals (adjusted OR=2.2, 95% CI, 1.1-4.4, P=0.030) as detected by cELISA. Conclusion The current study revealed that a cELISA-based seroepidemiological survey increases the likelihood of detecting individuals with brucellosis and provides reliable evidence for mRBPT. Furthermore, there was a significant association between seropositivity for Brucella infection and retained placenta. These findings emphasize the necessity for proactive measures to reduce the economic impact of brucellosis and mitigate the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Tekle
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Zerfu B, Kassa T, Legesse M. Epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of dengue virus infection, and its trend in Ethiopia: a comprehensive literature review. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:11. [PMID: 36829222 PMCID: PMC9950709 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a dengue virus infection, emerging rapidly and posing public health threat worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical countries. Nearly half of the world's population is now at risk of contracting the dengue virus, including new countries with no previous history-like Ethiopia. However, little is known about the epidemiology and impact of the disease in different countries. This is especially true in countries, where cases have recently begun to be reported. This review aims to summarize epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of dengue virus infection and its trend in Ethiopia. It may help countries, where dengue fever is not yet on the public health list-like Ethiopia to alert healthcare workers to consider the disease for diagnosis and treatment. The review retrieved and incorporated 139 published and organizational reports showing approximately 390 million new infections. About 100 million of these infections develop the clinical features of dengue, and thousands of people die annually from severe dengue fever in 129 countries. It is caused by being bitten by a dengue virus-infected female mosquito, primarily Aedes aegypti and, lesser, Ae. albopictus. Dengue virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family and has four independent but antigen-related single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus serotypes. The infection is usually asymptomatic but causes illnesses ranging from mild febrile illness to fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. Diagnosis can be by detecting the virus genome using nucleic acids amplification tests or testing NS1 antigen and/or anti-dengue antibodies from serum, plasma, circulating blood cells, or other tissues. Dengue cases and outbreaks have increased in recent decades, with a significant public health impact. Ethiopia has had nearly annual outbreaks since 2013, devastating an already fragmented health system and economy. Standardization of medication, population-level screening for early diagnosis and prompt treatment, and minimization of mosquito bites reduce overall infection and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Zerfu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Munk P, Brinch C, Møller FD, Petersen TN, Hendriksen RS, Seyfarth AM, Kjeldgaard JS, Svendsen CA, van Bunnik B, Berglund F, Larsson DGJ, Koopmans M, Woolhouse M, Aarestrup FM, Gibb K, Coventry K, Collignon P, Cassar S, Allerberger F, Begum A, Hossain ZZ, Worrell C, Vandenberg O, Pieters I, Victorien DT, Gutierrez ADS, Soria F, Grujić VR, Mazalica N, Rahube TO, Tagliati CA, Rodrigues D, Oliveira G, de Souza LCR, Ivanov I, Juste BI, Oumar T, Sopheak T, Vuthy Y, Ngandjio A, Nzouankeu A, Olivier ZAAJ, Yost CK, Kumar P, Brar SK, Tabo DA, Adell AD, Paredes-Osses E, Martinez MC, Cuadros-Orellana S, Ke C, Zheng H, Baisheng L, Lau LT, Chung T, Jiao X, Yu Y, JiaYong Z, Morales JFB, Valencia MF, Donado-Godoy P, Coulibaly KJ, Hrenovic J, Jergović M, Karpíšková R, Deogratias ZN, Elsborg B, Hansen LT, Jensen PE, Abouelnaga M, Salem MF, Koolmeister M, Legesse M, Eguale T, Heikinheimo A, Le Guyader S, Schaeffer J, Villacis JE, Sanneh B, Malania L, Nitsche A, Brinkmann A, Schubert S, Hesse S, Berendonk TU, Saba CKS, Mohammed J, Feglo PK, Banu RA, Kotzamanidis C, Lytras E, Lickes SA, Kocsis B, Solymosi N, Thorsteinsdottir TR, Hatha AM, Ballal M, Bangera SR, Fani F, Alebouyeh M, Morris D, O’Connor L, Cormican M, Moran-Gilad J, Battisti A, Diaconu EL, Corno G, Di Cesare A, Alba P, Hisatsune J, Yu L, Kuroda M, Sugai M, Kayama S, Shakenova Z, Kiiyukia C, Ng’eno E, Raka L, Jamil K, Fakhraldeen SA, Alaati T, Bērziņš A, Avsejenko J, Kokina K, Streikisa M, Bartkevics V, Matar GM, Daoud Z, Pereckienė A, Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene C, Penny C, Bastaraud A, Rasolofoarison T, Collard JM, Samison LH, Andrianarivelo MR, Banda DL, Amin A, Rajandas H, Parimannan S, Spiteri D, Haber MV, Santchurn SJ, Vujacic A, Djurovic D, Bouchrif B, Karraouan B, Vubil DC, Pal P, Schmitt H, van Passel M, Jeunen GJ, Gemmell N, Chambers ST, Mendoza FP, Huete-Pιrez J, Vilchez S, Ahmed AO, Adisa IR, Odetokun IA, Fashae K, Sørgaard AM, Wester AL, Ryrfors P, Holmstad R, Mohsin M, Hasan R, Shakoor S, Gustafson NW, Schill CH, Rojas MLZ, Velasquez JE, Magtibay BB, Catangcatang K, Sibulo R, Yauce FC, Wasyl D, Manaia C, Rocha J, Martins J, Álvaro P, Di Yoong Wen D, Shin H, Hur HG, Yoon S, Bosevska G, Kochubovski M, Cojocaru R, Burduniuc O, Hong PY, Perry MR, Gassama A, Radosavljevic V, Tay MYF, Zuniga-Montanez R, Wuertz S, Gavačová D, Pastuchová K, Truska P, Trkov M, Keddy K, Esterhuyse K, Song MJ, Quintela-Baluja M, Lopez MG, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Perera RRDP, Bandara NKBKRGW, Premasiri HI, Pathirage S, Charlemagne K, Rutgersson C, Norrgren L, Örn S, Boss R, Van der Heijden T, Hong YP, Kumburu HH, Mdegela RH, Hounmanou YMG, Chonsin K, Suthienkul O, Thamlikitkul V, de Roda Husman AM, Bidjada B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Nikiema-Pessinaba SC, Levent B, Kurekci C, Ejobi F, Kalule JB, Thomsen J, Obaidi O, Jassim LM, Moore A, Leonard A, Graham DW, Bunce JT, Zhang L, Gaze WH, Lefor B, Capone D, Sozzi E, Brown J, Meschke JS, Sobsey MD, Davis M, Beck NK, Sukapanpatharam P, Truong P, Lilienthal R, Kang S, Wittum TE, Rigamonti N, Baklayan P, Van CD, Tran DMN, Do Phuc N, Kwenda G, Larsson DGJ, Koopmans M, Woolhouse M, Aarestrup FM. Author Correction: Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:178. [PMID: 36635285 PMCID: PMC9837105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Munk
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik Duus Møller
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas N. Petersen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Seyfarth
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette S. Kjeldgaard
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Aaby Svendsen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bram van Bunnik
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fanny Berglund
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - D. G. Joakim Larsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Koopmans
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Mamo E, Bobosha K, Legesse M, Daba F, Debelo K, Leta T, Hambridge T, Schoenmakers A, van Wijk R, Kasang C, Mieras L, Richardus JH. Epidemiological trends of leprosy and case detection delay in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia: A baseline survey. LEPROSY REV 2022. [DOI: 10.47276/lr.93.3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Mamo
- ALIPB, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
- AHRI, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Hambridge
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Schoenmakers
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- NLR, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Wijk
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- NLR, The Netherlands
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Tachbele E, Kyobe S, Katabazi FA, Kigozi E, Mwesigwa S, Joloba M, Messele A, Amogne W, Legesse M, Pieper R, Ameni G. Genetic Diversity and Acquired Drug Resistance Mutations Detected by Deep Sequencing in Virologic Failures among Antiretroviral Treatment Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Patients in a Pastoralist Region of Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4833-4847. [PMID: 34819737 PMCID: PMC8607991 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s337485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the drug resistance mutations and genetic diversity of HIV-1 in ART experienced patients in South Omo, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study conducted on 253 adult patients attending ART clinics for ≥6 months in South Omo. Samples with VL ≥1000 copies/mL were considered as virological failures (VF) and their reverse transcriptase gene codons 90–234 were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. MinVar was used for the identification of the subtypes and drug resistance mutations. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbor-joining method using the maximum likelihood model. Results The median duration of ART was 51 months and 18.6% (47/253) of the patients exhibited VF. Of 47 viraemic patients, the genome of 41 were sequenced and subtype C was dominant (87.8%) followed by recombinant subtype BC (4.9%), M-09-CPX (4.9) and BF1 (2.4%). Of 41 genotyped subjects, 85.4% (35/41) had at least one ADR mutation. Eighty-one percent (33/41) of viraemic patients harbored NRTI resistance mutations, and 48.8% (20/41) were positive for NNRTI resistance mutations, with 43.9% dual resistance mutations. Among NRTI resistance mutations, M184V (73.2%), K219Q (63.4%) and T215 (56.1%) complex were the most mutated positions, while the most common NNRTI resistance mutations were K103N (24.4%), K101E, P225H and V108I 7.5% each. Active tuberculosis (aOR=13, 95% CI= 3.46–29.69), immunological failure (aOR=3.61, 95% CI=1.26–10.39), opportunistic infections (aOR=8.39, 95% CI= 1.75–40.19), and poor adherence were significantly associated with virological failure, while rural residence (aOR 2.37; 95% CI: 1.62–9.10, P= 0.05), immunological failures (aOR 2.37; 95% CI: 1.62–9.10, P= 0.05) and high viral load (aOR 16; 95% CI: 5.35 51.59, P <0.001) were predictors of ADR mutation among the ART experienced and viraemic study subjects. Conclusion The study revealed considerable prevalence of VF and ADR mutation with the associated risk indicators. Regular virological monitoring and drug resistance genotyping methods should be implemented for better ART treatment outcomes of the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdaw Tachbele
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Kyobe
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Edgar Kigozi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses Joloba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alebachew Messele
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Asebe G, Mamo G, Wieland B, Medhin G, Tilahun G, Abegaz WE, Legesse M. Community awareness and experiences of health workers concerning mosquito-borne viral diseases in selected districts of Gambella Region, Southwestern Ethiopia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1988453. [PMID: 34745448 PMCID: PMC8567928 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1988453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed community awareness and experiences of health workers about mosquito-borne viral diseases in selected districts of the Gambella Region, South Western Ethiopia. A community and health facility-based qualitative study involving 11 focus group discussions (FGDs) with community dmembers and two FGDs with health workers was conducted between November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 122 community members and 16 health workers participated in the study. All the discussants mentioned malaria, typhoid fever, unknown causes of diarrhea and skin diseases as the major public health problems in the area. Using pictures of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, participants confirmed that both mosquitoes are present in the area. They identified Anopheles as the vector of malaria. However, community discussants could not mention the name of a disease that can be transmitted by Aedes mosquito though they mentioned that Aedes mosquito bites both humans and animals during the day time in forest areas and causes skin itching to humans. Meanwhile, community participants from Pakag, a village bordering South Sudan, expressed concern that Aedes mosquito can cause a malaria-like disease which can kill within a few days. Health workers from Itang health center described that in 2016, an outbreak of an unknown disease that causes fever and jaundice occurred and killed seven individuals in a village called Akula, which is closer to a South Sudan refugee camp. Overall, the findings showed that community members and health workers in the area do not have adequate information on mosquito-borne viral diseases. Creating awareness, improving laboratory services and further epidemiological studies would be important for early warning and preparedness for outbreaks in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Asebe
- Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Tilahun
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Endale A, Medhin G, Darfiro K, Kebede N, Legesse M. Magnitude of Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses: A Systematic Review. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4291-4299. [PMID: 34703255 PMCID: PMC8541746 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s336351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Flaviviruses are a genus of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses that include dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus, West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus, and Zika virus. Nowadays, diverse serological assays are available to diagnose flaviviruses. However, infection with flaviviruses induces cross-reactive antibodies, which are a challenge for serological diagnosis. Objective This systematic review aimed to assess the magnitude of medically important mosquito-borne flavivirus–induced antibody cross-reactivity and its influence on serological test outcomes. Methods This study was designed based on the PRISMA guidelines. It includes original research articles published between 1994 and 2019 that reported serological cross-reactions between medically important mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Articles were searched on PubMed using controlled vocabulary. Eligibility was assessed by title, abstract, and finally by reading the full paper. The articles included are compared, evaluated, and summarized narratively. Results A total of 2,911 articles were identified, and finally 14 were included. About 15.4%–84% of antibodies produced against non-DENV flaviviruses were cross-reactive with DENV on different assays. Up to 30% IgM and up to 60% IgG antibodies produced against non-WNV flaviviruses were cross-reactive with WNV on EIA assays. The magnitude of antibodies produced against flaviviruses that are cross-reactive with chikungunya virus (Alphavirus) was minimal (only about 7%). The highest antibody cross-reactivity of flaviviruses was reported in IgG-based assays compared to IgM-based assays and assays based on E-specific immunoglobulin compared to NS1-specific immunoglobulin. It was found that preexisting immunity due to vaccination or prior flavivirus exposure to antigenetically related species enhanced the cross-reactive antibody titer. Conclusion This review found the highest cross-reaction between DENV and non-DENV flaviviruses, especially yellow fever virus, and the least between chikungunya virus and DENV. Moreover, cross-reaction was higher on IgG assays than IgM ones and assays based on Eprotein compared to NS1protein. This implies that the reliability of serological test results in areas where more than one flavivirus exists is questionable. Therefore, interpretation of the existing serological assays should be undertaken with a great caution. Furthermore, research on novel diagnostic signatures for differential diagnosis of flaviviruses is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Koyamo Darfiro
- Department of External Quality Assessment, Hossaena Public Health Institute Laboratory, Hossaena, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Asebe G, Michlmayr D, Mamo G, Abegaz WE, Endale A, Medhin G, Larrick JW, Legesse M. Seroprevalence of Yellow fever, Chikungunya, and Zika virus at a community level in the Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253953. [PMID: 34237098 PMCID: PMC8266044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF), Chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika(ZIK) are among re-emerging arboviral diseases of major public health concern. Despite the proximity of the Gambella Region to South Sudan where arboviral cases have been recorded repeatedly the current epidemiological situation is unclear in this part of southwest Ethiopia. Therefore, we conducted a community-based seroprevalence survey of YF virus (YFV), CHIK virus (CHIKV), and ZIK virus (ZIKV) infections in two selected districts. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two locations of the Gambella region (Lare and Itang) to investigate the seroprevalence of these viruses' infections. Blood samples were collected from the study participants and screened for IgG antibodies specific to YFV and CHIKV infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For the detection of ZIKV specific IgG antibodies, Blockade-of-binding ELISA was used. Data were analyzed using the STATA version 13.1 Softwares. A total of 150 individuals (96 males and 54 females, age ranging from 18 to 65 years, mean age ± SD = 35.92 ± 10.99) participated and provided blood samples. Among the 150 samples 135, 90, and 150 were screened for YFV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, respectively. Hence, 2.9% (95% CI: 1.1-7.7%), 15.6% (95% CI: 9.3-24.8%), and 27.3% (95% CI: 20.7-35.3%) of samples tested positive for IgG antibodies to YFV, CHIKV, and ZIKV infections, respectively. Among the individual seropositive for ZIKV, YFV and CHIKV, only six, one and three had a history of residence outside the Gambella region respectively. Agro-pastoral occupation was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of IgG against CHIKV (AOR = 14.17; 95%CI: 2.30, 87.30) and residency in the Lare district (AOR = 11; 95%CI: 3.31, 39.81) was found to be significantly associated with a higher prevalence of IgG against ZIKV. Our findings revealed the occurrence of YFV, CHIKV and ZIKV infections in the study locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Asebe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - James W. Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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HaileMariam M, Yu Y, Singh H, Teklu T, Wondale B, Worku A, Zewude A, Mounaud S, Tsitrin T, Legesse M, Gobena A, Pieper R. Protein and Microbial Biomarkers in Sputum Discern Acute and Latent Tuberculosis in Investigation of Pastoral Ethiopian Cohort. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:595554. [PMID: 34150670 PMCID: PMC8212885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.595554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection (LTBI) remains a public health priority in high TB burden countries. Pulmonary TB is diagnosed by sputum smear microscopy, chest X-rays, and PCR tests for distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genes. Clinical tests to diagnose LTBI rely on immune cell stimulation in blood plasma with TB-specific antigens followed by measurements of interferon-γ concentrations. The latter is an important cytokine for cellular immune responses against Mtb in infected lung tissues. Sputum smear microscopy and chest X-rays are not sufficiently sensitive while both PCR and interferon-γ release assays are expensive. Alternative biomarkers for the development of diagnostic tests to discern TB disease states are desirable. This study’s objective was to discover sputum diagnostic biomarker candidates from the analysis of samples from 161 human subjects including TB patients, individuals with LTBI, negative community controls (NCC) from the province South Omo, a pastoral region in Ethiopia. We analyzed 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial taxonomies and proteomic profiles. The sputum microbiota did not reveal statistically significant differences in α-diversity comparing the cohorts. The genus Mycobacterium, representing Mtb, was only identified for the TB group which also featured reduced abundance of the genus Rothia in comparison with the LTBI and NCC groups. Rothia is a respiratory tract commensal and may be sensitive to the inflammatory milieu generated by infection with Mtb. Proteomic data supported innate immune responses against the pathogen in subjects with pulmonary TB. Ferritin, an iron storage protein released by damaged host cells, was markedly increased in abundance in TB sputum compared to the LTBI and NCC groups, along with the α-1-acid glycoproteins ORM1 and ORM2. These proteins are acute phase reactants and inhibit excessive neutrophil activation. Proteomic data highlight the effector roles of neutrophils in the anti-Mtb response which was not observed for LTBI cases. Less abundant in the sputum of the LTBI group, compared to the NCC group, were two immunomodulatory proteins, mitochondrial TSPO and the extracellular ribonuclease T2. If validated, these proteins are of interest as new biomarkers for diagnosis of LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milkessa HaileMariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Takele Teklu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ameni Gobena
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Asebe G, Mamo G, Michlmayr D, Abegaz WE, Endale A, Medhin G, Larrick JW, Legesse M. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile Fever in Cattle in Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2020; 11:119-130. [PMID: 33244452 PMCID: PMC7683499 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s278867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile fever (WNF) are re-emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases that cause public health and economic crises. Ethiopia shares borders with South Sudan and Kenya, where these diseases are often documented. The free movement of animals and humans across these borders expects to increase the spread of these diseases. The current study was conducted to assess the occurrence of these diseases in the Gambella region of Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY We collected a total of 368 cattle serum samples from the Lare district on the border of South Sudan and measured the presence of IgG antibody against RVF and WNF virus infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS The prevalence of anti-RVF virus IgG antibody was 7.6% (95% CI: 5.3-10.82%), while that of anti-WNF virus IgG antibody was 5.4% (95% CI: 3.52-8.29%). In this study higher seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to RVF virus infection was observed comparing to the WNF virus in cattle. There was no significant association between the prevalence and the cattle age, sex or sampled locations. CONCLUSION The detection of IgG antibody to RVF and WNF virus infections in the Gambella region warrants further study of active case findings and the dynamics of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Asebe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Teklu T, Wondale B, Taye B, Hailemariam M, Bekele S, Tamirat M, Zewude A, Mohamed T, Medhin G, Legesse M, Yu Y, Ameni G, Pieper R. Differences in plasma proteomes for active tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacterial lung disease patients with and without ESAT-6/CFP10 stimulation. Proteome Sci 2020; 18:10. [PMID: 33292280 PMCID: PMC7603755 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-020-00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's most problematic infectious diseases. The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contained by the immune system in people with latent TB infection (LTBI). No overt disease symptoms occur. The environmental and internal triggers leading to reactivation of TB are not well understood. Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) can also cause TB-like lung disease. Comparative analysis of blood plasma proteomes from subjects afflicted by these pathologies in an endemic setting may yield new differentiating biomarkers and insights into inflammatory and immunological responses to Mtb and NTM. METHODS Blood samples from 40 human subjects in a pastoral region of Ethiopia were treated with the ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigen cocktail to stimulate anti-Mtb and anti-NTM immune responses. In addition to those of active TB, LTBI, and NTM cohorts, samples from matched healthy control (HC) subjects were available. Following the generation of sample pools, proteomes were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. These experiments were also performed without antigen stimulation steps. Statistically significant differences using the Z-score method were determined and interpreted in the context of the proteins' functions and their contributions to biological pathways. RESULTS More than 200 proteins were identified from unstimulated and stimulated plasma samples (UPSs and SPSs, respectively). Thirty-four and 64 proteins were differentially abundant with statistical significance (P < 0.05; Benjamini-Hochberg correction with an FDR < 0.05) comparing UPS and SPS proteomic data of four groups, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of such proteins via the Gene Ontology Resource was indicative of changes in cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulations. The m7GpppN-mRNA hydrolase was increased in abundance in the LTBI group compared to HC subjects. Charged multivesicular body protein 4a and platelet factor-4 were increased in abundance in NTM as compared to HC and decreased in abundance in NTM as compared to active TB. C-reactive protein, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1, sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 16, and vitamin K-dependent protein S were also increased (P < 0.05; fold changes≥2) in SPSs and UPSs comparing active TB with LTBI and NTM cases. These three proteins, connected in a STRING functional network, contribute to the acute phase response and influence blood coagulation. CONCLUSION Plasma proteomes are different comparing LTBI, TB, NTM and HC cohorts. The changes are augmented following prior blood immune cell stimulation with the ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigen cocktail. The results encourage larger-cohort studies to identify specific biomarkers to diagnose NTM infection, LTBI, and to predict the risk of TB reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Teklu
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Biruhalem Taye
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Notkestraβe 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mesfin Tamirat
- Laboratory department, Jinka General Hospital, Jinka, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public health Institute, P.O box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohamed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Endale A, Michlmayr D, Abegaz WE, Asebe G, Larrick JW, Medhin G, Legesse M. Community-based sero-prevalence of chikungunya and yellow fever in the South Omo Valley of Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008549. [PMID: 32881913 PMCID: PMC7470273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya (CHIK) and yellow fever (YF) are becoming major public health threats in East African countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is no reliable information about the epidemiology of CHIK. This study aimed to assess a community-based sero-prevalence of CHIK and YF in the South Omo Valley, an endemic area for YF. Methods Between February and June 2018, blood samples were collected from study participants and screened for IgG antibody against CHIK virus (CHIKV) and YF virus (YFV) infections using ELISA. Data were computerized using Epi Data Software v.3.1 and analyzed using SPSS. Results A total of 360 participants (51.7% males, age range from 6 to 80, mean age ± SD = 31.95 ± 14.05 years) participated in this study. The overall sero-prevalence of IgG antibody was 43.6% (157/360) against CHIKV, while it was 49.5% (155/313) against YFV. Out of 155 samples which were positive for IgG antibody to YFV, 93 (60.0%) were positive for IgG antibody to CHIKV. Out of 158 samples which were negative for IgG antibody to YFV, 64(40.5%) were positive for IgG antibody to CHIKV. There was a significant positive correlation between IgG antibodies to CHIKV and YFV (sr = 0.82; P<0.01). Residency in the Debub Ari district (AOR = 8.47; 95% CI: 1.50, 47.74) and travel history to sylvatic areas (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 4.81) were significantly and positively associated with high sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to CHIKV and YFV, respectively. Conclusion High sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to CHIKV shows the circulation of the virus in the present study area. A low sero-prevalence of IgG antibody to YFV in YF vaccine received individuals is highly concerning from a public health point of view as waning of immune response to YFV infection could result in a periodic outbreaks of YF in endemic areas.Nevertheless, the present study has not investigated for possible cross-reactivity of antibody to CHIKV with other alphaviruses like O’nyong-nyong virus and antibody to YFV with other flaviviruses like Dengue fever virus and this warrants further studies in the present study area. Mosquito-borne viral diseases including yellow fever and chikungunya are becoming major public health problem in Africa. Community-based sero-epidemiological studies of mosquito-borne viral infections are important to known the occurrence of these diseases and to design appropriate prevention and control strategies. In this study, we assessed the sero-prevalence of IgG antibody against Chikungunya virus and Yellow fever virus in 360 study participants and associated risk factors among the community members of South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. Our study showed a sero-prevalence of IgG antibody; 43.6%, (157 out of 360) to Chikungunya virus, and 49.5% (155 out of 313) against Yellow fever virus in the study participants.Further studies on active case detection of chikungunya and raising awareness, advocating policies to mitigate the risk of arboviral infections have paramount importance in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Asebe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - James W. Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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Endale A, Medhin G, Hilo AA, Abegaz WE, Legesse M. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Jinka University Students About Yellow Fever, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1225-1236. [PMID: 32884383 PMCID: PMC7443455 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s250930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever (YF) is endemic in South Omo area of Ethiopia. Although Jinka University (JKU) is located in South Omo Zone, there is no information regarding the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of students toward YF. The current study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of JKU students toward YF and factors associated with the overall knowledge and attitude about the disease. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from randomly selected regular program JNU students. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate associations of socio-demographic factors with overall knowledge and attitude scores. RESULTS A total of 322 students (61.2% males, mean age of 20.7 years) participated in this study. Of these, 94.1% joined the University from places other than South Omo area and 86.0% (277/322) ever heard about YF. 9.6% were found to have a high level of overall knowledge about YF. High overall knowledge of YF was associated with being born and grown up in South Omo area (AOR=3.91; 95% CI: 1.28, 11.98) and being a student of a social science discipline (AOR=3.52; 95% CI: 1.22, 10.13). 48.8% of the participants had favorable overall attitude toward YF. Being a second-year student (AOR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.14-3.37), being born and grown up in South Omo area (AOR=5.13; 95% CI: 1.32-19.98), and having high overall knowledge of YF (AOR=13.24; 95% CI: 3.69, 47.44) were associated with favorable overall attitude toward YF. On the other hand, only 5.8% of the participants reported that they were vaccinated for YF. CONCLUSION The low level of knowledge and low vaccination coverage of JKU students to YF, especially among those students from other parts of the country, calls for urgent awareness creation during admission and making vaccination available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Woldegiorgis AE, Erku W, Medhin G, Berhe N, Legesse M. Community-based sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226890. [PMID: 31887192 PMCID: PMC6936792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The magnitude of HBV and HCV infections in Ethiopia has not been well studied at community level. This study aimed at investigating the sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV and HCV among HBV unvaccinated community members in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts from March to May 2018. Structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant clinical and socio-demographic data. Three milliliter of blood sample was collected from each study participant and screened for HBV and HCV using one step hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test strip and one step HCV test strip, respectively. Samples found positive for HBsAg were further tested using immunoassay of Alere DetermineTM HBsAg (Alere Inc., USA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results A total of 625 (51.4% males, age 6–80 years, mean age ± SD = 30.83 ± 13.51 years) individuals participated in the study. The sero-prevalence for HBV infection was 8.0% as detected using one step HBsAg test strip, while it was 7.2% using Alere DetermineTM HBsAg test. The sero-prevalence for HCV infection was 1.9%. Two (0.3%) of the participants were seropositive for both HBV and HCV infections. High sero-prevalence for HBV infection was associated with weakness and fatigue (AOR = 5.20; 95% CI: 1.58, 17.15), while high sero-prevalence of HCV infection was associated with age group between 46 and 65 years (AOR = 13.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 152.41). Conclusion This study revealed higher-intermediate endemicity level of HBV infection and low to intermediate endemicity level of HCV infection in the study area. Clinical symptoms like weakness and fatigue were found to be indictors for HBV infection, while individuals in the age group between 46 and 65 years were at higher risk for HCV infection. Provision of community- based health education; vaccination, mass screening and providing treatment would have utmost importance in reducing the transmission of these diseases in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale Woldegiorgis
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Woldearegay Erku
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Tekle M, Legesse M, Edao BM, Ameni G, Mamo G. Isolation and identification of Brucella melitensis using bacteriological and molecular tools from aborted goats in the Afar region of north-eastern Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:108. [PMID: 31126230 PMCID: PMC6534919 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) is one of the most important causes of abortion in goats and sheep, and also causes severe systemic disease in exposed humans. In Ethiopia, based on seroepidemiological studies, brucellosis is known to be endemic. However, there is little information on the isolation and molecular detection of Brucella species in small ruminants. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the Amibara district of Afar Region of Ethiopia to isolate and molecularly detect Brucella infection in small ruminants. RESULTS Out of the total 64 samples cultured, eight samples (five vaginal swabs and three milk) were positive for Brucella species based on colony morphology, growth characteristics, modified acid fast staining and biochemical tests results. Further identification using Brucella- ladder PCR method showed that four of the isolates (three from vaginal swabs and one from milk) from goats amplified fragments of 1071 bp, 794 bp, 587 bp, 450 bp and 152 bp in band size. The molecular result combined with the microbiological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates indicated that the isolates were strains of B. melitensis. CONCLUSION The finding of this study could suggest economic and zoonotic significance of B. melitensis and warrants for the need for control strategies in livestock and creation of awareness in the pastoral communities on the safe consumption of foods of animal origin and avoidance of physical contact with aborted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Tekle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health , College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health , College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health , College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Malede A, Taye B, Legesse M, Debie A, Shibabaw A. Pulmonary tuberculosis preventive practices among Anibessa Bus users at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:104. [PMID: 30808404 PMCID: PMC6390587 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Smear positive tuberculosis patients are responsible for up to 90% of transmission occurring in the community. However, little is known about pulmonary tuberculosis preventive practices among bus users in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the level of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) preventive practices and associated factors among bus users at Addis Ababa. Results Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among bus users at Addis Ababa. Participants were selected using systematic sampling technique. Overall, 50.5% of bus users had good practices on prevention of PTB at Addis Ababa. The odds of practicing prevention of PTB among participants who were attended secondary school (AOR = 4.63; 95% CI 2.62, 11.17) and higher education (AOR = 2.86: 95% CI 1.13, 7.73), resided at Addis Ababa (AOR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.61, 5.21), knowledgeable about PTB (AOR = 4.12; 95% CI 3.14, 5.70), and using mass media (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.78, 4.27) as a source of information were higher than the odds of their respective counterparts. The overall practice of pulmonary tuberculosis prevention among city bus users in the study area was low. Therefore, enhancing educational opportunity and increase community awareness about the causes, risk factors and means of transmission using mass media might improve the practices of PTB prevention during bus transportation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4135-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmamaw Malede
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Biruhalem Taye
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayal Debie
- Department of Health Systems & Policy, College Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Agumas Shibabaw
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Zerfu B, Medhin G, Mamo G, Getahun G, Tschopp R, Legesse M. Community-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria among symptomatic individuals in Afar Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006749. [PMID: 30286076 PMCID: PMC6191156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, where there is the scarcity of proper diagnostic tools, febrile illness related symptoms are often misdiagnosed as malaria. Information on causative agents of febrile illness related symptoms among pastoral communities in Ethiopia have rarely been described. METHODS In this a community based cross-sectional survey, we assessed the prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria among individuals with a set of given symptoms in Amibara district, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 650 study participants, and examined by Widal and Weilfelix direct card agglutination test (DCAT) as well as test tube based titration test for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) and Rickettsia infections. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) were used to screen Brucella infection. Thin and thick blood smears were used to diagnosis malaria. RESULTS Out of 630 sera screened by DCAT, 83 (13.2%) were reactive to H and/or O antigens for S. Typhi infection. Among these, 46 (55.4%) were reactive by the titration test at the cut off value ≥ 1:80. The combined sero-prevalence for S. Typhi by the two tests was 7.3% (46/630). The seroprevalence for Rickettsia infection was 26.2% (165/630) by DCAT and 53.3% (88/165) by the titration test at the cut off value ≥ 1:80. The combined sero-prevalence for Rickettsia infection by the two tests was 14.0% (88/630). The sero-prevalence for Brucella infection was 12.7% (80/630) by RBPT, of which 28/80 (35%) were positive by CFT. The combined sero-prevalence for Brucella infection by the two tests was 4.4% (28/630). Out 650 suspected individuals for malaria, 16 (2.5%) were found positive for P. falciparum infection. CONCLUSION In this study, typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria were observed among symptomatic individuals. The study also highlighted that brucellosis cases can be misdiagnosed as malaria or other disease based solely on clinical diagnosis. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve disease awareness and laboratory services for the diagnosis of brucellosis and other zoonotic diseases to identify other causes of febrile illness in this pastoral setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Zerfu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Microbiology Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Getahun
- Melka Werer Health Center, Amibara district, Melka Were, Ethiopia
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Swiss TPH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Microbiology Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Teklemariam D, Legesse M, Degarege A, Liang S, Erko B. Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren and vervet monkeys in Lake Ziway area, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:146. [PMID: 29463304 PMCID: PMC5819654 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in Bochessa Village, Ziway, Ethiopia. Results Fecal specimens from selected schoolchildren and droppings of the vervet monkeys were collected and microscopically examined for intestinal parasites using the Kato-Katz thick smear and formol-ether concentration techniques. The prevalences of S. mansoni, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, hookworms, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species among the children were 35.7, 26.9, 24.1, 2.1, 2.1, 1.07 and 2.1%, respectively (by Kato-Katz) and 39.3, 36.1, 35.6, 2.9, 10.0, 4.3, and 2.9%, respectively (by formol-ether concentration). Prevalence of S. mansoni in vervet monkeys ranged from 10 to 20%. B. pfeifferi snails were exposed to S. mansoni miracidia from vervet origin, shed cercariae were then used to infect lab-bred albino mice. Adult worms were harvested from the mice 5 weeks post-exposure to cercariae to establish the schistosome life cycle and confirm the infection in the vervet monkeys. The natural infection of S. mansoni in vervet monkeys suggests that the non-human primate is likely to be implicated in the local transmission of schistosomiasis. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are needed to fully elucidate zoonotic role of non-human primate in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stemple College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Teklu T, Legesse M, Medhin G, Zewude A, Chanyalew M, Zewdie M, Wondale B, Haile-Mariam M, Pieper R, Ameni G. Latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk indicators in pastoral communities in southern Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:266. [PMID: 29454325 PMCID: PMC5816385 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research pertaining to the community-based prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important to understand the magnitude of this infection. This study was conducted to estimate LTBI prevalence and to identify associated risk factors in the Omo Zone of Southern Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in six South Omo districts from May 2015 to February 2016. The sample size was allocated to the study districts proportional to their population sizes. Participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling approach. A total of 497 adult pastoralists were recruited. Blood samples were collected from the study participants and screened for LTBI using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of LTBI occurrence and to identify risk factors associated with LTBI. RESULTS The prevalence of LTBI was 50.5% (95% CI: 46%, 55%) with no significant gender difference (49.8% among males versus 51.2% among females; Chi-square (χ2) = 0.10; P = 0.41) and marginally non-significant increasing trends with age (44.6% among those below 24 years and 59.7% in the age range of 45-64 years; χ2 = 6.91; P = 0.075). Being residence of the Dasanech District (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.30, 5.28; P = 0.007) and having a habit of eating raw meat (AOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.09, 7.66; P = 0.033) were significantly associated with an increased odds of being positive for LTBI. A large family size (size of 5 to 10) has significant protective effect against associated a reduced odds of being positive for LTBI compared to a family size of below 5 (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.99; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of LTBI in the South Omo Zone raises the concern that elimination of TB in the pastoral communities of the region might be difficult. Screening for and testing individuals infected with TB, independent of symptoms, may be an effective way to minimize the risk of disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Teklu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College on Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Chanyalew
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, AHRI, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Milkessa Haile-Mariam
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Ambo University, Guder, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P O Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abebe F, Belay M, Legesse M, K. L. M. C. F, Ottenhoff THM. IgA and IgG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2031 discriminate between pulmonary tuberculosis patients, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected and non-infected individuals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190989. [PMID: 29373577 PMCID: PMC5786301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a major project to investigate protective and diagnostic immune markers against tuberculosis (TB), we measured antibody isotype responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens (LAM, Rv2031, and HBHA) in cohorts of 149 pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTBP), 148 household contacts (HHCs), and 68 community controls (CCs) in an endemic setting. ELISA was used to measure levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM from sera of cohorts at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months from entry. The results show that there were significant differences in IgA, IgG, and IgM responses to the different antigens and in the three cohorts. At baseline, the level of IgM against RV2031 and LAM did not vary between cohorts, but the levels of IgA and IgG against Rv2031 were significantly higher in PTB patients than HHCs and CCs, followed by HHCs, and the lowest in CCs. In patients, there was a significant variation in antibody responses before and after chemotherapy. The levels of IgA and IgG against HBHA, and IgA against Rv2031 decreased significantly and remained low, while IgA and IgG against LAM increased significantly and remained high following chemotherapy. However, the levels of IgM against Rv2031 and LAM increased at 6 months but decreased again at 12 months. IgM against HBHA did not show any significant variation before and after chemotherapy. Similarly, there were also significant variations in antibody responses in HHCs over time. Our results show that there are significant variations in IgA, IgG and IgM responses to the different antigens and in the three cohorts, implying that not all antibody isotype responses are markers of clinical TB. In addition, the current and previous studies consistently show that IgA and IgG against Rv2031 discriminate between clinical disease, Mtb-infected and non-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Abebe
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Community Medicine and Global health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Center for Immuno-biology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Franken K. L. M. C.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abebe F, Belay M, Legesse M. IFN-γ against the 38-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis discriminates pulmonary tuberculosis from infection and infection from exposure: evidence from a study of human population in a high endemic setting. APMIS 2017; 126:135-142. [PMID: 29235156 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 38-kDa antigen is an immunogenic lipoprotein that induces strong T-cell responses in experimental animals. However, there is limited information on the role of this antigen in human population. In this article, we present the dynamics of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) against the 38 kDa in cohorts of pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, household contacts (HHCs), and community controls (CCs) in a high endemic setting. Whole blood assay was used to determine the levels of cytokines in 149 patients, 149 HHCs, and 68 CCs at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. At baseline, the level of IFN-γ was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in CCs and HHCs than in untreated patients. CCs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of IFN-γ than HHCs. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated patients, and there was no significant change in HHCs over 12 months. At baseline, the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in patients than in HHCs and CCs. No significant change was observed between treated patients and untreated patients and HHCs over time. The study shows that IFN-γ against the 38 kDa discriminates clinical TB from infection and infection from exposure, suggesting its potential for immune protection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine and Global health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Center for Immuno-biology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abebe F, Belay M, Legesse M, Mihret A, Franken KS. Association of ESAT-6/CFP-10-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 with clinical tuberculosis: evidence from cohorts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:241-249. [PMID: 28374535 PMCID: PMC5508323 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) early secreted protein antigen 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) are among candidate vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Results of experimental animal models show that these antigens are associated with induction of strong T cell immunity [interferon (IFN)-γ production], while others report that these proteins as virulent factors involved in pathogenicity of Mtb infection. However, the role of ESAT-6/CFP-10 during natural Mtb infections in humans has not been established. In this paper we present results of a longitudinal study from an Mtb-infected human population from an endemic setting. Whole blood assay was used to determine levels of IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 in TB patients, household contacts and community controls. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 at baseline were significantly higher in patients and community controls than in household contacts. In patients, no significant difference was observed in the level of these cytokines before and after chemotherapy whereas, in contacts, the level of these cytokines increased significantly and progressively over time. The study shows that the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 are depressed during Mtb infection or exposure but are elevated during clinical TB. Our findings from a study of naturally infected human population suggest that IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 are markers for clinical TB but not for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Abebe
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and SocietyOsloNorway
| | - M. Belay
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of PathobiologyAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - M. Legesse
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of PathobiologyAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - A. Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - K. S. Franken
- Department of Infectious DiseasesLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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Weldegebreal F, Medhin G, Weldegebriel Z, Legesse M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of community drug distributors' about onchocerciasis and community directed treatment with ivermectin in Quara district, North Western Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:206. [PMID: 27053243 PMCID: PMC4822301 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis is one of the most important public health problems over large areas of tropical Africa countries including Ethiopia. The African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) has been working with ultimate goal of reducing the public health and socio-economic problems of onchocerciasis through administration of the tablet for continuous 12–15 years using the strategy of yearly community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in endemic areas of Africa to kill the microfilariae that invade the eyes and are present in the skin to be transported to another victim by the black fly. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of community drug distributors (CDDs) towards onchocerciasis and CDTI in Quara district. Result Of all the study participating CDD 11.4 % (9/79) said that they knew about the etiology of the disease, 35.4 % (28/79) had good level of knowledge, 19 (24.1 %) had good level of positive attitude and 18 (22.8 %) had good level of positive practice about onchocerciasis. Similarly, 45.6 % (36/79), 81.0 % (64/79) and 29.1 % (23/79) had good level of knowledge, attitude and practice about CDTIP, respectively. Being a female CDD (adjusted OR 7.246, P = 0.035, 95 % CI 1.147, 45.455) and being older than 35 years (adjusted OR 8.435, P = 0.001, 95 % CI 4.53, 9.003) were significantly associated with the likelihood of having good level of knowledge about the disease. Conclusion Although onchocerciasis is endemic in Quara district, large proportion of the CDDs had misconceptions about its causation, transmission and prevention. Therefore, CDTIP for onchocerciasis control need to be supported by proper and continuous training, and health education about different aspects of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2010-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Weldegebreal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Degarege A, Erko B, Mekonnen Z, Legesse M, Negash Y, Vercruysse J, Levecke B. Comparison of individual and pooled urine samples for estimating the presence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infections at the population level. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:593. [PMID: 26572138 PMCID: PMC4647670 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of cost-effective diagnostic strategies to evaluate whether mass drug administration (MDA) programmes to control Schistosoma haematobium progress as anticipated. The purpose of this study is to provide a proof-of-principle for examination of pooled urine samples as a strategy for rapid assessment of presence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infections at the population level. METHODS A total of 640 urine samples were collected from 520 school-aged children (520 at baseline and 120 at follow-up) during a clinical trial that was designed to assess the efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium infections in Ethiopia. Individual and pooled urine samples were screened using the filtration technique (volume of 10 ml urine) to determine the number of S. haematobium eggs in 10 ml of urine. Samples were pooled into pools of 5 (n = 128), 10 (n = 64) and 20 (n = 32) individual samples. The sensitivity, the probability of finding at least one egg in a pooled sample when the mean urine egg count (UEC) of the corresponding individual urine samples was not zero, was calculated for each pool size. UECs of a pooled examination strategy were compared with the mean UECs of the corresponding individual samples. RESULTS The sensitivity of a pooled examination strategy was 50.6% for pools of 5, 68.6% for pools of 10 and 63.3% for pools of 20. The sensitivity of a pooled examination strategy increased as a function of increasing mean UEC of the corresponding individual urine samples. For each of the three pool sizes, there was a significant positive correlation between mean UECs of individual and those obtained in pooled samples (correlation coefficient: 0.81 - 0.93). Examination of pools of 5 provided significantly lower UECs compared to the individual examination strategy (3.9 eggs/10 ml urine versus 5.0 eggs/10 ml urine). For pools of 10 (4.4 eggs/10 ml) and 20 (4.2 eggs/10 ml), no significant difference in UECs was observed. CONCLUSIONS Examination of pooled urine samples applying urine filtration holds promise for rapid assessment of intensity of S. haematobium infections, but may fail to detect presence of infections when endemicity is low. Further investigation is required to determine when and how pooling can be optimally implemented in monitoring of mass drug administration programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yohannes Negash
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Gashaw F, Aemero M, Legesse M, Petros B, Teklehaimanot T, Medhin G, Berhe N, Mekonnen Y, Erko B. Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among school children in Maksegnit and Enfranz Towns, northwestern Ethiopia, with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:567. [PMID: 26520794 PMCID: PMC4628278 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is endemic in Ethiopia and previously unknown transmission foci have been reported from time to time in different parts of the country. Further surveys are required in areas where endemicity of the disease is not known to cover them with control program if transmission is taking place. This study, therefore, aims to assess the magnitude of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Maksegnit and Enfranz Towns, northwestern Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional parasitological and malacological surveys were conducted in three schools found in Maksegnit and Enfranz Towns. Stool specimens were collected from 550 randomly selected school children (age range 5 to 17 years) and processed for microscopic examination using Kato-Katz method (single smear per stool sample). Malacological survey was conducted in Gumara and Garno Rivers found in the study areas. Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails collected from the two rivers were individually exposed to artificial light in order to induce cercarial shedding. Laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice were exposed to the cercariae and definite identification of the schistosome species was made based on morphology. Results The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was found to be 49 %; however, it varied by schools, with Selam having 60.7 %, and Maksegnit Number 1 and 2 having 45.8 and 39.6 %, respectively. The respective mean intensity of S. mansoni infection among school children in Selam, Maksegnit Number 1 and Maksegnit Number 2 Schools were 243, 194 and 183 eggs per gram of stool (epg). In all the study areas there was no difference in prevalence of S. mansoni infection in relation to age, however, the prevalence varied by sex, with males having highest prevalence (54.5 % vs 44.1 %) (p = 0.012). Adult S. mansoni worms were harvested from mice exposed to cercariae shed from B. pfeifferi on the 6th week post-exposure. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides single infection was 16.5 % while its co-infection with S. mansoni was 18.2 %. Conclusion Infections of young children, findings of schistosome infected snails, establishment of mice infection and harvesting adult worms from the lab-bred mice confirm that autochthonous transmission is taking place in the study areas. Hence, preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel should be put in place, complemented with other measures such as provision of sanitary facilities and health education, to control morbidity and transmission of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Gashaw
- Department of Biology, Kotebe University College, P. O. Box 31248, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulugeta Aemero
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tilahun Teklehaimanot
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yalemtsehay Mekonnen
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Tesfahuneygn G, Medhin G, Legesse M. Adherence to Anti-tuberculosis treatment and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in Alamata District, northeast Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:503. [PMID: 26420164 PMCID: PMC4588463 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment can result in an emergence of new strains, prolonged infectiousness, drug resistance and poor treatment outcomes. Thus, assessment of the level of adherence to anti-TB treatment, treatment outcomes and identifying factors associated with non-adherence and poor treatment outcomes are vital for improving TB treatment adherence and treatment outcomes in the study area. The main objectives of the current study were to assess the level of adherence to anti-TB treatment among patients taking anti-TB drug treatment and to identify factors associated with non-adherence. Whereas, the secondary objectives were to assess treatment outcomes and factors associated with poor treatment outcomes among TB patients previously treated at the health institutions of Alamata District, northeast Ethiopia. Methods In a health facility-based cross-sectional study, TB patients who were taking anti-TB drug treatment were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to evaluate level of adherence to anti-TB treatment. TB treatment outcomes were evaluated using data generated from a record review of previous TB patients who were treated at health facilities of Alamata District from January 2007 to June 2012. Adherence data and treatment outcomes data were computerized separately using Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 10.0. Results Between November 2012 and January 2013, 116 (58.0 %) male TB patients and 84 (42.0 %) female TB patients were interviewed, of whom 77.5 % were new cases, 23.5 % were smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB) cases, 26.5 % were smear-negative PTB (SNPTB) cases and 50.0 % were extra pulmonary (EPTB) cases. The overall adherence rate to anti-TB treatment was 88.5 %. The main reasons for the non-adherent patients were forgetting to take medication, being away from home, drug side effects, being unable to go to the health facilities on the date of appointment and being hospitalized. In the TB treatment outcomes component of the current study, records of 4,275 TB patients were reviewed and the overall treatment success rate was 90.1 %. Two-hundred fifteen (5.0 %) patients had unsuccessful treatment outcomes, of whom 76 (35.3 %) defaulted, 126 (58.6 %) died and 13 (6.1 %) had treatment failure. Significant predictors of unsuccessful treatment outcomes were being positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.1, 95 % CI 1.5–3.0], being SPPTB case (aOR = 3.4, 95 % CI 2.4–4.8), being SNPTB case (aOR = 2.0, 95 % CI 1.5–2.8)], and being re-treatment cases (aOR = 2.6, 95 % CI 1.5–3.7). Conclusion In the present study area, there was a high level of adherence to anti-TB treatment and also a high TB treatment success rate. However, still further effort like health education to patient or family is needed to reduce those factors which affect adherence and treatment success rates in order to ensure higher rates of adherence and treatment success than the currently observed in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Belay M, Legesse M, Mihret A, Bekele Y, Bjune G, Abebe F. Lipoarabinomannan-specific TNF-α and IFN-γ as markers of protective immunity against tuberculosis: a cohort study in an endemic setting. APMIS 2015. [PMID: 26200933 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a virulent factor used for entry and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. Although the role of LAM for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) has been extensively investigated, its cytokine response during natural Mtb infection in humans is largely unknown. In this study, LAM-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels following whole blood assay were measured in untreated pulmonary TB patients, their contacts and community controls at baseline. In treated patients and contacts, cytokines were also measured at 6 and 12 months. At entry, 52.8% and 74.8% of controls and contacts were QFT-GIT positive, respectively. At baseline, untreated TB patients and contacts had significantly lower IFN-γ and TNF-α response compared to community controls (p < 0.0001). Besides, untreated patients had significantly higher TNF-α and IL-10 response compared to their contacts (p < 0.0001). At 6 months, contacts and treated TB patients had significantly increased INF-γ and TNF-α response (p < 0.0001). In TB patients, IFN-γ increased 10-fold following chemotherapy suggesting its potential role for treatment monitoring. The data suggests that LAM might have an anti-inflammatory effect during clinical TB and early Mtb infection. The data also suggests that LAM-induced IFN-γ and TNF-α could be used as biomarkers of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gunnar Bjune
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Belay M, Legesse M, Mihret A, Bekele Y, Ottenhoff THM, Franken KLMC, Bjune G, Abebe F. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines against Rv2031 are elevated during latent tuberculosis: a study in cohorts of tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124134. [PMID: 25897840 PMCID: PMC4405476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has evolved virulent factors for entry, survival, multiplication and immune evasion. Rv2031 (also called alpha crystallin, hspX, 16-kDa antigen), one of the most immunogenic latency antigens, is believed to play a key role in long-term viability of Mtb. Here, we report the dynamics of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines against Rv2031 using whole blood assay in human cohorts in a TB endemic setting. Cytokine responses to ESAT-6-CFP-10 were also measured for comparison. Blood samples were collected from smear positive pulmonary TB patients and their contacts at baseline, 6 and 12 months, and from community controls at entry. At baseline, 54.4% of controls and 73.2% of contacts were QFT-GIT test positive. Baseline IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 responses to Rv2031 were significantly higher in controls compared to contacts and untreated patients (p<0.001). Furthermore, untreated patients had significantly higher TNF-α and IL-10 responses to Rv2031 compared to contacts (p<0.001). In contacts and treated patients, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 responses to Rv2031 significantly increased over 12 months (p<0.0001) and became comparable with the corresponding levels in controls. There was a positive and significant correlation between Rv2031 and ESAT-6-CFP-10 specific cytokine responses in each study group. The fact that the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against Rv2031 were highest during latent TB infection may indicate their potential as markers of protection against TB. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest the potential of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against Rv2031 as biomarkers of the host response to Mtb during convalescence from, and the absence of, active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Bjune
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Erko B, Degarege A, Tadesse K, Mathiwos A, Legesse M. Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in schoolchildren in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:235-9. [PMID: 23569905 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of praziquantel (PZQ) in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, stool specimens were collected from randomly selected 299 school children in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia, in April 2010. Stool specimens were examined using a single Kato-Katz thick smear for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) ova. Children who were found positive for S. mansoni were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ at 40 mg/kg bw and interviewed for treatment-related symptoms 24 hours after drug administration. Four weeks post-treatment, stool specimens were collected from the same children and examined following the same procedure as in the pre-treatment. Drug efficacy was determined based on cure and egg reduction rates. RESULTS Pre-treatment prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 74.9% with geometric mean egg count of 268. The evaluated generic PZQ produced an overall cure rate of 73.6% (P<0.000 1, OR: 8.33, CI: 5.3-13.1) and egg reduction rate of 68.2% (P=0.03, F=0.64). The cure rate showed significant association with age (χ(2)=11, P=0.004), the highest rate being observed in the 15-22 age group. 83% of S. mansoni infected children showed various treatment-related symptoms, the most frequent being headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. These symptoms were associated with age (P<0.001) and pre-treatment intensity of infection (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present observations revealed relatively lower cure and egg reduction rates of the PZQ evaluated as compared to previous reports for other PZQ brands in Ethiopia. Hence, in depth studies are recommended to clarify whether the present relatively lower cure rate is the actual cure rate of the praziquantel evaluated, treatment failure, or reduced susceptibility of the parasite. Treatment-related side effects observed were transient and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Endale A, Erko B, Weldegebreal F, Legesse M. Predictors of compliance with community-directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Kabo area, southwestern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:99. [PMID: 25890151 PMCID: PMC4335633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compliance with annual ivermectin treatment is a major challenge in community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) implementation. There are individuals who do not comply with the annual mass treatment, which contributes to the continuity for disease transmission. Hence, ensuring high treatment coverage and sustained compliance should be given due emphasis in the control of onchocerciasis. The aim of this study was to determine CDTI compliance rate and predictors of compliance where the CDTI was in its 9th round in Kabo area, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kabo area, three weeks after the 9th round of annual ivermectin distribution. Systematic random sampling was used to select head of households and structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview the study participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics was used to compute mean and standard deviation of continuous variables and frequency for categorical variables, while bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the effects of independent variables on the outcome variable. Variables which showed association in multivariate analysis were considered as final predictors of compliance and strength of association was measured through adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Results A total of 308 respondents (age range 18-70, mean age ± SD, 32.21 ± 9.64) participated in the study. Of these, 249 (80.8%) reported that they took ivermectin during the 9th round annual treatment. Significantly higher rate of treatment compliance was reported by participants age ≥35 years (AOR = 5.48, 95% CI; 1.97 - 15.23), participants who stayed in the area for more than ten years (AOR = 3.86, 95% CI; 1.83- 8.11), participants who perceive that they are at risk of contracting the disease(AOR = 7.05, 2.70- 18.43), participants who perceive community drug distributors (CDDs) are doing their work well (AOR = 2.35 95% CI; 1.15- 4.83) and participants who know at least one CDD in their village (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI; 1.26- 6.40). Conclusion The majority of the study participants in the present study area complied with ivermectin treatment. Nevertheless, intervention packages should consider factors such as age, residence duration and community’s perception of the disease to improve compliance and make drug distribution sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Endale
- DireDawa University, School of Medicine, P. O. Box 1362, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Fitsum Weldegebreal
- Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, P. O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Belay M, Legesse M, Dagne D, Mihret A, Bekele Y, Medhin G, Bjune G, Abebe F. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test conversions and reversions among tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in Addis Ababa: a one year follow-up study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:654. [PMID: 25466365 PMCID: PMC4264256 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube® (QFT-GIT) test is used for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Besides, QFT-GIT test could allow tracking changes in immune response among TB patients and their contacts. In high TB burden settings, reports on QFT-GIT conversions and reversions among TB patients and their contacts are limited. As part of a major project to study immune responses to TB infection, we investigated QFT-GIT test conversions and reversions among smear positive pulmonary TB patients and their household contacts over 12 months. Methods We followed a total of 107 HIV negative participants (33 patients and 74 contacts) in Addis Ababa. We did QFT-GIT test at baseline and 12 months later according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results At baseline, 25/33 (75.8%) of the patients and 50/74 (67.6%) of the contacts were QFT-GIT positive. At 12 months, 2 more patients (1 test negative and 1 indeterminate) became test positive. Besides, 11/24 (45.8%) test negative contacts became positive. Only one patient and one contact who were test positive at baseline became test negative 12 months later. At 12 months, the proportions of QFT-GIT test positives for patients and contacts were, therefore, 78.8% and 81.1%, respectively. Among contacts, the proportion of QFT-GIT test positives at 12 months was significantly higher compared to the corresponding proportion at baseline (McNemar, p = 0.006); similarly, the median IFN-γ response significantly increased at 12 months compared with the baseline level (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, p = 0.01). Patients, however, had comparable median IFN-γ levels at baseline and 12 months later (p = 0.56). Conclusion Nearly half of QFT-GIT negative household contacts at baseline became positive at 12 months. This suggests that repeated screening of QFT-GIT negative contacts may be needed for epidemiological studies and interventions of latent TB in an endemic setting. A large longitudinal study may be needed to confirm our observations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0654-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Daniel Dagne
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Dessie Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, P.O. Box 686, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia.
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia.
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Gunnar Bjune
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
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Tolossa D, Medhin G, Legesse M. Community knowledge, attitude, and practices towards tuberculosis in Shinile town, Somali regional state, eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:804. [PMID: 25099209 PMCID: PMC4133079 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though tuberculosis (TB) is preventable and curable, its global burden remains enormous. Similarly, TB is one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia, particularly in geographically isolated areas like Shinile town. The people in Shinile town, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia, are underserved in all forms of health care and suffer from high burden of TB. Low level of knowledge about TB could affect the health-seeking behavior of patients and sustain the transmission of the disease within the community. Therefore, the current study was undertaken in Shinile town with the objective of assessing communities’ knowledge, attitude and practices towards TB. Methods Community-based cross-sectional survey, involving 410 randomly selected individuals, was conducted in Shinile town from January to May, 2013. Data were analyzed using STATA V.11. Logistic regression technique was used to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and communities’ knowledge of TB. Results While 94.9% of the respondents said that they ever heard about TB, only 22.9% knew that TB is caused by bacteria. Eighty percent have awareness that TB can be transmitted from a patient to another person and 79.3% know that transmission of TB can be preventable. Persistence cough (72.4%) was the most commonly stated symptom of TB and modern drugs used in health institutions (68.1%) was the preferred choice of treatment. Two hundred and ninety one respondents (71.0%) said that they would seek treatment at health facility if they realized that they had symptoms related to TB. Two hundred and twenty seven respondents (55.4%) considered TB as a very serious disease and 284 (69.3%) would experience fear if they themselves had TB. Individuals with educational level of grade 8 up to grade 12 had increased odds of having good level of overall TB knowledge compared to illiterate individuals (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2 to 4.6). Conclusion The communities in Shinile town have basic awareness about TB which is not translated into the knowledge about the cause of the disease. Therefore, health education directed towards bringing a significant change in the knowledge of TB must be stepped-up within the TB control program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-804) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tolossa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jig-jiga Health Sciences College, P,O, Box 504, Jig-jiga, Ethiopia.
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Mulu A, Kassu A, Legesse M, Erko B, Nigussie D, Shimelis T, Belyhun Y, Moges B, Ota F, Elias D. Helminths and malaria co-infections are associated with elevated serum IgE. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:240. [PMID: 24886689 PMCID: PMC4063426 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both helminth and malaria infections result in a highly polarized immune response characterized by IgE production. This study aimed to investigate the total serum IgE profile in vivo as a measure of Th2 immune response in malaria patients with and without helminth co-infection. Methods A cross sectional observational study composed of microscopically confirmed malaria positive (N = 197) and malaria negative (N = 216) apparently healthy controls with and without helminth infection was conducted at Wondo Genet Health Center, Southern Ethiopia. A pre-designed structured format was utilized to collect socio-demographic and clinical data of the subjects. Detection and quantification of helminths, malaria parasites and determination of serum IgE levels were carried out following standard procedures. Results Irrespective of helminth infection, individuals infected by malaria showed significantly high levels of serum IgE compared with malaria free apparently healthy controls (with and without helminth infections). Moreover, malaria patients co-infected with intestinal helminths showed high level of serum IgE compared with those malaria patients without intestinal helminths (2198 IU/ml versus 1668 IU/ml). A strong statistically significant association was observed between malaria parasite density and elevated serum IgE levels (2047 IU/ml versus 1778 IU/ml; P = 0.001) with high and low parasitaemia (parasite density >50,000 parasite/μl of blood), respectively. Likewise, helminth egg loads were significantly associated with elevated serum IgE levels (P = 0.003). Conclusions The elevated serum IgE response in malaria patients irrespective of helminth infection and its correlation with malaria parasite density and helminth egg intensity support that malaria infection is also a strong driver of IgE production as compared to helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargachew Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Nyantekyi L, Legesse M, Medhin G, Animut A, Tadesse K, Macias C, Degarege A, Erko B. Community awareness of intestinal parasites and the prevalence of infection among community members of rural Abaye Deneba area, Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S152-7. [PMID: 25183071 PMCID: PMC4025342 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge of Abaye Deneba community members regarding intestinal parasites and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. METHODS Knowledge about intestinal parasites was assessed by administering a questionnaire to 345 randomly selected household heads. Parasitological stool examination of 491 randomly selected individuals was done using the formol ether concentration technique. RESULTS Knowledge of the Abaye Deneba community about parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis, amoebiasis, ascariasis and taeniasis was very low. However, 204 (59.3%) members correctly responded that the cause of giardiasis is related to contaminated water and 176 (51.2%) knew how to prevent it. In some cases, respondents did correctly identify causes, symptoms of intestinal parasite infection and ways to prevent it, but they did not accurately link it to the appropriate disease caused by the different intestinal parasite species. Among the 491 stool samples examined, 50.2% of study participants showed infection with at least one intestinal parasite. Schistosoma mansoni was the most prevalent (41.3%) followed by Trichuris trichiura(9.4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (8.4%), Taenia saginata (2.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (2.0%) and hookworm (0.4%). Prevalence of schistosomiasis was highest in men aged 15-24 years. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal parasitic infection is highly prevalent in communities of the Abaye Deneba area. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the community members about the parasite is less. Implementation of preventive chemotherapy, supplemented with health education, provision and use of sanitary facilities would be recommended to reduce morbidity and control transmission of intestinal parasites in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Nyantekyi
- University of California, Irvine, Anatomy & Neurobiology, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Animut
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Konjit Tadesse
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chanda Macias
- Howard University, 2400 Sixth Street, NW Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Degarege A, Legesse M, Medhin G, Teklehaymanot T, Erko B. Day-to-day fluctuation of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test scores and faecal egg counts in children infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:210. [PMID: 24742192 PMCID: PMC4017961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Determining the variation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine and egg counts variation in stool between days in Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected individuals is vital to decide whether or not to rely on a single-sample test for diagnosis of Schistosomiasis. In this study, the magnitude of day-to-day variation in urine-CCA test scores and in faecal egg counts was evaluated in school children in Ethiopia. Methods A total of 620 school children (age 8 to 12 years) were examined for S. mansoni infection using double Kato-Katz and single urine-CCA cassette methods (batch 32727) on three consecutive days. Results The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 81.1% based on triple urine-CCA-cassette test and 53.1% based on six Kato-Katz thick smears. Among the study participants, 26.3% showed fluctuation in urine CCA and 32.4% showed fluctuation in egg output. Mean egg count as well as number of cases in each class of intensity and intensity of cassette band color varied over the three days of examination. Over 85% of the children that showed day-to-day variations in status of S. mansoni infection from negative to positive or vice versa by the Kato-Katz and the CCA methods had light intensity of infection. The fluctuation in both the CCA test scores and faecal egg count was not associated with age and sex. Conclusions The current study showed day-to-day variation in CCA and Kato-Katz test results of children infected with S. mansoni. This indicates the necessity of more than one urine or stool samples to be collected on different days for more reliable diagnosis of S. mansoni infection in low endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Weldegebreal F, Medhin G, Weldegebriel Z, Legesse M. Assessment of community's knowledge, attitude and practice about onchocerciasis and community directed treatment with Ivermectin in Quara District, north western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:98. [PMID: 24612494 PMCID: PMC3975635 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) has been working with ultimate goal of reducing the public health and socio-economic problems associated with onchocerciasis within a period of 12-15 years. Although dedicated community engagement is crucial for the success of the program, there is little/no information on the levels of community's knowledge, attitude and practice about onchocerciasis as well as about the ongoing control program in Ethiopia. In this study, we have assessed the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of Quara district residents about onchocerciasis and the current control strategies in the area. METHODS This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2012 and January 2013 in Quara District, Amhara Regional State, North West of Ethiopia. The study participants were recruited from randomly selected kebeles (small administrative units) of the study area and were interviewed about onchocerciasis and about community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) using structured questionnaire. The collected data were double entered into a data entry file using EpiData software, V.3.1. The data were transferred to SPSS soft-ware V.16 and analyzed according to the different variables. RESULTS Out of 418 respondents, 401 (95.9%) of the respondents have heard about onchocerciasis (locally known as 'wara') and 11.2% said that they knew about the etiology of the disease, which was named as filarial worm. However, 356 (88.8%) had at least one misconception about the causative agent of onchocerciasis. More than half (69.4%) knew that the transmission of the disease is related to black fly biting. Overall, 93.3% participants believed that onchocerciasis is preventable, of whom 49.5% indicated use of drug as the means of preventing the disease. Majority (95.5%) of the participants perceived CDTI as very useful program. CONCLUSION Although onchocerciasis is endemic disease in the study area, large proportion of the community had conspicuous misconceptions in all issues about its causation, transmission and preventive methods. This could affect the success of the CDTIP in the present study area. Therefore we recommend increasing the awareness about onchocerciasis in the area through community-based campaigns during drug distribution with especial focuses on females and age group less than 35 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Weldegebreal
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Science, Harar, Ethiopia.
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Degarege A, Animut A, Legesse M, Medhin G, Erko B. Malaria and helminth co-infection and nutritional status of febrile patients in Southern Ethiopia. J Infect Public Health 2014; 7:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Legesse M, Ameni G, Medhin G, Mamo G, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Bjune G, Abebe F. IgA response to ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv2031 antigens varies in patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected and non-infected individuals in a tuberculosis endemic setting, Ethiopia. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:266-74. [PMID: 23713613 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little attention has been given to the role of antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We have compared the levels of IgA and IgG against ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv2031c antigens in sera of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), healthy Mtb-infected and non-infected individuals in endemic TB settings. Venous blood samples were collected from 166 study participants; sera were separated and assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFTGIT) assay was used for the screening of latent TB infection. The mean optical density (OD) values of IgA against ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv2031 were significantly higher in sera of patients with culture-confirmed PTB compared with healthy Mtb-infected and non-infected individuals (P < 0.001). The mean OD values of IgG against ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv2031 were also significantly higher in sera of patients with culture-confirmed PTB compared with healthy Mtb-infected and non-infected individuals (P < 0.05). The mean OD values of IgA against both antigens were also higher in sera of healthy Mtb-infected cases compared with non-infected individuals. There were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between the level of IFN-γ induced in QFTGIT assay and the OD values of serum IgA against both antigens in healthy Mtb-infected subjects. This study shows the potential of IgA response against ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv2031 antigens in discriminating clinical TB from healthy Mtb-infected and non-infected cases. Nevertheless, further well-designed cohort study is needed to fully realize the full potential of this diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Mekonnen A, Legesse M, Belay M, Tadesse K, Torben W, Teklemariam Z, Erko B. Efficacy of Praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium in Dulshatalo village, western Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:392. [PMID: 24073761 PMCID: PMC3849756 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treatment of all human schistosomes. It is used in population based targeted or mass deworming strategies in several countries. The effect of PZQ on S. hematobium has not been studied in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of PZQ against S. haematobium in Dulshatalo village, western Ethiopia. Methods A prospective study was conducted from October to December, 2007. Urine samples from 341 residents were collected and screened for haematuria and proteinuria using urinalysis dipstick. S. haematobium eggs were detected and quantified using filtration techniques. The participants who were positive for haematuria were treated with a standard dose of PZQ (40 mg/kg). Data on pre and 24 hours post treatment symptoms were collected via questionnaire. Urine samples were also collected 7 weeks after treatment and examined to assess the cure and the egg reduction rates. Results The prevalence of S. haematobium among the study participants was 57.8% (197/341). Haematuria was detected in 234 (68.6%) of the study participants. For PZQ efficacy asessment, 152 of the treated participants were considered. The presence of S. haemetaobium eggs showed statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with haematuria and proteinuria. Seven weeks post treatment, the extent of haematuria and proteinuria decreased from 100% to 40.8% and 94.07% to 48.7%, respectively. The cure and the parasitological egg reduction rates seven weeks post treatment were 86% and 85%, respectively. Post treatment symptoms revealed a wide range of side effects including straining, abdominal pain, nausea and headache. Conclusions There were marked cure and egg reduction rates, together with mild and short lived side effects of PZQ for treatment of S. haematobium, in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaye Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Medical faculty, Addis Ababa University, P,O, Box 180056, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Bati J, Legesse M, Medhin G. Community's knowledge, attitudes and practices about tuberculosis in Itang Special District, Gambella Region, South Western Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:734. [PMID: 23924362 PMCID: PMC3750843 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the primary public health problems in developing countries. HIV/AIDS, poverty, undernutrition, over-crowded living conditions and lack of knowledge about the disease have been known to increase the risk of spreading the bacteria and the risk of developing the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the level of TB knowledge, attitudes and practices of rural communities of Itang Special District of the Gambella Regional State of Ethiopia. Methods Between November 2011 and January 2012, a community-based cross sectional study was carried out in a randomly selected rural kebeles (i.e. the smallest administrative units) of Itang communities. The study participants were interviewed using pre-tested questionnaire. The overall knowledge, attitudes and practices of the study participants were assessed using the mean score of each outcome as a cut-off value. Having a score above the mean on each of the three target outcomes was equated with having a good level of knowledge, or having favorable attitude and good practices towards TB. Results Out of 422 study participants (58.5% males and 41.5% females) only 3.3% mentioned bacteria/germ as a cause of pulmonary TB (PTB) and 9.9% mentioned cough for at least two weeks as the sign of TB. Taking the mean knowledge score as the cut-off value, 57.6% (95% CI: 52.7% to 62.3%) of the study participants had good level of knowledge about TB, 40.8% (95% CI: 36.0% to 45.6%) had favorable attitude towards TB and 45.9% (95% CI: 41.1% to 50.9%) had good practices. Female participants were less likely to have good level of knowledge [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.33, 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.51, p < 0.001], less likely to have favorable attitude (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.37) and less likely to have good practices (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.57, p < 0.001) compared to male participants. Conclusion Majority of the study participants had no correct information about the causative agent of TB and the main symptom of PTB. Moreover, low level of overall knowledge, attitudes and practices about TB was associated with female participants. Hence, TB control strategy in the present study area should include community awareness raising component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jango Bati
- Gambella Teachers Education and Health Science College, Gambella, Ethiopia
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Mulu A, Legesse M, Erko B, Belyhun Y, Nugussie D, Shimelis T, Kassu A, Elias D, Moges B. Epidemiological and clinical correlates of malaria-helminth co-infections in Southern Ethiopia. Malar J 2013; 12:227. [PMID: 23822192 PMCID: PMC3706225 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many areas of the world, including Ethiopia, malaria and helminths are co-endemic, therefore, co-infections are common. However, little is known how concurrent infections affect the epidemiology and/or pathogenesis of each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of intestinal helminth infections on the epidemiology and clinical patterns of malaria in southern Ethiopia where both infections are prevalent. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006 at Wondo Genet Health Center and Bussa Clinic, southern Ethiopia. Consecutive blood film positive malaria patients (N=230) and malaria negative asymptomatic individuals (N=233) were recruited. Malaria parasite detection and quantification was diagnosed using Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films, respectively. Helminths were detected using direct microscopy and formol-ether concentration techniques. Coarse quantification of helminths ova was made using Kato Katz method. Results The over all magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection was high irrespective of malaria infection (67% among malaria positive patients versus 53.1% among malaria non-infected asymptomatic individuals). Trichuris trichiura infection was associated with increased malaria prevalence while increased worm burden of helminths as expressed by egg intensity was associated with increased malaria parasitaemia which could be a potential factor for development of severe malarial infection with the course of the disease. Majority (77%) of the subjects had multiple helminths infection. T. trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni, and hookworm infestation accounted for 64.5, 57.7 %, 28.4%, and 12.2% of the infections, respectively. Conclusions Populations in malaria-endemic areas of southern Ethiopia are multi-parasitized with up to four helminths. Mass deworming may be a simple practical approach in endemic areas in reducing the risk of severe malarial attack particularly for those at high risk of both infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargachew Mulu
- School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Legesse M, Mamo G, Ameni G, Medhin G, Bjune G, Abebe F. Community-based prevalence of undiagnosed mycobacterial diseases in the Afar Region, north-east Ethiopia. Int J Mycobacteriol 2013; 2:94-102. [PMID: 26785896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the community-based prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in different settings is vital for planning, execution and evaluation of strategies to control the disease. OBJECTIVE To assess community-based prevalence of undetected active pulmonary TB (PTB) in pastoralists of the Amibara District. METHODS Between March and April 2010, a community-based cross-sectional survey of undiagnosed active PTB was conducted in the pastoralists of the Amibara District of the Afar Region, north-east Ethiopia. The study participants were interviewed for symptoms suggestive of PTB using a structured questionnaire. Sputum samples were collected and processed for smear microscopy and culture. Mycobacterium genus typing was performed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Out of 222 individuals who had symptoms suggestive of PTB, 4 (1.8%) were found positive by smear microscopy, while mycobacterial growth was observed on 62 (27.9%) samples. Mycobacterium genus typing was carried out for 42 of these 62 samples; 39 (92.9%) gave a positive signal for the genus Mycobacterium. Of these, 23 (59%) isolates proved to be members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, while the remaining 16 (41.0%) were found to be members of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species. CONCLUSION Sputum culture is highly sensitive, and it is the gold standard for the bacteriological diagnosis of PTB, while smear microscopy is less sensitive to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) in stained sputum smears. The findings of the present study warrant the strengthening of culture facility services in the study area. The study also provides important preliminary information on the status of NTM infection in the pastoral setting. Nevertheless, further investigations into the species identification of the NTM infections would be useful in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Gunnar Bjune
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute for Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
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Erko B, Medhin G, Teklehaymanot T, Degarege A, Legesse M. Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:1029-35. [PMID: 23590255 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of antigen detecting urine-CCA cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia. METHODS Stool specimens were collected from 620 schoolchildren on three consecutive days. The samples were microscopically examined using double Kato slides; midstream urine specimens were also collected for three consecutive days and tested for S. mansoni. The sensitivity of the urine-CCA cassette test was determined using combined results of six Kato-Katz thick smears and three urine-CCA cassette tests as gold standard. The specificity of the urine-CCA cassette test was evaluated in an area where schistosomiasis is not endemic. RESULTS Prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by single urine-CCA cassette test was 65.9%, by single Kato-Katz smear 37.3% and by six Kato-Katz thick smears 53.1% (P < 0.001). A single urine-CCA cassette test was significantly (P < 0.001) more sensitive (89.1%), had a lower negative predictive value (78.2%), was more accurate (92.6%) and agreed better with the gold standard (k = 0.83) than one or six Kato-Katz thick smears. However, both the Kato-Katz and urine-CCA cassette test showed 100% specificity in endemic settings. CONCLUSIONS In moderate and high prevalence areas, urine-CCA cassette test is more sensitive than the Kato-Katz method and can be used for screening and mapping of S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Seyoum A, Legesse M. Knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and perception about provider initiated HIV testing and counselling among TB patients attending health facilities in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:124. [PMID: 23394172 PMCID: PMC3599471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection is one of the major health problems in Ethiopia. The national TB and HIV control guideline in Ethiopia recommends provider initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) as a routine care for TB patients. However, the impact of this approach on the treatment seeking of TB patients has not been well studied. In this study, we assessed knowledge of TB and HIV, and perception about PITC among TB patients attending health facilities in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods In a health facilities based cross-sectional study, a total of 415 study participants were interviewed about knowledge of TB and HIV as well as the impact of HIV testing on their treatment seeking behavior using a semi-structured questionnaires. Results Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed the association of distance > 10 km from health facility [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.48, 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.97, P=0.042] with low knowledge of TB. Distance > 10 km from health facility (AOR= 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06 -0.23, P < 0.001) was also associated with low knowledge of HIV testing. Delay in treatment seeking was associated with female participants (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05-0.25, <0.001), single marital status (AOR =0.001, 95% CI: 0.00 - 0.01, P< 0.001) and distance > 10 km from health facility (AOR =0.46, 95% CI: 0.28 - 0.75, P=0.002). Most of the study participants (70%) believed that there is no association between TB and HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, two thirds (66.5%) of the participants thought that HIV testing has importance for TB patients. However, the majority (81.6%) of the study participants in the age category less than 21 years believed that fear of PITC could cause delay in treatment seeking. Conclusion The study showed the association of low knowledge of the study participants about TB and HIV testing with distance > 10 km from health facility. Study participants in the age category less than 21 years thought that fear of PITC could cause treatment delay of TB patients. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve knowledge of TB and HIV among residents far away from health facility, and attention also needs to be given to improve the perception of individuals in the age group less than 21 years about PITC in the present study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayichew Seyoum
- Collage of Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, PO Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia
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Degarege A, Legesse M, Medhin G, Animut A, Erko B. Malaria and related outcomes in patients with intestinal helminths: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:291. [PMID: 23136960 PMCID: PMC3519704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of helminth co-infection on malaria in humans remain uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the nature of association of intestinal helminths with prevalence and clinical outcomes of Plasmodium infection. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 1,065 malaria suspected febrile patients was conducted at Dore Bafeno Health Center, Southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to February 2011. Plasmodium and intestinal helminth infections were diagnosed using Giemsa-stained blood films and Kato-Katz technique, respectively. Haemoglobin level was determined using a haemocue machine. Results Among 1,065 malaria suspected febrile patients, 28.8% were positive for Plasmodium parasites (P. falciparum =13.0%, P. vivax =14.5%, P. falciparum and P. vivax =1.3%). Among 702 patients who provided stool samples, 53.8%, 31.6% and 19.4% were infected with intestinal helminths, Plasmodium alone and with both Plasmodium and intestinal helminths, respectively. The prevalence of infections with Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), Trichuris trichiura (T. trichiura), Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and hookworm (9.8%) were 35.9%, 15.8%, 11.7% and 9.8%, respectively. Out of the 222 (31.6%) Plasmodium infected cases, 9 (4.1%) had severe malaria. P. falciparum infection was more common in febrile patients infected with A. lumbricoides alone (21.3%), T. trichiura alone (23.1%) and S. mansoni alone (23.1%) compared to those without intestinal helminth infections (9.3%) (p<0.001 for all). Prevalence of non-severe malaria was significantly higher in individuals infected with intestinal helminths than in those who were not infected with intestinal helminths (adjusted OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.13-2.22). The chance of developing non-severe P. falciparum malaria were 2.6, 2.8 and 3.3 times higher in individuals infected with A. lumbricoides alone, T. trichiura alone and S. mansoni alone, respectively, compared to intestinal helminth-free individuals (p<0.05 for all). The odds ratio for being infected with non-severe P. falciparum increased with the number of intestinal helminth species (p<0.001). Mean Plasmodium density among intestinal helminth infected individuals was significantly increased with the number of intestinal helminths species (p=0.027). Individuals who were co-infected with different species of intestinal helminths and Plasmodium showed lower mean haemoglobin concentration than individuals who were infected only with Plasmodium. Conclusions Infections with A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and S. mansoni were positively associated with P. falciparum infection. However, further studies are required to investigate how these helminths could contribute to increased prevalence of P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Degarege
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Legesse M, Ameni G, Mamo G, Medhin G, Bjune G, Abebe F. Association of the level of IFN-γ produced by T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens with the size of skin test indurations among individuals with latent tuberculosis in a highly tuberculosis-endemic setting. Int Immunol 2012; 24:71-8. [PMID: 22298884 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence showing the potential of T-cell-based gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) for predicting the risk of progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, though there is little information from tuberculosis (TB)-endemic settings. In this study, we assessed the association between the level of IFN-γ produced by T cells in response to Mtb-specific antigens and the size of skin test indurations in 505 adult individuals who were screened for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube (QFTGIT) assay and tuberculin skin test (TST). There was a strong positive correlation between the level of IFN-γ induced by the specific antigens and the diameter of the skin indurations (Spearman's rho = 0.6, P < 0.001). Body mass index and parasitic infection were not associated with the level of IFN-γ production or the TST reaction. In linear regression analysis, the size of the skin test indurations was significantly associated with the mean level of IFN-γ [coefficient, 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47 to 0.82, P < 0.001]. Similarly, results from logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individuals who had skin test indurations ≥ 10 mm were 6.82 times more likely than individuals who had skin test indurations < 10 mm to have high levels of IFN-γ (i.e. positive QFTGIT result) (adjusted odd ratio = 6.82; 95% CI, 3.67 to 12.69, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the results of this study could provide indirect evidence for the prognostic use of the QFTGIT assay for progression of Mtb infection, though prospective follow-up studies are needed to provide direct evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Legesse M, Jones CR, Singh SK, Erko B, Mekonnen Y. Community’s awareness about intestinal schistosomiasis and the prevalence of infection in two endemic localities of Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v19i2.69417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nyantekyi LA, Legesse M, Belay M, Tadesse K, Manaye K, Macias C, Erko B. Intestinal parasitic infections among under-five children and maternal awareness about the infections in Shesha Kekele, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia. ETHIOP J HEALTH DEV 2011. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhd.v24i3.68383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reji P, Belay G, Erko B, Legesse M, Belay M. Intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition amongst first-cycle primary schoolchildren in Adama, Ethiopia. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2011. [PMCID: PMC4565457 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A survey of intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition in different regions or localities is a very important step in developing appropriate prevention and control strategies.Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition amongst first-cycle primary schoolchildren in Adama town,Ethiopia.Method: A total of 358 children from four primary schools in Adama town were included for stool examination, weight for age, height for age, weight for height and socio-economic status of the family.Results: The result of stool examinations showed that 127 (35.5%) of the study subjects were infected by one or more parasite. The most frequent parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (12.6%) and Hymenolopis nana (8.9%). The rate of intestinal parasitic infection was not significantly associated with sex, age or socio-economic factors and nutrition (P > 0.05). The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 21.2%. Those children whose families had a monthly income of less than 200 ETB (Ethiopian birr) were highly affected by malnutrition (P < 0.05),but family education was not identified as a factor for malnutrition amongst schoolchildren.Conclusion: The prevalence of E. histolytica/dispar and H. nana could be of public health importance and calls for appropriate control strategies, and the high prevalence of malnutrition amongst children from poor families requires intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Getachew Belay
- Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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