1
|
Lu B, Lim JM, Yu B, Song S, Neeli P, Sobhani N, K P, Bonam SR, Kurapati R, Zheng J, Chai D. The next-generation DNA vaccine platforms and delivery systems: advances, challenges and prospects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332939. [PMID: 38361919 PMCID: PMC10867258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. However, traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines suffer from certain drawbacks such as complex preparation, limited efficacy, potential risks and others. These limitations restrict their widespread use, especially in the face of an increasingly diverse range of diseases. With the ongoing advancements in genetic engineering vaccines, DNA vaccines have emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of both genetic diseases and acquired diseases. While several DNA vaccines have demonstrated substantial success in animal models of diseases, certain challenges need to be addressed before application in human subjects. The primary obstacle lies in the absence of an optimal delivery system, which significantly hampers the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status and limitations of DNA vaccines by focusing on both viral and non-viral DNA delivery systems, as they play crucial roles in the exploration of novel DNA vaccines. We provide an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses based on our critical assessment. Additionally, the review summarizes the most recent advancements and breakthroughs in pre-clinical and clinical studies, highlighting the need for further clinical trials in this rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ming Lim
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Boyue Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Siyuan Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Praveen Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pavithra K
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagwe P, Bajaj L, Menon I, Braz Gomes K, Kale A, Patil S, Vijayanand S, Gala R, D'Souza MJ, Zughaier SM. Gonococcal microparticle vaccine in dissolving microneedles induced immunity and enhanced bacterial clearance in infected mice. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123182. [PMID: 37369287 PMCID: PMC10529368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
There is an alarming rise in the number of gonorrhea cases worldwide. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that causes gonorrhea infection, has gradually developed antimicrobial resistance over the years. To date, there is no licensed vaccine for gonorrhea. This study investigates the in vivo immunogenicity of a whole-cell inactivated gonococci in a microparticle formulation (Gc-MP) along with adjuvant microparticles (Alhydrogel®- Alum MP and AddaVax™ MP) delivered transdermally using dissolving microneedles (MN). The proposed vaccine formulation (Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP) was assessed for induction of humoral, cellular, and protective immune responses in vivo. Our results show the induction of significant gonococcal-specific serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and vaginal mucosal IgA antibodies in mice immunized with Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP and Gc-MP when compared to the control groups receiving blank MN or no treatment. The serum bactericidal assay revealed that the antibodies generated in mice after immunization with Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP were bactericidal towards live Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP and Gc-MP-immunized mice showed enhanced clearance rate of gonococcal bacterial infection post challenge. In contrast, the control groups did not begin to clear the infection until day 10. In addition, the mice which received Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP showed enhanced expression of cellular immunity markers CD4 and CD8 on the surface of T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Taken together, the data shows that microneedle immunization with whole-cell inactivated gonococci MP in mice induced humoral, cellular, and protective immunity against gonococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Bagwe
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Lotika Bajaj
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ipshita Menon
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Akanksha Kale
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Smital Patil
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sharon Vijayanand
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rikhav Gala
- Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Biotechnology Division, 9, Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19011, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Susu M Zughaier
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2731, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages upon In Vitro Incubation with Aluminum-Based Adjuvant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054409. [PMID: 36901849 PMCID: PMC10002480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants have been extensively used in vaccines. Despite their widespread use, the mechanism behind the immune stimulation properties of these adjuvants is not fully understood. Needless to say, extending the knowledge of the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum-based adjuvants is of utmost importance in the development of new, safer, and efficient vaccines. To further our knowledge of the mode of action of aluminum-based adjuvants, the prospect of metabolic reprogramming of macrophages upon phagocytosis of aluminum-based adjuvants was investigated. Macrophages were differentiated and polarized in vitro from human peripheral monocytes and incubated with the aluminum-based adjuvant Alhydrogel®. Polarization was verified by the expression of CD markers and cytokine production. In order to recognize adjuvant-derived reprogramming, macrophages were incubated with Alhydrogel® or particles of polystyrene as control, and the cellular lactate content was analyzed using a bioluminescent assay. Quiescent M0 macrophages, as well as alternatively activated M2 macrophages, exhibited increased glycolytic metabolism upon exposure to aluminum-based adjuvants, indicating a metabolic reprogramming of the cells. Phagocytosis of aluminous adjuvants could result in an intracellular depot of aluminum ions, which may induce or support a metabolic reprogramming of the macrophages. The resulting increase in inflammatory macrophages could thus prove to be an important factor in the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum-based adjuvants.
Collapse
|
4
|
Advances on the early cellular events occurring upon exposure of human macrophages to aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3198. [PMID: 36823452 PMCID: PMC9950428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum compounds are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Despite almost a century of use and substantial advances made in recent decades about their fate and biological effects, the exact mechanism of their action has been continuously debated, from the initial "depot-theory" to the direct immune system stimulation, and remains elusive. Here we investigated the early in vitro response of primary human PBMCs obtained from healthy individuals to aluminum oxyhydroxide (the most commonly used adjuvant) and a whole vaccine, in terms of internalization, conventional and non-conventional autophagy pathways, inflammation, ROS production, and mitochondrial metabolism. During the first four hours of contact, aluminum oxyhydroxide particles, with or without adsorbed vaccine antigen, (1) were quickly recognized and internalized by immune cells; (2) increased and balanced two cellular clearance mechanisms, i.e. canonical autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis; (3) induced an inflammatory response with TNF-α production as an early event; (4) and altered mitochondrial metabolism as assessed by both decreased maximal oxygen consumption and reduced mitochondrial reserve, thus potentially limiting further adaptation to other energetic requests. Further studies should consider a multisystemic approach of the cellular adjuvant mechanism involving interconnections between clearance mechanism, inflammatory response and mitochondrial respiration.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gatt Z, Gunes U, Raponi A, da Rosa LC, Brewer JM. Review: Unravelling the Role of DNA Sensing in Alum Adjuvant Activity. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:kyac012. [PMID: 38567066 PMCID: PMC10917177 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Public interest in vaccines is at an all-time high following the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic. Currently, over 6 billion doses of various vaccines are administered globally each year. Most of these vaccines contain Aluminium-based adjuvants (alum), which have been known and used for almost 100 years to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. However, despite the historical use and importance of alum, we still do not have a complete understanding of how alum works to drive vaccine immunogenicity. In this article, we critically review studies investigating the mechanisms of action of alum adjuvants, highlighting some of the misconceptions and controversies within the area. Although we have emerged with a clearer understanding of how this ubiquitous adjuvant works, we have also highlighted some of the outstanding questions in the field. While these may seem mainly of academic interest, developing a more complete understanding of these mechanisms has the potential to rationally modify and improve the immune response generated by alum-adjuvanted vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zara Gatt
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Utku Gunes
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Arianna Raponi
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Larissa Camargo da Rosa
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - James M Brewer
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel BC02 Compound Adjuvant Enhances Adaptive and Innate Immunity Induced by Recombinant Glycoprotein E of Varicella-Zoster Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122155. [PMID: 36560565 PMCID: PMC9788605 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both adaptive and innate immunity responses are necessary for the efficient elimination of different pathogens. However, the magnitude, quality and desired type of immune response specific to the co-administered antigen is largely determined by adjuvants. BC02 (BCG CpG DNA compound adjuvants system 02) is a novel compound adjuvant with independent intellectual properties, which is composed of BCG CpG DNA biological adjuvant with Al(OH)3 inorganic salt adjuvant acting as a delivery system. Its safety and strong adjuvant efficacy have been effectively verified in preclinical and clinical trials (Phase Ib, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04239313 and Phase II, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05284812). In this study, we report the level of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response induced by the BC02 novel adjuvant combined with different doses of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) in a mouse model. In addition, we conducted preliminary in vitro experiments to explore the enhancement of RAW264.7 cell immune activity by BC02 adjuvanted-gE experimental vaccine to activate innate immune response. The results showed that the BC02-adjuvanted low, medium or high dose of gE were highly effective in eliciting both CMI and humoral immune responses to the immunized mice, respectively. The production of gE-specific IFN-γ and IL-2-specific T cells was established within 28 days after booster immunization. In particular, the effect of BC02-adjuvanted medium dose of gE has been shown to be more prominent. Meanwhile, fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) and serum antibody plaque reduction tests have also shown that the BC02 adjuvanted-medium dose of gE antigen could induce the secretion of neutralizing antibodies against clinically isolated VZV strains in mice. In addition, our findings have shown that 1/25 dose of gE+BC02 medium dose experimental vaccine can significantly induce the secretion of innate immune cytokines TNF-A, MCP-1, IL-6 and GM-CSF and up-regulate the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and I-A/I-E on RAW264.7 cells; and it has also been activated to form M2 macrophages. At the same time, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated for 12 h, and their phagocytosis was significantly enhanced. Taken together, these results suggest that the BC02 compound adjuvant offers a strategy to induce an appropriate innate and adaptive immunity against the different doses of the VZV gE protein to improve subunit vaccine efficacy, and BC02 may be a promising adjuvant candidate for subunit HZ vaccines.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bagwe P, Bajaj L, Gala RP, D‘Souza MJ, Zughaier SM. Assessment of In Vitro Immunostimulatory Activity of an Adjuvanted Whole-Cell Inactivated Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microparticle Vaccine Formulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:983. [PMID: 35891147 PMCID: PMC9320116 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant gonorrhea infections worldwide combined with the lack of a vaccine is alarming. We prepared a novel microparticulate (MP) vaccine formulation using whole-cell inactivated Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the vaccine antigen, with Alum and AddaVax™ as vaccine adjuvants. The adjuvanted vaccine MP formulation was assessed for in vitro immunostimulatory activity, autophagy, and antigen presentation ability. The data shows that the adjuvanted gonococci vaccine MP enhanced autophagy induction in antigen presenting cells (APCs) compared to gonococci vaccine MP without adjuvants, which is important for enhancing antigen presentation. In addition, the adjuvanted vaccine formulation increased the surface expression of antigen presenting molecules MHCI and MHCII as well as co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on the surface of dendritic cells. In addition, the gonococci vaccine microparticles at lower doses did not significantly increase the expression of the death receptor CD95 in APCs, which when elevated leads to suboptimal antigen presentation and reduced immune responses. The adjuvanted whole-cell inactivated gonococci microparticle vaccine formulation enhanced antigen uptake, processing, and antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Bagwe
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (P.B.); (L.B.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Lotika Bajaj
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (P.B.); (L.B.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Rikhav P. Gala
- Fraunhofer USA, Center Mid-Atlantic, Biotechnology Division, 9, Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19011, USA;
| | - Martin J. D‘Souza
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (P.B.); (L.B.); (M.J.D.)
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2731, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang W. Immunogenicity-boosted cancer immunotherapy based on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks. J Control Release 2022; 347:183-198. [PMID: 35526612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI), has witnessed remarkable progress in cancer therapy. Nonetheless, significant obstacles to successful immunotherapy remain. Notably, tumour non-responsiveness to immunotherapy due to immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments (TMEs). To revitalize immunosuppressive TMEs various therapeutic strategies have been reported by researchers. Immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments (IAT) are the most widely investigated ones. Due to their biodegradability, compositional tenability, and inherent immune effectiveness, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) with metal nodes and organic linkers can be used as versatile nanomaterials for IAT. This review summarizes the progress in nMOF-based tumour immunotherapy in promoting immunostimulatory TMEs. And in combination with other cancer immunotherapies to increase tumour immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy. Finally, the challenges of nMOFs in tumour immunotherapy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Application Center for Precision Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ong GH, Lian BSX, Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Exploration of Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists as Candidate Adjuvants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745016. [PMID: 34692565 PMCID: PMC8526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are used to maximize the potency of vaccines by enhancing immune reactions. Components of adjuvants include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are agonists for innate immune receptors. Innate immune responses are usually activated when pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs derived from invading pathogens or DAMPs released by host cells upon tissue damage. Activation of innate immunity by PRR agonists in adjuvants activates acquired immune responses, which is crucial to enhance immune reactions against the targeted pathogen. For example, agonists for Toll-like receptors have yielded promising results as adjuvants, which target PRR as adjuvant candidates. However, a comprehensive understanding of the type of immunological reaction against agonists for PRRs is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview of the current progress in development of PRR agonists as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms that underlie activation of immune responses, and the enhancement of vaccine efficacy by these potential adjuvant candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han Ong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Benedict Shi Xiang Lian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou M, Dascani P, Ding C, Kos JT, Tieri D, Lin X, Caster D, Powell D, Wen C, Watson CT, Yan J. Integrin CD11b Negatively Regulates B Cell Receptor Signaling to Shape Humoral Response during Immunization and Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1785-1797. [PMID: 34470858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has revealed the ability of CD11b to regulate BCR signaling and control autoimmune disease in mice. However, how CD11b regulates the immune response under normal conditions remains unknown. Through the use of a CD11b knockout model on a nonautoimmune background, we demonstrated that CD11b-deficient mice have an elevated Ag-specific humoral response on immunization. Deletion of CD11b resulted in elevated low-affinity and high-affinity IgG Ab and increases in Ag-specific germinal center B cells and plasma cells (PCs). Examination of BCR signaling in CD11b-deficient mice revealed defects in association of negative regulators pLyn and CD22 with the BCR, but increases in colocalizations between positive regulator pSyk and BCR after stimulation. Using a CD11b-reporter mouse model, we identified multiple novel CD11b-expressing B cell subsets that are dynamically altered during immunization. Subsequent experiments using a cell-specific CD11b deletion model revealed this effect to be B cell intrinsic and not altered by myeloid cell CD11b expression. Importantly, CD11b expression on PCs also impacts on BCR repertoire selection and diversity in autoimmunity. These studies describe a novel role for CD11b in regulation of the healthy humoral response and autoimmunity, and reveal previously unknown populations of CD11b-expressing B cell subsets, suggesting a complex function for CD11b in B cells during development and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Zhou
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Paul Dascani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Chuanlin Ding
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Justin T Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - David Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dawn Caster
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David Powell
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Jun Yan
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sasaki E, Asanuma H, Momose H, Furuhata K, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. Nasal alum-adjuvanted vaccine promotes IL-33 release from alveolar epithelial cells that elicits IgA production via type 2 immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009890. [PMID: 34460865 PMCID: PMC8432758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide salts (alum) have been added to inactivated vaccines as safe and effective adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of vaccination. However, the exact cell types and immunological factors that initiate mucosal immune responses to alum adjuvants are unclear. In this study, the mechanism of action of alum adjuvant in nasal vaccination was investigated. Alum has been shown to act as a powerful and unique adjuvant when added to a nasal influenza split vaccine in mice. Alum is cytotoxic in the alveoli and stimulates the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, such as dsDNA, interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-33. We found that Ag-specific IgA antibody (Ab) production was markedly reduced in IL-33-deficient mice. However, no decrease was observed in Ag-specific IgA Ab production with DNase I treatment, and no decrease was observed in IL-1α/β or IL-6 production in IL-33-deficient mice. From the experimental results of primary cultured cells and immunofluorescence staining, although IL-1α was secreted by alveolar macrophage necroptosis, IL-33 release was observed in alveolar epithelial cell necroptosis but not in alveolar macrophages. Alum- or IL-33-dependent Ag uptake enhancement and elevation of OX40L expression were not observed. By stimulating the release of IL-33, alum induced Th2 immunity via IL-5 and IL-13 production in group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and increased MHC class II expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the lung. Our results suggest that IL-33 secretion by epithelial cell necroptosis initiates APC- and ILC2-mediated T cell activation, which is important for the enhancement of Ag-specific IgA Ab production by alum. Aluminum salts have been used as adjuvants in many vaccines. Aluminum salts induce Th2 immunity and vaccine antigen-specific antibody production aluminum salts elicit adjuvant action via cytokine production. Currently, the mechanisms underlying aluminum salt function in nasal vaccination are unknown, and elucidation of the mechanism is important for the development of particulate adjuvants. This study focused on the cytokines released from dead cells as induced by aluminum salt. This study found that aluminum adjuvant caused release of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-33 from alveolar epithelial cells by inducing necrosis. IL-33 is also crucial for antigen-specific IgA antibody production by nasal vaccination. Aluminum adjuvant also induces alveolar macrophage necrosis, which is not accompanied by IL-33 release. Aluminum salt-induced IL-33 acts as an activator for group 2 innate lymphoid cells and antigen-presenting cells in the lung. This means that by developing an adjuvant that targets the release of IL-33, it may be possible to develop a highly effective nasal vaccine. IL-33 significantly contributes to the efficacy of nasal vaccines and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying aluminum adjuvants, showing that lung parenchymal tissue, rather than macrophages and lymphocytes, is the source of IL-33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (ES); (TM)
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (ES); (TM)
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi–Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Combination of GM-CSF and Released Factors from Gamma-Irradiated Tumor Cells Enhances the Differentiation of Macrophages from Bone Marrow Cells and Their Antigen-Presenting Function and Polarization to Type 1. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8070035. [PMID: 34357151 PMCID: PMC8305403 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8070035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes dendritic cell differentiation from precursors, and consequently, enhances the antigen presentation process and adaptive immune responses. With such functions, GM-CSF has been used as immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy for cancer treatment to augment the survival and activity of immune cells. However, an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment may cause anergy of T cells. It has also been reported that GM-CSF contributes to the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells from the precursors. In this study, to analyze the combined effect of GM-CSF and released factors from cancer cells after gamma-ray irradiation on bone marrow cell differentiation and dynamics, we established an in vitro culture system using mouse bone marrow cells, GM-CSF, and conditioned medium from gamma ray irradiated mouse melanoma B16 cells at 24 Gy. We analyzed the gene expression changes of the bone marrow-derived cells on day 6. The results showed that GM-CSF dose-dependently enhanced the differentiation of macrophages from bone marrow cells, their antigen-presenting function and polarization to type I. The results implied the induced macrophages from the bone marrow may potentially contribute to tumor immune responses in a systemic manner when GM-CSF is boosted during photon-beam radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shardlow E, Linhart C, Connor S, Softely E, Exley C. The measurement and full statistical analysis including Bayesian methods of the aluminium content of infant vaccines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 66:126762. [PMID: 33887692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminium salts are the most common adjuvants in infant vaccines. The aluminium content of a vaccine is provided by the manufacturer and is indicated on the patient information leaflet. There is no independent verification, for example by the European Medicines Agency, of the aluminium content of infant vaccines. METHODS We have measured the aluminium content of thirteen infant vaccines using microwave-assisted acid and peroxide digestion followed by transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Our data are compared with manufacturer's data using full statistical analyses including Bayesian methods. RESULTS We found that only three vaccines contained the amount of aluminium indicated by the manufacturer. Six vaccines contained a statistically significant (P < 0.05) greater quantity while four vaccines contained a statistically significant (P < 0.05) lower quantity. The range of content for any single vaccine varied considerably, for example, from 0.172 to 0.602 mg/vaccine for Havrix. CONCLUSIONS The data have raised specific questions about the significance of the aluminium content of vaccines and identified areas of extremely limited information. Since aluminium is a known toxin in humans and specifically a neurotoxin, its content in vaccines should be accurate and independently monitored to ensure both efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Linhart
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sameerah Connor
- Life Sciences, The Huxley Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Softely
- Life Sciences, The Huxley Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adjuvants and Vaccines Used in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040321. [PMID: 33915724 PMCID: PMC8066953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide (alum) and monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPLA) are conventional adjuvants in vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Alum triggers the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils. NETs contain expelled decondensed chromatin associated with granular material and may act as danger-associated molecular patterns and activate antigen-presenting cells. We investigated whether adjuvant-induced NETs contribute to innate responses to AIT-vaccines. Human neutrophils were incubated with alum, MPLA and adjuvant-containing AIT-vaccine preparations. NETs were verified by time-lapse and confocal fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively assessed by DNA and elastase release and ROS production. In contrast to MPLA, alum represented a potent trigger for NET release. Vaccine formulations containing alum resulted in less NET release than alum alone, whereas the vaccine containing MPLA induced stronger NET responses than MPLA alone. NETs and alum alone and synergistically increased the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation, i.e., CD80, CD86 and CD83, by peripheral blood monocytes. Monocyte priming with NETs resulted in individually differing IL-1β- and IL-6-responses. Thus, NETs induced by adjuvants in AIT-vaccines can provide autonomous and cooperative effects on early innate responses. The high diversity of individual innate responses to adjuvants and AIT-vaccines may affect their therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sayın Z, Uslu A, Erganiş O, Başoglu A, Özdemir Ö, Sakmanoğlu A, Uçan US, Aras Z. Evaluation of Boron's Adjuvant Activity in Inactive Bacterin Vaccines Using the Mice Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1037-1043. [PMID: 32557105 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective, reliable, and economical way of preventing or reducing the effect of infectious diseases. When preparing inactive vaccines, a range of additives called adjuvants are necessary to enhance the magnitude of the immune response. Boron has a wide range of industrial and medical applications, and its positive effects on distinct functions have been described in plants, humans, and animals. However, no studies exist about the possible adjuvant activities of boron compounds in vaccines. Hence, in this study, the potential adjuvant effect of boric acid was explored and compared with common veterinary adjuvants in a mice model. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) used as vaccine antigen was isolated from dairy cows with bovine mastitis. Vaccines adjuvanted with boric acid, aluminum hydroxide, Montanide ISA 50 and ISA 206, and Montanide + boric acid combinations were prepared. The efficacy of vaccines was evaluated according to local reactions at the injection site, C-reactive protein, total Ig G, total Ig M, and anti-S. aureus antibody levels in mice. Boric acid reduced local inflammatory reactions induced by the Montanide adjuvants. Moreover, mice vaccinated with boric acid-adjuvanted vaccine had higher levels of anti-S. aureus antibody than those in the controls (P < 0.05) and were similar to the levels found in mice sensitized with aluminum hydroxide. Total Ig G and Ig M results were, however, unsuitable for the assessment of adjuvant activity for this study. In conclusion, this study revealed that boric acid has an adjuvant potential in inactive bacterin vaccines, but further target animal studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Sayın
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ali Uslu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Osman Erganiş
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Başoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özdemir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Sakmanoğlu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Uçkun Sait Uçan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeki Aras
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nies I, Hidalgo K, Bondy SC, Campbell A. Distinctive cellular response to aluminum based adjuvants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103404. [PMID: 32388105 PMCID: PMC7189866 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants (ABAs) are used in human vaccines to enhance the magnitude of protective immune responses elicited against specific pathogens. One hypothesis is that stress signals released by aluminum-exposed necrotic cells play a role in modulating an immune response that contributes to the adjuvant's effectiveness. We hypothesized that aluminum adjuvant-induced necrosis would be similar irrespective of cellular origin or composition of the adjuvant. To test this hypothesis, human macrophages derived from peripheral monocytic cell line (THP-1) and cells derived from the human brain (primary astrocytes) were evaluated. Three commercially available formulations of ABAs (Alhydrogel, Imject alum, and Adju-Phos) were examined. Alum was also used as a reference. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species formation, and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified. Cells were exposed to different concentrations (10-100 μg/mL) of the adjuvants for 24 h or 72 h. The two FDA approved adjuvants (Alhydrogel and Adju-Phos) decreased cell viability in both cell types. At the 72 h time point, the decrease in viability was accompanied with increased ROS formation. The size of the aluminum agglomerates was not relatable to the changes observed. After exposure to ABAs, astrocytes and macrophages presented a distinct profile of cytokine secretion which may relate to the function and unique characteristics of each cell type. These variations indicate that aluminum adjuvants may have differing capability of activating cells of different origin and thus their utility in specific vaccine design should be carefully assessed for optimum efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Nies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Krisha Hidalgo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li K, Dong F, Gao F, Bian L, Sun S, Du R, Hu Y, Mao Q, Zheng H, Wu X, Liang Z. Effect of freezing on recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1545-1553. [PMID: 31809644 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1694327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed that vaccines are more often exposed to sub-zero temperatures during cold chain transportation than what was previously known. Such exposure might be detrimental to the potency of temperature-sensitive vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to freezing on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of recombinant hepatitis E (rHE) vaccine. Changes in rHE vaccine due to freezing temperatures were analyzed with regard to sedimentation rate, antigenicity, and antibody affinity and potency. The freezing temperature of rHE was measured, then rHE vaccine was exposed to freezing temperatures below -10°C.Significant increase of sedimentation rate was noted, according to shake test and massed precipitates. In addition, the binding affinity of rHE vaccine to six specific monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced and the in vivo potency for eliciting a protective IgG response was also partially lost, especially for anti-HEV neutralizing antibodies. Altogether, our work indicates that exposure of rHE vaccine to a temperature below -10°C results in the loss of structural integrity and biological potency of rHE vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Li
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China.,Research and Development Center, Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Dong
- The Second Department of Research, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd , Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Ruixiao Du
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Hu
- Quality Assurance Department, Hualan Biological Engineering Inc , Xinxiang, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Haifa Zheng
- Research and Development Center, Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd , Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mandler WK, Kang S, Farcas M, Qi C, Friend SA, Qian Y. In vitro toxicity assessment of respirable solid surface composite sawing particles. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:250-262. [PMID: 32379541 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720921683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid surface composites (SSCs) are a class of popular construction materials composed of aluminum trihydrate and acrylic polymers. Previous investigations have demonstrated that sawing SSC releases substantial airborne dusts, with a number-based geometric mean diameter of 1.05 µm. We reported that in mice, aspiration exposure to airborne SSC dusts induced symptoms of pulmonary inflammation at 24-h postexposure: neutrophilic influx, alveolitis, and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in lavage fluid. The particles appeared to be poorly cleared, with 81% remaining at 14-day postexposure. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity specifically of respirable particles on a model of human alveolar macrophages (THP-1). The relative toxicities of subfractions (0.07, 0.66, 1.58, 5.0, and 13.42 µm diameter) of the airborne particles were also determined. THP-1 macrophages were exposed for 24 h to respirable particles from sawing SSC (0, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 µg/ml) or size-specific fractions (100 µg/ml). Exposure to respirable SSC particles induced THP-1 macrophage toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Viability was decreased by 15% and 19% after exposure to 50 and 100 µg/ml SSC, respectively, which correlated with increased cell culture supernatant LDH activity by 40% and 70% when compared to control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammatory cytokines were increased in a dose-dependent manner. A size-dependent cytotoxic effect was observed in the cells exposed to subfractions of SSC particles. SSC particles of 0.07, 0.66, and 1.58 µm diameter killed 36%, 17%, and 22% of cells, respectively. These results indicate a potential for cytotoxicity of respirable SSC particles and a relationship between particle size and toxicity, with the smallest fractions appearing to exhibit the greatest toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Mandler
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Seungkoo Kang
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mariana Farcas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chaolong Qi
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Minhas V, Kumar R, Moitra T, Singh R, Panda AK, Gupta SK. Immunogenicity and contraceptive efficacy of recombinant fusion protein encompassing Sp17 spermatozoa-specific protein and GnRH: Relevance of adjuvants and microparticles based delivery to minimize number of injections. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 83:e13218. [PMID: 31845450 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Requirement of multiple injections of contraceptive vaccines to achieve infertility is one of the important impediments for their application. In the present study, attempts have been made to reduce the number of injections of contraceptive vaccine. METHOD OF STUDY Fusion protein encompassing C-terminus fragment of sperm protein Sp17 (aa residues 76-126) and two copies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone along with T-cell epitopes and dilysine linkers (abbreviated as Sp17C -GnRH2 ) was expressed in Escherichia coli. Its immunogenicity and contraceptive efficacy have been evaluated in female FVB/J mice using different adjuvants and delivery platforms. RESULTS Immunization of female mice with recombinant Sp17C -GnRH2 (25 μg/injection/mouse) emulsified with squalene-arlacel A following two injections schedule led to failure of 88.8% immunized animals to conceive, which was not significantly different from mice immunized with same protein along with alum following three injections schedule. To make single-dose vaccine, poly d,l-lactic acid-based microparticles (PLA-MPs) entrapping Sp17C -GnRH2 were prepared. Immunization of female mice with a combination of soluble Sp17C -GnRH2 (12.5 μg/injection/mouse) along with Sp17C -GnRH2 entrapped in PLA-MPs (12.5 μg/injection/mouse) in alum showed higher antibody titres and contraceptive efficacy as compared to mice immunized with Sp17C -GnRH2 entrapped in PLA-MPs alone in alum. Immunization with recombinant Sp17C -GnRH2 led to long-term infertility as second mating (150 days after immunization) of various groups of immunized mice showed similar infertility as observed during first mating. CONCLUSION Single-dose immunization with PLA-MPs entrapping Sp17C -GnRH2 along with soluble recombinant protein in alum generated long-lasting infertility in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Minhas
- Reproductive Cell Biology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Reproduction and Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Kumar
- Product Development Cell-II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Trisha Moitra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rita Singh
- Molecular Reproduction and Endocrinology Lab, Department of Zoology, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amulya K Panda
- Product Development Cell-II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Metals are essential components in all forms of life required for the function of nearly half of all enzymes and are critically involved in virtually all fundamental biological processes. Especially, the transition metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) are crucial micronutrients known to play vital roles in metabolism as well due to their unique redox properties. Metals carry out three major functions within metalloproteins: to provide structural support, to serve as enzymatic cofactors, and to mediate electron transportation. Metal ions are also involved in the immune system from metal allergies to nutritional immunity. Within the past decade, much attention has been drawn to the roles of metal ions in the immune system, since increasing evidence has mounted to suggest that metals are critically implicated in regulating both the innate immune sensing of and the host defense against invading pathogens. The importance of ions in immunity is also evidenced by the identification of various immunodeficiencies in patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters. In addition, cancer immunotherapy has recently been conclusively demonstrated to be effective and important for future tumor treatment, although only a small percentage of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy because of inadequate immune activation. Importantly, metal ion-activated immunotherapy is becoming an effective and potential way in tumor therapy for better clinical application. Nevertheless, we are still in a primary stage of discovering the diverse immunological functions of ions and mechanistically understanding the roles of these ions in immune regulation. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of metal-controlled immunity. Particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms of innate immune stimulation and T cell activation by the essential metal ions like calcium (Ca2+), zinc (Zn2+), manganese (Mn2+), iron (Fe2+/Fe3+), and potassium (K+), followed by a few unessential metals, in order to draw a general diagram of metalloimmunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengze Lv
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. The interaction of aluminium-based adjuvants with THP-1 macrophages in vitro: Implications for cellular survival and systemic translocation. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110915. [PMID: 31751817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within clinical vaccinations, recombinant antigens are routinely entrapped inside or adsorbed onto the surface of aluminium salts in order to increase their immunological potency in vivo. The efficacy of these immunisations is highly dependent upon the recognition and uptake of these complexes by professional phagocytes and their subsequent delivery to the draining lymph nodes for further immunological processing. While monocytes have been shown to internalise aluminium adjuvants and their adsorbates, the role of macrophages in this respect has not been fully established. Furthermore, this study explored the interaction of THP-1 macrophages with aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs) and how this relationship influenced the survival of such cells in vitro. THP-1 macrophages were exposed to low concentrations of ABAs (1.7 μg/mL Al) for a maximum of seven days. ABA uptake was determined using lumogallion staining and cell viability by both DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay. Evidence of ABA particle loading was identified within cells at early junctures following treatment and appeared to be quite prolific (>90% cells positive for Al signal after 24 h). Total sample viability (% LDH release) in treated samples was predominantly similar to untreated cells and low levels of cellular death were consistently observed in populations positive for Al uptake. It can thus be concluded that aluminium salts can persist for some time within the intracellular environment of these cells without adversely affecting their viability. These results imply that macrophages may play a role in the systemic translocation of ABAs once administered in the form of an inoculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kumar S, Sunagar R, Gosselin E. Bacterial Protein Toll-Like-Receptor Agonists: A Novel Perspective on Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191528 PMCID: PMC6549121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over a century, however, the search for safe and effective vaccine adjuvants continues. In recent decades toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists have been investigated as potential vaccine adjuvants. In this regard, the majority of the currently investigated TLR agonists are non-protein microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides, oligonucleotides, and lipopeptides. On the other hand, a growing number of studies reveal that TLR signaling and immune responses can be activated by numerous bacterial proteins. However, their potential roles as adjuvants have been somewhat overlooked. Herein, we discuss several such bacterial proteins which exhibit adjuvant properties, including the activation of TLR signaling, antigen presenting cell maturation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and adaptive immune response. The protein nature of these TLR agonists presents several unique features not shared by non-protein TLR agonists. These properties include the amenability for modifying the structure and function as necessary for optimal immunogenicity and minimal toxicity. Protein adjuvants can be genetically fused to protein antigens which ensure the co-delivery of adjuvant-antigen not only into the same cell but also in the same endocytic cargo, leading to more effective activation of innate and adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - Edmund Gosselin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peng H, Wang X, Li T, Lou C, Wang Y, Lin J. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, sound absorption, and flame retardancy of rigid PU foam composites containing a fire‐retarding agent: Effect of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
| | - XiaoXiao Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ting‐Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ching‐Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringAsia University Taichung Taiwan
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
| | - YanTing Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Jia‐Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung City Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
An aluminum adjuvant-integrated nano-MOF as antigen delivery system to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses. J Control Release 2019; 300:81-92. [PMID: 30826373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have high surface area, tunable pore size, and high loading capacity, making them promising for drug delivery. However, their synthesis requires organic solvents, high temperature and high pressure that are incompatible with biomacromolecules. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF-8) which forms through coordination between zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole (MeIM) have emerged as an advanced functional material for drug delivery due to its unique features such as high loading and pH-sensitive degradation. In this study, we took advantage of a natural biomineralization process to create aluminum-containing nanoZIF-8 particles for antigen delivery. Without organic solvents or stabilizing agent, nanoparticles (ZANPs) were synthesized by a mild and facile method with aluminum, model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and ZIF-8 integrated. A high antigen loading capacity (%) of 30.6% and a pH dependent antigen release were achieved. A Toll-like receptor 9 agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) was adsorbed on the surface of ZANPs (hereafter CpG/ZANPs) to boost the immune response. After subcutaneous injection in vivo, CpG/ZANPs targeted lymph nodes (LNs), where their cargo was efficiently internalized by LN-resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs). ZANPs decomposition in lysosomes released antigen into the cytoplasm and enhanced cross-presentation. Moreover, CpG/ZANPs induced strong antigen-specific humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses that significantly inhibited the growth of EG7-OVA tumors while showing minimal cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that ZANPs may be a safe and effective vehicle for the development of cancer vaccines.
Collapse
|
26
|
TOSA N, YOSHIMATSU K, TAKAHASHI M, ARIKAWA J. Comparison of immune response in mice sensitized to an animal allergen, Can f 1, and to a food allergen, ovalbumin. Biomed Res 2019; 40:9-15. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.40.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko TOSA
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University
| | - Kumiko YOSHIMATSU
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Motoko TAKAHASHI
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Jiro ARIKAWA
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. Unraveling the enigma: elucidating the relationship between the physicochemical properties of aluminium-based adjuvants and their immunological mechanisms of action. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 14:80. [PMID: 30455719 PMCID: PMC6223008 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts are by far the most commonly used adjuvants in vaccines. There are only two aluminium salts which are used in clinically-approved vaccines, Alhydrogel® and AdjuPhos®, while the novel aluminium adjuvant used in Gardasil® is a sulphated version of the latter. We have investigated the physicochemical properties of these two aluminium adjuvants and specifically in milieus approximating to both vaccine vehicles and the composition of injection sites. Additionally we have used a monocytic cell line to establish the relationship between their physicochemical properties and their internalisation and cytotoxicity. We emphasise that aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved vaccines are chemically and biologically dissimilar with concomitantly potentially distinct roles in vaccine-related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT, Fox CB. Optimizing the utilization of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: you might just get what you want. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:51. [PMID: 30323958 PMCID: PMC6180056 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been used for over 90 years to enhance the immune response to vaccines. Recent work has significantly advanced our understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these adjuvants, offering key insights on underlying mechanisms. Given the long-term success of aluminum adjuvants, we believe that they should continue to represent the “gold standard” against which all new adjuvants should be compared. New vaccine candidates that require adjuvants to induce a protective immune responses should first be evaluated with aluminum adjuvants before other more experimental approaches are considered, since use of established adjuvants would facilitate both clinical development and the regulatory pathway. However, the continued use of aluminum adjuvants requires an appreciation of their complexities, in combination with access to the necessary expertise to optimize vaccine formulations. In this article, we will review the properties of aluminum adjuvants and highlight those elements that are critical to optimize vaccine performance. We will discuss how other components (excipients, TLR ligands, etc.) can affect the interaction between adjuvants and antigens, and impact the potency of vaccines. This review provides a resource and guide, which will ultimately contribute to the successful development of newer, more effective and safer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harm HogenEsch
- 1Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.,2Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- 4IDRI, Seattle, WA USA.,5Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li X, Wang X, Ito A. Tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4954-4980. [PMID: 29911725 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, one of the most effective and powerful public health measures, have saved countless lives over the past century and still have a tremendous global impact. As an indispensable component of modern vaccines, adjuvants play a critical role in strengthening and/or shaping a specific immune response against infectious diseases as well as malignancies. The application of nanotechnology provides the possibility of precisely tailoring the building blocks of nanoadjuvants towards modern vaccines with the desired immune response. The last decade has witnessed great academic progress in inorganic nanomaterials for vaccine adjuvants in terms of nanometer-scale synthesis, structure control, and functionalization design. Inorganic adjuvants generally facilitate the delivery of antigens, allowing them to be released in a sustained manner, enhance immunogenicity, deliver antigens efficiently to specific targets, and induce a specific immune response. In particular, the recent discovery of the intrinsic immunomodulatory function of inorganic nanomaterials further allows us to shape the immune response towards the desired type and increase the efficacy of vaccines. In this article, we comprehensively review state-of-the-art research on the use of inorganic nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Attention is focused on the physicochemical properties of versatile inorganic nanoadjuvants, such as composition, size, morphology, shape, hydrophobicity, and surface charge, to effectively stimulate cellular immunity, considering that the clinically used alum adjuvants can only induce strong humoral immunity. In addition, the efforts made to date to expand the application of inorganic nanoadjuvants in cancer vaccines are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future prospects and our outlook on tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
O'Konek JJ, Landers JJ, Janczak KW, Goel RR, Mondrusov AM, Wong PT, Baker JR. Nanoemulsion adjuvant-driven redirection of T H2 immunity inhibits allergic reactions in murine models of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2121-2131. [PMID: 29655584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for food allergies involves progressive increased exposures to food that result in desensitization to food allergens in some subjects but not tolerance to the food. Therefore new approaches to suppress allergic immunity to food are necessary. Previously, we demonstrated that intranasal immunization with a nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant induces robust mucosal antibody and TH17-polarized immunity, as well as systemic TH1-biased cellular immunity with suppression of pre-existing TH2-biased immunity. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that immunization with food in conjunction with the nanoemulsion adjuvant could lead to modulation of allergic reactions in food allergy by altering pre-existing allergic immunity and enhancing mucosal immunity. METHODS Mice were sensitized to peanut with aluminum hydroxide or cholera toxin. The animals were then administered 3 monthly intranasal immunizations with peanut in the nanoemulsion adjuvant or saline. Mice were then challenged with peanut to examine allergen reactivity. RESULTS The NE intranasal immunizations resulted in marked decreases in TH2 cytokine, IgG1, and IgE levels, whereas TH1 and mucosal TH17 immune responses were increased. After allergen challenge, these mice showed significant reductions in allergic hypersensitivity. Additionally, the NE immunizations significantly increased antigen-specific IL-10 production and regulatory T-cell counts, and the protection induced by NE was dependent in part on IL-10. Control animals immunized with intranasal peanut in saline had no modulation of their allergic response. CONCLUSIONS NE adjuvant-mediated induction of mucosal TH17 and systemic TH1-biased immunity can suppress TH2-mediated allergy through multiple mechanisms and protect against anaphylaxis. These results suggest the potential therapeutic utility of this approach in the setting of food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J O'Konek
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Jeffrey J Landers
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | - Rishi R Goel
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Anna M Mondrusov
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Pamela T Wong
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - James R Baker
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kakkar A, Rajeshwari M, Nalwa A, Suri V, Sarkar C, Chakrabarty B, Gulati S, Sharma MC. Childhood macrophagic myofasciitis: A series from the Indian subcontinent. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:71-77. [PMID: 27859369 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) is a rare disorder, reported mainly in European adults, with occasional childhood cases. We report a series of 6 patients with pediatric MMF from the Indian subcontinent. METHODS Clinical details, creatine kinase levels, and results of electromyography are described for patients diagnosed with MMF. Fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed muscle biopsies were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. RESULTS Six of 2,218 muscle biopsies were diagnosed as MMF; patient charts were reviewed. The 6 patients were all children; all presented with hypotonia and/or motor delay. Mean age at diagnosis was 16.2 months. There were 4 boys and 2 girls. All had a history of hepatitis B vaccination. Histopathology revealed infiltration by sheets of large periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive histiocytes. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated needle-shaped crystals within histiocytes. One patient had a co-existent neuromuscular disorder, merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. CONCLUSIONS MMF is a rare inflammatory myopathy that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of congenital myopathies in children. Muscle Nerve 56: 71-77, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Madhu Rajeshwari
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aasma Nalwa
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Biswaroop Chakrabarty
- Department Pediatrics (Division of Child Neurology), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Department Pediatrics (Division of Child Neurology), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mineral Adjuvants∗∗The present chapter is an updated version of the chapter “Mineral Adjuvants,” published in Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, p. 217–233. Ed. Virgil Schijns & Derek O'Hagan, Elsevier Science Publishers (2005). IMMUNOPOTENTIATORS IN MODERN VACCINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7149584 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804019-5.00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mineral adjuvants comprise aluminum hydroxide and phosphate adjuvants as well as calcium phosphate adjuvants. In particular, the aluminum salts have achieved an undisputed status as the most commonly used adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines. Calcium phosphate adjuvant, later discovered by Edgar Relyveld, constitutes a very interesting alternative and has also been applied both in human and veterinary vaccines. New analytical tools applied in adjuvant research are about to take us to the next level of understanding mineral adjuvants. These tools have been used to characterize mineral adjuvants, but so far, in particular, aluminum-based adjuvants in terms of surface marker expression profiles, isotypic profiles, and cytokine profiles. In the past 10 years, the discovery of adjuvant-mediated induction of the NALP3 inflammasome and its impact on the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as proinflammatory mediators in the early phases of immune response has been described as an important mechanism for the function of these adjuvants.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ruwona TB, Xu H, Li X, Taylor AN, Shi YC, Cui Z. Toward understanding the mechanism underlying the strong adjuvant activity of aluminum salt nanoparticles. Vaccine 2016; 34:3059-3067. [PMID: 27155490 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum salts such as aluminum oxyhydroxide and aluminum hydroxyphosphate are commonly used human vaccine adjuvants. In an effort to improve the adjuvant activity of aluminum salts, we previously showed that the adjuvant activity of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles is significantly more potent than that of aluminum oxyhydroxide microparticles. The present study was designed to (i) understand the mechanism underlying the potent adjuvant activity of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles, relative to microparticles, and (ii) to test whether aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles have a more potent adjuvant activity than aluminum hydroxyphosphate microparticles as well. In human THP-1 myeloid cells, wild-type and NLRP3-deficient, both aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles and microparticles stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β by activating NLRP3 inflammasome, although aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles are more potent than microparticles, likely related to the higher uptake of the nanoparticles by the THP-1 cells than the microparticles. Aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles also have a more potent adjuvant activity than microparticles in helping a model antigen lysozyme to stimulate specific antibody response, again likely related to their stronger ability to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe B Ruwona
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Xu Li
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Amber N Taylor
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yan-Chun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, Austin, TX, United States; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Joshi SS, Barnett B, Doerrer NG, Glenn K, Herman RA, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hunst P, Kough J, Ladics GS, McClain S, Papineni S, Poulsen LK, Rascle JB, Tao AL, van Ree R, Ward J, Bowman CC. Assessment of potential adjuvanticity of Cry proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:149-155. [PMID: 27105772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have achieved success in the marketplace and their benefits extend beyond the overall increase in harvest yields to include lowered use of insecticides and decreased carbon dioxide emissions. The most widely grown GM crops contain gene/s for targeted insect protection, herbicide tolerance, or both. Plant expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) insecticidal proteins have been the primary way to impart insect resistance in GM crops. Although deemed safe by regulatory agencies globally, previous studies have been the basis for discussions around the potential immuno-adjuvant effects of Cry proteins. These studies had limitations in study design. The studies used animal models with extremely high doses of Cry proteins, which when given using the ig route were co-administered with an adjuvant. Although the presumption exists that Cry proteins may have immunostimulatory activity and therefore an adjuvanticity risk, the evidence shows that Cry proteins are expressed at very low levels in GM crops and are unlikely to function as adjuvants. This conclusion is based on critical review of the published literature on the effects of immunomodulation by Cry proteins, the history of safe use of Cry proteins in foods, safety of the Bt donor organisms, and pre-market weight-of-evidence-based safety assessments for GM crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Joshi
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Brian Barnett
- BASF Plant Science, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nancy G Doerrer
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Penny Hunst
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Kough
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ariel Rios Building, MC 7511P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | - Scott McClain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 3054 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sabitha Papineni
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Dept. 22, 1st Floor, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rascle
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, 355 Rue Dostoïevski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Ai-Lin Tao
- Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road East, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Christal C Bowman
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krause RGE, Grobler AF, Goldring JPD. Comparing Antibody Responses in Chickens Against Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase with Freund's and Pheroid® Adjuvants. Immunol Invest 2016; 44:627-42. [PMID: 26436851 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1070268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pheroid® technology was assessed as an alternative to Freund's adjuvant to raise antibodies in experimental animals. Chickens were immunized with two recombinantly expressed Plasmodium falciparum proteins, lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PfGAPDH), alone or in combination with Freund's adjuvant or Pheroid®. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were isolated and compared for specificity, sensitivity and yield. Freund's adjuvant and Pheroid® stimulated prolonged antibody responses in chickens against both antigens. Affinity purified antibodies had specificity for the recombinant and the native proteins on Western blots. Antibodies generated in the presence of Freund's adjuvant had high sensitivity for both antigens. Pheroid® generated antibodies that detected the lowest concentration of recombinant PfLDH. Freund's adjuvant and Pheroid® both improved chicken IgY yields, with Pheroid® showing a 2-fold increase relative to controls. Pheroid® was well-tolerated in chickens and has potential for development as a safe adjuvant for testing alternative stimulatory factors to improve adjuvant formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G E Krause
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa and
| | - Anne F Grobler
- b DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - J P Dean Goldring
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alum: an old dog with new tricks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e25. [PMID: 27004761 PMCID: PMC4820675 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum was initially thought to be a simple depot for antigen retention; however, our understanding of the mechanism by which it works has progressed substantially in recent decades. Nonetheless, consensus regarding its roles in different aspects of immune regulation has not been reached, and it remains a long-standing research subject in the field of vaccinology. This review, in chronological order, discusses the various hypotheses proposed in mostly inadequate attempts to illuminate the mechanism by which alum works, from the depot theory to the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and from cell death-associated danger factors to crystalline structure-mediated plasma membrane alteration. In addition, novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections are examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation. With increasing threats of emerging microbes, originating from natural or man-made sources, that pose significant health concerns at the population scale, the potential use of alum as a 'first-aid' vaccine is also discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hajj Hussein I, Chams N, Chams S, El Sayegh S, Badran R, Raad M, Gerges-Geagea A, Leone A, Jurjus A. Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health. Front Public Health 2015; 3:269. [PMID: 26636066 PMCID: PMC4659912 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the "Germ Theory of disease" of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette-Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, "The Decade of vaccines" was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the "shot@Life" campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inaya Hajj Hussein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Nour Chams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sana Chams
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Skye El Sayegh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Reina Badran
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Raad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Angelo Leone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdo Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Lebanese Health Society, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Aluminum induces inflammatory and proteolytic alterations in human monocytic cell line. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:190-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 PMCID: PMC4413729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
Collapse
|
40
|
Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG. The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25972882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). Additionally, the domains of different but structurally conserved Cry proteins can be combined to produce chimeric proteins with enhanced insecticidal properties. Environmental studies are performed and include invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Mammalian studies used to support the food and feed safety assessment are also used to support the wild mammal assessment. In addition to the NTO assessment, the environmental assessment includes a comparative assessment between the Bt crop and the appropriate conventional control that is genetically similar but lacks the introduced trait to address unintended effects. Specific phenotypic, agronomic, and ecological characteristics are measured in the Bt crop and the conventional control to evaluate whether the introduction of the insect resistance has resulted in any changes that might cause ecological harm in terms of altered weed characteristics, susceptibility to pests, or adverse environmental impact. Additionally, environmental interaction data are collected in field experiments for Bt crop to evaluate potential adverse effects. Further to the agronomic and phenotypic evaluation, potential movement of transgenes from a genetically modified crop plants into wild relatives is assessed for a new pest resistance gene in a new crop. This review summarizes the evidence for safety of crops containing Cry proteins for humans, livestock, and other non-target organisms.
Collapse
|
41
|
The mechanisms of action of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants: an in vitro vs in vivo paradigm. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:181. [PMID: 25932368 PMCID: PMC4406982 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants such as the aluminum compounds (alum) have been dominantly used in many vaccines due to their immunopotentiation and safety records since 1920s. However, how these mineral agents influence the immune response to vaccination remains elusive. Many hypotheses exist as to the mode of action of these adjuvants, such as depot formation, antigen (Ag) targeting, and the induction of inflammation. These hypotheses are based on many in vitro and few in vivo studies. Understanding how cells interact with adjuvants in vivo will be crucial to fully understanding the mechanisms of action of these adjuvants. Interestingly, how alum influences the target cell at both the cellular and molecular level, and the consequent innate and adaptive responses, will be critical in the rational design of effective vaccines against many diseases. Thus, in this review, mechanisms of action of alum have been discussed based on available in vitro vs in vivo evidences to date.
Collapse
|
42
|
Powell BS, Andrianov AK, Fusco PC. Polyionic vaccine adjuvants: another look at aluminum salts and polyelectrolytes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:23-45. [PMID: 25648619 PMCID: PMC4313107 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve the adaptive immune response to a vaccine antigen by modulating innate immunity or facilitating transport and presentation. The selection of an appropriate adjuvant has become vital as new vaccines trend toward narrower composition, expanded application, and improved safety. Functionally, adjuvants act directly or indirectly on antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs) and are perceived as having molecular patterns associated either with pathogen invasion or endogenous cell damage (known as pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and damage associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]), thereby initiating sensing and response pathways. PAMP-type adjuvants are ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can directly affect DCs to alter the strength, potency, speed, duration, bias, breadth, and scope of adaptive immunity. DAMP-type adjuvants signal via proinflammatory pathways and promote immune cell infiltration, antigen presentation, and effector cell maturation. This class of adjuvants includes mineral salts, oil emulsions, nanoparticles, and polyelectrolytes and comprises colloids and molecular assemblies exhibiting complex, heterogeneous structures. Today innovation in adjuvant technology is driven by rapidly expanding knowledge in immunology, cross-fertilization from other areas including systems biology and materials sciences, and regulatory requirements for quality, safety, efficacy and understanding as part of the vaccine product. Standardizations will aid efforts to better define and compare the structure, function and safety of adjuvants. This article briefly surveys the genesis of adjuvant technology and then re-examines polyionic macromolecules and polyelectrolyte materials, adjuvants currently not known to employ TLR. Specific updates are provided for aluminum-based formulations and polyelectrolytes as examples of improvements to the oldest and emerging classes of vaccine adjuvants in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
He P, Zou Y, Hu Z. Advances in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research and its mechanism. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:477-88. [PMID: 25692535 PMCID: PMC4514166 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2014.1004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, hundreds of materials have been tried as adjuvant; however, only aluminum-based adjuvants continue to be used widely in the world. Aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and alum constitute the main forms of aluminum used as adjuvants. Among these, aluminum hydroxide is the most commonly used chemical as adjuvant. In spite of its wide spread use, surprisingly, the mechanism of how aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants exert their beneficial effects is still not fully understood. Current explanations for the mode of action of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants include, among others, the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway. These collectively galvanize innate as well as acquired immune responses and activate the complement system. Factors that have a profound influence on responses evoked by aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant applications include adsorption rate, strength of the adsorption, size and uniformity of aluminum hydroxide particles, dosage of adjuvant, and the nature of antigens. Although vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants are beneficial, sometimes they cause adverse reactions. Further, these vaccines cannot be stored frozen. Until recently, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants were known to preferentially prime Th2-type immune responses. However, results of more recent studies show that depending on the vaccination route, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants can enhance both Th1 as well as Th2 cellular responses. Advances in systems biology have opened up new avenues for studying mechanisms of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants. These will assist in scaling new frontiers in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research that include improvement of formulations, use of nanoparticles of aluminum hydroxide and development of composite adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yening Zou
- Sinovac Research & Development Co., Ltd.; Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products; Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Unequivocal identification of intracellular aluminium adjuvant in a monocytic THP-1 cell line. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6287. [PMID: 25190321 PMCID: PMC4155332 DOI: 10.1038/srep06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium-based adjuvants (ABA) are the predominant adjuvants used in human vaccinations. While a consensus is yet to be reached on the aetiology of the biological activities of ABA several studies have identified shape, crystallinity and size as critical factors affecting their adjuvanticity. In spite of recent advances, the fate of ABA following their administration remains unclear. Few if any studies have demonstrated the unequivocal presence of intracellular ABA. Herein we demonstrate for the first time the unequivocal identification of ABA within a monocytic T helper 1 (THP-1) cell line, using lumogallion as a fluorescent molecular probe for aluminium. Use of these new methods revealed that particulate ABA was only found in the cell cytoplasm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that ABA were contained within vesicle-like structures of approximately 0.5-1 μm in diameter.
Collapse
|
46
|
Designing and building the next generation of improved vaccine adjuvants. J Control Release 2014; 190:563-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
47
|
Park ME, Lee SY, Kim RH, Ko MK, Lee KN, Kim SM, Kim BK, Lee JS, Kim B, Park JH. Enhanced immune responses of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine using new oil/gel adjuvant mixtures in pigs and goats. Vaccine 2014; 32:5221-7. [PMID: 25066738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The immunity and protective capability produced by vaccines can vary remarkably according to the kinds of adjuvants being used. In the case of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in pigs, only oil-adjuvant vaccines have been used, and these tend to show lower immunity in pigs than in cattle. New adjuvants for these vaccines are therefore needed. We made different experimental FMD vaccines using new adjuvants (ISA 201, Carbigen, Emulsigen-D) and well-known adjuvants (ISA 206, aluminum hydroxide gel) and then conducted tests to compare the enhancement in pig immunity. More effective immune responses and protection against challenge were observed with the new adjuvants Emulsigen-D and ISA 201 compared to existing adjuvants. In the case of dairy goats, a mixture of Emulsigen-D and aluminum hydroxide gel produced rapid neutralizing antibody responses that were similar to results from tests conducted with pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Eun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae-Hyung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Kim
- MJ Biologics, 1961 Premier Drive Suite 402, Mankato, MN 56001, USA
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Epaulard O, Adam L, Poux C, Zurawski G, Salabert N, Rosenbaum P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Zurawski S, Flamar AL, Oh S, Romain G, Chapon C, Banchereau J, Lévy Y, Le Grand R, Martinon F. Macrophage- and neutrophil-derived TNF-α instructs skin langerhans cells to prime antiviral immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2416-26. [PMID: 25057007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are major APCs that can efficiently prime immune responses. However, the roles of skin-resident Langerhans cells (LCs) in eliciting immune responses have not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that LCs in cynomolgus macaque skin are capable of inducing antiviral-specific immune responses in vivo. Targeting HIV-Gag or influenza hemagglutinin Ags to skin LCs using recombinant fusion proteins of anti-Langerin Ab and Ags resulted in the induction of the viral Ag-specific responses. We further demonstrated that such Ag-specific immune responses elicited by skin LCs were greatly enhanced by TLR ligands, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, and R848. These enhancements were not due to the direct actions of TLR ligands on LCs, but mainly dependent on TNF-α secreted from macrophages and neutrophils recruited to local tissues. Skin LC activation and migration out of the epidermis are associated with macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the tissues. More importantly, blocking TNF-α abrogated the activation and migration of skin LCs. This study highlights that the cross-talk between innate immune cells in local tissues is an important component for the establishment of adaptive immunity. Understanding the importance of local immune networks will help us to design new and effective vaccines against microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Epaulard
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; Infectious Diseases Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucille Adam
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Candice Poux
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Nina Salabert
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Rosenbaum
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Anne-Laure Flamar
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Sangkon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Gabrielle Romain
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Yves Lévy
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; INSERM, Unité U955, 94010 Créteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, Faculte de Medecine, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 955, 94010 Créteil, France; and
| | - Roger Le Grand
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies Center, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche E1, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94010 Créteil, France; INSERM, 75014 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Heydenreich B, Bellinghausen I, Lund L, Henmar H, Lund G, Adler Würtzen P, Saloga J. Adjuvant effects of aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed allergens and allergoids - differences in vivo and in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:310-9. [PMID: 24528247 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a clinically effective therapy for immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated allergic diseases. To reduce the risk of IgE-mediated side effects, chemically modified allergoids have been introduced. Furthermore, adsorbance of allergens to aluminium hydroxide (alum) is widely used to enhance the immune response. The mechanisms behind the adjuvant effect of alum are still not completely understood. In the present study we analysed the effects of alum-adsorbed allergens and allergoids on their immunogenicity in vitro and in vivo and their ability to activate basophils of allergic donors. Human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DC) were incubated with native Phleum pratense or Betula verrucosa allergen extract or formaldehyde- or glutaraldehyde-modified allergoids, adsorbed or unadsorbed to alum. After maturation, DC were co-cultivated with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Allergenicity was tested by leukotriene and histamine release of human basophils. Finally, in-vivo immunogenicity was analysed by IgG production of immunized mice. T cell proliferation as well as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ production were strongly decreased using glutaraldehyde-modified allergoids, but did not differ between alum-adsorbed allergens or allergoids and the corresponding unadsorbed preparations. Glutaraldehyde modification also led to a decreased leukotriene and histamine release compared to native allergens, being further decreased by adsorption to alum. In vivo, immunogenicity was reduced for allergoids which could be partly restored by adsorption to alum. Our results suggest that adsorption of native allergens or modified allergoids to alum had no consistent adjuvant effect but led to a reduced allergenicity in vitro, while we observed an adjuvant effect regarding IgG production in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu Y, Li Y, Miao L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yan X, Cui X, Li H. Immunotoxicity of aluminum. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:1-6. [PMID: 24287266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is present in the daily life of all humans. With the incidence of Al contamination increased in recent years, the toxicity of Al on the immune function has attracted more attention. Even with this increased attention, the mechanism of Al immunotoxicity still remains unclear. The mechanism of Al immunotoxicity reviewed herein focused on the effects of Al on the splenic trace elements, the status of α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) cells, cytokines, complement and immunoglobulins, as well as macrophages. The studies in the literature showed that Al decreased splenic iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) levels, but the effects of Al on splenic copper (Cu) level was ambiguous and controversial. Al exposure inhibited levels of ANAE(+) cells, the production of interleukin (IL)-2 and the functions of macrophages. With respect to other key cytokines, studies showed that Al suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in vitro; effects of Al on TNF-α formation in vivo were less overt. Al exposure reduced complement 3 (C3) level, but effects of Al exposure on complement 4 (C4) level were not as clear-cut. Lastly, the effects of Al exposure on the IgG, IgM and IgA levels were conflicting. Taken in totality, the results of several studies in the literature demonstrated that Al could impart adverse effects on immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Liguang Miao
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Yanhuan Liu
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Xuezhe Cui
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin 130112, China
| |
Collapse
|