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Russo L, Capra E, Franceschi V, Cavazzini D, Sala R, Lazzari B, Cavirani S, Donofrio G. Characterization of BoHV-4 ORF45. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1171770. [PMID: 37234529 PMCID: PMC10206056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a Gammaherpesvirus belonging to the Rhadinovirus genus. The bovine is BoHV-4's natural host, and the African buffalo is BoHV-4's natural reservoir. In any case, BoHV-4 infection is not associated with a specific disease. Genome structure and genes are well-conserved in Gammaherpesvirus, and the orf 45 gene and its product, ORF45, are one of those. BoHV-4 ORF45 has been suggested to be a tegument protein; however, its structure and function have not yet been experimentally characterized. The present study shows that BoHV-4 ORF45, despite its poor homology with other characterized Rhadinovirus ORF45s, is structurally related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a phosphoprotein, and localizes in the host cell nuclei. Through the generation of an ORF45-null mutant BoHV-4 and its pararevertant, it was possible to demonstrate that ORF45 is essential for BoHV-4 lytic replication and is associated with the viral particles, as for the other characterized Rhadinovirus ORF45s. Finally, the impact of BoHV-4 ORF45 on cellular transcriptome was investigated, an aspect poorly explored or not at all for other Gammaherpesvirus. Many cellular transcriptional pathways were found to be altered, mainly those involving p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) complex (RSK/ERK). It was concluded that BoHV-4 ORF45 has similar characteristics to those of KSHV ORF45, and its unique and incisive impact on the cell transcriptome paves the way for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IBBA CNR, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Davide Cavazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Sala
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Lazzari
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche IBBA CNR, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Gong M, Myster F, van Campe W, Roels S, Mostin L, van den Berg T, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals BG. Wildebeest-Derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Bovine Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Caused by Cross-Species Transmission of Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020526. [PMID: 36851740 PMCID: PMC9968110 DOI: 10.3390/v15020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8+ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Gong
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Françoise Myster
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Willem van Campe
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- Sciensano, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Khalid A, Riaz A, Yousaf A, Khan IH, Ur-Rehman S, Moaeen-Ud-Din M, Li S, Tang C, Shah MA, Murtaz-Ul-Hasan. Epidemiological survey of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) infection in cattle and buffalo from Pakistan. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:921-927. [PMID: 36562894 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) among healthy cattle and buffaloes as well as those associated with different diseases (respiratory tract infection, mastitis and reproductive tract infection) in District Chakwal, Pakistan. Blood, swab and milk samples of cattle and buffaloes were randomly collected from different areas of Chakwal. DNA was isolated from the samples and subjected to nested PCR using thymidine kinase gene primers. Out of 300 samples (200 blood, 50 swab and 50 milk samples) from both species (cattle and buffalo), an overall prevalence of BoHV-4 of 3.33% was obtained. Samples from cattle showed a higher species-specific prevalence (4.16%) than samples from buffalo (2.78%). One sample out of 50 swab samples and 1 out of 50 milk samples were also positive for BoHV-4. DNA sequencing of a positive PCR product from cattle confirmed that the sequence was from the thymidine kinase gene of BoHV-4. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed close similarities with other BOHV-4 thymidine kinase sequences. To detect BoHV-4 antibodies, an indirect ELISA was also performed. Two hundred blood samples were also collected from the same animals in nonanticoagulant-containing tubes for the isolation of serum and were subjected to indirect ELISA. Sixteen samples (8%) were positive for BoHV-4 antibodies. This study will be useful in further diagnoses of BoHV-4 in Pakistan and in devising measures to control the spread of BoHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Khalid
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aayesha Riaz
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Irtaza Hassan Khan
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ur-Rehman
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moaeen-Ud-Din
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Song Li
- Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China
| | - Congli Tang
- Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Murtaz-Ul-Hasan
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Kaján GL, Doszpoly A, Tarján ZL, Vidovszky MZ, Papp T. Virus-Host Coevolution with a Focus on Animal and Human DNA Viruses. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:41-56. [PMID: 31599342 PMCID: PMC6943099 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between viruses and their hosts to maintain at least a constant fitness level led to the development of an unceasing arms race, where weapons are often shuttled between the participants. In this literature review we try to give a short insight into some general consequences or traits of virus–host coevolution, and after this we zoom in to the viral clades of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, polyomaviruses and, finally, circoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző L Kaján
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| | - Andor Doszpoly
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Zoltán László Tarján
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Márton Z Vidovszky
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
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A recombinant bovine herpesvirus-4 vectored vaccine delivered via intranasal nebulization elicits viral neutralizing antibody titers in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215605. [PMID: 31002724 PMCID: PMC6474629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant herpesvirus vaccine vectors offer distinct advantages in next-generation vaccine development, primarily due to the ability to establish persistent infections to provide sustainable antigen responses in the host. Recombinant bovine herpesvirus-4 (BoHV-4) has been previously shown to elicit protective immunity in model laboratory animal species against a variety of pathogens. For the first time, we describe the induction of antigen-specific immune responses to two delivered antigens in the host species after intranasal nebulization of recombinant BoHV-4 expressing the chimeric peptide containing the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) glycoprotein E2 and the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein D (BoHV-4-A-CMV-IgK-gE2gD-TM). In this study, four cattle were immunized via intranasal nebulization with the recombinant BoHV-4 construct. Two of the cattle were previously infected with wild-type BoHV-4, and both developed detectable serologic responses to BVDV and BoHV-1. All four immunized cattle developed detectable viral neutralizing antibody responses to BVDV, and one steer developed a transient viral neutralizing response to BoHV-1. Approximately one year after immunization, immunosuppressive doses of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone were administered intravenously to all four cattle. Within two weeks of immunosuppression, all animals developed viral neutralizing antibody responses to BoHV-1, and all animals maintained BVDV viral neutralizing capacity. Overall, nebulization of BoHV-4-A-CMV-IgK-gE2gD-TM persistently infects cattle, is capable of eliciting antigen-specific immunity following immunization, including in the presence of pre-existing BoHV-4 immunity, and recrudescence of the virus boosts the immune response to BoHV-4-vectored antigens. These results indicate that BoHV-4 is a viable and attractive vaccine delivery platform for use in cattle.
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Sorel O, Dewals BG. The Critical Role of Genome Maintenance Proteins in Immune Evasion During Gammaherpesvirus Latency. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3315. [PMID: 30687291 PMCID: PMC6333680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are important pathogens that establish latent infection in their natural host for lifelong persistence. During latency, the viral genome persists in the nucleus of infected cells as a circular episomal element while the viral gene expression program is restricted to non-coding RNAs and a few latency proteins. Among these, the genome maintenance protein (GMP) is part of the small subset of genes expressed in latently infected cells. Despite sharing little peptidic sequence similarity, gammaherpesvirus GMPs have conserved functions playing essential roles in latent infection. Among these functions, GMPs have acquired an intriguing capacity to evade the cytotoxic T cell response through self-limitation of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation, further ensuring virus persistence in the infected host. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the main functions of gammaherpesvirus GMPs during latency with an emphasis on their immune evasion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Sorel
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Gagnon CA, Traesel CK, Music N, Laroche J, Tison N, Auger JP, Music S, Provost C, Bellehumeur C, Abrahamyan L, Carman S, DesCôteaux L, Charette SJ. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Canadian Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 4 Strain and the Possible Link between the Viral Infection and Respiratory and Reproductive Clinical Manifestations in Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:92. [PMID: 28670580 PMCID: PMC5472674 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a herpesvirus widespread in cattle populations, and with no clear disease association. Its genome contains a long unique coding region (LUR) flanked by polyrepetitive DNA and 79 open reading frames (ORFs), with unique 17 ORFs, named Bo1 to Bo17. In 2009, a BoHV-4 strain was isolated (FMV09-1180503: BoHV-4-FMV) from cattle with respiratory disease from Quebec, Canada, and its LUR was sequenced. Despite the overall high similarity, BoHV-4-FMV had the most divergent LUR sequence compared to the two known BoHV-4 reference strain genomes; most of the divergences were in the Bo genes and in the repeat regions. Our phylogenetic analysis based on DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase genes revealed that virus isolate was BoHV-4 gammaherpesvirus and clustered it together with European BoHV-4 strains. Because BoHV-4-FMV was isolated from animals presenting respiratory signs, we have updated the BoHV-4 Canadian cattle seroprevalence data and tried to find out whether there is a link between clinical manifestation and BoHV-4 seropositivity. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed with nearly 200 randomized sera of dairy cattle from two Canadian provinces, Quebec (n = 100) and Ontario (n = 91). An additional set of sera obtained from Quebec, from the healthy (n = 48) cows or from the animals experiencing respiratory or reproductive problems (n = 75), was also analyzed by IFA. BoHV-4 seroprevalence in Canadian dairy cattle was 7.9% (Quebec: 6% and Ontario: 9.9%). Among animals from the Quebec-based farms, diseased animals showed higher BoHV-4 seropositivity than healthy animals (P < 0.05), with a significant 2.494 odds ratio of being seropositive in sick compared to healthy animals. Although there is no established direct link between BoHV-4 and specific diseases, these seroprevalence data suggest the possible involvement of BoHV-4 in dairy cattle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Kist Traesel
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Nedzad Music
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Laroche
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tison
- Département des Sciences cliniques, FMV, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sanela Music
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Chantale Provost
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bellehumeur
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Susy Carman
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luc DesCôteaux
- Département des Sciences cliniques, FMV, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Steve J Charette
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Lankester F, Lugelo A, Werling D, Mnyambwa N, Keyyu J, Kazwala R, Grant D, Smith S, Parameswaran N, Cleaveland S, Russell G, Haig D. The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen ® and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:144-153. [PMID: 27771060 PMCID: PMC5081063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination induces a pharyngeal antibody response in shorthorn zebu cross (SZC). Direct challenge with the AlHV-1 virus is effective at inducing MCF in SZC. Attenuated AlHV–1 + Emulsigen® vaccine efficacy in SZC calculated to be 50%. Bacterial flagellin is not a good adjuvant as inclusion reduced antibody response. We provide evidence that non-fatal AlHV-1 infections occur in SZC.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in East Africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Recently an attenuated vaccine (atAlHV-1) was tested under experimental challenge on Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (VE) of approximately 90%. However testing under field conditions on an East African breed, the shorthorn zebu cross (SZC), gave a VE of 56% suggesting that FH and SZC cattle may respond differently to the vaccine. To investigate, a challenge trial was carried out using SZC. Additionally three adjuvant combinations were tested: (i) Emulsigen®, (ii) bacterial flagellin (FliC) and (iii) Emulsigen® + bacterial flagellin. We report 100% seroconversion in all immunized cattle. The group inoculated with atAlHV-1 + Emulsigen® had significantly higher antibody titres than groups inoculated with FliC, the smallest number of animals that became infected and the fewest fatalities, suggesting this was the most effective combination. A larger study is required to more accurately determine the protective effect of this regime in SZC. There was an apparent inhibition of the antibody response in cattle inoculated with atAlHV-1 + FliC, suggesting FliC might induce an immune suppressive mechanism. The VE in SZC (50–60%) was less than that in FH (80–90%). We speculate that this might be due to increased risk of disease in vaccinated SZC (suggesting that the vaccine may be less effective at stimulating an appropriate immune response in this breed) and/or increased survival in unvaccinated SZC (suggesting that these cattle may have a degree of prior immunity against infection with AlHV-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dirk Werling
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Mnyambwa
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Julius Keyyu
- Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dawn Grant
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nevi Parameswaran
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Palmeira L, Machiels B, Lété C, Vanderplasschen A, Gillet L. Sequencing of bovine herpesvirus 4 v.test strain reveals important genome features. Virol J 2011; 8:406. [PMID: 21846388 PMCID: PMC3178527 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a useful model for the human pathogenic gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus. Although genome manipulations of this virus have been greatly facilitated by the cloning of the BoHV-4 V.test strain as a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC), the lack of a complete genome sequence for this strain limits its experimental use. Methods In this study, we have determined the complete sequence of BoHV-4 V.test strain by a pyrosequencing approach. Results The long unique coding region (LUR) consists of 108,241 bp encoding at least 79 open reading frames and is flanked by several polyrepetitive DNA units (prDNA). As previously suggested, we showed that the prDNA unit located at the left prDNA-LUR junction (prDNA-G) differs from the other prDNA units (prDNA-inner). Namely, the prDNA-G unit lacks the conserved pac-2 cleavage and packaging signal in its right terminal region. Based on the mechanisms of cleavage and packaging of herpesvirus genomes, this feature implies that only genomes bearing left and right end prDNA units are encapsulated into virions. Conclusions In this study, we have determined the complete genome sequence of the BAC-cloned BoHV-4 V.test strain and identified genome organization features that could be important in other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Palmeira
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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10
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Gillet L, Schroeder H, Mast J, Thirion M, Renauld JC, Dewals B, Vanderplasschen A. Anchoring tick salivary anti-complement proteins IRAC I and IRAC II to membrane increases their immunogenicity. Vet Res 2009; 40:51. [PMID: 19531344 PMCID: PMC2713677 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick salivary proteins are promising targets for the development of anti-tick vaccines. Recently, we described two paralogous anti-complement proteins, called Ixodes ricinus anti-complement (IRAC) proteins I and II, that are co-expressed in tick I. ricinus salivary glands. However, our previous attempts to immunize rabbits against IRAC via infection with recombinant Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) vectors invariably failed although both recombinants expressed high levels of functional IRAC proteins in vitro. As IRAC are soluble monovalent antigens, one of the possible explanations is that monovalent ligation of the B-cell receptor induces receptor activation but fails to promote antigen presentation, a phenomenon that is thought to induce a state of B-cell tolerance. In the present study, we tried to increase IRAC immunogenicity by expressing them as oligovalent antigens. To this end, IRAC were fused to membrane anchors and BoHV-4 vectors expressing these recombinant forms were produced. The immunization potentials of recombinant viruses expressing either secreted or transmembrane IRAC proteins were then compared. While the former did not induce a detectable immune response against IRAC, the latter led to high titres of anti-IRAC antibodies that only marginally affected tick blood feeding. All together, the data presented in this study demonstrate that the immunogenicity of a soluble antigen can be greatly improved by anchoring it in membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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11
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Donofrio G, Herath S, Sartori C, Cavirani S, Flammini CF, Sheldon IM. Bovine herpesvirus 4 is tropic for bovine endometrial cells and modulates endocrine function. Reproduction 2007; 134:183-97. [PMID: 17641100 PMCID: PMC2740819 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine postpartum uterine disease, metritis, affects about 40% of animals and is widely considered to have a bacterial aetiology. Although the gamma-herpesvirus bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from several outbreaks of metritis or abortion, the role of viruses in endometrial pathology and the mechanisms of viral infection of uterine cells are often ignored. The objectives of the present study were to explore the interaction, tropism and outcomes of BoHV-4 challenge of endometrial stromal and epithelial cells. Endometrial stromal and epithelial cells were purified and infected with a recombinant BoHV-4 carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette to monitor the establishment of infection. BoHV-4 efficiently infected both stromal and epithelial cells, causing a strong non-apoptotic cytopathic effect, associated with robust viral replication. The crucial step for the BoHV-4 endometriotropism appeared to be after viral entry as there was enhanced transactivation of the BoHV-4 immediate early 2 gene promoter following transient transfection into the endometrial cells. Infection with BoHV-4 increased cyclooxygenase 2 protein expression and prostaglandin estradiol secretion in endometrial stromal cells, but not epithelial cells. Bovine macrophages are persistently infected with BoHV-4, and co-culture with endometrial stromal cells reactivated BoHV-4 replication in the persistently infected macrophages, suggesting a symbiotic relationship between the cells and virus. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence of cellular and molecular mechanisms, supporting the concept that BoHV-4 is a pathogen associated with uterine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Donofrio
- Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, via del Taglio 8, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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12
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Machiels B, Gillet L, Nascimento Brito SD, Drion P, Delforge C, Nizet Y, Gianello P, Bona C, Costes B, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Vanderplasschen A. Natural antibody--complement dependent neutralization of bovine herpesvirus 4 by human serum. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1530-7. [PMID: 18024120 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to most gammaherpesviruses, Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has a broad range of host species both in vitro and in vivo. Several in vitro studies demonstrated that some human cell lines are sensitive or even permissive to BoHV-4. These observations led to the hypothesis that cross-species transmission of BoHV-4 could lead to human infections. In the present study, we investigate the sensitivity of BoHV-4 to neutralization by naïve human sera in order to determine if humans exhibit innate anti-viral activities against this virus. Our results demonstrate that human sera from naïve individuals, in contrast to the sera of naïve subjects from various animal species, neutralize BoHV-4 efficiently. A series of complementary experiments were performed to unravel the mechanism(s) of this neutralization. The data obtained in this study demonstrates that human serum neutralizes BoHV-4 in a complement dependent manner activated by natural antibodies raised against the Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R epitope expressed by bovine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Machiels
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bvd de Colonster 20, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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13
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Dewals B, Thirion M, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Gillet L, de Fays K, Minner F, Daix V, Sharp PM, Vanderplasschen A. Evolution of Bovine herpesvirus 4: recombination and transmission between African buffalo and cattle. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1509-1519. [PMID: 16690915 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been isolated from cattle throughout the world, but virological and serological studies have suggested that the African buffalo is also a natural host for this virus. It has previously been found that the Bo17 gene of BoHV-4 was acquired from an ancestor of the African buffalo, probably around 1.5 million years ago. Analysis of the variation of the Bo17 gene sequence among BoHV-4 strains suggested a relatively ancient transmission of BoHV-4 from the buffalo to the Bos primigenius lineage, followed by a host-dependent split between zebu and taurine BoHV-4 strains. In the present study, the evolutionary history of BoHV-4 was investigated by analysis of five gene sequences from each of nine strains representative of the viral species: three isolated from African buffalo in Kenya and six from cattle from Europe, North America and India. No two gene sequences had the same evolutionary tree, indicating that recombination has occurred between divergent lineages; six recombination events were delineated for these sequences. Nevertheless, exchange has been infrequent enough that a clonal evolutionary history of the strains could be discerned, upon which the recombination events were superimposed. The dates of divergence among BoHV-4 lineages were estimated from synonymous nucleotide-substitution rates. The inferred evolutionary history suggests that African buffalo were the original natural reservoir of BoHV-4 and that there have been at least three independent transmissions from buffalo to cattle, probably via intermediate hosts and – at least in the case of North American strains – within the last 500 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Muriel Thirion
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Markine-Goriaynoff
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Katalin de Fays
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Minner
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Daix
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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14
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Donofrio G, Martignani E, Poli E, Lange C, Martini FM, Cavirani S, Cabassi CS, Taddei S, Flammini CF. Bovine herpesvirus 4 based vector interaction with liver cells in vitro and in vivo. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:126-36. [PMID: 16712963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer into hepatocytes is highly desirable for the long-term goal of replacing deficient proteins and correcting metabolic disorders. Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) based vector capability to transduce rat liver cells in vitro and in vivo was assessed. For the in vitro study, a buffalo rat liver cell line was successfully transduced by BoHV-4 and although did not show toxicity, the immediate early two viral gene was transcribed and cells harboring the intact viral genome could be pharmacologically selected, but no viral replication took place. For the in vivo study, adult male rats were inoculated intraportally and intraparenchimally with a BoHV-4 expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein and liver sections were analyzed through fluorescent microscopy. Although the liver parenchyma could not be transduced, the endothelial layer of the liver vasculature showed a robust transgene expression without toxicity. Successful BoHV-4 based vector transduction of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes suggests that extrinsic factors, and not hepatocytes per se, are the cause of such lack of transducibility. The present study serves as a starting point for study of the use of BoHV-4 based vectors to target gene delivery to vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Donofrio
- Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Sezione di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università di Parma, via del Taglio 8, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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15
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Fraser SJ, Nettleton PF, Dutia BM, Haig DM, Russell GC. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever viruses in cattle serum. Vet Microbiol 2006; 116:21-8. [PMID: 16621342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a sporadic but fatal lymphoproliferative viral disease of cattle, deer and other ruminants. The causative agents are highly-cell-associated herpesviruses of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae. In this study, an ELISA (WC11-ELISA) was developed to detect antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) in cattle serum and compared to the commercially produced competitive-inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA). Crude lysate antigen from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 strain WC11 was bound to 96-well microplates and used to capture antibodies to MCFV. Dilutions of test sera were added to wells containing bound MCF antigen and control wells containing uninfected cell lysates. A horseradish peroxidase-labelled rabbit-anti-bovine IgG conjugate detected antibodies to MCF, and the results were expressed as absorbance readings at 450 nm. Samples were selected blind from cattle sera which had been sent to the laboratory for diagnostic testing for MCFV antibodies and were tested in both the WC11-ELISA and the CI-ELISA. Good agreement between the WC11-ELISA and CI-ELISA test (k=0.86, n=95) results was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Fraser
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
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