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Sagrera M, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Oliver-Ferrando S, Cárceles S, Casanovas C, Prieto P, García-Flores A, Espigares D, Segalés J. Frequency of PCV-2 viremia in nursery piglets from a Spanish swine integration system in 2020 and 2022 considering PRRSV infection status. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38229182 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) poses a significant economic threat for the swine industry, causing a range of diseases collectively referred to as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs). Despite PCV-2 vaccine effectiveness, the need for monitoring infectious pressure remains. PCV-2 coinfection with other pathogens like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can exacerbate disease severity and lead to PCV-2-systemic disease cases. Monitoring both PRRSV and PCV-2 in co-infected farms is crucial for an effective management and vaccination programs. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine PCV-2 antibody levels in piglets at weaning and PCV-2 and PRRSV viremia in pooled serum samples at weaning (vaccination age) and at 6 and 9 weeks of age from a Spanish swine integration system in 2020 (48 farms) and in 2022 (28 out of the 48 analysed previously). RESULTS The frequency of PCV-2 detection in pools of piglet sera was 2.1% (2020) and 7.1% (2022) at vaccination age but increased at the end of the nursery period (10.4% in 2020 and 39.3% in 2022) in both years. Co-infections between PCV-2 and PRRSV were detected in a significant proportion of PRRSV positive farms (15% in 2020, and 60% in 2022). PCV-2 antibody levels (ELISA S/P ratios) at weaning were lower in PCV-2 qPCR positive farms at different sampling time-points (0.361 in 2020 and 0.378 in 2022) compared to PCV-2 qPCR negative ones (0.587 in 2020 and 0.541 in 2022). The 28 farms tested both years were classified in four different epidemiological scenarios depending on their PCV-2 virological status. Those PCV-2 qPCR negative farms in 2020 that turned to be positive in 2022 had a statistically significant increase of PRRSV RT-qPCR detection and a PCV-2 antibody levels reduction, facts that were not observed in the rest of the scenarios. CONCLUSION This epidemiological study in farms from the same integration system determined the occurrence, in 2020 and in 2022, of PCV-2 and PRRSV infections in piglets during the nursery period by using pooled serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Sagrera
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de La UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de La UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Cárceles
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Casanovas
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Inga Food S.A., Ronda de Poniente, 9, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Espigares
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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D’Annunzio G, Ostanello F, Muscatello LV, Orioles M, Jacumin N, Tommasini N, Leotti G, Luppi A, Mandrioli L, Sarli G. Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234779. [PMID: 37720469 PMCID: PMC10500834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods This study aimed to examine the pathological impact of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) through histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 79 cases of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) collected from 22 farms in Northern Italy. Lung tissue and several lymphoid organ samples were deployed to associate PCV2-positive stain with Circovirus-associated Diseases (PCVD). Results The most common lung lesion observed was interstitial pneumonia, alone or combined with bronchopneumonia. By immunohistochemistry, 44 lungs (55.7%) tested positive for PCV2, 34 (43.0%) for PRRSV, 16 (20.3%) for both viruses and in 17 cases (21.5%) neither virus was detected. Twenty-eight out of 44 (63.6%) PCV2-positive cases had lymphoid depletion or granulomatous inflammation in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined; thus, they were classified as PCV2 Systemic Diseases (PCV2-SD). In the remaining 16 out of 44 cases (36.4%), PCV2-positive lung lesions were associated with hyperplastic or normal lymphoid tissues, which showed PCV2-positive centrofollicular dendritic cells in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined. Therefore, these cases were classified as PRDC/PCV2-positive. In the PCV2-positive animals, 42.9% of the PCV2-SD cases (12/28) showed immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity for PRRSV in the lung tissue, while 25.0% of PRDC/PCV2-positive cases (4/16) showed double positivity for PCV2 and PRRSV. Discussion In light of the caseload presented in this study, characterized by the high proportion of PCV2-SD cases alongside the overall respiratory symptomatology, it is imperative to emphasize the crucial role of a comprehensive sampling protocol. This is critical to avoid underestimating the harm caused by PCV2 in farms, particularly with respect to the systemic form of the disease. PCV2 and PRRSV remain the primary infections associated with PRDC in Italy that can significantly impact farm health and co-infections in the field can worsen the pathology, thus the selection of appropriate preventive measures is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Annunzio
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Orioles
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Niccolò Jacumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Leotti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jiao Q, Yang L, Liu X, Wen Y, Tian L, Qian P, Chen H, Li X. Isolation and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice from Guangxi province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:195. [PMID: 37644571 PMCID: PMC10466715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae, is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). PCV2 was first detected in PK-15(ATCC-CCL) cells in 1974, which has caused significant economic loss to the swine industry throughout the world. And the first case of PCV2 was reported in China in 2000. At present, PCV2d is the main genotype circulating widely in China. METHODS Lymph samples were obtained from piglets with emaciation and respiratory disease in Guangxi province, China. The main pathogens were detected via PCR from lymph samples, and then PCV2-single positive samples were used to inoculate with PK-15 cells. After successive generations, the isolate was subsequently identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The full-length genome and genetic characterization of isolates were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The TCID50 of the PCV2-GX-6 was determined by IFA, and the pathogenicity of PCV2 in BALB/c mice was analyzed via the mouse model. RESULTS The isolates were successfully isolated from clinical samples. The complete genome of PCV2-GX-4, PCV2-GX-6, PCV2-GX-7, PCV2-GX-11 and PCV2-GX-16 have been amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (accession no.: OR133747, OQ803314, OR133748, OR133749, OR133750). Homology and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains showed that the isolates belonged to the PCV2d genotype. The PCV2-GX-6 could be stably passaged more than 30 times in PK-15 cells. PCV2-GX-6 was identified by PCR, IFA, WB and TEM. The results of homology showed that PCV2-GX-6 was closely related to the reference strains PCV2-JS17-8 (GenBank accession no.: MH211363). Pathogenicity studies in mice have shown that PCV2-GX-6 can lead to growth inhibition of mice. Meanwhile PCV2-GX-6 caused the typical lesions of spleen, lung and kidney. The results of qPCR showed that PCV2 can effectively proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. CONCLUSION PCV2-GX-6 can successfully infect BLAB/c mice, effectively proliferate in major organs, and possessed high pathogenicity. In conclusion, combined with the genotype and pathogenicity of PCV2d currently prevalent, PCV2-GX-6 can be used as a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Liuyue Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanwen Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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Uribe‐García HF, Suarez‐Mesa RA, Rondón‐Barragán IS. Survey of porcine circovirus type 2 and parvovirus in swine breeding herds of Colombia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2451-2459. [PMID: 36137294 PMCID: PMC9677394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the consequences of the presentation of reproductive failures in sows is the economic losses in production because it alters the estimated values of the volume of production, decreasing the productivity of the farm. Porcine circovirosis by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive disorders, and porcine parvovirus (PVP) is one of the pathological agents most related to the presentation of reproductive failure in pigs. In Colombia, there are reports of the presence of PCV2 through molecular techniques, and PVP through serum tests; however, in the department of Tolima, the prevalence of these two viruses is unknown. Objective In this study, the aim was to establish a report of the prevalence of viruses in five municipalities of the department of Tolima‐Colombia. Methods Blood samples from 150 breeding sows of five municipalities in Tolima, Colombia, were obtained. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the PCV2 and PVP virus in the blood samples followed by PCR and sequencing of 16 PCR products of the amplification of the cap gene of PCV2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the genotype of the PCV2 virus. Results The presence of PCV2d in sows was detected in 135 samples (90%), as well as the identification of PVP in 2.6% of the samples. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 isolates were the PCV2d2 genotype. Conclusion PCV2d and PVP were found to coinfect the females, and the identification of variability in regions in the predicted amino acid sequence of the PCV2 capsid may be associated with virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner F. Uribe‐García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Suarez‐Mesa
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón‐Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
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Tan CY, Thanawongnuwech R, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Fong MWC, Ooi PT. Genotype Shift of Malaysian Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) from PCV2b to PCV2d within a Decade. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141849. [PMID: 35883396 PMCID: PMC9311952 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to provide an updated Malaysian porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) situation after a knowledge gap of one decade. Molecular detection rates of 83.78% and 83.54% at farm and sample population level were reported, close to previous publication. However, an obvious genotype shift from genotype PCV2b to PCV2d was revealed. Substitution rate for PCV2 cap gene sequences in this study was estimated at 1.102 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, in agreement with the high substitution rate expected from PCV2 strains. Phylogenetic clustering pattern according to the year of sample origin was observed, suggesting possible nucleotide mutation occurring over time. Concurrent circulation of different PCV2 strains within one farm and within a single individual were also observed. This study also reports detection of PCV2 antigen across all production age groups from fetuses to sows; in abattoir lung samples from clinically healthy finishers; and in the wild boar population roaming Peninsular Malaysia. These observations of high molecular detection rates in farms, clinically healthy abattoir samples and in the wild boar population; and most importantly, a new wave of genotype shift from PCV2b to PCV2d—warrant further attention on the Malaysian PCV2 situation pertinent to the control and management strategy applicable to local swine farming. Abstract This paper aims to update the molecular status of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Malaysia. Firstly, the molecular detection rate of PCV2 in farm and sampled pig population were reported to be 83.78% (31/37 farms) and 83.54% (66/79 pigs) positive for PCV2, respectively. PCV2 was detected across all age groups, from fetuses, porkers to sows. Co-detection of PCV2 and PCV3 antigens was also reported at a rate of 28.77% (21/73). Secondly, PCV2 antigen was also detected in Malaysian abattoir lung samples: 18 out of 19 (94.74%) samples originating from clinically healthy finishers were tested positive. Further, this is the first study to confirm the circulation of PCV2 in the wild boar population roaming Peninsular Malaysia, where 28 out of 28 (100%) wild boar lung samples were found positive. One decade earlier, only genotype PCV2b was reported in Malaysia. This most recent update revealed that genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d were present, with PCV2d being the predominant circulating genotype. PCV2 cap gene nucleotide sequences in this study were found to be under negative selection pressure, with an estimated substitution rate of 1.102 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year (ssy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Michelle Wai Cheng Fong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Fanelli A, Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C, Buonavoglia D, Fusco G, Martella V, Lanave G. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in Wild Boar in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080953. [PMID: 35454199 PMCID: PMC9031215 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are major viral agents of farmed swine, causing relevant economic impact due to direct losses and control measures expenses. Wild boar may serve as a PCVs reservoir for the domestic pigs, thus threatening for production efficiency in pig farms. PCV infection in both domestic pigs and wild boar has been chiefly studied in Northern Italy, a densely populated area with a highly developed pork industry. However, data on circulation of PCV are scarce in other Italian areas. For the above reasons, along with the increasing sanitary relevance of wildlife as host of many livestock diseases, we carried out an epidemiological study to assess the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the PCVs circulating in wild boar in Basilicata region (Southern Italy), characterized by large forested areas with limited anthropic presence. A high prevalence was detected, suggesting that PCVs infection is endemic in the study population. These findings are of particular interest as the pig production system of the study area involves local breeds raised outdoor for the production of high-quality cured meat, thus having a high risk of being in contact with infected wild boar. Abstract Porcine circovirus (PCV) infection is associated with relevant economic impact to the pig industry. To date, four species of PCV (PCV1 to 4) have been identified but only PCV2 has been associated firmly with disease in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in the wild boar population in Basilicata region, Southern Italy, since this region is characterized by large forested and rural areas and the anthropic pressure is lower than in other Italian regions. Liver samples from 82 hunted wild boar were collected in 2021 from 3 different hunting districts. Sixty (73%, 95%CI: 63–82) samples tested positive for PCVs by quantitative PCR. In detail, 22 (27%, 95%CI: 18–37) were positive for PCV2, 58 (71%, 95%CI: 60–79) for PCV3, and 20 (24.4%, 95%CI 16–35) for both PCV2 and PCV3. On genome sequencing, different types and sub-types of PCV2 and PCV3 were identified, remarking a genetic diversity and hinting to a global circulation for the identified PCV strains. Overall, the high prevalence suggests that PCV2 and PCV3 infections are endemic in the wild boar population, posing risks for semi-intensive and free-range pig farming, typical of this region, due to contact with PCV-infected wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.L.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (G.L.)
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Kroeger M, Temeeyasen G, Piñeyro PE. Five years of porcine circovirus 3: what have we learned about the clinical disease, immune pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Segalés J, Sibila M. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context. Vet Sci 2022; 9:110. [PMID: 35324838 PMCID: PMC8953210 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) includes the subclinical infection (PCV-2-SI), systemic (PCV-2-SD) and reproductive (PCV-2-RD) diseases, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Criteria to establish the diagnosis of these conditions have not changed over the years; thus, the triad composed by clinical signs, lesions and viral detection in lesions are still the hallmark for PCV-2-SD and PCV-2-RD. In contrast, PCV-2-SI diagnosis is not usually performed since this condition is perceived to be controlled by default through vaccination. PDNS is diagnosed by gross and histopathological findings, and PCV-2 detection is not recognized as a diagnostic criterion. Molecular biology methods as a proxy for PCVD diagnoses have been extensively used in the last decade, although these techniques should be mainly considered as monitoring tools rather than diagnostic ones. What has changed over the years is the epidemiological picture of PCV-2 through the massive use of vaccination, which allowed the decrease in infectious pressure paralleled with a decrease in overall herd immunity. Consequently, the need for establishing the diagnosis of PCVD has increased lately, especially in cases with a PCV-2-SD-like condition despite vaccination. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to update the current knowledge on diagnostic criteria for PCVDs and to contextualize the interest of using molecular biology methods in the overall picture of these diseases within variable epidemiological scenarios of PCV-2 infection.
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Bandrick M, Balasch M, Heinz A, Taylor L, King V, Toepfer J, Foss D. A bivalent porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), PCV2a-PCV2b, vaccine offers biologically superior protection compared to monovalent PCV2 vaccines. Vet Res 2022; 53:12. [PMID: 35180885 PMCID: PMC8857852 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent publications suggest PCV2 vaccine-induced protection is superior when the vaccine and challenge are closely matched. PCV2's evolutionary rate, propensity for recombination, and genotype shifting, all provide rationale for modernizing PCV2 vaccines. One mechanism to increase a vaccine's epitope breadth is by designing a bivalent vaccine. The objective of these studies was to evaluate efficacy of a monovalent (PCV1-2 chimera, cPCV2a or cPCV2b) and bivalent (cPCV2a-cPCV2b) vaccine in terms of homologous and heterologous efficacy. In Study A, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2a or saline and challenged with PCV2a or PCV2b. In Study B, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2a, cPCV2a-cPCV2b bivalent, or saline, and challenged with PCV2a. In Study C, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2b, cPCV2a-cPCV2b bivalent, or saline, and challenged with PCV2b. In all studies vaccines and saline were administered intramuscularly to pigs at three to four weeks of age. Virulent PCV2b or PCV2a was administered to all animals approximately three weeks post-vaccination. Both mono and bivalent vaccinated groups demonstrated significantly lower viremia, percent of animals ever viremic, percent of animals with lymphoid depletion and/or histiocytic replacement, and percent of animals with PCV2 colonization of lymphoid tissues compared to saline controls. In Study A, a biologically relevant, though not significantly different, improvement in homologous versus heterologous protection was observed. In Studies B and C, biologically superior efficacy of the bivalent cPCV2a-cPCV2b vaccine compared to either monovalent vaccine was demonstrated. Taken together, cross-protection among mismatched PCV2 vaccine and challenge genotypes is not 100%; a bivalent PCV2 vaccine may provide the best opportunity to broaden coverage to circulating strains of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan Bandrick
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Monica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L. , Ctra. Camprodon s/n, Finca La Riba, 17813, Vall de Bianya, Spain
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Lucas Taylor
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Vickie King
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Jeri Toepfer
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Dennis Foss
- Zoetis Inc, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
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10
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Abstract
AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which serves as a major causative agent of PCV2-associated diseases and causes severe loss to the pig industry worldwide, can dysregulate the immune response and induce immunosuppression in PCV2-infected pigs. Similar to PCV2, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), a newly identified swine circovirus which might be closely associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive disorder, and multisystemic inflammatory responses, also interferes with host immune defense. Interaction between host immune system and PCVs is considered to be a crucial determinant of pathogenicity in pigs. Here, we sought to briefly discuss the current knowledge regarding the interaction of porcine circovirus type 2 and/or 3 with host immune cells and immune responses to better depict the viral immunomodulatory capacity, pathogenic mechanisms, and the future research direction in host immune responses to infection with PCV2 and PCV3.
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11
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Visuthsak W, Woonwong Y, Thanantong N, Poolperm P, Boonsoongnern A, Ratanavanichrojn N, Jirawattanapong P, Soda N, Kaminsonsakul T, Phuttapatimok S, Sukmak M. PCV3 in Thailand: Molecular epidemiology and relationship with PCV2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2980-2989. [PMID: 34406701 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 has been circulating throughout the world and since their first report, various clinical signs and disease developments have been documented. The virus is similar to the closely related PCV2 and is associated with several clinical signs called porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). PCV2 or PCV3 is occasionally reported with clinical signs such as PDNS, respiratory signs and reproductive failure. Retrospective research conducted in Thailand revealed that both PCV2 and PCV3 have been circulation for decades. However, awareness about PCV3 infection has just arisen in recent years because of the similarities observed in disease circulation and clinical signs that have led to concerns. This study was conducted to find the relationship between the quantity of PCV2 and PCV3 in Thai pigs displaying the clinical signs related to PCVAD. A total of 479 serum samples with different production phases and clinical signs were sent to Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC) for qPCR to detect the presence of PCV2 or PCV3. There was no relationship between the PCV3 and PCVAD-related clinical signs. Also, the relationship between PCV2 and PCV3 with no clinical signs suggested that both viruses might come from the same reservoir or have been circulating in Thailand for a long time, leading to common incidents in finding. The viral load of PCV2 was significantly different among the pig groups with and without clinical signs. The capsid sequence analysis of PCV3 revealed that 22 capsid sequences obtained from this study were found as clusters within PCV3a with a minor variation. Additional control measures are further needed to reduce the findings of the viruses. A future study with a control experiment may be needed to clarify the pathogenesis of PCV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansika Visuthsak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narut Thanantong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pariwat Poolperm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nantana Soda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanyanant Kaminsonsakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sahathat Phuttapatimok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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12
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Dela Cruz A, Palmieri C, Azul R, Legaspi C, Lola S, Barnes TS, Parke CR, Turni C, Alawneh JI, Baluyut AS, Basinang VG, David JE, de Castro RO, Domingo R, Francisco E, Ignacio C, Lapuz EL Jr, Mananggit MR, Retes L, Villar EC, Blackall PJ, Meers J. Detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the Philippines and the complexity of PCV2-associated disease diagnosis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:371. [PMID: 34173084 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), an important pig viral pathogen, can cause porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), resulting in economic losses associated with decreased growth and mortalities. The diagnosis of PCVAD is complex requiring clinical, pathological and virological approaches. This study assessed PCV2 infection using histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue samples and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on serum samples from 47 grower-finisher pigs allocated in three clinical groups in the Philippines. Typical PCV2 histopathological lesions were observed in mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) of eight of 47 pigs. Lymphoid depletion was seen in all eight pigs and granulomatous inflammation in one of these pigs. Four of these eight pigs were PCV2 positive by both IHC and qPCR. IHC revealed PCV2 antigen in 8 pigs in at least one of the following tissues: MLN (5/8), spleen (3/8), tonsils (4/8) and lungs (5/8). PCV2 antigen was observed in 3/8 MLN with lymphoid depletion and in one MLN with depletion and granulomatous inflammation. The qPCR test showed that 33 sera had a non-detectable level, twelve had < 106 and two had > 106 PCV2 DNA copies/ml serum. One pig with lymphoid depletion had > 106 PCV2 DNA copies/ml serum, and another pig without MLN lesions also had > 106 PCV2 DNA copies/ml serum. These findings suggest that PCVAD is present in the Philippines and confirm the challenges of PCVAD diagnosis as different patterns of results were obtained from the different tests.
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13
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Temeeyasen G, Lierman S, Arruda BL, Main R, Vannucci F, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Piñeyro PE. Pathogenicity and immune response against porcine circovirus type 3 infection in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33206034 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel PCV species (PCV3) has been detected in cases associated with sow mortality, lesions consistent with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of PCV3 in CD/CD pigs. Four treatment groups, PCV3 (n=6), PCV3-KLH (n=6), control (n=3) and control-KLH (n=3), were included with PCV3-positive tissue homogenate (gc=3.38×1012 ml-1 and gc=1.04×1011 ml-1), confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing. Clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, systemic cytokines, humoral (IgG) and T-cellular response were evaluated for 42 days. At necropsy, tissues were collected for histological evaluation and PCV3 detection by qPCR and in situ hybridization. No significant clinical signs were observed through the study. Viremia was detected in both PCV3-inoculated groups from 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 3 to 28 days p.i. and faecal shedding was transient. PCV3 induced an early (7 days p.i.) and sustained (42 days p.i.) IgG response. No significant T-cell response was observed. Histological evaluation demonstrated lesions consistent with multisystemic inflammation and perivasculitis. All tissues evaluated were positive by qPCR and virus replication was confirmed by positive in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated the potential role of PCV3 in subclinical infection, producing a mild, multisystemic inflammatory response, prolonged viremia detectable for 42 days p.i., presence of IgG humoral response and viral shedding in nasal secretions. More research is required to understand and elucidate potential co-factors necessary in the manifestation and severity of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Temeeyasen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Shay Lierman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis G Gimenez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
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14
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Saporiti V, Valls L, Maldonado J, Perez M, Correa-Fiz F, Segalés J, Sibila M. Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:264. [PMID: 33572209 DOI: 10.3390/v13020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been widely detected in healthy and diseased pigs; among different pathologic conditions, the strongest evidence of association comes from reproductive disease cases. However, simple viral detection does not imply the causality of the clinical conditions. Detection of PCV-3 within lesions may provide stronger evidence of causality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in tissues from fetuses/stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive problems in domestic swine, as well as the histopathologic assessment of fetal tissues. Fetuses or stillborn piglets from 53 cases of reproductive failure were collected and analyzed by PCV-3 qPCR. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) was also checked. PCV-3 qPCR positive samples with a high viral load were tested by PCV-3 in situ hybridization (ISH), sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. PCV-3 DNA was detected in 18/53 (33.9%) reproductive failure cases and in 16 of them PCV-3 was the only pathogen found. PCV-2 DNA was found in 5/53 (9.4%), PRRSV RNA in 4/53 (7.5%) and PPV1 was not detected. Four out of the six PCV-3 qPCR-positive cases with Ct value <30 were positive when tested by ISH. In these samples, PCV-3 was detected within mild histopathologic lesions, such as arteritis and periarteritis in multiple tissues. The present work emphasizes the need to include PCV-3 as a potential causative agent of reproductive failure in swine.
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15
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Franzo G, Ruiz A, Grassi L, Sibila M, Drigo M, Segalés J. Lack of Porcine circovirus 4 Genome Detection in Pig Samples from Italy and Spain. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060433. [PMID: 32486429 PMCID: PMC7350368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Circovirus includes several species and mostly causes asymptomatic infections. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and, with increasing evidence, Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3), have been associated with different clinical conditions all over the world. In 2019, a new porcine circovirus (PCV-4) was identified from diseased animals in China. Because of the lessons learned from PCV-2 and PCV-3, it appears mandatory to investigate the actual distribution of this new virus and its potential association with clinical outcomes. To this purpose, an exploratory study to detect PCV-4 by molecular methods was performed in Italy and Spain by testing more than 300 samples of different types (serum and tissues), collected from both healthy and diseased pigs and wild boar as well. All samples, independently from the country, type, health status and host, tested PCV-4 negative. Therefore, no evidence of PCV-4 presence was found in Italy and Spain through this exploratory study. Considering the dense pig trade among European countries, its presence in the continent can similarly be considered unlikely. The reasons behind the restricted PCV-4 distribution compared to other porcine circoviruses will require further investigations. Careful surveillance might nevertheless be important since prompt recognition of PCV-4 would allow the implementation of effective countermeasures to prevent its spreading and potential economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Albert Ruiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Grassi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.R.); (M.S.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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16
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Plut J, Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Stukelj M. Molecular detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2 and hepatitis E virus in oral fluid compared to their detection in faeces and serum. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:164. [PMID: 32460762 PMCID: PMC7251745 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are common and economically important viral disease causative agents detected in pig oral fluid (OF), faeces and serum at some infection stages. The purpose of this study was to detect PRRSV, PCV2 and HEV on six pig farms to determine which of the three sample types, OF, faeces or serum is appropriate for the diagnosis of these viruses in different pig categories. The following pig categories were included: 5 weeks-old (w/o), 7 w/o, 9 w/o, 11 w/o weaners, fatteners and breeding sows. Pursuant to the preliminary detection of each pathogen at the selected farms, OF samples, faeces, serum pools and 10 individual sera were examined, using PCR, for each age category. If any of the viruses were found in pools of faeces and OF, then faeces and OF from positive farms were tested separately for each pig category. The viral nucleic acids were detected using RT-PCR, PCR and real-time RT-PCR, for PRRSV, PCV2 and HEV respectively. Results PRRSV and HEV were detected on one farm and PCV2 on three others, positive results being more often obtained from the OF than from the faeces of the same animals. Ten individual serum samples from pigs from the same group of animals were also tested. The viruses were detected in almost all individual sera and OF in the same pig category with some exceptions: PRRSV was detected in the OF of fatteners but was absent in their sera; on Farm 2, PCV2 was detected in sera of 11 w/o pigs and fatteners but absent in group samples of their OF and, vice versa, in case of 9 w/o animals; HEV was detected in the OF of the youngest, 5 w/o weaners and absent in sera of the same age group. Conclusions The primary finding of the study is that OF is a welfare-friendly, non-invasive and highly efficient matrix for pathogen detection, thus evidencing the usefulness of pig OF as a matrix in which each of the three viruses considered can be detected with the highest probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plut
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Stukelj
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Mone NK, Clark NJ, Kyaw-Tanner M, Turni C, Barnes TS, Parke CR, Alawneh JA, Blackall PJ, Meers J. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:388-395. [PMID: 32441054 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the current porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes circulating in pigs in Queensland (QLD). METHODS The PCV2 infection status of pigs was determined by real-time PCR testing of 210 lymph nodes and 30 serum samples derived from 45 QLD farms. PCV2-positive samples from 22 pigs from 15 farms were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the full PCV2 genome. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 of these sequences in relation to published PCV2 sequences was then performed, and the genotypes were compared. RESULTS PCV2 DNA was detected in 95 lymph nodes and 15 serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 PCV2 sequences demonstrated that seven belonged to genotype PCV2b, two to PCV2d, one to PCV2f and seven to an "intermediate group" that clustered with PCV2d on the full genome analysis. CONCLUSION This work confirms earlier studies reporting the presence of PCV2b in Australia. It is the first study to report that PCV2d and PCV2f are also present in this country. PCV2d is currently a fast-spreading genotype globally, with reported high virulence. The potential implications of these findings with respect to pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Mone
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Kyaw-Tanner
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T S Barnes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C R Parke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Alawneh
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Sibila M, Guevara G, Cuadrado R, Pleguezuelos P, Pérez D, Pérez de Rozas A, Huerta E, Llorens A, Valero O, Pérez M, López C, Krejci R, Segalés J. Comparison of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 commercial vaccines efficacy when applied separate or combined under experimental conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:11. [PMID: 32391165 PMCID: PMC7197127 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) are two of the most significant infectious agents causing economic losses in the weaning to slaughter period. Due to their similar vaccination age, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two already existing Mhyo (Hyogen®) and PCV-2 (Circovac®) vaccines when administered separately or combined (RTM) by means of Mhyo or PCV-2 experimental challenges. Results Seven groups of animals were included in the study, being three of them challenged with PCV-2, three with Mhyo and one composed of non-challenged, non-vaccinated pigs. Within each experimental challenge, non-vaccinated (NV) groups were compared with double vaccinated groups using the commercial products separated (VS) or combined (VC). Both vaccinated groups showed significant differences for most parameters measured regarding PCV-2 (serology, percentage of infected animals and viral load in tissues) and Mhyo (serology and gross lesions) when compared to NV groups. VS and VC offered similar results, being only significantly different the PCV-2 antibody values at different time points (higher in the VS group) of the study, although not at the termination day (21 days post-PCV-2 inoculation). Conclusion The present study expands the knowledge on the possibility of using two separate Mhyo and PCV-2 commercial vaccines as a RTM product, which offered equivalent virological, immunological and pathological outcomes as compared to these vaccines when used by separate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sibila
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Guevara
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cuadrado
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Pleguezuelos
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pérez de Rozas
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Huerta
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Llorens
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Valero
- 3Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C López
- 1IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Krejci
- 5Ceva, La Ballastiere-BP, 126, 33501 Libourne Cedex, France
| | - J Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,6UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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de Oliveira Daian E Silva DS, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Da Fonseca FG. Short communication: a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based Porcine circovirus 2 vaccine elicits strong antibody response upon prime-boost homologous immunization in a preclinical model. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1439-45. [PMID: 32144692 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections are related to a number of syndromes and clinical manifestations, generally known as Porcine circovirus-associated diseases, which are related to losses in the swine industry. There are commercially available vaccines and new vaccines being tested, however, persistency of the PCV2 as an important pig pathogen, and the growing number of affected farms in different countries have suggested that there is room for vaccine improvement. In this study, we describe the construction and testing of a recombinant live vaccine based on a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing the PCV2b capsid protein (CAP). Using a two-dose homologous vaccination regimen, in mice, we demonstrated that the vaccine induced high titers of anti-PCV2 antibodies. The vaccine is stable upon lyophilization, and, together with the good immunogenicity potential observed, the results support further evaluation of the MVA-CAP vaccine in the target species.
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López-Lorenzo G, Díaz-Cao JM, Prieto A, López-Novo C, López CM, Díaz P, Rodríguez-Vega V, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Environmental distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in swine herds with natural infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14816. [PMID: 31616055 PMCID: PMC6794300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the aetiological agent of PCV2-Systemic Disease (PCV2-SD) and PCV2-Subclinical Infection (PCV2-SI). PCV2 is highly resistant to environmental conditions, being able to remain in the farm environment and thus represent a risk for infection maintenance. The aim of this study was to identify, under field conditions, the possible critical points in the environment of non-vaccinated farrow-to-weaning swine farms where PCV2 could accumulate and persist. For that, environmental samples from five swine farms with PCV2-SD or PCV2-SI were taken and analysed by qPCR, including different farm areas, farm personnel and management implements. PCV2 DNA was detected in the environment of all farms (42.9% of positive samples). Overall, the PCV2-SD herd seemed to present more positive samples and higher viral loads than the PCV2-SI herds. At individual farm level, weaning areas appeared to be the most contaminated facilities. In addition, PCV2 was found at high levels in most samples from farm workers, especially work boots, suggesting that they may play a role in within-farm transmission. In addition, PCV2 was detected in areas without animals the like warehouses, offices and farm perimeter. Therefore, this study is helpful to improve measures to reduce within-farm PCV2 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Manuel López
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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21
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Chen JY, Wu CM, Liao CM, Chen KC, You CC, Wang YW, Huang C, Chien MS. The impact of porcine circovirus associated diseases on live attenuated classical swine fever vaccine in field farm applications. Vaccine 2019; 37:6535-42. [PMID: 31500966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVADs) are among the most important diseases affecting the worldwide swine industry. Vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection has been utilized for disease control and effectively reduces clinical signs of PCVADs. To evaluate the efficacy of the PCV2 vaccine in field farms, we conducted a trial using conventional pigs immunized with the subunit PCV2 vaccine followed by PCV2 challenge. Immunized pigs demonstrated lower serum viral loads, less viral antigen staining in lymph nodes, and higher average daily weight gain, confirming the protective efficacy of the vaccine. However, low levels of PCV2 infection were still detected in vaccinated pigs after challenge, suggesting that the PCV2 vaccine was unable to eradicate the virus, which could lead to asymptomatic PCV2 subclinical infection (PCV2-SI) in pig farms. Additionally, PCV2 infection is a risk factor for impaired pig immune response development during the weaning to growth stages, which is a crucial period to receive vaccines against classical swine fever (CSF). Therefore, the impact of PCV2-SI or PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD) on live attenuated CSF vaccine was investigated. After PCV2 challenge, there was no difference in levels of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) neutralizing antibodies (NA) between pigs with PCV2-SD and PCV2-SI, suggesting that the efficacy of CSF vaccine was compromised. Moreover, results of long-term monitoring of CSFV NA titers in PCV2-SI pigs with minimized interference by maternally-derived antibodies suggested that serum PCV2 viral loads greater than 102 copies/mL may compromise the efficacy of CSF vaccine. Overall, a conventional pig model was established to demonstrate the impaired efficacy of the subunit PCV2 vaccine and its impact on the CSF vaccine in vaccination-challenge trials. Additionally, the impaired efficacy of the PCV2 vaccine resulted in increased PCV2-SI, eventually leading to compromised the live attenuated CSF vaccine induced NA response in field farm applications.
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22
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Klaumann F, Correa-Fiz F, Sibila M, Núñez JI, Segalés J. Infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 3 in longitudinally sampled pigs from four Spanish farms. Vet Rec 2019; 184:619. [PMID: 31040218 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) is a recently discovered virus in domestic pigs and wild boar. The virus has been described in pigs with different clinical/pathological presentations and healthy animals, but the dynamics of infection is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to longitudinally monitor PCV-3 infection in 152 pigs from four different healthy farms (A, B, C and D) by means of PCR in serum. The selected animals were sampled five (farm A) or six (farms B-D) times from weaning until the end of the fattening period. PCV-3 genome was found in pigs from all tested ages and farms; few animals had an apparent long-term infection (4-23 weeks). PCV-3 frequency of detection remained fairly uniform along tested ages within farms A and C, but was more variable among sampling times in farms B and D. Eight partial genome sequences were obtained from six different animals. Phylogenetic tree and pairwise distance analysis showed high similarity among sequences and with available genomes from different countries. This is the first study on PCV-3 infection dynamics in longitudinally sampled pigs. Most pigs got infection during their life, although PCV-3 did not appear to be linked with any specific age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brazilia, DF, Brazil.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Huang L, Wei Y, Xia D, Liu D, Zhu H, Wu H, Feng L, Liu C. A broad spectrum monoclonal antibody against porcine circovirus type 2 for antigen and antibody detection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3453-3464. [PMID: 30863876 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study described the production, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Twelve stable hybridomas were produced by immunization with purified PCV2a/LG strain and characterized by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), Western blotting, and neutralization assays. All mAbs could react with the PCV2 Cap protein and neutralize PCV2a/LG strain. One of them, mAb 3A5, reacted to all PCV2 strains from PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d and it could be applied to detect PCV2 antigen and antibodies. It was shown that the mAb 3A5 could be used to locate PCV2 antigen in PK15 cells and the inguinal lymph nodes of PCV2b/YJ stain-infected piglets. Furthermore, this mAb could immunoprecipitate the Cap protein in PCV2-infected PK15 cells. Meanwhile, a capture ELISA based on mAb 3A5 was developed and used to specifically test PCV2 antigen from cultures; a linear relationship was observed between the optical density at 405 nm of the ELISA and viral titers (200-12,800 TCID50/mL), with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. Finally, a competitive ELISA based on mAb 3A5 was developed to specifically detect antibodies in PCV2-infected and immunized pigs, and its sensitivity was higher than that of the blocking ELISA. This study suggested that the mAb 3A5 could be used in several convenient and efficient methods for PCV2 clinical and pathological studies, as well as surveillance in pigs and seroconversion monitoring in the vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Deli Xia
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hongzhen Zhu
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Changming Liu
- Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases Research Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Klaumann F, Correa-Fiz F, Franzo G, Sibila M, Núñez JI, Segalés J. Current Knowledge on Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3): A Novel Virus With a Yet Unknown Impact on the Swine Industry. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:315. [PMID: 30631769 PMCID: PMC6315159 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a recently described virus belonging to the family Circoviridae. It represents the third member of genus Circovirus able to infect swine, together with PCV-1, considered non-pathogenic, and PCV-2, one of the most economically relevant viruses for the swine worldwide industry. PCV-3 was originally found by metagenomics analyses in 2015 in tissues of pigs suffering from porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, myocarditis and multisystemic inflammation. The lack of other common pathogens as potential infectious agents of these conditions prompted the suspicion that PCV-3 might etiologically be involved in disease occurrence. Subsequently, viral genome was detected in apparently healthy pigs, and retrospective studies indicated that PCV-3 was already present in pigs by early 1990s. In fact, current evidence suggests that PCV-3 is a rather widespread virus worldwide. Recently, the virus DNA has also been found in wild boar, expanding the scope of infection susceptibility among the Suidae family; also, the potential reservoir role of this species for the domestic pig has been proposed. Phylogenetic studies with available PCV-3 partial and complete sequences from around the world have revealed high nucleotide identity (>96%), although two main groups and several subclusters have been described as well. Moreover, it has been proposed the existence of a most common ancestor dated around 50 years ago. Taking into account the economic importance and the well-known effects of PCV-2 on the swine industry, a new member of the same family like PCV-3 should not be neglected. Studies on epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity and diagnosis are guaranteed in the next few years. Therefore, the present review will update the current knowledge and future trends of research on PCV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Alpízar A, Segalés J, Martínez S, Martínez A, Socci G, Córdova D, Fajardo R. Histopathological and virological findings in emaciated pigs from Mexico: an exploratory study. ACTA VET BRNO 2018; 87:213-7. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to detect the presence of three main pig respiratory viral agents (porcine rubulavirus [PorPV], porcine circovirus type 2 [PCV-2], and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [PRRSV]) in tissues of emaciated piglets from the Baj'o Region (Mexico). Necropsies and histopathological studies of 37 pigs with poor body condition were performed; viruses were detected by molecular biology methods and PCV-2 was further assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia was observed in 25/37 (68%) of the piglets. Also, a varying degree of lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs was found in 14/37 (38%) animals. Through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), from the 37 pigs, 16 were positive for PCV-2, 18 for PRRSV and 1 for PorPV. In accordance with these results, the infection and/or co-infection with PCV-2 and PRRSV were fairly frequent findings in piglets with poor body condition in Mexico, while the infection by PorPV was apparently negligible. Wasting of post-weaning piglets is a global pig farming problem that causes great economic losses and has been associated with diverse factors: microbial agents, environmental factors, nutritional factors, and management. When the Blue Eye Disease was first reported in Mexico, it was associated with severe wasting in post-weaning piglets. This study demonstrated that this disease does not seem to play such an important role in the wasting as was previously thought.
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Klaumann F, Franzo G, Sohrmann M, Correa-Fiz F, Drigo M, Núñez JI, Sibila M, Segalés J. Retrospective detection of Porcine circovirus 3
(PCV-3) in pig serum samples from Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1290-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília Brazil
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Sohrmann
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Loughborough England
| | - F. Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - J. I. Núñez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); UAB; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Nielsen GB, Nielsen JP, Haugegaard J, Leth SC, Larsen LE, Kristensen CS, Pedersen KS, Stege H, Hjulsager CK, Houe H. Comparison of serum pools and oral fluid samples for detection of porcine circovirus type 2 by quantitative real-time PCR in finisher pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 29435356 PMCID: PMC5793352 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) diagnostics in live pigs often involves pooled serum and/or oral fluid samples for group-level determination of viral load by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The purpose of the study was to compare the PCV2 viral load determined by qPCR of paired samples at the pen level of pools of sera (SP) from 4 to 5 pigs and the collective oral fluid (OF) from around 30 pigs corresponding to one rope put in the same pen. Pigs in pens of 2 finishing herds were sampled by cross-sectional (Herd 1) and cross-sectional with follow-up (Herd 2) study designs. In Herd 1, 50 sample pairs consisting of SP from 4 to 5 pigs and OF from around 23 pigs were collected. In Herd 2, 65 sample pairs consisting of 4 (SP) and around 30 (OF) pigs were collected 4 times at 3-week intervals. Results A higher proportion of PCV2-positive pens (86% vs. 80% and 100% vs. 91%) and higher viral loads (mean difference: 2.10 and 1.83 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) were found in OF versus SP in both herds. The OF cut-off value corresponding to a positive SP (>3 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) was estimated to 6.5 and 7.36 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml for Herds 1 and 2, respectively. Significant correlations between SP and OF results were found in Herd 1 (rho = 0.69) and the first sampling in Herd 2 (rho = 0.39), but not for the subsequent consecutive 3 samplings in Herd 2. Conclusions The proportion and viral loads of PCV2 positive pens were higher in collective OF (including up to 30 pigs) compared to SP (including 4–5 pigs) of the same pens. Also, OF seemed to detect the PCV2 infection earlier with OF values just below 6.5 (Herd 1) and 7.36 (Herd 2) log(10) being associated with a negative SP for the same pen. Nevertheless, a statistically significant correlation between SP and OF could not be found for all sampling time points, probably due to a high within-pen variation in individual pig viral load becoming very evident in SP of only four or five pigs. Consequently, the results imply that OF is well suited for detecting presence of PCV2 but less so for determining the specific viral load of pigs in a pen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Haugegaard
- MSD Animal Health Nordic, Havneholmen 25, 1561 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Helle Stege
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Houe
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tassis PD, Tsakmakidis I, Papatsiros VG, Koulialis D, Nell T, Brellou G, Tzika ED. A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a novel combination vaccine against enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) and porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the presence of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:91. [PMID: 28388953 PMCID: PMC5384188 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) are major pathogens that cause significant health problems in swine worldwide. Maternal derived immunity (MDI) has been suggested as a significant immediate defence factor for newborn piglets and may interfere with piglet's vaccination-induced immunity. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a novel combination vaccine (consisting of PCV2 subunits and inactivated M. hyo strain J), against PCV2 and M. hyo natural infection [Porcilis® PCV M Hyo (MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands)], in the presence of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity (antibody titre averaged 11.08 log2), under field conditions. The study was performed according to a controlled, randomized and blinded design in a Greek swine unit with Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) and subclinical PCV2 infection. In total, 600 healthy three-week-old suckling piglets were allocated randomly, either to treatment (vaccinated with the test product) or control group (injected with sterile buffered saline). RESULTS Vaccination significantly reduced the severity of lung lesions at slaughter (lesions of cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation) (P < 0.001). The overall mean lung lesion score (LLS) was 9.6 in the vaccinated group and 12.2 in controls. The level of PCV2 viraemia was significantly reduced in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, 25 g higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) was observed during the finishing phase (P < 0.001) and 18 g greater ADWG overall (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results of LLS, PCV2 viremia and ADWG support the test product's efficacy in the face of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis D Tassis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Tsakmakidis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, P.O. Box 199, Trikalon 224, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Koulialis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tom Nell
- Animal Health, Clinical Study Team Biologicals, P.O. Box 31, Boxmeer, 5830 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Georgia Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni D Tzika
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hernandez-Garcia J, Robben N, Magnée D, Eley T, Dennis I, Kayes SM, Thomson JR, Tucker AW. The use of oral fluids to monitor key pathogens in porcine respiratory disease complex. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:7. [PMID: 28405463 PMCID: PMC5382517 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The usefulness of oral fluid (OF) sampling for surveillance of infections in pig populations is already accepted but its value as a tool to support investigations of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) has been less well studied. This study set out to describe detection patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus type A (SIV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) among farms showing differing severity of PRDC. The study included six wean-to-finish pig batches from farms with historical occurrence of respiratory disease. OF samples were collected from six pens every two weeks from the 5th to the 21st week of age and tested by real time PCR for presence of PRRSV, SIV and M. hyo and by quantitative real time PCR for PCV2. Data was evaluated alongside clinical and post-mortem observations, mortality rate, slaughter pathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry testing data for PCV2 antigen where available. Results PRRSV and M. hyo were detectable in OF but with inconsistency between pens at the same sampling time and within pens over sequential sampling times. Detection of SIV in clinical and subclinical cases showed good consistency between pens at the same sampling time point with detection possible for periods of 2–4 weeks. Quantitative testing of OF for PCV2 indicated different patterns and levels of detection between farms unaffected or affected by porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). There was good correlation of PCR results for multiple samples collected from the same pen but no associations were found between prevalence of positive test results and pen location in the building or sex of pigs. Conclusions Detection patterns for PRRSV, SIV and M. hyo supported the effectiveness of OF testing as an additional tool for diagnostic investigation of PRDC but emphasised the importance of sampling from multiple pens and on multiple occasions. Preliminary evidence supported the measurement of PCV2 load in pooled OF as a tool for prediction of clinical or subclinical PCVD at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB30ES Cambridge, England, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Eley
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, England, UK
| | | | - Sara M Kayes
- SAC Consulting Veterinary, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Penicuik, Midlothian Scotland, UK
| | - Jill R Thomson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Penicuik, Midlothian Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB30ES Cambridge, England, UK
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Martelli P, Saleri R, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Cavalli V, Benetti M, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Bonilauri P, Arioli E, Caleffi A, Nathues H, Borghetti P. Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets' immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:77. [PMID: 27170186 PMCID: PMC4864921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical protection, the level of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia and the immune response (antibodies and IFN-γ secreting cells (SC)) in piglets derived from PCV2 vaccinated sows and themselves vaccinated against PCV2 at different age, namely at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The cohort study has been carried out over three subsequent production cycles (replicates). At the start/enrolment, 46 gilts were considered at first mating, bled and vaccinated. At the first, second and third farrowing, dams were bled and re-vaccinated at the subsequent mating after weaning piglets. Overall 400 piglets at each farrowing (first, second and third) were randomly allocated in three different groups (100 piglets/group) based on the timing of vaccination (4, 6 or 8 weeks of age). A fourth group was kept non-vaccinated (controls). Piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with one dose (2 mL) of a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (Porcilis® PCV). Twenty animals per group were bled at weaning and from vaccination to slaughter every 4 weeks for the detection of PCV2 viremia, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Clinical signs and individual treatments (morbidity), mortality, and body weight of all piglets were recorded. Results All vaccination schemes (4, 6 and 8 weeks of age) were able to induce an antibody response and IFN-γ SC. The highest clinical and virological protection sustained by immune reactivity was observed in pigs vaccinated at 6 weeks of age. Overall, repeated PCV2 vaccination in sows at mating and the subsequent higher levels of maternally derived antibodies did not significantly interfere with the induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in their piglets after vaccination. Conclusions The combination of vaccination in sows at mating and in piglets at 6 weeks of age was more effective for controlling PCV2 natural infection, than other vaccination schemas, thus sustaining that some interference of MDA with the induction of an efficient immune response could be considered. In conclusion, optimal vaccination strategy needs to balance the levels of passive immunity, the management practices and timing of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Benetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Pitagora, 2-42100, Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Heiko Nathues
- Swine Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
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Eddicks M, Koeppen M, Willi S, Fux R, Reese S, Sutter G, Stadler J, Ritzmann M. Low prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 infections in farrowing sows and corresponding pre-suckling piglets in southern German pig farms. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:70-4. [PMID: 27066711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the assumed causative agent of a number of different diseases summarized as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). The virus is shed via different se- and excretions of PCV2 infected pigs. Transmission of the virus occurs horizontally and vertically either by oronasal or diaplacental infection. Recent research emphasizes the importance of diaplacental PCV2 infection or the infection in early stages of the piglet's life attributable to excretion of PCV2 by the dams within the suckling period. To estimate the prevalence of intrauterine PCV2 infections under field conditions in Bavaria the PCV2 status of farrowing sows (n=198) and corresponding pre-suckling piglets (n=590) of 20 piglet producing farms was examined. PCV2 viral load and anti-PCV2 antibodies in the serum of the sows and piglets were examined at time of farrowing or before colostrum intake, respectively. PCV2 excretion of the sows via saliva, feces and urine was examined additionally. PCV2 specific antibodies in the serum of the sows were detectable on 11 farms with a mean in herd seroprevalence of 35.5% in these farms. Only 0.65% of all samples collected from 198 sows were positive for PCV2 DNA (serum: 1%; feces: 0.5%; saliva: 0.5%; urine: 0.6%). PCV2 DNA was detectable in sample material from seronegative sows as well as from seropositive sows. In none of the pre-suckling serum samples of the piglets IgG antibodies against PCV2 or PCV2 DNA were present. No correlation between the antibody- and viremia status of the sows and the PCV2 excretion was detectable. In contrast to reports about a high prevalence of viremic pre-suckling piglets in the suckling period in North America, the results of the present study reveal that diaplacental infection with PCV2 is comparatively rare in Southern Germany and infection of piglets within the suckling period seems to be more likely.
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Pujols J, Segalés J, Polo J, Rodríguez C, Campbell J, Crenshaw J. Influence of spray dried porcine plasma in starter diets associated with a conventional vaccination program on wean to finish performance. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:4. [PMID: 28405430 PMCID: PMC5382401 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional vaccination programs using a single injection of a combined vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) can promote a strong immune response that reduces feed intake for 24 to 48 h post injection. Often such vaccines are given around the time of weaning during a critical stress period in which feed intake is already compromised. Spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is a protein source used in starter diets that increases post-weaning feed intake of pigs. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a conventional vaccination program along with feeding SDPP in a starter diet on antibody development and wean to finish performance of pigs. Results Pigs fed the starter diet with SDPP had improved body weight, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake during the initial 14 d after weaning along with improved feed efficiency during the initial 7 d after weaning and these responses were independent of vaccination. Vaccination at 3 d after weaning had no significant effect on performance during the initial 14 d after weaning. Cumulative mortality was reduced for pigs fed the starter diet with SDPP, while vaccinated pigs had reduced mortality from d 48 to 145. Both vaccinated pigs and those fed the starter diet with SDPP had heavier carcass weight. One pig per pen was challenged with PCV2 at d 63. A higher percentage of vaccinated pigs were sero-positive for antibodies against PCV2 and MHYO at d 35, 63 and 78. Antibody values against PCV2 were higher for vaccinated pigs at d 35 and 63, but lower at d 146. Percentage of positive samples for PCV2 genome in serum was reduced for vaccinated pigs at d 117 and 146. Antibody values against MHYO were increased for vaccinated pigs at d 35, 63 and 78. Conclusions Vaccination supported a long term antibody response against PCV2 and a moderate but weaker antibody response against MHYO for early finishing pigs challenged with PCV2. Using SDPP in the starter diet along with vaccination supported the best long-term beneficial effects on survival to market and carcass weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Joy Campbell
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
| | - Joe Crenshaw
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
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Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has and is still causing important economic losses to pig industry. This is due to PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which increases mortality rates and slows down the growth of the animals, as well as other conditions collectively included within the so-called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). PCV2-SD affected pigs are considered to be immunosuppressed, with severe lymphocyte depletion and evidence of secondary infections. However, PCV2-infected pigs not developing the disease are able to mount humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus or limit the infection. On the contrary, insufficient amounts of neutralizing antibodies have been linked to increased PCV2 replication, severe lymphoid lesions and development of PCV2-SD. Central role in controlling PCV2 infection are played by the antigen specific memory T cells. These cells persist long term post-infection or vaccination and are able to expand rapidly after recall antigen recognition. Most farms in the main pig producing countries are applying vaccination against PCV2 to prevent the disease and improve the farm performance. Vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity and PCV2 keeps on circulating even in farms applying vaccination. This, together with the high mutation rate of PCV2, world-wide fluctuations in the genotype dominance and emergence of novel genetic variants, warrant close molecular survey of the virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Chen D, Wei Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Sun J, Du W, Wu H, Liu C. Synergistic pathogenicity in sequential coinfection with Mycoplasma hyorhinis and porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:123-30. [PMID: 26711038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the synergistic pathogenicity of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), thirty 35-day-old piglets were randomly distributed to six groups (n=5 each): Mhr/PCV2 (group 1, inoculated with Mhr and PCV2 1 week later), PCV2/Mhr (group 2, inoculated with PCV2 and Mhr 1 week later), Mhr-PCV2 (group 3, inoculated with PCV2 and Mhr concurrently), singular PCV2 group (group 4), singular Mhr group (group 5), and a uninfected control group (group 6). Mild transient lethargy, fever, coughing, inappetence, and decreased daily weight gain were observed in all dual-infected groups and the singular Mhr-infected group. There were significantly higher levels of PCV2 and Mhr antibodies, larger amounts and wider range of tissue distribution of PCV2 antigens and nucleic acids in the dual-infected groups compared to the single-infected and control groups. PCV2 and Mhr dual-infection resulted in significantly more severe macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions and wider PCV2 DNA distribution compared with piglets infected with PCV2 alone. Cytokine detection showed a significant change in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 levels in the infected groups, especially in the Mhr-PCV2 group, compared with the control group. Hence, Mhr potentiated the severity of PCV2-associated lung lesions, increased the amount and distribution of PCV2 DNA in tissues, and increased the incidence of porcine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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Yang S, Shang Y, Wang D, Yin S, Cai J, Liu X. Diagnosis of porcine circovirus type 2 infection with a combination of immunomagnetic beads, single-domain antibody, and fluorescent quantum dot probes. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2325-34. [PMID: 26153546 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of a specific antibody conjugated with nanobeads, forming immunomagnetic nanobeads (IMNBs), has been demonstrated to be useful for the capture and detection of viruses. In this study, IMNBs functionalized with a single-domain antibody against the capsid protein (Cap) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), hereafter denoted as psdAb, were evaluated and used to capture PCV2. Quantum dots (QDs) conjugated with psdAb were used as a fluorescence probe to visualize PCV2 captured by IMNBs. The specificity and sensitivity of this method were further evaluated using common pathogens of pig viral disease and PCV2. To assess its practicality, clinical samples were tested in this study. The results showed that 2.57 ± 0.13 mg Cap or 0.97 ± 0.064 × 10(6) copies of PCV2 particles could be captured by 1 mg of IMNBs in 30 min. This suggests that the IMNBs have the ability to efficiently capture PCV2 with good specificity, as there was no cross-reaction with other pathogens, and with strong sensitivity, with a detection limit as low as 10(3) copies/ml of PCV2 particles. Moreover, PCV2 in inguinal lymph node, lung, spleen, serum, and fecal samples was successfully detected by IMNBs. The results demonstrate that this method is promising for the rapid and effective detection of PCV2 in complex clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China,
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Kristensen CS, Hjulsager CK, Larsen LE. A two-year follow-up study of the PCV2 status of a Danish pig herd that was initially assumed to be PCV2-free. Porcine Health Manag 2015; 1:5. [PMID: 28405414 PMCID: PMC5375122 DOI: 10.1186/2055-5660-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate whether a herd that had previously tested negative for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was free of PCV2 or whether the negative profiles indicate that the level of PCV2 varies over time. Results In eight Danish herds that had initially tested negative for PCV2 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), additional sampling was performed. Only one of the herds was still PCV2-negative in the additional sampling and was included in the study. The herd was a finishing herd, subclinically infected with PCV2, but vaccinated against PCV2 to improve performance. The herd was monitored by taking blood samples every seventh week over a period of two years and was not found to be continuously negative for PCV2 by PCR. The first time PCV2 was detected by PCR, in May 2010, PCV2 vaccination had been withdrawn from the herd, and at the same time the herd was infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS). The PCV2-negative status, measured by PCR, was obtained in the first sampling after the PCV2 vaccination had been reintroduced. When PCV2 vaccination was withdrawn again in September 2011, the herd tested positive for PCV2 by PCR, and this time it continued to be PCV2-positive, even though PCV2 vaccination had been reintroduced. Conclusion A Danish finishing herd that appeared to be PCV2-free from the start of a period of two years was not free of PCV2 during the entire period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Kristensen
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Pig Research Centre, Vinkelvej 11, DK-8620 Kjellerup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Patterson R, Nevel A, Diaz AV, Martineau HM, Demmers T, Browne C, Mavrommatis B, Werling D. Exposure to environmental stressors result in increased viral load and further reduction of production parameters in pigs experimentally infected with PCV2b. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:261-9. [PMID: 25866129 PMCID: PMC4441105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress increases viral load of PCV2b in serum and tissue. Environmental stress exacerbates PCV2b induced weight loss. Environmental stress and PCV2b reduce ADG and impact negatively on FCR.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as the essential, but not sole, underlying infectious component for PCV-associated diseases (PCVAD). Several co-factors have been suggested to convert an infection with PCV2 into the clinical signs of PCVAD, including co-infection with a secondary pathogen and the genetic background of the pig. In the present study, we investigated the role of environmental stressors in the form of changes in environmental temperature and increased stocking-density on viral load in serum and tissue, average daily weight gain (ADG) and food conversion rate (FCR) of pigs experimentally infected with a defined PCV2b strain over an eight week period. These stressors were identified recently as risk factors leading to the occurrence of severe PCVAD on a farm level. In the current study, PCV2-free pigs were housed in separate, environmentally controlled rooms, and the experiment was performed in a 2 × 2 factorial design. In general, PCV2b infection reduced ADG and increased FCR, and these were further impacted on by the environmental stressors. Furthermore, all stressors led to an increased viral load in serum and tissue as assessed by qPCR, although levels did not reach statistical significance. Our data suggest that there is no need for an additional pathogen to develop PCVAD in conventional status pigs, and growth retardation and clinical signs can be induced in PCV2 infected pigs that are exposed to environmental stressors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Patterson
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Amanda Nevel
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Adriana V Diaz
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Henny M Martineau
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Theo Demmers
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Christopher Browne
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Bettina Mavrommatis
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dirk Werling
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Marco-Ramell A, Hummel K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bassols A, Miller I. Concentration and pattern changes of porcine serum apolipoprotein A-I in four different infectious diseases. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:543-51. [PMID: 25377528 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) is a major protein in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and decreased serum levels have been observed in many species in response to inflammatory and infectious challenges. Little is known about the porcine homologue, therefore in this work we have characterized it through biochemical and proteomic techniques. In 2DE, porcine serum Apo A-I is found as three spots, the two more acidic ones corresponding to the mature protein, the more basic spot to the protein precursor. Despite high sequence coverage in LC-MS/MS, we did not find a sequence or PTM difference between the two mature protein species. Besides this biochemical characterization, we measured overall levels and relative species abundance of serum Apo A-I in four different viral and bacterial porcine infectious diseases. Lower overall amounts of Apo A-I were observed in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli infections. In the 2DE protein pattern, an increase of the protein precursor together with a lower level of mature protein species were detected in the porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease and S. typhimurium infection. These results reveal that both the porcine serum Apo A-I concentration and the species pattern are influenced by the nature of the infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marco-Ramell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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López-Soria S, Sibila M, Nofrarías M, Calsamiglia M, Manzanilla EG, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Mínguez A, Serrano JM, Marín O, Joisel F, Charreyre C, Segalés J. Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) load in serum on average daily weight gain during the postweaning period. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:296-301. [PMID: 25448444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ubiquitous virus that mainly affects nursery and fattening pigs causing systemic disease (PCV2-SD) or subclinical infection. A characteristic sign in both presentations is reduction of average daily weight gain (ADWG). The present study aimed to assess the relationship between PCV2 load in serum and ADWG from 3 (weaning) to 21 weeks of age (slaughter) (ADWG 3-21). Thus, three different boar lines were used to inseminate sows from two PCV2-SD affected farms. One or two pigs per sow were selected (60, 61 and 51 piglets from Pietrain, Pietrain×Large White and Duroc×Large White boar lines, respectively). Pigs were bled at 3, 9, 15 and 21 weeks of age and weighted at 3 and 21 weeks. Area under the curve of the viral load at all sampling times (AUCqPCR 3-21) was calculated for each animal according to standard and real time quantitative PCR results; this variable was categorized as "negative or low" (<10(4.3) PCV2 genome copies/ml of serum), "medium" (≥10(4.3) to ≤10(5.3)) and "high" (>10(5.3)). Data regarding sex, PCV2 antibody titre at weaning and sow parity was also collected. A generalized linear model was performed, obtaining that paternal genetic line and AUCqPCR 3-21 were related to ADWG 3-21. ADWG 3-21 (mean±typical error) for "negative or low", "medium" and "high" AUCqPCR 3-21 was 672±9, 650±12 and 603±16 g/day, respectively, showing significant differences among them. This study describes different ADWG performances in 3 pig populations that suffered from different degrees of PCV2 viraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Soria
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - M Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - M Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - M Calsamiglia
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - E G Manzanilla
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - H Ramírez-Mendoza
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - A Mínguez
- Swine Veterinarians, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - O Marín
- Swine Veterinarians, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Joisel
- Merial S.A.S., BP 7123, 69348 Lyon, France
| | | | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). Animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. Variable amounts of PCV2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial cells, tunica media myocytes, and perivascular and/or intralesional inflammatory cell infiltrates. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected within endothelial cells of both lymphatic and blood vessels without lesions in the associated tissues. Necrotizing arteritis was principally present in lymph nodes and kidney and consisted of degeneration, necrosis, and pyknosis of myocytes, often with intracytoplasmic, brightly eosinophilic inclusion bodies that were strongly positive for PCV2 nucleic acid. Segmental or circumferential fibrinoid necrosis was mainly present in vessels of the lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus and was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. Severe lymphangitis associated with strong intralesional PCV2 labeling was frequently detected within the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lamina propria of the ileum. In most tissues, medium and large lymphatics and/or veins often had disruption of the intima and mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration that was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. The present study indicates that vasculitis is a frequent finding in natural cases of PCV2-SD and that PCV2 may have a direct cytopathic effect on tunica media myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries as well as endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Resendes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Department de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Docampo MJ, Cabrera J, Segalés J, Bassols A. Immunohistochemical investigation of extracellular matrix components in the lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and pigs with systemic disease caused by circovirus type 2. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:1-9. [PMID: 24813154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a scaffold for cell growth, impacts on cellular behaviour and plays an important role in pathological conditions. Several components of the ECM of lymphoid tissues have been shown to be crucial in the maturation, differentiation and migration of lymphocytes and other immune cells and, therefore, in the development of immune responses. Little is known of the composition and function of the ECM in porcine lymphoid tissues. The present study characterizes immunohistochemically the expression of several ECM-related molecules (i.e. hyaluronan [HA] and its receptor CD44, tenascin-C [TN-C] and versican) in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and animals affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). These ECM molecules displayed a highly defined expression pattern in healthy animals, suggesting that they may have a role in the compartmentalization of immune cells within lymphoid tissues. HA was abundant in the medulla of the thymus and follicles of secondary organs; CD44 and TN-C were present in the thymic medulla and parafollicular areas of secondary lymphoid organs; however, there was minimal expression of versican in healthy tissues. In PCV2-SD-affected animals, HA and CD44 showed a similar but more diffuse distribution. TN-C was increased in the T-cell-dependent areas and in tonsillar crypts, and versican was more abundantly expressed, with expression restricted to vascular structures and trabeculae and also surrounding tonsillar crypts. The altered expression in PCV2-SD-affected pigs was most probably related to a higher content of connective tissue secondary to tissue destruction and remodelling attempts as part of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Docampo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Cabrera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kekarainen T, Gonzalez A, Llorens A, Segalés J. Genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinating and non-vaccinating commercial farms. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1734-1742. [PMID: 24781444 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are now widely used to control the diseases caused by the virus. Although the vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not lead to sterilizing immunity and therefore infections with PCV2 continue in farms. It is expected that, due to its high evolutionary rate, PCV2 can adapt quickly to environmental pressures such as vaccination. The goal of this study was to elucidate the molecular variation of PCV2 in relation to vaccination. PCV2 variability was investigated from samples of infected pigs from five farms where vaccination had never been applied and two farms where pigs had been vaccinated for at least 2 years. For the genetic analysis, full PCV2 genomes were amplified and subsequently pooled by vaccination status from serum of eight vaccinated, infected pigs and 16 non-vaccinated, infected pigs. Variability of viral populations was quantified using next-generation sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. The number of segregating sites was similar in the non-vaccinated (n=109) and vaccinated pools (n=96), but the distribution of these sites in the genome differed. Most notably, in the capsid gene, the number of segregating sites was observed only in the non-vaccinated population. Based on the structural analysis, it is expected that some low-frequency amino acids result in biologically low-fit viruses. On the contrary, D294 in replicase represents a novel amino acid which was dominant and unique in the vaccinated pool. This work showed that variable PCV2 populations were circulating in commercial farms, and that this variability was different in samples obtained from vaccinating and non-vaccinating farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Anna Llorens
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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Chang HT, He XY, Liu YF, Chen L, Guo QH, Yu QY, Zhao J, Wang XW, Yang X, Wang CQ. Enhancing mucosal immunity in mice by recombinant adenovirus expressing major epitopes of porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein delivered with cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:399-407. [PMID: 24675838 PMCID: PMC4178141 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant replication-defective adenovirus expressing the major epitopes of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) capsid protein (rAd/Cap/518) was previously constructed and shown to induce mucosal immunity in mice following intranasal delivery. In the present study, immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with a combination of rAd/Cap/518 and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) were evaluated in mice. The levels of PCV-2-specific IgG in serum and IgA in saliva, lung, and intestinal fluids were significantly higher in the group immunized with rAd/Cap/518 and CpG ODN than animals immunized with rAd/Cap/518 alone. The frequencies of IL-2-secreting CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the combined immunization group than mice immunized with rAd/Cap/518 alone. The frequencies of CD3+, CD3+CD4+CD8-, and CD3+CD4-CD8+ T cells in the combined immunization group were similar to that treated with CpG ODN alone, but significantly higher than mice that did not receive CpG ODN. PCV-2 load after challenge in the combined immunization group was significantly lower than that in the phosphate-buffered saline placebo group and approximately 7-fold lower in the group treated with CpG ODN alone. These results indicate that rAd/Cap/518 combined with CpG ODN can enhance systemic and local mucosal immunity in mice, and represent a promising synergetic mucosal vaccine against PCV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Chang
- Animal Infectious Disease Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Kurtz S, Grau-Roma L, Cortey M, Fort M, Rodríguez F, Sibila M, Segalés J. Pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) generate antibody responses capable to neutralise PCV2 isolates of different genotypes and geographic origins. Vet Res 2014; 45:29. [PMID: 24602200 PMCID: PMC3996031 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential infectious agent for PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD, formerly known as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome) and other pathological conditions. Recent studies indicated antigenic variability amongst different PCV2 isolates and suggested that single amino acid changes within the capsid protein determine differences in the level of neutralization by specific monoclonal antibodies. The objective of the present study was to examine the cross-reactivity of PCV2 antibodies induced in the context of a natural infection against different PCV2 isolates belonging to genotypes PCV2a and PCV2b. Sera taken from several farms from animals of varying health status (PCV2-SD and age-matched healthy pigs and a set of slaughter-aged animals) were assayed for neutralizing activity against four PCV2 isolates from both predominant genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) and of differing geographic origins (Europe and North-America). Results showed that most of studied pigs (79 out of 82) contained neutralizing antibodies (NA) able to neutralize all four studied viral strains. Overall, pigs had significantly higher NA titres against PCV2a than against PCV2b (P < 0.001). Accordingly, studied serums were able to better neutralize Burgos390L4 and Stoon-1010 strains (PCV2a) than L-33-Sp-10-54 and MO/S-06 strains (PCV2b) (P < 0.001). No differences between capabilities of seroneutralization of viruses from different geographic origin were observed. Present data suggests that sequence differences between PCV2 isolates translate to functional antigenic differences in viral neutralization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Dvorak CM, Lilla MP, Baker SR, Murtaugh MP. Multiple routes of porcine circovirus type 2 transmission to piglets in the presence of maternal immunity. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:365-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Segalés J, Kekarainen T, Cortey M. The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: From an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease? Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
To investigate porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) transmission by contact and vertical infection in Kunming mice (an outbred mouse stock deriving from Swiss albino mice with a high ratio of gene heterozygosis), four mice in cage 6 were inoculated with PCV2b and 25 mice without any treatment were placed into cages 1 to 5 (five mice in each cage). Seven days after being infected, the PCV2-binoculated mice were co-mingled with non-inoculated mice from cages 1 to 5 successively at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post infection (dpi), respectively, for 3 days. In addition, eleven pregnant mice were injected with PCV2b. Samples were collected from non-inoculated mice and three newborn mice from each litter for PCV2b detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The PCR results showed that PCV2b transmission rate among mice in cages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 0/5, 2/5, 5/5, 5/5 and 1/5, respectively. PCV2b antigen signals generally appeared in most organs of the non-inoculated mice in which viruses were detected by PCR. PCV2b DNA was also detected in newborn mice of PCV2b-infected litters, and viral antigen signals were observed in their organs as well. PCV2b was transmitted in Kunming mice by contact, and it also caused vertical infection through the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Deng
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - An Yuan
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Wei Luo
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Nai Wang
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Qian Gong
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Xing Yu
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Li Xue
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
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Nieto D, Kekarainen T, Aramouni M, Segalés J. Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 distribution in tissues of porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease affected and age-matched healthy pigs. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:364-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hansen MS, Segalés J, Fernandes LT, Grau-Roma L, Bille-Hansen V, Larsen LE, Nielsen OL. Detection of porcine circovirus type 2 and viral replication by in situ hybridization in primary lymphoid organs from naturally and experimentally infected pigs. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:980-8. [PMID: 23482522 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813480805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). It has been speculated whether cell types permissive of replication are found in the primary lymphoid organs and whether infection of these tissues has an important role in the pathogenesis of PMWS. The aim of this study was to determine if primary lymphoid organ cells support viral replication during PCV2 infection. This was done by histopathological examination of thymus and bone marrow from pigs experimentally inoculated with PCV2 (n = 24), mock-infected pigs (n = 12), pigs naturally affected by PMWS (n = 33), and age-matched healthy control animals (n = 29). In situ hybridization (ISH) techniques were used to detect PCV2 nucleic acid irrespective of replicative status (complementary probe, CP) or to detect only the replicative form of the virus (replicative form probe, RFP). PCV2 was not detected in the experimentally PCV2-inoculated pigs or the control animals. Among the PMWS-affected pigs, 19 of 20 (95%) thymuses were positive for PCV2 by CP ISH, and 7 of 19 (37%) of these also supported viral replication. By CP ISH, PCV2 was detected in 16 of 33 (48%) bone marrow samples, and 5 of 16 (31%) of these also supported replication. The 2 ISH probes labeled the same cell types, which were histiocytes in both organs and lymphocytes in thymus. The RFP labeled fewer cells than the CP. Thus, PCV2 nucleic acids and replication were found in bone marrow and thymus of PMWS-affected pigs, but there was no evidence that primary lymphoid organ cells are major supporters of PCV2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, The National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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