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Ferrara G, Pagnini U, Improda E, Iovane G, Montagnaro S. Pigs in southern Italy are exposed to three ruminant pathogens: an analysis of seroprevalence and risk factors analysis study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:183. [PMID: 38720324 PMCID: PMC11077783 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are susceptible to several ruminant pathogens, including Coxiella burnetti, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). These pathogens have already been described in the pig population, although the dynamics of the infection and the impact on pig farms are currently unclear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of these infections in the pig population of the Campania region, southern Italy, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with a greater risk of exposure. RESULTS A total of 414 serum samples belonging to 32 herds were tested for the presence of antibodies against SBV, Coxiella, and BVD using commercial multispecies ELISA kits. SBV (5.3%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Coxiella (4.1%) and BVD (3%). The risk factors included in the study (age, sex, province, farming system, ruminant density and major ruminant species) had no influence on the probability of being exposed to BVD and Coxiella, except for the location, in fact more pigs seropositive to Coxiella were found in the province of Caserta. However, the univariate analysis highlighted the influence of age, location, and sex on exposure to SBV. The subsequent multivariate analysis statistically confirmed the importance of these factors. The presence of neutralizing antibodies for SBV and BVDV, or antibodies directed towards a specific phase of infection for Coxiella was further confirmed with virus-neutralization assays and phase-specific ELISAs in a large proportion of positive samples. The presence of high neutralizing antibody titers (especially for SBV) could indicate recent exposures. Twelve of the 17 positive samples tested positive for antibodies against Coxiella phase I or II antigens, indicating the presence of both acute and chronic infections (one animal tested positive for both phases antibodies). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a non-negligible exposure of pigs from southern Italy to the above pathogens. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the dynamics of these infections in pigs, the impact on productivity, and the public health consequences in the case of Coxiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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Zhang K, Zhang J, Wang L, Liang Q, Niu Y, Gu L, Wei Y, Li J. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Reveals Immune Response Process in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Vet Sci 2023; 10:596. [PMID: 37888548 PMCID: PMC10611041 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, inflicting substantial economic losses upon the global cattle industry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the central hub for immune responses during host-virus infection and have been recognized as crucial targets for BVDV infection. In order to elucidate the dynamics of host-BVDV-1 interaction, this study harnessed RNA-seq and iTRAQ methods to acquire an extensive dataset of transcriptomics and proteomics data from samples of BVDV-1-infected PBMCs at the 12-h post-infection mark. When compared to mock-infected PBMCs, we identified 344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs: a total of 234 genes with downregulated expression and 110 genes with upregulated expression) and 446 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs: a total of 224 proteins with downregulated expression and 222 proteins with upregulated expression). Selected DEGs and DEPs were validated through quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and parallel reaction monitoring. Gene ontology annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis underscored the significant enrichment of DEGs and DEPs in various immunity-related signaling pathways, including antigen processing and presentation, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, among others. Further analysis unveiled that those DEGs and DEPs with downregulated expression were predominantly associated with pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, the interleukin-17 signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Conversely, upregulated DEGs and DEPs were chiefly linked to metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, complement and coagulation cascades, and the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. These altered genes and proteins shed light on the intense host-virus conflict within the immune realm. Our transcriptomics and proteomics data constitute a significant foundation for delving further into the interaction mechanism between BVDV and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Yuhui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Linlin Gu
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518100, China;
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianxi Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Evaluation of the Mucosal Immunity Effect of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subunit Vaccine E2Fc and E2Ft. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044172. [PMID: 36835584 PMCID: PMC9965503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Classified as a class B infectious disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Sporadic endemics of BVDV often lead to huge economic losses to the dairy and beef industries. To shed light on the prevention and control of BVDV, we developed two novel subunit vaccines by expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 fusion recombinant proteins (E2Fc and E2Ft) through suspended HEK293 cells. We also evaluated the immune effects of the vaccines. The results showed that both subunit vaccines induced an intense mucosal immune response in calves. Mechanistically, E2Fc bonded to the Fc γ receptor (FcγRI) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promoted IgA secretion, leading to a stronger T-cell immune response (Th1 type). The neutralizing antibody titer stimulated by the mucosal-immunized E2Fc subunit vaccine reached 1:64, which was higher than that of the E2Ft subunit vaccine and that of the intramuscular inactivated vaccine. The two novel subunit vaccines for mucosal immunity developed in this study, E2Fc and E2Ft, can be further used as new strategies to control BVDV by enhancing cellular and humoral immunity.
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Downregulation of the Long Noncoding RNA IALNCR Targeting MAPK8/JNK1 Promotes Apoptosis and Antagonizes Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication in Host Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0111322. [PMID: 35993735 PMCID: PMC9472605 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01113-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of the bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, which is a leading cause of economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. To date, many underlying mechanisms involved in BVDV-host interactions remain unclear, especially the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In our previous study, the lncRNA expression profiles of BVDV-infected Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were obtained by RNA-seq, and a significantly downregulated lncRNA IALNCR targeting MAPK8/JNK1 (a key regulatory factor of apoptosis) was identified through the lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network analysis. In this study, the function of IALNCR in regulating apoptosis to affect BVDV replication was further explored. Our results showed that BVDV infection-induced downregulation of the lncRNA IALNCR in the host cells could suppress the expression of MAPK8/JNK1 at both the mRNA and protein levels, thereby indirectly promoting the activation of caspase-3, leading to cell-autonomous apoptosis to antagonize BVDV replication. This was further confirmed by the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of the lncRNA IALNCR. However, the overexpression of the lncRNA IALNCR inhibited apoptosis and promoted BVDV replication. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that the lncRNA IALNCR plays an important role in regulating host antiviral innate immunity against BVDV infection. IMPORTANCE Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease caused by BVDV is an important viral disease in cattle, causing severe economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions are complex. To date, most studies focused only on how BVDV escapes host innate immunity. By contrast, how the host cell regulates anti-BVDV innate immune responses is rarely reported. In this study, a significantly downregulated lncRNA, with a potential function of inhibiting apoptosis (inhibiting apoptosis long noncoding RNA, IALNCR), was obtained from the lncRNA expression profiles of BVDV-infected cells and was experimentally evaluated for its function in regulating apoptosis and affecting BVDV replication. We demonstrated that downregulation of BVDV infection-induced lncRNA IALNCR displayed antiviral function by positively regulating the MAPK8/JNK1 pathway to promote cell apoptosis. Our data provided evidence that host lncRNAs regulate the innate immune response to BVDV infection.
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Wang H, Wang M, Feng X, Li Y, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Liu J, Wang X, Zhang L, La H, You X, Ma Z, Zhou J. Genetic features of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1c in newborn calves at nucleotide and synonymous codon usages. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:984962. [PMID: 36118339 PMCID: PMC9470862 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.984962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), serving as an important pathogen for newborn calves, poses threat to reproductive and economic losses in the cattle industry. To survey the infection rate and genetic diversity of BVDV in newborn calves in northern China, a total of 676 sera samples of newborn calves were collected from four provinces between 2021 and 2022. All sera samples were individually detected for BVDV infection by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results showed that the overall serological rate was 9.76% (66/676) and the average positive rate of BVDV RNA was 8.14% (55/676) in the newborn calves. Eight BVDV strains were successfully isolated from RT-PCR positive sera samples, and four isolates displayed the cytopathic effect (CPE). Based on phylogenetic tree at the genome level, the eight strains were classified into subgenotype 1c. Moreover, the BVDV isolates had a close genetic relationship with the GSTZ strain at either nucleotide or codon usage level. Interestingly, in comparison of synonymous codon usage patterns between the BVDV isolates with CPE and ones without CPE, there were four synonymous codons (UCG, CCC, GCA, and AAC) which displayed the significant differences (p < 0.05) at codon usage pattern, suggesting that synonymous codon usage bias might play a role in BVDV-1c biotypes. In addition, the usage of synonymous codons containing CpG dinucleotides was suppressed by the BVDV-1c isolates, reflecting one of strategies of immune evasion of BVDV to its host. Taken together, our study provided data for monitoring and vaccination strategies of BVDV for newborn calves in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xili Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yicong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiezhong Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Hua La
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoqian You
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhou
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Coinfection with PEDV and BVDV induces inflammatory bowel disease pathway highly enriched in PK-15 cells. Virol J 2022; 19:119. [PMID: 35842726 PMCID: PMC9288691 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From the 1078 diarrhea stools tested in our survey from 2017 to 2020 in local area of China, PEDV was the key pathogen that was closely related to the death of piglets with diarrhea. In addition, coinfection of PEDV-positive samples with BVDV reached 17.24%. Although BVDV infection in swine is typically subclinical, the effect of PEDV and BVDV coinfection on disease severity and the potential molecular mechanism of coinfection with these two viruses remain unknown. Methods In this study, we developed a model of coinfection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in PK15 cells, and a tandem mass tag (TMT) combined with LC–MS/MS proteomic approach was used to identify differential protein expression profiles. Additionally, we performed drug experiments to explore the inflammatory response induced by PEDV or BVDV mono- or coinfection. Results A total of 1094, 1538, and 1482 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified upon PEDV monoinfection, BVDV monoinfection and PEDV/BVDV coinfection, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that PEDV and BVDV coinfection led to a highly significantly enrichment of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathway. In addition, the NF-κB signaling pathway was more intensively activated by PEDV and BVDV coinfection, which induced higher production of inflammatory cytokines, than PEDV or BVDV monoinfection. Conclusions Our study indicated that cattle pathogens might play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of porcine diarrhea, which might also improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple infections in diarrhea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01845-8.
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Ma Y, Khan MZ, Xiao J, Alugongo GM, Chen X, Li S, Wang Y, Cao Z. An Overview of Waste Milk Feeding Effect on Growth Performance, Metabolism, Antioxidant Status and Immunity of Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898295. [PMID: 35656173 PMCID: PMC9152456 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste milk (WM) is a part of the milk produced on dairy farms, which is usually unsuitable for human consumption. The WM contains transition milk, mastitis milk, colostrum, milk with somatic cells, blood (Hemolactia), harmful pathogens, pathogenic and antibiotic residues. Due to the high cost of milk replacer (MR), dairy farmers prefer raw WM to feed their calves. It has been well established that WM has a greater nutritive value than MR. Hence WM can contribute to improved growth, rumen development, and immune-associated parameters when fed to dairy calves. However, feeding raw WM before weaning has continuously raised some critical concerns. The pathogenic load and antibiotic residues in raw WM may increase the risk of diseases and antibacterial resistance in calves. Thus, pasteurization has been recommended as an effective method to decrease the risk of diseases in calves by killing/inhibiting the pathogenic microorganisms in the raw WM. Altogether, the current review provides a brief overview of the interplay between the positive role of raw WM in the overall performance of dairy calves, limitations of raw WM as a feed source and how to overcome these issues arising from feeding raw WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Cao
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Ma Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Yao X, Huang X, Zhou K, Yang Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Guan X, Xu Y. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Provide a Deep Insight Into Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Host Interactions During BVDV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862828. [PMID: 35371109 PMCID: PMC8966686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), an important viral disease in cattle that is responsible for extensive economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, several underlying mechanisms involved in viral replication, pathogenesis, and evading host innate immunity of BVDV remain to be elucidated, particularly during the early stage of virus infection. To further explore the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions, the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells were sequenced using RNA-seq and iTRAQ techniques, respectively, and followed by an integrative analysis. Compared with mock-infected MDBK cells, a total of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (391 down-regulated, 274 up-regulated) and 725 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (461 down-regulated, 264 up-regulated) were identified. Among these, several DEGs and DEPs were further verified using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Following gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, we determined that these DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in multiple important cellular signaling pathways including NOD-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, TNF, NF-κB, MAPK, cAMP, lysosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis signaling pathways. Significantly, the down-regulated DEGs and DEPs were predominantly associated with apoptosis-regulated elements, inflammatory factors, and antiviral elements that were involved in innate immunity, thus, indicating that BVDV could inhibit apoptosis and the expression of host antiviral genes to facilitate viral replication. Meanwhile, up-regulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily involved in metabolism and autophagy signaling pathways, indicating that BVDV could utilize the host metabolic resources and cell autophagy to promote replication. However, the potential mechanisms BVDV-host interactions required further experimental validation. Our data provide an overview of changes in transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells, thus, providing an important basis for further exploring the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinning Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics and Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Identification and genotyping of a new subtype of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 isolated from cattle with diarrhea. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1259-1262. [PMID: 33582856 PMCID: PMC7952330 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, diarrhea cases occurred on cattle farms in Qionglai and Guang'an, Sichuan Province. Two out of 20 (10%) serum and nasal swab samples were positive when tested using a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigen-capture ELISA kit. Two non-cytopathic strains of BVDV were isolated and named QL1903 and GA190608, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the genomes of the two isolates were 89.52% identical. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5'-UTR sequence revealed that the BVDV isolate QL1903 belonged to BVDV subtype 1b, whereas isolate GA190608 clustered with strains HN1814, EN-19, and BJ09_26 in a separate branch, which has tentatively been classified as a new genetic subtype, "1v".
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Chang L, Qi Y, Liu D, Du Q, Zhao X, Tong D. Molecular detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Western China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:66. [PMID: 33531007 PMCID: PMC7853163 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important global viral pathogen of cattle and other ruminants. To survey the infection rate and genetic diversity of BVDV in western China, a total of 1234 serum samples from 17 herds of dairy cattle, beef cattle and yak in 4 provinces were collected in 2019. RESULTS All the 1234 serum samples were screened individually for BVDV by RT-PCR. Our results demonstrated that the average positive rate of BVDV was 7.2% (89/1234) in animals and 82.4% (14/17) in herds. Thirteen BVDV strains were isolated from RT-PCR positive clinical samples and they were all NCP biotype. BVDV-1a and 1c subgenotypes were identified from 22 selected virus isolates in 14 BVDV-positive herds. These results confirmed that BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c were circulating in western China, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. CONCLUSIONS This study provides data for monitoring and vaccination strategies of BVDV in western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Guo T, Zhang J, Chen X, Wei X, Wu C, Cui Q, Hao Y. Investigation of viral pathogens in cattle with bovine respiratory disease complex in Inner Mongolia, China. Microb Pathog 2020; 153:104594. [PMID: 33157218 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a multifactor disease, the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) causes high morbidity and mortality that is devastating to the cattle industry. To assess viral infections in beef cattle suffering from respiratory diseases in Inner Mongolia, 302 nasal swabs and serum samples were randomly collected from cattle with mild respiratory symptoms between March 2018 and May 2019. Our results showed that the rate of RT-PCR results positive for nucleic acids of viral pathogens in 6 cities was between 54 and 80%.The rates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3(BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV)infections were 44.70% (135/302), 24.83% (75/302), 5.63% (17/302), and 6.95% (21/302),respectively. There are also 8.94% (27/302) of samples were positive for BVDV and BHV-1, and 3.97% (12/302) of samples were positive for BPIV3 and BRSV. In addition, the RT-PCR products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences was performed. The results indicated that: a) all of the BVDV isolates were BVDV-1 and were classified as BVDV-1a (66.67%) and BVDV-1b (33.33%); b) all of the BHV-1 isolates were classified as subtype 1.1; 44.44% of the isolates were closely related to modified live viral vaccine strains, and 55.56% of the isolates were closer to epidemic strains; c) all of the BPIV3 isolates belonged to BPIV3c; d) all of the BRSV isolates were classified into subgroup III. It is suggested that an important cause of respiratory diseases for beef cattle is viral infection, and phylogenetic analysis can help us choose the proper strain to develop a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xindi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xin Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongqing Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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12
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Walz PH, Chamorro MF, M Falkenberg S, Passler T, van der Meer F, R Woolums A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1690-1706. [PMID: 32633084 PMCID: PMC7517858 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle populations across most of the world has remained elusive in spite of advances in knowledge about this viral pathogen. A central feature of virus perseverance in cattle herds is the unique mechanism of persistent infection. Managing BVDV infection in herds involves controlling persistently infected carrier animals using a multidimensional approach of vaccination, biosecurity, and identification of BVDV reservoirs. A decade has passed since the original American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on BVDV. While much has remained the same with respect to clinical signs of disease, pathogenesis of infection including persistent infection, and diagnosis, scientific articles published since 2010 have led to a greater understanding of difficulties associated with control of BVDV. This consensus statement update on BVDV presents greater focus on topics currently relevant to the biology and control of this viral pathogen of cattle, including changes in virus subpopulations, infection in heterologous hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Walz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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13
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Kuca T, Passler T, Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Bayles DO, Walz PH. Changes Introduced in the Open Reading Frame of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus During Serial Infection of Pregnant Swine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32587582 PMCID: PMC7298064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most economically important viruses of cattle, but this pathogen is also able to infect pigs, camelids, and a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants. BVDV isolates circulating in animal populations are genetically and antigenically highly diverse. Acute BVDV infections in cattle cause the introduction of many substitutions in the viral genome. Serial infection of pregnant sheep with a BVDV-1b isolate of bovine origin was also associated with great numbers of substitutions. To our knowledge, genomic changes arising during BVDV infections in swine have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes occurring in the open reading frame (ORF) of BVDV during serial infection of pregnant swine with a BVDV isolate of bovine origin. The BVDV-1b isolate AU526 was serially passaged in six pregnant gilts, two of which gave birth to live piglets congenitally infected with BVDV. The complete ORF sequences of 14 BVDV isolates obtained from pregnant gilts and their piglets were determined. Their analysis revealed that serial transmission of AU526 in pregnant swine resulted in many genomic changes. All isolates of porcine origin shared 32 nucleotide and 12 amino acid differences with the virus inoculum AU526. These changes were detected after a single passage in pregnant swine and were conserved during the subsequent five passages. Amino acid changes occurred primarily in genomic regions encoding the BVDV structural proteins E2 and E rns . These results suggest that BVDV infections in pregnant swine may contribute significantly to the genetic variability of BVDV and lead to the appearance of adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Kuca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patricia K Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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14
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de Oliveira LG, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Almeida HMS, Gatto IRH. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Recent Findings about Its Occurrence in Pigs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060600. [PMID: 32486360 PMCID: PMC7354608 DOI: 10.3390/v12060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen belonging to the Pestivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, which comprises viral species that causes an economic impact in animal production. Cattle are the natural host of BVDV and the main source of infection for pigs and other animal species. Due to its antigenic and genetic similarity with other important pestiviruses such as Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), several studies have been conducted to elucidate the real role of this virus in piglets, sows, and boars, not only in the field but also in experimental infections, which will be discussed in this paper. Although BVDV does not pose a threat to pigs as it does to ruminants, the occurrence of clinical signs is variable and may depend on several factors. Therefore, this study presents a survey of data on BVDV infection in pigs, comparing information on prevalence in different countries and the results of experimental infections to understand this type of infection in pigs better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal - SP 14884-900, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marina L. Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal - SP 14884-900, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.)
| | - Henrique M. S. Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal. Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal - SP 14884-900, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.)
| | - Igor R. H. Gatto
- Ourofino Animal Health Ltda. Rodovia Anhanguera SP 330, Km 298. Distrito Industrial, Cravinhos – SP 14140-000, Brazil;
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15
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Shi H, Li H, Zhang Y, Yang L, Hu Y, Wang Z, Duan L, Leng C, Yan B, Yao L. Genetic Diversity of Bovine Pestiviruses Detected in Backyard Cattle Farms Between 2014 and 2019 in Henan Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:197. [PMID: 32363203 PMCID: PMC7181229 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine pestiviruses include Pestivirus A (BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H, which was originally called HoBi-like pestivirus. We conducted an epidemiological investigation for pestiviruses circulating in backyard cattle farms in central China. RT-PCR assays and sequences analysis were conducted on 54 nasal swabs, 26 serum samples, and three lung samples from cattle with respiratory infections and identified 29 pestivirus strains, including 24 Pestivirus A and five Pestivirus H strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 5'-UTR and Npro sequences showed that the genotypes of 24 Pestivirus A strains included Pestivirus A 1b (six isolates), Pestivirus A 1m (six isolates), Pestivirus A 1q (two isolates), Pestivirus A 1u (one isolates), and Pestivirus A 1o (nine isolates, a putative new sub-genotype). In addition, a single Pestivirus H agenotype included all five Pestivirus H strains. This study revealed extensive genetic variations within bovine pestivirus isolates derived from cattle in backyard farms in Central China, and this epidemiological information improves our understanding of the epidemics of bovine Pestiviruses, as well as will be useful in designing and evaluating diagnostic methods and developing more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Shi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Huan Li
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lisha Duan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Baolong Yan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincal Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, School of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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16
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Russell GC, Zadoks RN, Willoughby K, Bachofen C. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000343. [PMID: 32160141 PMCID: PMC7276709 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle, with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in persistently infected (PI) animals is, therefore, essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from the serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250 bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this pestivirus A genotype 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 SNPs and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies. Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Mósena ACS, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Silva MS, Paim WP, Silva GS, Medeiros AA, Viana NA, Baumbach LF, Puhl DE, Silveira S, Corbellini LG, Canal CW. Survey for pestiviruses in backyard pigs in southern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:136-141. [PMID: 31924139 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719896303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pestivirus genus comprises species that affect animal health and productivity worldwide. Members of the Suidae family are hosts for classical swine fever virus (CSFV), an important pathogen tracked by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). However, swine are also susceptible to other pestivirus species that can result in disease or compromise CSFV detection. We searched for pestivirus infection in swine sera collected from 320 backyard pig herds in southern Brazil. We used reverse-transcription PCR primers for Bungowannah virus; atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV); and a panpestivirus pair that detects bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1, -2, and HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV), border disease virus (BDV), and CSFV. Two samples were positive using the panpestivirus primer pair and were classified as BVDV-1d and -2a, respectively. Serum samples were tested for virus neutralization against BVDV-1a, -1b, and -2 strains, resulting in 28 (4.4%) positive samples. Of those, 16 samples had the highest titers against BVDV-1a (2), BVDV-1b (5), and BVDV-2 (9). Our results indicate that Bungowannah virus, APPV, CSFV, BDV, and HoBiPeV have not been circulating in these specific backyard swine populations. However, ruminant pestiviruses were detected and must be considered in future pestivirus control programs conducted in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C S Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Samuel P Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Mariana S Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Willian P Paim
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Antônio A Medeiros
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Nathália A Viana
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Letícia F Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Daniela E Puhl
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Simone Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Luis G Corbellini
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia (Mosena, Weber, MS Silva, Pinto, Viana, Baumbach, Puhl, Silveira, Canal), Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (GS Silva, Medeiros, Corbellini), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Medeiros).,Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil (Cibulski)
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RNA-Seq based transcriptome analysis during bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:774. [PMID: 31651237 PMCID: PMC6813989 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is the member of the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and responsible for severe economic losses in the cattle industry. BVDV can employ ‘infect-and-persist’ strategy and ‘hit-and-run’ strategy to remain associated with hosts and thus contributes to BVDV circulation in cattle herds. BVDV have also evolved various strategies to evade the innate immunity of host. To further understand the mechanisms by which BVDV overcomes the host cell innate immune response and provide more clues for further understanding the BVDV-host interaction, in this descriptive study, we conducted a investigation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the host during BVDV infection by RNA-Seq analysis. Results Our analysis identified 1297, 1732, 3072, and 1877 DEGs in the comparison groups mock vs. MDBK cells infected with BVDV post 2 h (MBV2h), mock vs. MBV6h, mock vs. MBV12h, and mock vs. MBV24h, respectively. The reproducibility and repeatability of the results were validated by RT-qPCR. Enrichment analyses of GO annotations and KEGG pathways revealed the host DEGs that are potentially induced by BVDV infection and may participate in BVDV-host interactions. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses identified the potential interactions among the DEGs. Our findings suggested that BVDV infection induced the upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The expression of genes that have antiviral roles, including ISG15, Mx1, OSA1Y, were found to be downregulated and are thus potentially associated with the inhibition of host innate immune system during BVDV infection. The expression levels of F3, C1R, KNG1, CLU, C3, FB, SERPINA5, SERPINE1, C1S, F2RL2, and C2, which belong to the complement and coagulation signalling cascades, were downregulated during BVDV infection, which suggested that the complement system might play a crucial role during BVDV infection. Conclusion In this descriptive study, our findings revealed the changes in the host transcriptome expression profile during BVDV infection and suggested that BVDV-infection induced altering the host’s metabolic network, the inhibition of the expression of antiviral proteins and genes within the complement system might be contributed to BVDV proliferation. The above findings provided unique insights for further studies on the mechanisms underlying BVDV-host interactions.
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Clinical and Serological Evaluation of LINDA Virus Infections in Post-Weaning Piglets. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110975. [PMID: 31652833 PMCID: PMC6893756 DOI: 10.3390/v11110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel pestivirus species known as lateral-shaking inducing neuro-degenerative agent (LINDA) virus emerged in 2015 in a piglet-producing farm in Austria. Affected piglets showed strong congenital tremor as a result of severe lesions in the central nervous system. Here, we report the results of a controlled animal infection experiment. Post-weaning piglets were infected with LINDA to determine the susceptibility of pigs, the clinical consequences of infection and the humoral immune response against LINDA. No clinically overt disease signs were observed in the piglets. Viremia was hardly detectable, but LINDA was present in the spleen and several lymphatic organs until the end of the experiment on day 28 post-infection. Oronasal virus shedding together with the infection of one sentinel animal provided additional evidence for the successful replication and spread of LINDA in the piglets. Starting on day 14 post-infection, all infected animals showed a strong humoral immune response with high titers of neutralizing antibodies against LINDA. No cross-neutralizing activity of these sera with other pestiviral species was observed. According to these data, following postnatal infection, LINDA is a rather benign virus that can be controlled by the pig’s immune system. However, further studies are needed to investigate the effects of LINDA on the fetus after intrauterine infection.
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20
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Li W, Mao L, Shu X, Liu R, Hao F, Li J, Liu M, Yang L, Zhang W, Sun M, Zhong C, Jiang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals differential immune related genes expression in bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 infected goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:516. [PMID: 31226933 PMCID: PMC6588900 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important viral pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants. Apart from cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) are also the susceptible hosts for BVDV. BVDV infection could interfere both of the innate and adaptive immunity of the host, while the genes and mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been fully understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) play a pivotal role in the immune responses to viral infection, and these cells were the target of BVDV infection. In the present study, the transcriptome of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with BVDV-2 was explored by using RNA-Seq technology. Results Goat PBMCs were successfully infected by BVDV-2, as determined by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). RNA-Seq analysis results at 12 h post-infection (hpi) revealed 499 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold-change ≥ ± 2, p < 0.05) between infected and mock-infected PBMCs. Of these genes, 97 were up-regulated and the remaining 352 genes were down-regulated. The identified DEGs were found to be significantly enriched for locomotion/ localization, immune response, inflammatory response, defense response, regulation of cytokine production, etc., under GO enrichment analysis. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, etc., were found to be significantly enriched in KEGG pathway database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis indicated most of the DEGs related to innate or adaptive immune responses, inflammatory response, and cytokine/chemokine-mediated signaling pathway. TNF, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12B, GM-CSF, ICAM1, EDN1, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL10, CCL2, MAPK11, MAPK13, CSF1R and LRRK1 were located in the core of the network and highly connected with other DGEs. Conclusions BVDV-2 infection of goat PBMCs causes the transcription changes of a series of DEGs related to host immune responses, including inflammation, defense response, cell locomotion, cytokine/chemokine-mediated signaling, etc. The results will be useful for exploring and further understanding the host responses to BVDV-2 infection in goats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5830-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Mao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxia Liu
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizong Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
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Giangaspero M, Zhang SQ, Apicella C. Heterogeneity of <i>Pestivirus</i> Species in Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.93019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China. J Vet Med 2018; 2018:8274397. [PMID: 30581873 PMCID: PMC6276411 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8274397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.
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Han DG, Ryu JH, Park J, Choi KS. Identification of a new bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype in the Republic of Korea. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:233. [PMID: 30086756 PMCID: PMC6081834 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent in Korean indigenous cattle, leading to substantial economic losses. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of BVDV. In 2016, a total of 143 blood samples were collected from asymptomatic Korean indigenous calves younger than 3-months of age from six different farms in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Results Eighty-seven calves (60.8%, 87/143) were tested positive for BVDV as evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5′-untranslated region was used to classify these cases into three subtypes: BVDV-1b, BVDV-1o, and BVDV-2a. These results showed that BVDV-1b was the predominant subtype, while 2 samples clustered with BVDV-2a. Interestingly, one sample formed a separate group as a potentially new subtype, BVDV-1o. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BVDV-1o infection in Korean native calves. The BVDV-1o subtype identified in this study was closely related to cattle isolates obtained from Japan, indicating that this subtype is a new introduction to the ROK. Conclusions This study provides useful information for carrying out epidemiological surveys of BVDV in the ROK and developing a vaccine for future use in the ROK, particularly for the first detection of BVDV-1o in Korean indigenous calves. Further studies are required to investigate the prevalence and pathogenicity of this BVDV-1o subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Gyeong Han
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Who's who in the Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species: Genotypes L and R. Virus Res 2018; 256:50-75. [PMID: 30056173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, with relevant impact on animal production. The species presents high genomic heterogeneity, with implications on control and prophylactic programs. Genomic traits of different genetic groups are often related to geographic origin. Atypical sequences have been reported from Pestivirus isolates originated from cattle in Turkey. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 5' untranslated region and Npro and secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR RNA, Turkish isolates have been segregated in two distinct genotypes. Out of the twenty-three identified BVDV-1 genotypes, the Turkish clusters, named L and R or 1.16 and 1.14, according to palindromic nucleotide substitution genotyping method, represent genomic clusters so far, not described elsewhere, suggesting geographic segregation. In order to avoid confusion in the current taxonomy of the species, nomenclature of described homonymous genotypes, referred to different genomic clusters, should be corrected.
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An improved indirect ELISA for specific detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus based on structurally designed E2 protein expressed in suspension mammalian cells. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1831-1839. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Giangaspero M, Apicella C. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 current taxonomy according to palindromic nucleotide substitutions method. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:37-76. [PMID: 29462648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. Understanding genomic characteristic and virus taxonomy is fundamental in order to sustain control and prophylactic programs. Given the recent various studies reporting a relatively high number of new strains, in particular from Asian countries, in the present study, four hundred-eighty-two genomic sequences have been evaluated applying the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method for genotyping. Based on the secondary structure alignment and computing genetic distance among strains in the 5' untranslated region of Pestivirus RNA, the current taxonomy of the species was reviewed. Twenty-two genotypes have been identified, applying a nomenclature based on divergence in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Apicella
- Directorate General of Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Italy
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27
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Almeida HMDS, Gatto IRH, Santos ACRD, Pereira DA, Nascimento KA, Baraldi TG, Mechler ML, Oliveira LGD. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in pigs: why is this situation important for Brazilian herds? ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000322016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) under natural conditions. For this reason, further information and divulgation are needed regarding the pathogenicity of this virus in swine. This infection is practically unknown in the realm of pig farming, and, as it shares some similarities with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), its diagnosis becomes a challenge for official sanitary programs. Studies have shown the absence of clinical signs in piglets and reproductive problems in sows due to BVDV infections. There is little research on the prevalence, risk factors, preventive measures and control of BVDV in pigs around the world. And in Brazil, the data is practically non-existent. At the time of diagnosis, comparing the most efficient laboratory tests such as virus neutralization, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence so as to minimize the risk of cross serological reactions when dealing with a persistent or transient infection, can be an important tool. Moreover, the practical implications for CSFV eradication programs are a main reason for the development of further research against this infection. Therefore, this paper aims to review various aspects of BVDV infection in pigs, and how this information can be important for Brazilian herds.
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28
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Gatto IRH, Linhares DCL, de Souza Almeida HM, Mathias LA, de Medeiros ASR, Poljak Z, Samara SI, de Oliveira LG. Description of risk factors associated with the detection of BVDV antibodies in Brazilian pig herds. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:773-778. [PMID: 29264821 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects ruminants as primary hosts. However, other animals like pigs are susceptible. This study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the detection of BVDV antibodies in pig herds. A total of 1.705 serum samples of 33 finisher herds, from seven Brazilian states, were collected in slaughterhouses. The samples were tested by virus neutralization (VN) test. In total, 5.35% (91/1.705) were positive and 64% (21/33) of the herds had positive animals. A significant association with "trucks are not cleaned and disinfected" and "visitors do not respect 72-h interval between visits to farms" (P < 0.05) was found in association with detection of BVDV-2 antibodies. This study suggests that important biosecurity gaps are present in Brazilian pig farms, as the presence of BVDV antibodies in pigs suggests (direct or indirect) contact with population(s) of ruminant species. Closing biosecurity gaps prevents spread of BVDV and other pathogens such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) between pig and ruminant farms. This data should be taken in account by CSF surveillance programs, once cross-reaction in serologic tests between classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and BVDV antibodies has been shown to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Correia Lima Linhares
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, 2203 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Antônio Mathias
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Souza Ramos de Medeiros
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Samir Issa Samara
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Ma Z, Pu F, Zhang X, Yan Y, Zhao L, Zhang A, Li N, Zhou EM, Xiao S. Carbon monoxide and biliverdin suppress bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2982-2992. [PMID: 29087274 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Previously, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can inhibit BVDV replication via an unknown molecular mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism involved, we assess whether the HO-1 downstream metabolites carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (BV) and iron affect BVDV replication. We treated Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells with an exogenous CO donor, CORM-2. We found that CORM-2 but not its inactive form (iCORM-2) inhibited BVDV replication in a dose-dependent and time duration-dependent manner, suggesting a CO-specific mediation of the CORM-2 antiviral effect. Direct incubation of BVDV with high-dose CORM-2 reduced virus titres, suggesting that CORM-2 attenuates BVDV growth by both physically inactivating virus particles in the extracellular environment and affecting intracellular BVDV replication, but mainly via an intracellular mechanism. Exogenous BV treatment, both post-infection and co-incubation with BVDV, inhibited BVDV replication in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that BV has potent antiviral activity against BVDV. Direct incubation of BVDV with BV had no significant effect on virus titres, indicating that BV is not virucidal and attenuates BVDV growth by affecting intracellular BVDV replication. Furthermore, BV was found to affect BVDV penetration but not attachment. However, increased iron via addition of FeCl3 did not interfere with BVDV replication. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that the HO-1 metabolites BV and CO, but not iron, inhibit BVDV replication. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of HO-1 inhibition of BVDV replication but also suggest potential new control measures for future BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fengxing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yunhuan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Tao J, Liao J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Zhang W, Liu H, Zhu G. Pig BVDV-2 non-structural protein (N pro) links to cellular antiviral response in vitro. Virus Genes 2016; 53:233-239. [PMID: 27866318 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed for the first time a full-length cDNA clone of pig-original bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) strain SH-28, modified the cDNA clone (pASH28) for mutant pASHΔNpro and derived virus strain vASHΔNpro by deleting the genomic region encoding the Npro polypeptide, and examined significance of protein Npro for antiviral responses in vitro. Data showed that Npro-deletion mutant virus vASHΔNpro led to significant overexpression of oligo adenylate synthetase (OAS), myxovirus-resistant protein 1 (Mx1), and ubiquitin-like protein 15 (ISG15). Data also revealed that overexpression of Npro, but not NS2 and NS3 proteins, resulted in significant down-regulation of OAS, Mx1, and ISG15 production (p ≤ 0.05) in bovine cells as well as porcine cells transfected with Npro recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmids. Npro (but not NS2 and NS3) was also found to inhibit poly(IC) from inducing production of type I interferon (IFN-I). These results indicated that protein Npro may play multiple roles in regulating antiviral response in host cells interfered by pig BVDV-2 strain, and provided useful information to understand better the mechanism of BVDV-2 persistent infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Jinhu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Genome Sequence of a Subgenotype 1a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/6/e01280-16. [PMID: 27834720 PMCID: PMC5105113 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01280-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), GS5, of the BVDV-1a subgenotype was isolated from dairy cattle in Gansu Province, northwest China. Its near-full-length genome was determined to be closely related to an early Belgian BVDV-1a strain, WAX-N, but the relatedness to domestic strains is relatively low, indicating that different genetic evolution occurred between the viral strains in cattle in China.
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Weng XG, Song QJ, Wu Q, Liu MC, Wang ML, Wang JF. Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains in Beijing, China and innate immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in persistently infected dairy cattle. J Vet Sci 2016; 16:491-500. [PMID: 26119170 PMCID: PMC4701742 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.4.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To acquire epidemiological data on the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with this virus, 4,327 samples from Holstein dairy cows were screened over a four-year period in Beijing, China. Eighteen BVD viruses were isolated, 12 from PI cattle. Based on genetic analysis of their 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR), the 18 isolates were assigned to subgenotype BVDV-1m, 1a, 1d, 1q, and 1b. To investigate the innate immune responses in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of PI cattle, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), and interferon stimulatory gene 15 (ISG15) was assessed by qPCR. When compared with healthy cattle, the expression of TLR-7, IFN-α, and IFN-β mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of MX1 and ISG-15 mRNA was upregulated in PI cattle. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 was lower in PI cattle than in healthy cattle. Thus, BVDV-1m and 1a are the predominant subgenotypes in the Beijing region, and the strains are highly divergent. Our findings also suggest that the TLR-7/IRF-7 signaling pathway plays a role in evasion of host restriction by BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gang Weng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quan Jiang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Chao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng Ling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiu Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Cai D, Song Q, Wang J, Zhu Y. Genomic characterization of three bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from cattle. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3589-3592. [PMID: 27613287 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were isolated from cattle in Beijing, China. To investigate their genomic features, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of each of the isolates. Each of the three virus genomes is about 12,220 bp in length, containing a 5' untranslated region (UTR), one open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 3897-amino-acid polypeptide, and a 3' UTR. The nucleotide sequence of the three isolates were 99.0 % identical to each and other shared nucleotide sequence identities of 73.4 % to 98.3 % with other BVDV-1 strains, about 70.0 % with BVDV-2 strains, about 67.0 % with BVDV-3, and less than 67.0 % with other pestiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, 3' UTR, and the Npro gene demonstrated that the three viruses were BVDV-1 isolates. This is the first report of complete genome sequences of BVDV 1d isolates from China and might have implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Cai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan Xi Lu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Quanjiang Song
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan Xi Lu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan Xi Lu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan Xi Lu, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Mao L, Li W, Yang L, Wang J, Cheng S, Wei Y, Wang Q, Zhang W, Hao F, Ding Y, Sun Y, Jiang J. Primary surveys on molecular epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 infecting goats in Jiangsu province, China. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:181. [PMID: 27596263 PMCID: PMC5011786 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen of domestic and wildlife animals worldwide and is associated with several diseases. In China, there are many reports about genotyping of BVDV strains originated from cattle and pigs, and some of them focused on the geographical distributions of BVDV. Currently, the goat industry in Jiangsu province of China is under going a rapid expansion. Most of these goat farms are backyard enterprises and in close proximity to pig and cattle farms. However, there was very limited information about BVDV infections in goats. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of BVDV infections of goats, the relationship of these infections to clinical signs and determine what BVDV genotypes are circulating in Jiangsu province. Results From 236 goat sera collected from six regions in Jiangsu province between 2011 and 2013, BVDV-1 was identified in 29 samples from the five regions by RT-PCR. The BVDV-1 infections occurred with/without clinical signs. Eight different BVDV-1 strains were identified from these positive samples based on the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) sequences, and further clustered into four BVDV-1 subtypes on the phylogenetic analysis. Three were BVDV-1b, two BVDV-1m, two BVDV-1o, and one BVDV-1p, respectively. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the occurrence of BVDV and the genotypes of BVDV infecting goats in China. The results indicated that BVDV-1 infections were indeed present and the viruses were with genetic variations in Chinese goat herds. The information would be very useful for prevention and control of BVDV-1 infections in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Suining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary station, Suining, 221200, China
| | - Suping Cheng
- Hai'an Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Hai'an, 226600, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Suining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary station, Suining, 221200, China
| | - Qiusheng Wang
- Hai'an Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Hai'an, 226600, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yonglong Ding
- Hai'an Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Hai'an, 226600, China
| | - Yinhua Sun
- Hai'an Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Hai'an, 226600, China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Dräger C, Schröder C, König P, Tegtmeyer B, Beer M, Blome S. Efficacy of Suvaxyn CSF Marker (CP7_E2alf) in the presence of pre-existing antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1. Vaccine 2016; 34:4666-4671. [PMID: 27523739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is still one of the most important viral diseases of pigs worldwide and outbreaks are notifiable to the OIE. The different control options also include (emergency) vaccination, preferably with a vaccine that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). Recently, the chimeric pestivirus "CP7_E2alf" (Suvaxyn® CSF Marker, Zoetis) was licensed as live attenuated marker vaccine by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In the context of risk assessments for an emergency vaccination scenario, the question has been raised whether pre-existing anti-pestivirus antibodies, especially against the vaccine backbone Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), would interfere with "CP7_E2alf" vaccination and the accompanying DIVA diagnostics. To answer this question, a vaccination-challenge-trial was conducted with Suvaxyn® CSF Marker and the "gold-standard" of live-modified CSF vaccines C-strain (RIEMSER® Schweinepestvakzine) as comparator. Pre-existing antibodies against BVDV-1 were provoked in a subset of animals through intramuscular inoculation of a recent field isolate from Germany (two injections with an interval of 2weeks). Twenty-seven days after the first injection, intramuscular vaccination of pre-exposed and naïve animals with either "CP7_E2alf" or C-strain "Riems" was performed. Seven days later, all vaccinated animals and two additional controls were oro-nasally challenged with highly virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strain Koslov. It was demonstrated that pre-existing BVDV-1 antibodies do not impact on the efficacy of live attenuated vaccines against CSF. Both C-strain "Riems" and marker vaccine "CP7_E2alf" were able to confer full protection against highly virulent challenge seven days after vaccination. However, slight interference was seen with serological DIVA diagnostics accompanying the vaccination with CP7_E2alf. Amended sample preparation and combination of test systems was able to resolve most cases of false positive reactions. However, in such a co-infection scenario, optimization and embedding in a well-defined surveillance strategy is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dräger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Birthe Tegtmeyer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Shi H, Kan Y, Yao L, Leng C, Tang Q, Ji J, Sun S. Identification of Natural Infections in Sheep/Goats with HoBi-like Pestiviruses in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:480-4. [PMID: 27478131 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural infections of HoBi-like pestiviruses in cattle have been reported in South America, Europe and Asia. In China, although the detections of HoBi-like pestivirus have been reported, the epidemiological investigation was limited. From January 2014 to October 2015, several flocks of sheep/goats in Henan province in central China suffered respiratory diseases which were recovered slowly after antibiotics treatment. To test whether it is the HoBi-like pestivirus caused this symptom, 49 serum samples and 22 nasal swabs were then collected for analysis by serology and RT-PCR. Serological result revealed that prevalence of pestivirus in small ruminants was 12.2% (6/49) in central China. Sequence analysis of partial 5'-UTR nucleotides of pestivirus-positive samples suggested that HoBi-like pestivirus might have circulated in sheep/goats of China for a period and have evolved into new genotype clusters. It is apparent that the study provides the molecular evidence of natural infections in goat/sheep species with HoBi-like pestiviruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Y Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - L Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - C Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Q Tang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - J Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - S Sun
- Liao Ning Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
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Ochirkhuu N, Konnai S, Odbileg R, Odzaya B, Gansukh S, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular detection and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Mongolian cattle and yaks. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2279-83. [PMID: 27206573 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified into two species, namely, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, and affects cattle worldwide, resulting in significant economic loss. The prevalence of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 infections and its genotypes in Mongolian animals has not been studied. In this study, we surveyed BVDV infection in dairy cattle and yaks from Bornuur and Bulgan counties by RT-PCR, and the average infection rate in the sampling sites was 15.8 % and 20.0 %, respectively. In addition, molecular features of the 5'-UTR region of the BVDV genome in Mongolian cattle and yaks were identified as belonging to the subtypes BVDV-1a and BVDV-2a, respectively. Determining the prevalence, geographical distribution, and molecular diversity of BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 in various host species in Mongolia is important for further studies and process control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamsuren Ochirkhuu
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Raadan Odbileg
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Battogtokh Odzaya
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shura Gansukh
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Valastro V, Holmes EC, Britton P, Fusaro A, Jackwood MW, Cattoli G, Monne I. S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: An attempt to harmonize virus classification. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:349-364. [PMID: 26883378 PMCID: PMC7172980 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. The virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify IBV strains. However, there is currently no consensus on the method by which IBV sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genetic group designations that are inconsistent with phylogenetic history have been adopted, leading to the confusing coexistence of multiple genotyping schemes. Herein, we propose a simple and repeatable phylogeny-based classification system combined with an unambiguous and rationale lineage nomenclature for the assignment of IBV strains. By using complete nucleotide sequences of the S1 gene we determined the phylogenetic structure of IBV, which in turn allowed us to define 6 genotypes that together comprise 32 distinct viral lineages and a number of inter-lineage recombinants. Because of extensive rate variation among IBVs, we suggest that the inference of phylogenetic relationships alone represents a more appropriate criterion for sequence classification than pairwise sequence comparisons. The adoption of an internationally accepted viral nomenclature is crucial for future studies of IBV epidemiology and evolution, and the classification scheme presented here can be updated and revised novel S1 sequences should become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Valastro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Britton
- Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, UK
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
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Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Replication in vitro. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15575. [PMID: 26510767 PMCID: PMC4625146 DOI: 10.1038/srep15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral cycle progression depends upon host-cell processes in infected cells, and this is true for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the causative agent of BVD that is a worldwide threat to the bovine industry. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a ubiquitously expressed inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that HO-1 has significant antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of viruses such as ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. However, the function of HO-1 in BVDV infection is unclear. In the present study, the relationship between HO-1 and BVDV was investigated. In vitro analysis of HO-1 expression in BVDV-infected MDBK cells demonstrated that a decrease in HO-1 as BVDV replication increased. Increasing HO-1 expression through adenoviral-mediated overexpression or induction with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, a potent HO-1 inducer), pre- and postinfection, effectively inhibited BVDV replication. In contrast, HO-1 siRNA knockdown in BVDV-infected cells increased BVDV replication. Therefore, the data were consistent with HO-1 acting as an anti-viral factor and these findings suggested that induction of HO-1 may be a useful prevention and treatment strategy against BVDV infection.
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Abe Y, Tamura T, Torii S, Wakamori S, Nagai M, Mitsuhashi K, Mine J, Fujimoto Y, Nagashima N, Yoshino F, Sugita Y, Nomura T, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:61-70. [PMID: 26400674 PMCID: PMC4751118 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we genetically analyzed bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs)
isolated from 2000 to 2006 in Japan and reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were
predominant. In the present study, 766 BVDVs isolated from 2006 to 2014 in Hokkaido,
Japan, were genetically analyzed to understand recent epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis
based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′-untranslated region of viral genome revealed that
766 isolates were classified as genotype 1 (BVDV-1; 544 isolates) and genotype 2 (BVDV-2;
222). BVDV-1 isolates were further divided into BVDV-1a (93), 1b (371) and 1c (80)
subgenotypes, and all BVDV-2 isolates were grouped into BVDV-2a subgenotype (222). Further
comparative analysis was performed with BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a viruses isolated from 2001 to
2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the viral glycoprotein E2
gene, a major target of neutralizing antibodies, revealed that BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates
were further classified into several clusters. Cross-neutralization tests showed that
BVDV-1b isolates were antigenically different from BVDV-1a isolates, and almost BVDV-1a,
1b and 2a isolates were antigenically similar among each subgenotype and each E2 cluster.
Taken together, BVDV-1b viruses are still predominant, and BVDV-2a viruses have increased
recently in Hokkaido, Japan. Field isolates of BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a show genetic diversity
on the E2 gene with antigenic conservation among each subgenotype during the last 14
years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Abe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Mao L, Li W, Liu X, Hao F, Yang L, Deng J, Zhang W, Wei J, Jiang J. Chinese border disease virus strain JSLS12-01 infects piglets and down-regulates the antibody responses of classical swine fever virus C strain vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3918-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in four bovine species in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121718. [PMID: 25849315 PMCID: PMC4388703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the nationwide status of persistent BVDV infection in different bovine species in China and compare different test methods, a total of 1379 serum samples from clinical healthy dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks (Bos grunniens), and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were collected in eight provinces of China from 2010 to 2013. The samples were analyzed using commercial antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) detection kits, and RT-PCR based on the 5’-UTR and Npro gene sequencing. Results showed that the overall positive rates for BVDV Ab, Ag and RT-PCR detection were 58.09% (801/1379), 1.39% (14/1010), and 22.64% (146/645), respectively, while the individual positive rates varied among regions, species, and farms. The average Ab-positive rates for dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks, and water buffalo were 89.49% (298/333), 63.27% (248/392), 45.38% (236/520), and 14.18% (19/134), respectively, while the Ag-positive rates were 0.00% (0/116), 0.77% (3/392), 0.82% (3/368), and 5.97% (8/134), respectively, and the nucleic acid-positive rates detected by RT-PCR were 32.06% (42/131), 13.00% (26/200), 28.89% (52/180), and 19.40% (26/134), respectively. In addition, the RT-PCR products were sequenced and 124 5’-UTR sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5’-UTR sequences indicated that all of the 124 BVDV-positive samples were BVDV-1 and subtyped into either BVDV-1b (33.06%), BVDV-1m (49.19%), or a new cluster, designated as BVDV-1u (17.74%). Phylogenetic analysis based on Npro sequences confirmed this novel subtype. In conclusion, this study revealed the prevalence of BVDV-1 in bovine species in China and the dominant subtypes. The high proportion of bovines with detectable viral nucleic acids in the sera, even in the presence of high Ab levels, revealed a serious threat to bovine health.
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Homologous recombination in pestiviruses: Identification of three putative novel events between different subtypes/genogroups. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:219-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lang Y, Gao S, Du J, Shao J, Cong G, Lin T, Zhao F, Liu L, Chang H. Polymorphic genetic characterization of E2 gene of bovine viral diarrhea virus in China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:554-559. [PMID: 25465669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the wide distributed pathogenic viruses of livestock and wild animals worldwide. E2 glycoprotein is a major structural component of the BVDV virion and plays a key role in viral attachment to host cells and inducing immune responses against viral infection. In order to gain detailed information of the E2 coding region of BVDV circulating in China, 46 positive samples were tested by RT-PCR for the E2 coding region. The 1122 nt nucleotide sequences of full-length E2 were harvested and analyzed. The results suggested that full-length E2 was an ideal target for BVDV genotyping and divided the domestic BVDV isolates into 9 subgenotypes, namely BVDV-1a, -1b1, -1c, -1d, -1o, -1m, -1p, -1q and BVDV-2a, showing great diversity. The difference of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (dN-dS) inferred both positive and purifying selection of the E2. However, combination of positive and purifying selection at different points indicated purifying selection within the complete E2. Protein properties analysis based on glycosylation sites and epitope prediction demonstrated that the biological character of E2 among individual BVDV subgenotype was similar, but may alter due to amino acid changes. For the first time, the comprehensive collection of E2 sequences of Chinese BVDV isolates was elucidated, which would provide information for future vaccine design and BVD control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guozheng Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology, and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA) , 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Epizootic Diseases of Grazing Animals of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Weber MN, Silveira S, Machado G, Groff FHS, Mósena ACS, Budaszewski RF, Dupont PM, Corbellini LG, Canal CW. High frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in Southern Brazil. Virus Res 2014; 191:117-24. [PMID: 25109547 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant pestiviruses can infect cattle populations worldwide and cause significant economic losses due to their impact on productivity and health. Knowledge of pestivirus diversity is important for control programs and vaccine development and for determining probable sources of infection. In this paper, we describe a search for ruminant pestiviruses with RT-PCR in sera of 9078 calves from 6 to 12 months of age. The calves were first analyzed in pools and then analyzed individually. Thirty-three RT-PCR positive animals were detected (0.36%) from 6.9% (24) of the 346 herds. The sequencing analysis of the 5' non-coding region and N terminal autoprotease showed the presence of BVDV-1a (15 isolates), -1b (3), -1d (1) and -2b (14), with a higher frequency (42.4%) of BVDV-2 in comparison with other countries. The presence of sheep was significantly associated with BVDV infection. Our results also suggested that a BVDV control program based only on the investigation of cattle would not be successful, especially in regions with farms harboring multiple animal species. This study may also serve as a reference for future control programs in Southern Brazil because it reports the prevalence of cattle with active infections and the genetic background of the circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (Epilab), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F H S Groff
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio do Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA-RS), Av. Praia de Belas 1768, CEP 90-110-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A C S Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R F Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - P M Dupont
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L G Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária (Epilab), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Zhang SQ, Tan B, Guo L, Wang FX, Zhu HW, Wen YJ, Cheng S. Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses in commercial bovine serum batches of Chinese origin. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:230-3. [PMID: 25102030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often detected in commercial bovine serum. BVDV genetic diversity was investigated in commercial bovine serum of Chinese origin. Twenty-two batches of bovine serum were obtained from 10 suppliers with different geographic origins in China, and 20 batches of bovine serum were positive by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Phylogenetic reconstructions of partial 5'UTR sequences indicated that the samples examined in this work clustered within the BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2 genotypes. Interestingly, 3 sample sequences clustered into CSFV. These results suggest a high genetic diversity in Chinese BVDV field isolates. This study will benefit epidemiological surveys of BVDV detected in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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Zhai SL, Chen SN, Xu ZH, Tang MH, Wang FG, Li XJ, Sun BB, Deng SF, Hu J, Lv DH, Wen XH, Yuan J, Luo ML, Wei WK. Porcine circovirus type 2 in China: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control. Virol J 2014; 11:88. [PMID: 24885983 PMCID: PMC4031328 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered the major pathogen of porcine circovirus associated-diseases (PCVAD) that causes large economic losses for the swine industry in the world annually, including China. Since the first report of PCV2 in 1998, it has been drawing tremendous attention for the government, farming enterprises, farmers, and veterinary practitioners. Chinese researchers have conducted a number of molecular epidemiological work on PCV2 by molecular approaches in the past several years, which has resulted in the identification of novel PCV2 genotypes and PCV2-like agents as well as the description of new prevalence patterns. Since late 2009, commercial PCV2 vaccines, including the subunit vaccines and inactivated vaccines, have already been used in Chinese swine farms. The aim of this review is to update the insights into the prevalence and control of PCV2 in China, which would contribute to understanding the epidemiology, control measures and design of novel vaccines for PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Man-Lin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Luo Y, Li S, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Classical swine fever in China: a minireview. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:1-6. [PMID: 24793098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an OIE-listed, highly contagious, often fatal disease of swine worldwide. Currently, the disease is controlled by prophylactic vaccination in China and many other countries using the modified live vaccines derived from C-strain, which was developed in China in the mid-1950s. This minireview summarizes the epidemiology, diagnostic assays, control and challenges of CSF in China. Though CSF is essentially under control, complete eradication of CSF in China remains a challenging task and needs long-term, joint efforts of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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50
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Deng Y, Shan TL, Tong W, Zheng XC, Guo YY, Zheng H, Cao SJ, Wen XT, Tong GZ. Genomic characterization of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 isolate from swine. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2513-7. [PMID: 24719194 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The SD0803 strain of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was isolated from a piglet in China in 2008 and has been classified as a novel subgenotype of BVDV-1. To describe the molecular features of this novel subgenotype, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of the SD0803 virus. The genome is 12,271 bp in length and contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that flank an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 3,898-amino-acid polypeptide. The full-length genome of the SD0803 strain shares 78.8% to 83.3% identity with those of other BVDV-1 strains, 70.0% to 70.7% identity with those of BVDV-2 strains, and less than 67.6% identity with those of other pestiviruses. The highest level of shared identity was 83.3% between the complete SD0803 genome and that of the ZM-95 strain of BVDV-1. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5' UTR and the coding sequence for the N-terminal protease fragment of the SD0803 polyprotein indicated that the SD0803 virus is a member of the novel subgenotype BVDV-1q, isolates of which have been identified recently in dairy cattle and camels in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
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