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Szydłowicz M, Zajączkowska Ż, Lewicka A, Łukianowski B, Kamiński M, Holubová N, Sak B, Kváč M, Kicia M. Host-specific Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in shelter dogs from central Europe. Parasitology 2024; 151:351-362. [PMID: 38305092 PMCID: PMC11044064 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202400009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and microsporidia are unicellular opportunistic pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal infections in both animals and humans. Since companion animals may serve as a source of infection, the aim of the present screening study was to analyse the prevalence of these intestinal protists in fecal samples collected from dogs living in 10 animal shelters in central Europe (101 dogs from Poland and 86 from the Czech Republic), combined with molecular subtyping of the detected organisms in order to assess their genetic diversity. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect DNA of the tested species and to conduct molecular subtyping in collected samples, followed by statistical evaluation of the data obtained (using χ2 or Fisher's tests). The observed prevalence was 15.5, 10.2, 1 and 1% for G. intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, respectively. Molecular evaluation has revealed the predominance of dog-specific genotypes (Cryptosporidium canis XXe1 subtype; G. intestinalis assemblages C and D; E. cuniculi genotype II; E. bieneusi genotypes D and PtEbIX), suggesting that shelter dogs do not pose a high risk of human transmission. Interestingly, the percentage distribution of the detected pathogens differed between both countries and individual shelters, suggesting that the risk of infection may be associated with conditions typical of a given location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szydłowicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zajączkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina Lewicka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Łukianowski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pathomorphology, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kamiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Tylkowska A, Mocha N, Kołnierzak MM, Szenejko M. Risk Factors Associated with Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Dog Feces That Contaminate Public Areas of Warsaw, Poland. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:450. [PMID: 38338093 PMCID: PMC10854816 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A constant increase in dog numbers, especially in large towns, has been observed recently. The presence of dogs in urban spaces increases the risk of pollution by dogs' feces, which may contain growth forms of parasites including canine, soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs), most of which have a proven zoonotic potential. This study assessed the frequency of occurrence and estimated the potential risk associated with the presence of cSTHs in dogs' feces left uncollected in urban areas. The study material consisted of 200 fecal samples obtained from city and dog parks situated in selected Warsaw districts. Each fecal sample was processed using the flotation technique. Eggs of cSTHs, including Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, and hookworms from the Ancylostomatidae family were found in 23 (11.5%) of the examined fecal samples. The most prevalent species were hookworms from the family Ancylostomatidae (8%). The presence of parasites was confirmed in 14 out of 20 studied locations (70%), including eight city parks (72.7%) and six dog parks (66.7%). City and dog parks did not differ significantly in the frequency of parasite occurrence. This study indicated that dogs' feces, left uncollected, may cause environmental contamination with cSTHs. It also indicated that the presence of dogs' feces in public areas and the associated presence of parasites is still a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tylkowska
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Natalia Mocha
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Marta Małgorzata Kołnierzak
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Magdalena Szenejko
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
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Pourshahbazi G, Khanahmad H, Khadivi R, Yousefi HA, Mobarakeh S, Boldaji FH, Darani HY. Toxocara Infection in Dogs and Cats in Isfahan Province of Iran in 2021. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:201. [PMID: 37694248 PMCID: PMC10492607 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_88_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxocariasis is an acute or chronic disease caused by parasites of the Ascaridae family, especially Toxocara of dogs and cats. Eggs are excreted out by feces of these animals on soil. Infective eggs develop on soil which can be infective to human. In this study, infection rate of Toxocara spp. in dogs and cats of urban and rural areas of Isfahan province of Iran has been investigated. Materials and Methods Three hundred and seventy-five stray dog feces and 230 stray cat feces were collected from the public environment (slaughterhouses, parks, children's playgrounds, student dormitories, university environment, streets and squares) in Isfahan province of Iran. At first, dogs' and cats' feces were examined for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs using formalin ether method. In the second stage, by using molecular methods, Toxocara eggs spp. (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati) were identified. Results From 375 dog fecal samples, 39 (10.40%) and from 230 cat fecal samples, 38 (16.52%) were positive for presence of the Toxocara eggs. Conclusion Dogs and cats in Isfahan province of Iran were infected with Toxocara parasite. These infections can be potential risk for human toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Pourshahbazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Khadivi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein A Yousefi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mobarakeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hossini Boldaji
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousefi Darani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ihnacik L, Šmigová J, Šoltys J, Blišťan P, Kovanič L, Blišťanová M, Schusterová I, Papajová I. Risk factors associated with dog endoparasites infection spread in East Slovak Lowland. Helminthologia 2023; 60:152-160. [PMID: 37745229 PMCID: PMC10516475 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in dog feces from public places, investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in soil, and identify potential risk factors associated with the dog endoparasites infection spread in East Slovak Lowland - the region near the EU border with Ukraine. In a one-year study, a total of 803 dog fecal samples and 148 soil samples from public places were examined for the presence of endoparasite developmental stages. In general, 43.59 % of dog excrements were positive. Six different species of intestinal parasites were detected: Toxocara canis (22.65 %), Trichuris vulpis (14.07 %), family Ancylostomatidae (10.09 %), Capillaria aerophilla (5.60 %), Ascaris spp. (1.49 %). Altogether, 52.03 % of soil samples were positive for at least one endoparasites species. The occurrence of parasitic eggs in the soil was as follows: Ascaris spp. (37.16 %), Toxocara spp. (29.05 %), Trichuris spp. (29.05 %) %), family Ancylostomatidae (2.03 %) and Toxascaris leonina (2.03 %). The occurrence of endoparasites between the towns and villages varied significantly. The distribution of endoparasites in dogs and soil was affected by the population density, the minority people living in the studied territory, the number of people living in poor hygienic conditions with limited access to drinking water and the usage of sewerage. Persisting endoparasitic contamination of the environment in East Slovak Lowland forms a reservoir with zoonotic potential representing public and environmental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ihnacik
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - J. Šmigová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - J. Šoltys
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - P. Blišťan
- Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L. Kovanič
- Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - M. Blišťanová
- Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - I. Schusterová
- Faculty of Medicine and East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, a joint-stock company st., Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - I. Papajová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Sukupayo PR, Tamang S. Prevalence of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasite among Dogs in Suryabinayak, Nepal. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:3624593. [PMID: 37287959 PMCID: PMC10243950 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3624593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are popular pets around the world and have always had a very close relationship with humans. Zoonotic gastrointestinal helminth parasites are a great threat to both stray and pet dogs. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in dogs. 400 samples were collected, including 200 from pet dogs and 200 from stray dogs. The samples from pet dogs were collected from the ground immediately after voiding with the help of the owner, whereas stray dogs were caught by using a dog catcher, and the samples were collected directly from the rectum by using a gloved index finger. All collected samples were examined under a microscope using sedimentation and flotation techniques. The overall prevalence of infection was found to be 59.50%, with a significantly higher prevalence in stray dogs (70%) than that in pet dogs (49%). Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia/Echinococcus spp. were six different species found in the current study. The study showed the highest prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. (49.16%) and the least prevalence of Capillaria spp. (0.84%). In the age-wise study, puppies had a significantly high infection rate (86.96%). Similarly, we recorded a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal helminths among nondewormed pet dogs (78.65%) than among dewormed pet dogs (25.23%). This study highlights the severe environmental contamination shed by dogs, causing a higher risk of zoonotic transmission. It indicates the urgent need to manage these parasites in dogs and educate the public on how to care for their pets and the parasites they shed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Ram Sukupayo
- Department of Zoology, Bhaktapur Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Semsal Tamang
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Dogs and Cats from the Kvarner Region in Croatia. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal parasites of dogs and cats may affect their health with a significant zoonotic risk to public health. Therefore, establishing an efficient control program should pass through the determination of the diversity, prevalence, and pathogenicity of those parasites. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats and proceed to infection comparisons between young and adult animals. The detection of parasites in fecal samples was determined using flotation and immunofluorescent methods across 320 dogs and 64 cats from the Kvarner region in Croatia. The prevalence was calculated for each detected parasite in its host. Differences in prevalence between young animals and adults were analyzed. Parasites were detected in 32 dogs and 34.4% of cats. In total, 12 different genera were detected; Giardia spp. was the most prevalent parasite in both species, infecting 24.7% and 18.8% of investigated dogs and cats, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxocara cati had a prevalence of (18.4%) and (6.3%), respectively. Prevalences of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Cystoisospora spp. were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in puppies compared to adult dogs. Pentatrichomonas hominis (P. hominis) was detected in one puppy. In addition to the first report of P. hominis, a relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats in the Kvarner region of Croatia was recorded, posing a potential zoonotic risk.
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Hřebečková T, Králíková N, Hanč A, Wiesnerová L. Problems associated with vermicomposting of dog excrement in practice using Eisenia andrei. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:328-336. [PMID: 36128623 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221123143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One 25-kg dog produces about 500 g of excrement per day. Excrement is a potentially hazardous material, as it may contain pathogenic microorganisms. Our samples were tested for the presence of thermotolerant coliform bacteria, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., which are indicators of faecal contamination, as well as for the presence of helminths and their eggs. During the experiment, it was observed whether these microorganisms could be eliminated by vermicomposting. There were two variants of vermicomposting piles: one test pile (with continuous feeding) and one control pile (with a single feeding). The vermicomposting process was run in outdoor conditions in park for 51 weeks using Eisenia andrei earthworms. The vermicomposting of dog excrement with waste from park maintenance (1:2) can produce a good quality fertiliser. During the process of vermicomposting, there was a gradual decrease in the content of pathogenic bacteria. At the end of the vermicomposting process, there were no eggs or adult helminths. The vermicompost was very rich in microorganisms and enzymatic activity. The pH value was slightly alkaline, and the C:N ratio corresponded to value of mature vermicompost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Hřebečková
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natálie Králíková
- Department Seeds and Planting Materials, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hanč
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Wiesnerová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Viña C, Salmo R, Pena MV, Palomero AM, Hernández JÁ, Cazapal-Monteiro C, Arias MS, Sánchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A. A New Comestible Formulation of Parasiticide Fungi to Reduce the Risk of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in a Canine Shelter. Pathogens 2022; 11:1391. [PMID: 36422641 PMCID: PMC9698839 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs cared for in a shelter are dewormed every three-four months, but they all become infected one-two months later by the soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, and Ancylostoma caninum. For the purpose of reducing their risk of infection by decreasing the survival of helminths' infective stages in soil, chlamydospores of two parasiticide fungi, Mucor circinelloides (ovicide) and Duddingtonia flagrans (larvicide) were formulated as handmade edible gelatins and given three days per week for 17 months to 18 dogs (DRF, dogs receiving fungi); a second group was maintained without fungi (CD, control dogs). All individuals were dewormed at months 0, 3, 7, 10 and 13, and it was observed that the levels of helminths egg-output were reduced by 96-98% fourteen days after each treatment. Fecal egg counts of STHs were similar in both groups until the 6th-8th months, and then remained significantly lower in DRF than in CD (42-100% ascarids; 30-100% trichurids and ancylostomatids). According to the results, and considering that gelatin treats have always been fully accepted, it is concluded that this new formulation offers an efficient solution to decrease the risk of infection among dogs maintained in shelters, and is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristiana Cazapal-Monteiro
- Control of Parasites Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - María Sol Arias
- Control of Parasites Group (COPAR, GI-2120), Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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KİRMAN R, AKYUZ M, BALKAYA İ, GÜVEN E, AVCIOĞLU H. Gastrointestinal helminths of stray dogs in Erzurum province: prevalence and risk to public health. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.1082999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dogs have an important role in public health due to their close contact with humans and living in common areas. This study was aimed to investigate the presence and prevalence of gastrointestinal system helminths in stray dogs in Erzurum province. Gastrointestinal helminth eggs were detected in a total of 190 out of 446 (42.6%) in stray dogs in Erzurum province. In the study, taeniid eggs (17.71%, 79/446), T. canis (16.82%, 75/446), T. leonina (12.78%, 57/446), Linguatula spp. (4.48%, 20/446), spiny-headed worms (2.91%, 13/446), hookworms (2.69%, 12/446), Alaria spp. (1.12%, 5/446) and Trichuris spp. (0.22%, 1/446) eggs were observed. In addition, proglottid structures of Mesocestoides spp. (3.14%), Taenia spp. (2.69%), and D. caninum (1.12%), adults of Alaria spp. (0.22%), T. canis (0.22%), and T. leonina (0.22%) were detected. According to the results of the study, zoonotic parasites including taeniid cestodes, T. canis, Linguatula spp., spiny-headed worm, hookworm, Alaria spp., and Trichuris spp. were common in stray dogs in the province. Public health risks can be reduced by regular deworming of dogs, proper management of the process, prevention of environmental contamination with dog feces, and proper enforcement of sanitation protocols.
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A Survey of Helminths of Dogs in Rural and Urban Areas of Uzbekistan and the Zoonotic Risk to Human Population. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101085. [PMID: 36297142 PMCID: PMC9610627 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are very popular pets that can be infected with a wide diversity of endo- and ectoparasites, some of which have zoonotic potential. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity and prevalence of helminths in rural and urban dogs in Tashkent, Samarkand and Karakalpakstan regions of Uzbekistan. A total of 399 dogs from rural and urban areas were examined by necropsy between November 2016 and March 2022. All helminth species were morphologically identified. A total of 31 species belonging to the classes Trematoda (3), Cestoda (9), Nematoda (18) and Acanthocephala (1) were identified in 378 dogs (94.7%). Twenty-one species are indicated for the helminth fauna of urban dogs and 31 species for rural dog populations. From the 31 species of helminths identified 18 species are zoonotic and four of them (Echinicoccus granulosus, Dipylidium cani-num, Toxocara canis, Dirofilaria repens) have a significant epidemiological importance. The study showed that the prevalence and diversity of helminths in dogs in rural areas of Uzbekistan is higher than in urban dogs.
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Idrissi H, Khatat SEH, Duchateau L, Kachani M, Daminet S, El Asatey S, Tazi N, Azrib R, Sahibi H. Prevalence, risk factors and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs from four locations in Morocco. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100775. [PMID: 36041810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dogs can harbor various intestinal parasites that have serious clinical, economic, and zoonotic impact. In Morocco, the epidemiological status of those parasites is largely unknown. This study aimed to obtain data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in various Moroccan dog populations, to identify associated risk factors, to evaluate people's knowledge regarding zoonotic parasites and to estimate the risk of human infection. A total of 291 fecal samples were analyzed using a 33% Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) centrifugal flotation and a sheather's sugar simple flotation techniques. In addition, 100 dog owners were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their knowledge regarding canine zoonotic intestinal parasites. Overall, 58% of sampled dogs were positive for at least one parasite species. Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (31.9%), Toxascaris leonina (27.4%), Toxocara canis (27.1%), Cystoisospora spp. (13.4%) and Giardia spp. (7.2%) were the most frequently isolated parasites. The overall prevalence was associated with the dogs' activity, and feces consistency. More specifically, the prevalence of Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp., Toxascaris leonina and Cystoisospora spp. was associated with dogs' activity and feces consistency and, additionally with age for Cystoisosporaspp.Toxocara canis prevalence was associated with age and feces consistency, while Giardia spp. prevalence was associated with dogs' activity. A weak awareness among dog owners regarding the zoonotic potential of canine intestinal parasites was noticed (33%) especially when their knowledge was compared to another endemic zoonotic disease, i.e. rabies (85%). Furthermore, the rate of respecting the vaccination protocol (82%) was significantly higher than the rate of respecting the deworming protocol (47%). We conclude that intestinal parasites, including the zoonotic ones, were highly prevalent in the dogs sampled in this study whereas people's knowledge about those parasites was very limited. These findings suggest that the risk of human infection is very likely, which highlights the need for effective control programs and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Idrissi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Sarah El Hamiani Khatat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, United States of America.
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sabrine El Asatey
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Noureddine Tazi
- Veterinary Clinic of the 1st kennel of the Royal Armed Forces, 13000 Benslimane, Morocco
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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Occurrence of Hookworm and the First Molecular and Morphometric Identification of Uncinaria stenocephala in Dogs in Central Europe. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:764-772. [PMID: 35067865 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hookworms are hematophagous parasitic nematodes that occur in the intestinal tract of various mammals, including humans. The objective of this work was to develop a two-step morphology-molecular analysis-based strategy to identify the genus and the species of eggs and larvae of the Ancylostomatidae family in dogs, which were kept in various living conditions in Slovakia. METHODS Faecal samples were collected from 270 dogs kept in two different shelters (160 samples) and in a marginalised Roma community (110 samples). Faecal samples were processed using the flotation method. Microscopically positive faecal samples with hookworm eggs were subjected to a coproculture and the hatched larvae were identified morphometrically, prior to molecular testing. The faecal samples with hookworm´s eggs and individual larvae were identified by a molecular assay based on the amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene fragment. Further, species-specific primer sets were designed for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1 region) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene section. RESULTS Hookworm eggs were microscopically detected in 9.6% (26/270) of the total number of faecal samples. The prevalence in the Roma settlement was higher, 14.5% (16/110), than in shelters, 6.3% (10/160). Using PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing, we identified the canine hookworm species Uncinaria stenocephala in all positive samples. CONCLUSION Our results have provided new data on the molecular identification of the neglected species U. stenocephala affecting dogs in Slovakia and supplemented the missing information on the prevalence and incidence of hookworms in dogs in Europe.
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Rousseau J, Castro A, Novo T, Maia C. Dipylidium caninum in the twenty-first century: epidemiological studies and reported cases in companion animals and humans. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:131. [PMID: 35534908 PMCID: PMC9088078 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipilidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum. Fleas and, less frequently, lice act as an intermediate host, and their ingestion is required for infection to occur. While the disease mainly affects domestic and wild carnivores, it is also considered a zoonotic disease, with most human cases reported in children. Dipylidium caninum is considered to be the most common tapeworm infesting companion animals, but dipilidosis in humans is rare. The aims of this review were to improve current understanding of the epidemiology of this parasitosis and its management by the medical and veterinary community. Methods A comprehensive review of the published literature during the last 21 years (2000–2021) on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures of D. caninum infection and dipilidiosis in companion animals and humans was conducted. Results Using predefined eligibility criteria for a search of the published literature, we retrieved and screened 280 publications. Of these, 161 (141 epidemiological studies, 20 case reports [16 human cases]) were considered for inclusion in this review. This parasitosis is present worldwide; however, despite being the most frequent cestode infection in animals, it is often underdiagnosed using common coprological techniques. Its diagnosis in humans has also proved challenging, being frequently confused with pinworm infection, leading to inappropriate treatment and to the persistence of the disease over time. Prevention measures include control of ectoparasites in animals and the environment, as well as regular deworming of animals, most commonly with praziquantel. Conclusions The diagnosis of dipilidiosis remains challenging in both animals and humans, primarily due to the low sensitivity of the diagnostic methods currently available and a lack of knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the parasite. Although treatment with the appropriate anti-cestode compounds is well tolerated and results in resolution of the infection, indiscriminate use of these compounds may predispose to an increase in resistance. Given the worldwide distribution of this parasite, it is essential to act on several fronts, with a focus on health education for children and animal owners and the control of intermediate hosts, both in animals and in the surrounding environment. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Rousseau
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andry Castro
- Centre of Geographical Studies and Associated Laboratory (TERRA), Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. IGOT, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Novo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Free-ranging rural dogs are highly infected with helminths, contaminating environment nine times more than urban dogs. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e19. [PMID: 35257647 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of the highly efficient anthelmintics available and the control measures taken by dog owners and veterinarians, gastrointestinal parasites, especially zoonotic helminths, are still abundant in dogs and pose a health risk to humans. Free-ranging dogs in rural areas can be an important source of helminth infection. The aims of the present work were to collect scats of rural dogs, determine the environmental contamination caused by helminth infections among rural dogs of Western Estonia, analyse how diet affects helminth infection rate and compare the findings to a previous study focusing on dog helminths in urban areas of Estonia. To differentiate the scats of dogs from other sympatric canids, a genetic method was applied. Of 328 samples, genetic analysis identified 84 scats belonging to dogs, of which 87.0% were infected with helminths. A high proportion of rural dog scats harboured eggs of Taeniidae (65.5%), followed by Trichuris spp./Eucoleus spp. (15.5%), Uncinaria stenocephala (14.7%) and Toxocara canis (4.3%). Coinfections occurred in 34.5% of the samples, being the most common between Taeniidae and U. stenocephala (41.4%). The intensity model indicated higher helminth infection rate in rural dogs preying on rodents and game. In comparison to urban dogs, rural dogs were nine times more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites. These results emphasize the need to implement measures to reduce helminth infections in dogs living in rural areas of Western Estonia. Among a complex of measures to be taken, we suggest that it is also important to diagnose which gastrointestinal parasite species infect dogs to determine specific anthelmintic treatment against these parasites.
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Protective response mediated by immunization with recombinant proteins in a murine model of toxocariasis and canine infection by Toxocara canis. Vaccine 2022; 40:912-923. [PMID: 35012775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis of global importance. The development of a formulation that can be used as a vaccine would help the definitive control of the infection. Preclinical studies selected two recombinant T. canis proteins (rTcVcan and rTcCad) which significantly protected mice against larval migration. In the present work, these proteins plus three adjuvants (Alhydrogel®, PAM3CSK4®, and Quil-A®) were used to immunize mice against toxocariasis; blood samples were collected three times to measure IgG (total, IgG1, IgG2a), IgA, and IgE via indirect ELISA. Cytokines (IL-5, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured in splenocytes supernatant, and T. canis larvae were quantified in tissues. The best protein + adjuvant pair found (rTVcan + QuialA®) was then used to immunize T. canis-free puppies (n = 18) that were experimentally infected with T. canis and T. canis naturally-infected puppies (n = 6). Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgE, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a), parasite load (eggs in feces), number of expelled adults and eggs extracted from the female uterus, and their fertility percentages were analyzed. In mice, it was observed a highly significant reduction (73%) of tissue larvae, a mixed cytokine profile (Th1/Th2), and anti-T. canis antibody titers (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) using rTVcan + QuialA® mix. In canines, rTVcan + QuialA® promoted reduction in the parasite eggs in feces (95%) and eggs reduction obtained from the uteri of pharmacologically expelled adult females (58.38%). In our knowledge this is the first canine clinical trial of a vaccine with T. canis recombinant proteins. The formulation used has been shown to efficiently stimulate the production of antibodies against infection by T. canis. In the canine, a significant reduction in the number of eggs expelled by the experimental animals that received the formulation prophylactically was evidenced. Future tests should be developed to evaluate the duration of the protective effect and analyze other immune pathways that could be stimulated by the formulation used.
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Jarošová J, Antolová D, Lukáč B, Maďari A. A Survey of Intestinal Helminths of Dogs in Slovakia with an Emphasis on Zoonotic Species. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11103000. [PMID: 34680018 PMCID: PMC8532715 DOI: 10.3390/ani11103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs are the most popular pet animals worldwide; however, frequent and close contact with people increases the risk of transmission of different zoonotic parasites. As the occurrence of intestinal parasites in the dog population is affected by several factors, understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic parasitic infections is important to minimize the risks for humans. This study presents results about the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in seven different groups of dogs (pet, shelter, guard, working, and hunting dogs, as well as dogs from segregated Roma settlements) in Slovakia. Out of 495 faecal samples collected between 2016 and 2021, eggs of intestinal helminths were detected in 134 (27.1%) samples. Altogether, six different species/genera/families, namely, Toxocara canis (14.7%), Toxascaris leonina (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (6.3%), Capillaria spp. (1.4%), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (8.3%), and taeniid eggs (4.0%), were recorded. Infection with Echinococcus multilocularis was confirmed in 2.2% of dogs and 0.4% of the animals were infested with Taenia hydatigena. The results showed that the occurrence of intestinal helminths is quite frequent in the majority of analyzed dog groups, with a close correlation between the occurrence of intestinal helminths and availability of veterinary care and anthelmintic therapy. Abstract Dogs are the most popular pets worldwide; however, close contact with people increases the risk of transmission of different zoonotic parasites. This study aims to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs in Slovakia. A total of 495 faecal samples collected from pet, shelter, guard, working (police), and hunting dogs, as well as dogs from segregated Roma settlements between 2016 and 2021, were examined using flotation and molecular methods. Eggs of intestinal helminths were detected in 134 (27.1%) samples. Microscopically, six different species/genera/families, namely, Toxocara canis (14.7%), Toxascaris leonina (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (6.3%), Capillaria spp. (1.4%), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (8.3%), and taeniid eggs (4.0%), were recorded. Molecular analyses revealed infection with Echinococcus multilocularis in 2.2% of dogs and 0.4% of the animals were infected with Taenia hydatigena. The results showed a correlation between the occurrence of intestinal helminths and the availability of veterinary care, as dogs from Roma settlements and shelter dogs were the most often infected (66.7% and 39.2%, respectively). On the other hand, working animals were in the best health condition, with only 2.5% being positive. The relatively frequent occurrence of zoonotic species points to the constant need for preventive measures and regular deworming of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-55-633-14-11-13
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Branislav Lukáč
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Aladár Maďari
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.L.); (A.M.)
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Šmigová J, Papajová I, Šoltys J, Pipiková J, Šmiga Ľ, Šnábel V, Takáčová J, Takáč L. The occurence of endoparasites in Slovakian household dogs and cats. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:243-249. [PMID: 34117590 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pets play a pivotal role as definitive or reservoir hosts for many zoonotic parasites. Dogs and cats without any clinical signs may be a carrier for the infection. In a one-year study, collected fecal samples of 257 dogs and 50 cats were examined coproscopically for endoparasite infections. Out of 307 investigated fecal samples, 107 (34.9%) were positive for the presence of the propagative stages of endoparasites In 257 dogs fecal samples, following 12 different species of endoparasites were detected: Giardia duodenalis, Cystoisospora spp., Sarcocystis spp., Hammondia/Neospora-like eggs, Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae, Capillaria aerophila, Crenosoma vulpis, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Strongyloides stercoralis, and eggs from the family Ancylostomatidae. Only 4 different parasitic species were found in 50 domestic cat fecal samples - G. duodenalis cysts Cystoisospora spp., T. cati, and larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. It was confirmed that significant differences were found concerning age for G. duodenalis, T. canis, S. stercoralis, and family Ancylostomatidae. Close and frequent contact between pets and people increases the risks for the transmission of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Šmigová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.,University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Papajová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jindřich Šoltys
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Pipiková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Šmiga
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Takáčová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Takáč
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Li J, Ryan U, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Advances in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:787-795. [PMID: 33848499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular tools has led to the identification of several zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats. Among them, Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium felis are dominant species causing canine and feline cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Some Cryptosporidium parvum infections have also been identified in both groups of animals. The identification of C. canis, C. felis and C. parvum in both pets and owners suggests the possible occurrence of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between humans and pets. However, few cases of such concurrent infections have been reported. Thus, the cross-species transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between dogs or cats and humans has long been a controversial issue. Recently developed subtyping tools for C. canis and C. felis should be very useful in identification of zoonotic transmission of both Cryptosporidium spp. Data generated using these tools have confirmed the occurrence of zoonotic transmission of these two Cryptosporidium spp. between owners and their pets, but have also shown the potential presence of host-adapted subtypes. Extensive usage of these subtyping tools in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis is needed for improved understanding of the importance of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. from pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Haghi MM, Khorshidvand Z, Khazaei S, Foroughi-Parvar F, Sarmadian H, Barati N, Etemadifar F, Ghasemikhah R. Cryptosporidium animal species in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:97. [PMID: 33292794 PMCID: PMC7718689 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis is an acute and short-term infection which can lead to severe diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis) associated with a persistent cough in the host with immune system defect. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of animal Cryptosporidium species and the corresponding epidemiological aspects in Iran. METHODS In this study, all original research articles relating to the animal cryptosporidiosis in Iran were collected from reliable databases using keywords. A meta-analysis was conducted separately for each subgroup, and heterogeneity among the studies was performed using the Q and I2 tests. Furthermore, it should be noticed that the significance level in the statistical analysis with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was considered to be less than 0.05. Finally, meta-analysis results were shown in forest plot with a 95% CI. RESULTS In total, 4795 studies were included in the initial screening. Duplicated or non-original studies and the ones which did not meet our considered criteria were excluded from the list. Out of the 100 articles included in our first list for the meta-analysis, 40, 16, 13, 10, 9, 7, and 5 were done on cattle and calves, birds, dogs, sheep, rodents, camels, and horses, respectively. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among the birds, horses, rodents, camels, dogs, cattle, and sheep in Iran was estimated to be 7.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 8.4%, 4.9%, 14.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION The different Cryptosporidium species have been found in different regions of Iran. Geographical region, climate, and domestic animals are considered as factors responsible for animal cryptosporidiosis prevalence in the area. Moreover, this parasite is zoonotic which causes disease in animals as well as humans which can result in economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Motavalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Khorshidvand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Foroughi-Parvar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Sarmadian
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Nastaran Barati
- Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Etemadifar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemikhah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Miliotou AN, Angelou A, Arsenopoulos KV, Loukeri S, Papadopoulos E. Rapid on-site diagnosis of canine giardiosis: time versus performance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 33138850 PMCID: PMC7607699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by protozoans of the genus Giardia are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Canine giardiosis constitutes a disease with a zoonotic potential; however, it is often underestimated due to its challenging diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic strip test (SpeedTM Giardia, Virbac, France) comparing it with microscopy (zinc sulfate flotation) by utilizing the combination of an enzyme immunoassay (ProSpecTTM Giardia EZ Microplate Assay, Oxoid Ltd., UK) and the PCR as the gold standard. A positive result in both ELISA and PCR was set as the gold standard. METHODS Initially, fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs compatible with giardiosis were tested with the SpeedTM Giardia test and separated into two groups of 50 samples each: group A (positive) and group B (negative). Thereafter, all samples were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and assayed by the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. The performance of the SpeedTM Giardia and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation tests were calculated estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio; the chi-square and McNemar tests were used for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS Giardia cysts were not detected by microscopy in 16 out of the 50 samples (32%) of group A and in none of group B samples. Eight out of 50 samples in group B (16%) were tested positive both with the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. Fecal examination with the SpeedTM Giardia test was more sensitive (86.2%) than the parasitological method (58.6%, P < 0.001) while the specificity of both methods was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The SpeedTM Giardia test is an easy-to-perform diagnostic method for the detection of Giardia spp., which can increase laboratory efficiency by reducing time and cost and decrease underdiagnosis of Giardia spp. infections. This immunochromatographic strip test may be routinely exploited when a rapid and reliable diagnosis is required, other diagnostic techniques are unavailable and microscopy expertise is inefficient. In negative dogs with compatible clinical signs of giardiosis, it is recommended either to repeat the exam or proceed with further ELISA and PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855 Athens, GR Greece
| | - Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Sofia Loukeri
- Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
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Immunogenicity and protection induced by recombinant Toxocara canis proteins in a murine model of toxocariasis. Vaccine 2020; 38:4762-4772. [PMID: 32451213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis, a natural helminth infection of dogs and cats caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, respectively, that are transmitted to mammals, including humans. Infection control is based currently on periodic antihelmintic treatment and there is a need for the development of vaccines to prevent this infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight potential vaccine candidate T. canis recombinant proteins were identified by in silico (rTcGPRs, rTcCad, rTcVcan, rTcCyst) and larval proteomics (rTES26, rTES32, rMUC-3 and rCTL-4) analyses. Immunogenicity and protection against infectious challenge for seven of these antigens were determined in a murine model of toxocariasis. C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with each of or combinations of recombinant antigens prior to challenge with 500 T. canis embryonated eggs. Levels of specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE) in sera and cytokines (IL-5, INF-ɣ and IL-10) produced by antigens-stimulated splenocytes, were measured. Presence of specific antibodies to the molecules was measured in sera of T. canis-seropositive dogs and humans. RESULTS All seven molecules were immunogenic in immunized mice; all stimulated significantly elevated levels of specific IgG, IgG1 or IgG2a and six were associated with elevated levels of specific IgE; all induced elevated production of IFN- ɣ and IL-10 by splenocytes, but only the in silico-identified membrane-associated recombinants (rTcCad, rTcVcan, and rTcCyst) induced significantly increased IL-5 production. Vaccination with two of the latter (rTcCad and rTcVcan) reduced larval loads in the T. canis challenged mice by 54.3% and 53.9% (P < 0.0001), respectively, compared to unimmunized controls. All seven recombinants were recognized by T. canis-seropositive dog and human sera. CONCLUSION The identification of vaccine targets by in silico analysis was an effective strategy to identify immunogenic T. canis proteins capable of reducing larval burdens following challenge with the parasite. Two recombinant proteins, rTcCad and rTcVcan, were identified as promising vaccine candidates for canine toxocariasis.
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Lukashev AN, Ruzina MN, Akhmadishina LV. Toxocara prevalence in dogs, cats and the environment in Russia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:801-817. [PMID: 32381227 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The toxocariasis incidence in Russia is relatively low (1.8 cases per 100,000 individuals) and the parasite is not a major healthcare concern. However, the proportion of primary hosts testing positive for the parasite is high and varies between 3% and 100% in dogs (on average 33%), and between 6% and 52% in cats. Higher prevalence was observed in Volga, Urals and Siberia regions. Levels of contamination of soil, children's playgrounds and sandboxes is also high, with up to 100% contamination rates determined in some studies, but more commonly prevalence of contamination around 40% was reported. There is a pronounced seasonality in the prevalence of Toxocara in primary hosts and the soil, with peaks in the summer and autumn. Most likely, a lack of permissive conditions for the development of eggs in the winter determines observed seasonal patterns, which are different than those observed in most other countries. Toxocara eggs were found in 4-10% of vegetables and greenery samples tested, suggesting that they can contribute to the transmission of Toxocara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria N Ruzina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Akhmadishina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Rostami A, Riahi SM, Hofmann A, Ma G, Wang T, Behniafar H, Taghipour A, Fakhri Y, Spotin A, Chang BCH, Macpherson CNL, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB. Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:561-583. [PMID: 32381218 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs serve as the most important definitive hosts for Toxocara canis-a causative agent of human toxocariasis and one of the most widespread zoonotic helminth worldwide. The present study was undertaken to assess the global prevalence of T. canis infection in dogs. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and SciELO were searched to identify relevant studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall and the subgroup-pooled prevalences across studies, and heterogeneity was assessed via the I2 test. The data were categorized according to WHO-region, different types of dogs, risk factors and environmental variables. From a total of 4370 peer-reviewed publications, 229 articles that studied 13,010,004 dogs in 60 countries met the final inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs was 11.1% (95% CI, 10.6-11.7%). The estimated prevalence in the different WHO-regions ranged from 6.4% to 19.2%: Eastern Mediterranean (19.2%, 13.7-25.5%), Africa (18.5%, 13.7-23.9%), South-East Asia (11.9%, 6.8-18.2%), North America (11.1%, 10.6-11.7%), South America (10.9%, 7.6-14.6%), Europe (10.8%, 8.9-12.9%) and Western Pacific (6.4%, 3.3-10.2%). Young (<1 year of age), stray, rural and male dogs had a significantly (P<0.001) higher prevalence of infection than older, pet, urban or female dogs. The prevalence was higher in low income countries and regions at a low geographical latitude, close to the equator, characterized as having tropical climates. From this review, it is estimated that ≥100 million dogs are infected with Toxocara around the world. This highlights the need for an increased focus on implementing affordable, appropriate control programs to reduce the public health threat of toxocariasis as a zoonosis of global importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hamed Behniafar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Calum N L Macpherson
- School of Graduate Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, WINDREF, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Overgaauw P, Nijsse R. Prevalence of patent Toxocara spp. infections in dogs and cats in Europe from 1994 to 2019. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:779-800. [PMID: 32381226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of Toxocara prevalences in dogs and cats in Europe from the last 25 years. METHOD Systematic review of the literature. RESULTS Over the past 25 years, prevalence studies of Toxocara spp. have been published from 26 European countries. The average prevalences were 14.6% for T. canis in all dogs and 24.5% for T. cati in all cats. Specified for young dogs until 6 months old this was 41.2%, for young cats until 6 months old 25%, adult owned dogs 11.1%, adult owned cats 16.3%, stray dogs 17.6%, and stray cats 33.5%. A recent study in seven European countries showed a prevalence of 3.4% for adult dogs and 4.2% for adult cats. The prevalences seem not to decrease over the years. CONCLUSION The prevalence of patent Toxocara infections over the last 25 years did not show a distinct declining trend. Prevalence data provided by recent modern antigen tests showed much lower results than from older studies. Results from studies using less diverse methods and well-defined study-populations could provide more clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Overgaauw
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Nijsse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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The Prevalence and Assemblages of Giardia Duodenalis in Dogs: A Systematic Review in Europe. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Giardiasis is one of the most frequent causes of diarrhoeic diseases in the world. Giardia cysts are most commonly transferred via ingestion of contaminated water or food. On the basis of genetic characteristics Giardia duodenalis is classified in eight assemblages A—H. Zoonotic assemblages A and B are increasingly found in isolates from dogs which may constitute the reservoir of human giardiasis. This article presents a brief review of G. duodenalis assemblages detected in dogs that were documented in European countries.
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26
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Sanchez-Thevenet P, Carmena D, Adell-Aledón M, Dacal E, Arias E, Saugar JM, Rodríguez E, Dea-Ayuela MA. High Prevalence and Diversity of Zoonotic and Other Intestinal Parasites in Dogs from Eastern Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:915-922. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchez-Thevenet
- Department of Medicine, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, Castellón, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Manuel Adell-Aledón
- Department of Medicine, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elena Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Eva Arias
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - José María Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Esperanza Rodríguez
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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Abstract
The human-animal bond is beneficial for human health, but companion animals also pose a potential threat as vectors of zoonotic parasites, especially in urban areas where both human and dog densities are high. However, the knowledge about parasitic spillover in the urban environment is relatively scarce. The aim of the present study was to reveal which factors determine parasitic contamination in Estonian towns and provide up-to-date information about intestinal parasites of the Estonian dog population. In total, 657 samples of dog excrement was collected over one year of investigation from five towns in Estonia. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate factors predicting infection risk in urban areas. In general, infection risk and intensity models predicted higher infection with endoparasites for small dogs in smaller towns, especially in apartment-house districts and in potential hazard zones. Helminth eggs and Giardia/Cystoisospora oocysts were detected in 64 samples, with an overall prevalence of 9.8%.
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28
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French national survey of dog and cat owners on the deworming behaviour and lifestyle of pets associated with the risk of endoparasites. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:480. [PMID: 31610795 PMCID: PMC6792328 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoparasites in dogs and cats are a concern related to pet health and zoonotic risks. Several determinants may affect the endoparasite transmission and infection of dogs and cats such as pet’s lifestyle or regional parasite distribution. Although different zoonotic endoparasites, such as Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus spp., have been identified in France, little information exists about the deworming behaviors of owners or the frequency of occurrence of risk factors associated with endoparasite infection or transmission. Deworming guidelines, such as those created by the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP), recommend a deworming frequency according to the risk of infection of every pet and the potential risk for zoonotic transmission. The objectives of this study were to explore how lifestyles of dogs and cats from France were related to a particular risk of endoparasites and assess whether deworming frequencies complied with ESCCAP recommendations. Methods French data were extracted from a database created during a recent European pet owner survey regarding endoparasitic infection risk. Dogs and cats were grouped into risk categories based upon the ESCCAP guidelines. The compliance between the actual and recommended deworming frequencies were explored among the regions surveyed. Results The majority of dogs and cats were older than 6 months, had outdoor access, had contact with children or elderly people, and lived in rural and town areas. Most of the dogs were in contact with other dogs, snails or prey (83%), and ate slugs, snails, grass or dug in the garden (68%). Likewise, most of the cats hunted outside (57%) and caught prey animals (52%). Consequently, most of the dogs (89%) and cats (53%) were considered to be in the highest-risk category (D). However, independent of the region, the average deworming compliance for dogs was poor (6%). While deworming compliance for cats in category A (low-risk) was excellent (94%), for cats in category D it was poor (6%). Conclusions Deworming compliance is needed to enhance pet health and reduce zoonotic risks. Future studies are warranted to thoroughly investigate the compliance and effectiveness of deworming protocols, and the risk factors associated with endoparasites in France.
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29
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Moro K, Abah A. Epizootiology of zoonotic parasites of dogs in Abua area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 7:100045. [PMID: 32734067 PMCID: PMC7386753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated zoonotic parasites of dogs in Abua area of Rivers State. Out of the 400 samples analysed 260(65%) were found to be positive with different parasite species. Parasite species recovered showed, Ancylostoma caninum and Strongyloides stercoralis were found in all the communities while Taenia spp. was found in only one community. There was a statistically significant difference in infection rates among the different age groups of dogs examined (X2 = 59.79, df = 4, P = 0.000). Parasites species detected with respect to age of dogs showed that Ancylostoma caninum had the highest infection rate as it infected the three age groups of dogs in significant numbers (X2 = 50.28, P = 0.000), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (X2 = 24.87, P = 0.000). Other parasites that showed significant infections across the age groups include Diphylidium caninum (X2 = 9.63, P = 0.008) and Toxocara canis (X2 = 6.98, P = 0.03). All the other parasites; Spirocerca lupi, Baylisascaris procyonis, Taenia spp were not significant across the age groups. There was an overall mixed infection of 51(19.62%) of which 22 (8.46%) samples had mix infection of two parasite species of Ancylostoma caninum and Strongyloides stercoralis, 12 (4.62%) had Ancylostoma caninum and Diphylidium caninum, while 1(0.34%) with Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. A mix infection of three parasite species was 6.15% comprising Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis and Diphylidium caninum was recorded. In conclusion, Prevalence of zoonotic parasites of dogs in Abua was high. So, there is an urgent need for education of dog owners in the area to reduce this high infection rate and to reduce the danger of transmission of these infections to human as a result of ignorance on the part of the dog owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.K. Moro
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323 Port Harcourt 50001, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - A.E. Abah
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323 Port Harcourt 50001, Rivers State, Nigeria
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30
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Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Coccidiosis in dogs—100 years of progress. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:34-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Plutzer J, Lassen B, Jokelainen P, Djurković-Djaković O, Kucsera I, Dorbek-Kolin E, Šoba B, Sréter T, Imre K, Omeragić J, Nikolić A, Bobić B, Živičnjak T, Lučinger S, Stefanović LL, Kučinar J, Sroka J, Deksne G, Keidāne D, Kváč M, Hůzová Z, Karanis P. Review of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the eastern part of Europe, 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29382412 PMCID: PMC5801338 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.16-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in humans, animals and the environment in 10 countries in the eastern part of Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Methods: Published scientific papers and conference proceedings from the international and local literature, official national health service reports, national databases and doctoral theses in local languages were reviewed to provide an extensive overview on the epidemiology, diagnostics and research on these pathogens, as well as analyse knowledge gaps and areas for further research. Results: Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were found to be common in eastern Europe, but the results from different countries are difficult to compare because of variations in reporting practices and detection methodologies used. Conclusion: Upgrading and making the diagnosis/detection procedures more uniform is recommended throughout the region. Public health authorities should actively work towards increasing reporting and standardising reporting practices as these prerequisites for the reported data to be valid and therefore necessary for appropriate control plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Plutzer
- Department of Water Hygiene, National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian Lassen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences and Population Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences and Population Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - István Kucsera
- Department of Parasitology, National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth Dorbek-Kolin
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences and Population Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Šoba
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamás Sréter
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 'King Michael I of Romania' from Timişoara, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Jasmin Omeragić
- University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases of Animals, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Bobić
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Živičnjak
- Department for Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Lučinger
- Department for Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jasmina Kučinar
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute of Istrian Region, Pula, Croatia
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment - 'BIOR', Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Keidāne
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hůzová
- Health Institute in Ústí nad Labem, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical School, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,State Key Laboratory for Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Centre for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Bastien M, Vaniscotte A, Combes B, Umhang G, Raton V, Germain E, Villena I, Aubert D, Boué F, Poulle ML. Identifying drivers of fox and cat faecal deposits in kitchen gardens in order to evaluate measures for reducing contamination of fresh fruit and vegetables. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2018; 14:e00034. [PMID: 32095604 PMCID: PMC7034018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.e00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing foodborne pathogen contamination of raw fruit and vegetables in the field is critically important for public health. Specifically, it involves preventing faecal deposit by wildlife or domestic animals in fields of crops and kitchen gardens. The present study aims to identify the drivers of fox, dog and cat faecal deposits in kitchen gardens in order to mitigate the risk of contamination of raw produce with parasites shed in carnivore faeces. The focus was on Echinococcus multilocularis, ranked highest in the importance of foodborne parasites in Europe, but attention was also paid to other parasites of major concern - Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. During the winters of 2014 to 2016, faecal samples were collected from 192 kitchen gardens located in north-eastern France. From these samples, 77% contained scat of carnivores. Molecular analyses revealed that 59% of the 1016 faeces collected were from cats, 31% from foxes, and 10% from dogs. The ease of accessibility to kitchen gardens, the presence of food in the vicinity, and the composition of the surrounding vegetation were used to explain the distribution of fox and cat faeces. Generalized Linear Mixed Effects modelling showed that: i) fencing was not efficient in reducing cat faecal deposits, but drastically decreases those of foxes; ii) the abundance of Microtus sp. indicates a reason for the presence of both fox and cat faecal deposits, iii) the abundance of Arvicola terrestris, the proximity of fruit trees or farms and the predominance of forest and grassland around the village are all drivers of fox faecal deposits. These results point to the importance of fencing around kitchen gardens located in E. multilocularis endemic areas, particularly those surrounded by forest and grassland or close to fruit trees or farms. 192 kitchen gardens sampled 6 times over 2 winters, 1016 carnivore faeces collected. Fencing, food and vegetation cover tested as explanatory factors for faeces location. Numerous cat faeces, even in enclosed gardens. Microtus sp. drives their deposit. Garden accessibility, food and vegetation cover drive the faecal deposits of foxes. Fencing off kitchen gardens should be encouraged in E. multilocularis endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bastien
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51092 Reims cedex, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-Bois, France
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France
- Corresponding author at: University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51092 Reims cedex, France.
| | | | - B. Combes
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - G. Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Eco-epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - V. Raton
- French Establishment for Fighting Zoonoses (ELIZ), Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - E. Germain
- CROC, Carnivore Research and Observation Center, 57590 Lucy, France
| | - I. Villena
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51092 Reims cedex, France
- University Hospital of Reims, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Center for Toxoplasma, 51092 Reims cedex, France
| | - D. Aubert
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51092 Reims cedex, France
- University Hospital of Reims, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Center for Toxoplasma, 51092 Reims cedex, France
| | - F. Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Eco-epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - M.-L. Poulle
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51092 Reims cedex, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-Bois, France
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Beugnet F, Labuschagne M, Vos CD, Crafford D, Fourie J. Analysis of Dipylidium caninum tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas - Part 2. Distinct canine and feline host association with two different Dipylidium caninum genotypes. Parasite 2018; 25:31. [PMID: 29806593 PMCID: PMC6013090 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial investigations suggested the existence of two distinct genotypes of Dipylidium caninum from infected cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). One genotype was found almost always (> 95%) in fleas collected from, and proglottids shed by, domestic dogs. The other was found almost always (> 95%) in fleas collected from, and proglottids shed by, domestic cats. Molecular investigations (Part 1, in this journal) confirmed the presence of two distinct genotypes. Due to the apparent host association observed, these were referred to as the "D. caninum canine genotype" and the "D. caninum feline genotype". The current article reports on an in vivo experimental infection study assessing the host-parasite interaction for each genotype. Mixed infections with the two genotypes in both dogs and cats were conducted. The specific genotyping of proglottids allowed us to assess the specific prepatent periods, prolificity, and longevity of each genotype in dogs versus cats. The possible hybridisation was also studied through molecular evaluation of the proglottids expelled by infected dogs and cats. Results demonstrate a clear distinct host interaction. The canine D. caninum genotype occurred at a higher frequency in dogs, with a shorter prepatent period and a longer lifespan; and the feline genotype occurred at a higher frequency in cats, with a shorter prepatent period and a longer lifespan. The absence of any hybrids in the mixed infections of both dogs and cats confirm the hypothesis of two distinct genotypes, suggesting the possibility of two distinct species within Dipylidium caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Av T. Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, South Africa
| | - Christa de Vos
- Clinvet, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, South Africa
| | - Dionne Crafford
- Clinvet, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, South Africa
| | - Josephus Fourie
- Clinvet, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, South Africa
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Rosanowski SM, Banica M, Ellis E, Farrow E, Harwood C, Jordan B, James C, McKenna D, Fox M, Blake DP. The molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in relinquished dogs in Great Britain: a novel zoonotic risk? Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1663-1667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pan W, Wang M, Abdullahi AY, Fu Y, Yan X, Yang F, Shi X, Zhang P, Hang J, Li G. Prevalence and genotypes of Giardia lamblia from stray dogs and cats in Guangdong, China. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:30-34. [PMID: 31014884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a worldwide zoonotic intestinal parasite that infects humans and a wide range of mammals including dogs and cats, causing giardiasis with diarrhea. To investigate the infection and distribution of G. lamblia genotypes from stray dogs and cats in Guangdong, China according to different districts, gender and ages, fecal samples were collected and examined by microscopy, and all isolates were genotyped by PCR amplification using beta-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes as molecular markers. The results showed that the prevalence of dogs and cats was 10.8% (57/527) and 5.8% (6/104), respectively. Sixty-one samples were detected by microscopy and 63 were amplified and successfully sequenced by the PCR. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, 25 canine isolates (24 assemblages AI and 1 assemblage D) were genotyped by tpi gene and 57 canine isolates (26 assemblages AI, 18 assemblages C and 13 assemblages D) genotyped by bg gene; 6 feline isolates were identified as assemblage AI by tpi gene, and as 3 assemblages AI and 3 assemblages F by bg gene. The dominant genotypes were assemblage AI in younger dogs (assemblage C in adult dogs) and assemblage C in male dogs (assemblage AI in female dogs). Mixed genotype infections were found in different age and gender groups. The results indicated that G. lamblia from stray dogs and cats in Guangdong province had a zoonotic potential with assemblage AI as the prevalent genotype. The different risk factors (age and sex) may have an impact on the infection of different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Auwalu Yusuf Abdullahi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; Department of Animal Science, Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil, PMB 3244, Kano 20027, Nigeria
| | - Yeqi Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianli Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Hang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Chidumayo NN. Epidemiology of canine gastrointestinal helminths in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:100. [PMID: 29458421 PMCID: PMC5819185 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs have a close association with humans providing companionship, security and a source of dietary protein. However, dogs are also potential carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Dogs, therefore, pose a public health risk and a good understanding of canine diseases is important for planning and implementing control measures. The aim of this study was to characterise canine helminthiasis in sub-Saharan Africa using a systematic approach. METHODS Pubmed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant primary studies published from 2000. Forty-one eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled prevalences were estimated using the quality effects model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Twenty-six genera of enteric helminths were reported and the pooled estimate of canine helminthiasis was 71% (95% CI: 63-79%). Species of Ancylostoma and Toxocara, causative agents of larva migrans in humans, were the most frequently reported helminths with pooled estimated prevalences of 41% (95% CI: 32-50%) and 22% (95% CI: 16-29%), respectively. Dipylidium caninum and Taenia spp. were the most frequently reported cestodes with pooled estimated prevalences of 20% (95% CI: 12-29%) and 9% (95% CI: 5-15%), respectively. Trematodes were rarely reported. There was a high level of heterogeneity in most pooled estimates (I2 ˃ 80%). The results of this study show that canine helminthiasis is highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and there is need for regular deworming programmes to improve the health status of the dogs and minimise the potential health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozyechi Ngulube Chidumayo
- Clinical Studies Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Zwickl LLMN, Joekel DE, Fischer NM, Rostaher A, Thamsborg K, Deplazes P, Favrot C. Total and Toxocara canis
larval excretory/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:222-e80. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena L. M. N. Zwickl
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Deborah E. Joekel
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina M. Fischer
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kristian Thamsborg
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Sarvi S, Daryani A, Sharif M, Rahimi MT, Kohansal MH, Mirshafiee S, Siyadatpanah A, Hosseini SA, Gholami S. Zoonotic intestinal parasites of carnivores: A systematic review in Iran. Vet World 2018; 11:58-65. [PMID: 29479158 PMCID: PMC5813513 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.58-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Parasitic infections, especially of the zoonotic-parasitic type, are the most important health, economic, and social problems in developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to review systematically the available data on gastrointestinal parasites of carnivores in Iran and their ability to infect humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies reporting intestinal parasites of carnivores were systematically collected from nine electronic English and Persian databases and Proceedings of Iranian parasitology and veterinary congresses published between 1997 and 2015. A total of 26 studies issued from 1997 to 2015 met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS The pooled proportion of intestinal parasites of carnivores was estimated as 80.4% (95% confidence interval=70.2-88.8%). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs, cats, foxes, and jackals were 57.89%, 90.62%, 89.17%, and 97.32%, respectively. Dipylidium caninum (20.45%), Toxocara spp. (18.81%), Taenia hydatigena (15.28%), Mesocestoides lineatus (11.83%), Echinococcus granulosus (10%), and Toxascaris leonina (8.69%) were the most frequently observed parasites. CONCLUSION High prevalence rates of zoonotic intestinal parasites of carnivores particularly Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. increase the risk of acquiring zoonotic infections such as cystic hydatid, alveolar cysts, and visceral or ocular larva migrants in Iranian people. Therefore, it is essential for public health centers to develop more effective control strategies to decrease infections rates in carnivores' populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Kohansal
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Siavash Mirshafiee
- Department of Husbandry, Qaemshahr branch of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed-Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Sommer M, Rupp P, Pietsch M, Kaspar A, Beelitz P. Giardia in a selected population of dogs and cats in Germany – diagnostics, coinfections and assemblages. Vet Parasitol 2018; 249:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mravcová K, Ferko M, Štrkolcová G, Goldová M. Opportunistic Protozoan Infections of Carnivores. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/fv-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are protozoan infections of the digestive tract and one of the most frequent causes of enteritis in dogs and cats, associated with acute and chronic diarrhoea. Generally, the risk of infection is higher for younger individuals in which the overall clinical picture and the course of disease are more serious. In this study we investigated the prevalence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Košice district of eastern Slovakia. From September 2015 until November 2016, we examined samples of faeces from 100 dogs from two shelters. Giardia duodenalis was diagnosed by the flotation method according to Faust, and by the molecular biologic method (Nested PCR). For the diagnosis of cryptosporidium oocysts, we used a staining method according to Kinyoun, and for detection of the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. a sandwich ELISA method. The total prevalence of these protozoan infections were 22 % (22/100), and of that, 19 % of the samples (19/100) were positive for Giardia duodenalis and 3 % (3/100) for the Cryptosporidium spp. In the shelter in Haniska, the giardia cysts were present in 9/54 samples (16.6 %) and cryptosporidia oocysts in 1/54 (1.85 %) samples of the faeces. In the Malá Farma shelter, 10/46 (21.73 %) samples were positive for G. duodenalis and 2/46 (4.34 %) showed positivity for Cryptosporidium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mravcová
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - M. Ferko
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - G. Štrkolcová
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - M. Goldová
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
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Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Arsenopoulos KV, Schaper R, Papadopoulos E. Regression models to assess the risk factors of canine gastrointestinal parasitism. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:54-61. [PMID: 29173542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites, protozoa and helminths, remain a common important finding in dogs presented to veterinary medical practices. Moreover, dogs may play an active role in the transmission of enteric parasites to humans, given their cohabitation, making canine gastrointestinal parasitism an issue of major concern for public health. To get an overview of the current state of canine gastrointestinal parasites' prevalence in Greece, a total of 1036 faecal samples were collected from dogs either presented in veterinary clinics or in animal shelters. Samples were examined by a combined sedimentation-flotation technique. Possible risk factors (age, ownership status, co-existence with other animals, coinfection with other parasites) were assessed using binary regression models for each one of the most prevalent parasites. The overall gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in dogs' faecal samples was 39%. A total of 11 intestinal parasitic species were detected and up to five different parasites were isolated in the same faecal sample. Toxocara canis was the most prevalent parasite in the studied population, followed by Isospora spp., Giardia spp., Uncinaria spp., Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostoma spp., Toxascaris leonina, and Dipylidium caninum. Additionally, other genera (Taenia, Capillaria and Angiostrongylus) were also detected in very low percentages. Young, stray, living without other dogs, coinfected with T. vulpis or T. canis and free of Isospora spp. dogs were more likely to be infected by Giardia spp. Likewise, young, stray, coinfected with T. vulpis or T. canis but free of Giardia spp. dogs were more likely to be infected by Isospora spp. T. canis infections were more common in dogs coinfected with Isospora spp., Giardia spp., D. caninum, Τaenia spp., T. vulpis and T. leonina Finally, T. vulpis more often infected older dogs and dogs coinfected with Isospora spp., Giardia spp. and T. canis Consequently, the prevalence of parasitized dogs was high and the diversity of parasites found was notable, which calls for a greater awareness among veterinarians and pet owners. The proposed prediction models should be taken under consideration in diagnostic approach of clinical cases, as well as in planning sustainable antiparasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Ι Gelasakis
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, ELGO-Demeter, GR 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K V Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R Schaper
- Bayer Health Care AG, Animal Health, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - E Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box: 393, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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In vitro study of disinfectants on the embryonation and survival of Toxascaris leonina eggs. J Helminthol 2017; 92:530-534. [PMID: 28974272 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effect of six available and commercial disinfectants on the embryonation and larval development of Toxascaris leonina eggs was studied. Dettol® and Virkon® both induced a 100% reduction in larval development (P ≤ 0.05). Dettol® resulted in deformed eggshells and a halt in embryonal development at 1 week post exposure. All Virkon®-treated eggs showed an early embryonic lysis 24 h post exposure. TH4+ and 70% ethanol both significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected larval development, with 58.8 and 85.8% reduction, respectively. Neither sodium hypochlorite nor phenol significantly affected larval development (2.8 and 21.0%, respectively). Sodium hypochlorite treatment caused a visible decortication of the eggshell; however, phenol-treated embryonated Toxascaris eggs appeared more or less morphologically normal. In conclusion, the disinfectants tested induced variable degrees of decortication and suppression of larval development. Virkon®S was the most effective disinfectant against Toxascaris eggs, suggesting that it is the most advisable one to use. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of Virkon®S as an ovicide and/or larvicide of helminths, particularly Toxascaris leonina.
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Examination of anonymous canine faecal samples provides data on endoparasite prevalence rates in dogs for comparative studies. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Studzińska MB, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Borecka A, Meisner M, Tomczuk K, Roczeń-Karczmarz M, Kłapeć T, Abbass Z, Cholewa A. Variations in the Rate of Infestations of Dogs with Zoonotic Nematodes and the Contamination of Soil in Different Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091003. [PMID: 28862690 PMCID: PMC5615540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Companion animals are an important aspect in human life. However, they may also be considered a source of pathogens. An example of zoonotic parasitoses is toxocarosis or cutaneous larva migrans (CLM). The aim of the study was to detect zoonotic nematodes of dogs living in different areas and the intensity of contamination in parasite polluted environments that are hazardous to human health. The fecal samples were examined using standard flotation and decantation methods as well as McMaster's quantitative technique. The soil samples in urban and rural areas were examined using a modified flotation method as described by Quinn et al. Statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23. The overall prevalence of parasites in dogs was 38%, 17.02% and 56.60% from urban and rural areas, respectively. The percentage values of nematodes important for human health (Toxocaracanis, Ancylostomatidae, Trichurisvulpis) remained at the same level (16%). The infected dogs were dominated by a single parasite species, the main was T.canis (28.95%). In total, 54.30% of the soil samples were contaminated with parasite eggs. The contamination of urban and rural sandpits was 40% and 60%, respectively. The molecular examinations of soil samples using LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) confirmed the presence of nematode eggs of the species T.canis in all samples previously classified as positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bernadeta Studzińska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka, 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Demkowska-Kutrzepa
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka, 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Borecka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska, 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Meisner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie, 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Tomczuk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka, 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Roczeń-Karczmarz
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka, 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Teresa Kłapeć
- Department of Biological Hazard and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Jaczewskiego, 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Zahrai Abbass
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Muthanna University, Samawa 66007, Iraq.
| | - Alicja Cholewa
- Department of Biological Hazard and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Jaczewskiego, 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Pipiková J, Papajová I, Šoltys J, Schusterová I, Kočišová D, Toháthyová A. Segregated settlements present an increased risk for the parasite infections spread in Northeastern Slovakia. Helminthologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/helm-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
The occurrence of parasitic infections among the children, dogs and its association with soil contamination in two villages with different hygiene level standards were analysed. Infections were present in both examined localities, but in the village with higher living standard, a better personal and communal hygiene level and better dogs care a lower occurrence of parasitic germs in soil was detected. High prevalence of protozoa and helminths was observed not only within canine population but also in children throughout the year in the village with lower hygiene and socio-economic standard. We have identified up to 12 taxa of parasites in 127 collected dogs’ excrements and mean prevalence was 71.65 %. The most frequent were eggs of family Ancylostomatidae and Ascaris spp., followed by Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Giardia duodenalis cysts, Isospora spp. oocysts, eggs of Capillaria aerophila, Trichuris vulpis, Taenia type eggs, Dipylidium caninum, oocysts of Sarcocystis spp. and larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum. The soil samples collected near dwellings were highly contaminated. Two thirds of samples contained eggs for the most part of family Ancylostomatidae as well as genera Ascaris and Toxocara. Among the kids population helminth ova were present in 53.17 % of stool samples, where the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis diminuta and cysts of G. duodenalis were the most frequent. In contrast, parasitic diseases were not seen in children population living in the locality with common hygiene standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pipiková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - I. Papajová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - J. Šoltys
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - I. Schusterová
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Pavol Jozef Šafárik University , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - D. Kočišová
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Pavol Jozef Šafárik University , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - A. Toháthyová
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Pavol Jozef Šafárik University , Košice , Slovak Republic
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Mircean V, Dumitrache MO, Mircean M, Colosi HA, Györke A. Prevalence and risk factors associated with endoparasitic infection in dogs from Transylvania (Romania): A retrospective study. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:157-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Tamponi C, Varcasia A, Pinna S, Melis E, Melosu V, Zidda A, Sanna G, Pipia AP, Zedda MT, Pau S, Brianti E, Scala A. Endoparasites detected in faecal samples from dogs and cats referred for routine clinical visit in Sardinia, Italy. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 10:13-17. [PMID: 31014584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to update data on the prevalence of intestinal and lung parasitic infections in owned dogs and cats in Sardinia, Italy. Examinations on faecal samples from 619 dogs and 343 cats routinely referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Sassari were performed between the years of 2011 and 2015. Individual faecal samples were analysed using the Wisconsin technique for copro-microscopic examination and the Baermann technique for the presence of lungworm larvae. Endoparasites were found in 34.9% and 43.4% of examined dogs and cats, respectively. Helminthic infections (21.2% in dogs and 32.6% in cats) occurred more frequently than protozoan infections (17.9% in dogs and 17.8% in cats). In both dogs and cats, the most common parasites were ascarids (12.1% and 15.7%), Cystoisospora spp. (10.2% and 10.8%), Giardia duodenalis (9.4% and 8.5%), and hookworms (7.9% and 5.5%). Evidence of bronchopulmonary nematode infections were found in 0.8% of examined dogs and in 15.8% of examined cats. Age was identified as a risk factor, with animals younger than 6months more frequently infected than older animals, while no significant association was observed for gender. This study demonstrated that endoparasites in owned dogs and cats of Sardinia have considerably high prevalence. Veterinary practitioners and pet owners should be more aware of these infections and should adopt more effective and standardized control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tamponi
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - A Varcasia
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy.
| | - S Pinna
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - E Melis
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - V Melosu
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - A Zidda
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - G Sanna
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - A P Pipia
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - M T Zedda
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - S Pau
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - E Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Scala
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
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Gultekin M, Ural K, Aysul N, Ayan A, Balikci C, Akyildiz G. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Aydin, Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:161-168. [PMID: 28374629 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2017.1310187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis among dogs in Aydin, Turkey. A total of 473 faecal samples from dogs were collected. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 18.8%. Higher infection rates were observed in dogs younger than three months old, from shelters, and with diarrhoea. Faecal samples of 89 dogs, diagnosed Giardia-positive by microscopy, were found positive by nested PCR. The β-giardin nested PCR assay revealed assemblage B in all samples (100%), whereas 38 of the samples were mixed with assemblage A (42%). Sequence analysis of isolates indicated sub-genotypes A3 and B4 which have been previously detected in human isolates from Turkey. The results of the present study indicated the relatively high prevalence of giardiasis and the presence of the zoonotic sub-genotypes suggesting the important role of dogs as potential reservoirs of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gultekin
- a Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Internal Medicine , Adnan Menderes University , Isikli , Turkey
| | - Kerem Ural
- a Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Internal Medicine , Adnan Menderes University , Isikli , Turkey
| | - Nuran Aysul
- b Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Parasitology , Adnan Menderes University , Isikli , Turkey
| | - Adnan Ayan
- b Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Parasitology , Adnan Menderes University , Isikli , Turkey
| | - Canberk Balikci
- a Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Internal Medicine , Adnan Menderes University , Isikli , Turkey
| | - Gurkan Akyildiz
- c Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Namik Kemal University , Tekirdag , Turkey
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Kohansal MH, Fazaeli A, Nourian A, Haniloo A, Kamali K. Dogs' Gastrointestinal Parasites and their Association with Public Health in Iran. J Vet Res 2017; 61:189-195. [PMID: 29978072 PMCID: PMC5894391 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs harbour zoonotic parasites that cause serious infections in humans, such as visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, cystic echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis. Studies on dogs' gastrointestinal parasites in different geographical locations are required to increase knowledge of the risk of canine zoonoses in human populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS The presence of parasites was examined in 450 faecal samples collected from eight zones of Zanjan province, northwest Iran from June to November 2015. The samples were examined using the sedimentation concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. RESULTS Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 86 (19.1%) faecal samples. Sarcocystis spp. (7.3%), Taenia/Echinococcus spp. (5.6%), Toxocara spp. (1.8%), and Cystoisospora spp. (1.6%) were the most common parasites observed. The other detected parasites consisted of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (0.7%), Eimeria spp. (0.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.4%), Physaloptera spp. (0.4%), Giardia spp. (1.3%), and Spirocerca lupi (1.3%). The lowest parasite infection rates belonged to Trichuris vulpis and Acanthocephalans (0.2% each). CONCLUSION This study provides current information on the infection rates in dog populations in Zanjan Province. Furthermore, the study shows a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections, including zoonotic ones and particularly Taenia/Echinococcus spp., potentially transmissible to humans and thus relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asghar Fazaeli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbasali Nourian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Puebla LEJ, Núñez FA, Rivero LR, Hernández YR, Millán IA, Müller N. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from dogs in La Habana, Cuba. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:107-112. [PMID: 31014625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide protozoan parasite that infects humans and other mammals including dogs. Due to the risk of zoonotic transmission between dogs and humans, we aimed in this study to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites and the distribution of assemblages of G. duodenalis among dogs analysed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in La Habana from June 2014 to March 2015 in the Zoonosis Unit of La Lisa municipality. A total of 98 dogs were analysed by three different techniques (microscopy with faecal concentration, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and Polymerase Chain Reaction) in order to detect Giardia in stool samples. Out of 98 dogs studied, 43 (43.9%) were infected with intestinal parasites. The zoonotic parasites Ancylostoma caninum (21.4%), Trichuris vulpis (16.3%) and the protozoan Giardia duodenalis (11.2%) were the most prevalent parasites. In regards to the G. duodenalis, seven dogs were positive by microscopy after faecal concentration, nine by NOVITEC® Giardia Microplate Assay, and ten and eleven samples were amplified by the β-giardin and SSU-RNA PCRs, respectively. After PCR sequence analysis of both genes only zoonotic assemblages (A and B) were detected. The SSU-RNA sequence results revealed a distribution of 8 assemblage A and 4 assemblage B, whereas only assemblage A were identified by the β-giardin analysis. Among subassemblage classification by β-giardin phylogenetic tree, four isolates showed an AI pattern and one isolate displayed an AII distribution. Mixed infections were detected in three isolates. These findings highlight the risk of zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Fidel A Núñez
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lázara Rojas Rivero
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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