1
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Shi Y, Simpson S, Chen Y, Aull H, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. Mutations accumulated in the Spike of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron allow for more efficient counteraction of the restriction factor BST2/Tetherin. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011912. [PMID: 38190411 PMCID: PMC10798645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BST2/Tetherin is a restriction factor with broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. Specifically, BST2 traps nascent particles to membrane compartments, preventing their release and spread. In turn, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to counteract BST2. Here, we examined the interactions between BST2 and SARS-CoV-2. Our study shows that BST2 reduces SARS-CoV-2 virion release. However, the virus uses the Spike (S) protein to downregulate BST2. This requires a physical interaction between S and BST2, which routes BST2 for lysosomal degradation in a Clathtin- and ubiquitination-dependent manner. By surveying different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (Alpha-Omicron), we found that Omicron is more efficient at counteracting BST2, and that mutations in S account for its enhanced anti-BST2 activity. Mapping analyses revealed that several surfaces in the extracellular region of BST2 are required for an interaction with the Spike, and that the Omicron variant has changed its patterns of association with BST2 to improve its counteraction. Therefore, our study suggests that, besides enhancing receptor binding and evasion of neutralizing antibodies, mutations accumulated in the Spike afford more efficient counteraction of BST2, which highlights that BST2 antagonism is important for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Haley Aull
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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2
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Stewart H, Palmulli R, Johansen KH, McGovern N, Shehata OM, Carnell GW, Jackson HK, Lee JS, Brown JC, Burgoyne T, Heeney JL, Okkenhaug K, Firth AE, Peden AA, Edgar JR. Tetherin antagonism by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and spike protein enhances virus release. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57224. [PMID: 37818801 PMCID: PMC10702813 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor, tetherin, blocks the release of several different families of enveloped viruses, including the Coronaviridae. Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein that forms parallel homodimers between the host cell and viral particles, linking viruses to the surface of infected cells and inhibiting their release. We demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes tetherin downregulation and that tetherin depletion from cells enhances SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. We investigate the potential viral proteins involved in abrogating tetherin function and find that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a reduces tetherin localisation within biosynthetic organelles where Coronaviruses bud, and increases tetherin localisation to late endocytic organelles via reduced retrograde recycling. We also find that expression of Spike protein causes a reduction in cellular tetherin levels. Our results confirm that tetherin acts as a host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the multiple distinct mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 subverts tetherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Stewart
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Kristoffer H Johansen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ola M Shehata
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Sheffield, Firth CourtSheffieldUK
| | - George W Carnell
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Jin S Lee
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Sheffield, Firth CourtSheffieldUK
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Rong N, Liu J. Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2178242. [PMID: 36748729 PMCID: PMC9970229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health security, human health and economic development. After an outbreak, an animal model for an emerging infectious disease is urgently needed for studying the etiology, host immune mechanisms and pathology of the disease, evaluating the efficiency of vaccines or drugs against infection, and minimizing the time available for animal model development, which is usually hindered by the nonsusceptibility of common laboratory animals to human pathogens. Thus, we summarize the technologies and methods that induce animal susceptibility to human pathogens, which include viral receptor humanization, pathogen-targeted tissue humanization, immunodeficiency induction and screening for naturally susceptible animal species. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of animal models developed using each method were analyzed, and these will guide the selection of susceptible animals and potentially reduce the time needed to develop animal models during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Jiangning Liu
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4
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Hagelauer E, Lotke R, Kmiec D, Hu D, Hohner M, Stopper S, Nchioua R, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Schindler M. Tetherin Restricts SARS-CoV-2 despite the Presence of Multiple Viral Antagonists. Viruses 2023; 15:2364. [PMID: 38140605 PMCID: PMC10747847 DOI: 10.3390/v15122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces interferon-stimulated genes, one of which encodes Tetherin, a transmembrane protein inhibiting the release of various enveloped viruses from infected cells. Previous studies revealed that SARS-CoV encodes two Tetherin antagonists: the Spike protein (S), inducing lysosomal degradation of Tetherin, and ORF7a, altering its glycosylation. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 has also been shown to use ORF7a and Spike to enhance virion release in the presence of Tetherin. Here, we directly compare the abilities and mechanisms of these two viral proteins to counteract Tetherin. Therefore, cell surface and total Tetherin levels upon ORF7a or S expression were investigated using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S only marginally reduced Tetherin cell surface levels in a cell type-dependent manner. In HEK293T cells, under conditions of high exogenous Tetherin expression, SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a reduced total cellular Tetherin levels much more efficiently than the respective counterparts derived from SARS-CoV. Nevertheless, ORF7a from both species was able to alter Tetherin glycosylation. The ability to decrease total protein levels of Tetherin was conserved among S proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 variants (α, γ, δ, ο). While SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF7a both colocalized with Tetherin, only ORF7a directly interacted with the restriction factor in a two-hybrid assay. Despite the presence of multiple Tetherin antagonists, SARS-CoV-2 replication in Caco-2 cells was further enhanced upon Tetherin knockout. Altogether, our data show that endogenous Tetherin restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication and that the antiviral activity of Tetherin is only partially counteracted by viral antagonists with differential and complementary modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hagelauer
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rishikesh Lotke
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Mirjam Hohner
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Sophie Stopper
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Rayhane Nchioua
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (D.K.); (R.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (E.H.); (R.L.); (D.H.); (M.H.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
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5
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Kaur R, Tada T, Landau NR. Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 replication by receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4). mBio 2023; 14:e0109023. [PMID: 37382452 PMCID: PMC10470548 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01090-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is subject to restriction by several interferon-inducible host proteins. To identify novel factors that limit replication of the virus, we tested a panel of genes that we found were induced by interferon treatment of primary human monocytes by RNA sequencing. Further analysis showed that one of the several candidates genes tested, receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4), that had previously been shown to restrict flavivirus replication, prevented the replication of the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Human RTP4 blocked the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in susceptible ACE2.CHME3 cells and was active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants. The protein prevented the synthesis of viral RNA, resulting in the absence of detectable viral protein synthesis. RTP4 bound the viral genomic RNA and the binding was dependent on the conserved zinc fingers in the amino-terminal domain. Expression of the protein was strongly induced in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice although the mouse homolog was inactive against the virus, suggesting that the protein is active against another virus that remains to be identified. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of a pathogen of human coronavirus (HCoV) family member, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), around the world has led to a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic spread highlights the need for rapid identification of new broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs and screening of antiviral host factors capable of inhibiting coronavirus infection. In the present work, we identify and characterize receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) as a host restriction factor that restricts coronavirus infection. We examined the antiviral role of hRTP4 toward the coronavirus family members including HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2. Molecular and biochemical analysis showed that hRTP4 binds to the viral RNA and targets the replication phase of viral infection and is associated with reduction of nucleocapsid protein. Significant higher levels of ISGs were observed in SARS-CoV-2 mouse model, suggesting the role of RTP4 in innate immune regulation in coronavirus infection. The identification of RTP4 reveals a potential target for therapy against coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel Roy Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Mann MM, Hsieh MK, Tang JD, Hart WS, Lazzara MJ, Klauda JB, Berger BW. Understanding how transmembrane domains regulate interactions between human BST-2 and the SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF7a. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184174. [PMID: 37211321 PMCID: PMC10197439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID, replicates at intracellular membranes. Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2; tetherin) is an antiviral response protein that inhibits transport of viral particles after budding within infected cells. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 use various strategies to disable BST-2, including use of transmembrane 'accessory' proteins that interfere with BST-2 oligomerization. ORF7a is a small, transmembrane protein present in SARS-CoV-2 shown previously to alter BST-2 glycosylation and function. In this study, we investigated the structural basis for BST-2 ORF7a interactions, with a particular focus on transmembrane and juxtamembrane interactions. Our results indicate that transmembrane domains play an important role in BST-2 ORF7a interactions and mutations to the transmembrane domain of BST-2 can alter these interactions, particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms in BST-2 that result in mutations such as I28S. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we identified specific interfaces and interactions between BST-2 and ORF7a to develop a structural basis for the transmembrane interactions. Differences in glycosylation are observed for BST-2 transmembrane mutants interacting with ORF7a, consistent with the idea that transmembrane domains play a key role in their heterooligomerization. Overall, our results indicate that ORF7a transmembrane domain interactions play a key role along with extracellular and juxtamembrane domains in modulating BST-2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Mann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America
| | - Min-Kang Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, United States of America
| | - James D Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America
| | - William S Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffery B Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, United States of America; Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Biophysics Program, University of Maryland College Park, United States of America.
| | - Bryan W Berger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, United States of America.
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7
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Foster CSP, Bull RA, Tedla N, Santiago F, Agapiou D, Adhikari A, Walker GJ, Shrestha LB, Van Hal SJ, Kim KW, Rawlinson WD. Persistence of a Frameshifting Deletion in SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a for the Duration of a Major Outbreak. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020522. [PMID: 36851735 PMCID: PMC9966144 DOI: 10.3390/v15020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Australia experienced widespread COVID-19 outbreaks from infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant between June 2021 and February 2022. A 17-nucleotide frameshift-inducing deletion in ORF7a rapidly became represented at the consensus level (Delta-ORF7aΔ17del) in most Australian outbreak cases. Studies from early in the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that frameshift-inducing deletions in ORF7a do not persist for long in the population; therefore, Delta-ORF7aΔ17del genomes should have disappeared early in the Australian outbreak. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of global Delta genomes to characterise the dynamics of Delta-ORF7aΔ17del over time, determined the frequency of all ORF7a deletions worldwide, and compared global trends with those of the Australian Delta outbreak. We downloaded all GISAID clade GK Delta genomes and scanned them for deletions in ORF7a. For each deletion we identified, we characterised its frequency, the number of countries it was found in, and how long it persisted. Of the 4,018,216 Delta genomes identified globally, 134,751 (~3.35%) possessed an ORF7a deletion, and ORF7aΔ17del was the most common. ORF7aΔ17del was the sole deletion in 28,014 genomes, of which 27,912 (~99.6%) originated from the Australian outbreak. During the outbreak, ~87% of genomes were Delta-ORF7aΔ17del, and genomes with this deletion were sampled until the outbreak's end. These data demonstrate that, contrary to suggestions early in the COVID-19 pandemic, genomes with frameshifting deletions in ORF7a can persist over long time periods. We suggest that the proliferation of Delta-ORF7aΔ17del genomes was likely a chance founder effect. Nonetheless, the frequency of ORF7a deletions in SARS-CoV-2 genomes worldwide suggests they might have some benefit for virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. P. Foster
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fernando Santiago
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Agapiou
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anurag Adhikari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Province Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Gregory J. Walker
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan J. Van Hal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Stewart H, Palmulli R, Johansen KH, McGovern N, Shehata OM, Carnell GW, Jackson HK, Lee JS, Brown JC, Burgoyne T, Heeney JL, Okkenhaug K, Firth AE, Peden AA, Edgar JR. Tetherin antagonism by SARS-CoV-2 enhances virus release: multiple mechanisms including ORF3a-mediated defective retrograde traffic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.01.06.425396. [PMID: 33442692 PMCID: PMC7805449 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.06.425396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor, tetherin, blocks the release of several different families of enveloped viruses, including the Coronaviridae. Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein that forms parallel homodimers between the host cell and viral particles, linking viruses to the surface of infected cells and inhibiting their release. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes tetherin downregulation, and that tetherin depletion from cells enhances SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. We investigated the potential viral proteins involved in abrogating tetherin function and found that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a reduces tetherin localisation within biosynthetic organelles via reduced retrograde recycling and increases tetherin localisation to late endocytic organelles. By removing tetherin from the Coronavirus budding compartments, ORF3a enhances virus release. We also found expression of Spike protein caused a reduction in cellular tetherin levels. Our results confirm that tetherin acts as a host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the multiple distinct mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 subverts tetherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Roberta Palmulli
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Kristoffer H. Johansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
- Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Ola M. Shehata
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield. S10 2TN. UK
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB3 0ES. UK
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Jin S. Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Jonathan C. Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London. W2 1PG. UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London. SW3 6NP. UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London. EC1V 9EL. UK
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB3 0ES. UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Andrew A. Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield. S10 2TN. UK
| | - James R. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
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9
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Henke W, Waisner H, Arachchige SP, Kalamvoki M, Stephens E. The envelope proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV potently reduce the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Retrovirology 2022; 19:25. [PMID: 36403071 PMCID: PMC9675205 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viroporins are virally encoded ion channels involved in virus assembly and release. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus encode for viroporins. The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 encodes for at least two viroporins, a small 75 amino acid transmembrane protein known as the envelope (E) protein and a larger 275 amino acid protein known as Orf3a. Here, we compared the replication of HIV-1 in the presence of four different β-coronavirus E proteins. RESULTS We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins reduced the release of infectious HIV-1 yields by approximately 100-fold while MERS-CoV or HCoV-OC43 E proteins restricted HIV-1 infectivity to a lesser extent. Mechanistically, neither reverse transcription nor mRNA synthesis was involved in the restriction. We also show that all four E proteins caused phosphorylation of eIF2-α at similar levels and that lipidation of LC3-I could not account for the differences in restriction. However, the level of caspase 3 activity in transfected cells correlated with HIV-1 restriction in cells. Finally, we show that unlike the Vpu protein of HIV-1, the four E proteins did not significantly down-regulate bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that while viroporins from homologous viruses can enhance virus release, we show that a viroporin from a heterologous virus can suppress HIV-1 protein synthesis and release of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Henke
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Hope Waisner
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Sachith Polpitiya Arachchige
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
| | - Edward Stephens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and ImmunologyUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, 2000 Hixon Hall 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas, KS 66160 USA
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10
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-431-8783-6175 (H.O.)
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11
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Pires De Souza GA, Le Bideau M, Boschi C, Wurtz N, Colson P, Aherfi S, Devaux C, La Scola B. Choosing a cellular model to study SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1003608. [PMID: 36339347 PMCID: PMC9634005 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As new pathogens emerge, new challenges must be faced. This is no different in infectious disease research, where identifying the best tools available in laboratories to conduct an investigation can, at least initially, be particularly complicated. However, in the context of an emerging virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, which was recently detected in China and has become a global threat to healthcare systems, developing models of infection and pathogenesis is urgently required. Cell-based approaches are crucial to understanding coronavirus infection biology, growth kinetics, and tropism. Usually, laboratory cell lines are the first line in experimental models to study viral pathogenicity and perform assays aimed at screening antiviral compounds which are efficient at blocking the replication of emerging viruses, saving time and resources, reducing the use of experimental animals. However, determining the ideal cell type can be challenging, especially when several researchers have to adapt their studies to specific requirements. This review strives to guide scientists who are venturing into studying SARS-CoV-2 and help them choose the right cellular models. It revisits basic concepts of virology and presents the currently available in vitro models, their advantages and disadvantages, and the known consequences of each choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Augusto Pires De Souza
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Le Bideau
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Boschi
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences (INSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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12
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused millions of deaths in the past two years. Although initially little was understood about this virus, recent research has significantly advanced and landed interferons (IFNs) in the spotlight. While Type I and III IFN have long been known as central to antiviral immunity, in the case of COVID-19 their role was initially controversial. However, the protective function of IFN is now well supported by the identification of human deficiencies in IFN responses as a predictor of disease severity. Here, we will review the cell types and pathways that lead to IFN production as well as the importance of IFN timing and location for disease outcome. We will further discuss the mechanisms that SARS-CoV-2 uses to evade IFN responses, and the current efforts to implement IFNs as therapeutics in the treatment of COVID-19. It is essential to understand the relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and IFN to better inform treatments that exploit IFN functions to alleviate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiale
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Trever T. Greene
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Kay AG, Fox JM, Hewitson JP, Stone AP, Robertson S, James S, Wang XN, Kapasa E, Yang XB, Genever PG. CD317-Positive Immune Stromal Cells in Human "Mesenchymal Stem Cell" Populations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903796. [PMID: 35734183 PMCID: PMC9207511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs, frequently referred to as "mesenchymal stem cells") clouds biological understanding and hampers their clinical development. In MSC cultures most commonly used in research and therapy, we have identified an MSC subtype characterized by CD317 expression (CD317pos (29.77 ± 3.00% of the total MSC population), comprising CD317dim (28.10 ± 4.60%) and CD317bright (1.67 ± 0.58%) MSCs) and a constitutive interferon signature linked to human disease. We demonstrate that CD317pos MSCs induced cutaneous tissue damage when applied a skin explant model of inflammation, whereas CD317neg MSCs had no effect. Only CD317neg MSCs were able to suppress proliferative cycles of activated human T cells in vitro, whilst CD317pos MSCs increased polarization towards pro-inflammatory Th1 cells and CD317neg cell lines did not. Using an in vivo peritonitis model, we found that CD317neg and CD317pos MSCs suppressed leukocyte recruitment but only CD317neg MSCs suppressed macrophage numbers. Using MSC-loaded scaffolds implanted subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice we were able to observe tissue generation and blood vessel formation with CD317neg MSC lines, but not CD317pos MSC lines. Our evidence is consistent with the identification of an immune stromal cell, which is likely to contribute to specific physiological and pathological functions and influence clinical outcome of therapeutic MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair G. Kay
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Paul G. Genever, ; Alasdair G. Kay,
| | - James M. Fox
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Hewitson
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Stone
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Robertson
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sally James
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-nong Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kapasa
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Xuebin B. Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Genever
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Paul G. Genever, ; Alasdair G. Kay,
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14
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Zhao X, Chen D, Li X, Griffith L, Chang J, An P, Guo JT. Interferon Control of Human Coronavirus Infection and Viral Evasion: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Development. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167438. [PMID: 34990653 PMCID: PMC8721920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of viral infections by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates an inflammatory cytokine response that inhibits viral replication and orchestrates the activation of adaptive immune responses to control the viral infection. The broadly active innate immune response puts a strong selective pressure on viruses and drives the selection of variants with increased capabilities to subvert the induction and function of antiviral cytokines. This revolutionary process dynamically shapes the host ranges, cell tropism and pathogenesis of viruses. Recent studies on the innate immune responses to the infection of human coronaviruses (HCoV), particularly SARS-CoV-2, revealed that HCoV infections can be sensed by endosomal toll-like receptors and/or cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors in various cell types. However, the profiles of inflammatory cytokines and transcriptome response induced by a specific HCoV are usually cell type specific and determined by the virus-specific mechanisms of subverting the induction and function of interferons and inflammatory cytokines as well as the genetic trait of the host genes of innate immune pathways. We review herein the recent literatures on the innate immune responses and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCoV infections with emphasis on the pathobiological roles and therapeutic effects of type I interferons in HCoV infections and their antiviral mechanisms. The knowledge on the mechanism of innate immune control of HCoV infections and viral evasions should facilitate the development of therapeutics for induction of immune resolution of HCoV infections and vaccines for efficient control of COVID-19 pandemics and other HCoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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15
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Duan Y, Yuan C, Suo X, Cao L, Kong X, Li X, Zheng H, Wang Q. TET2 is Required for Type I IFN-mediated Inhibition of Bat-Origin Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3251-3256. [PMID: 35211991 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly discovered bat-origin coronavirus with fatal pathogenicity for neonatal piglets. There is no vaccine to prevent SADS-CoV infection or clinically approved drugs targeting SADS-CoV. Therefore, unraveling cellular factors that regulate SADS-CoV for cell entry is critical to understanding the viral transmission mechanism and provides a potential therapeutic target for SADS-CoV cure. Here, we showed that type I interferon (IFN-I) pretreatment potently blocks SADS-CoV entry into cells using lentiviral pseudo-virions as targets whose entry is driven by the SADS-CoV Spike glycoprotein. IFN-I-mediated inhibition of SADS-CoV entry and replication was dramatically impaired in the absence of TET2. These results suggest TET2 is found to serve as a checkpoint of IFN-I-meditated inhibition on the cell entry of SADS-CoV, and our discovery might constitute a novel treatment option to combat against SADS-CoV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Duan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Xuepeng Suo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Xiangtong Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Chengdu, 600103, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, 600103, China
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16
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Shahrajabian MH. Powerful Stress Relieving Medicinal Plants for Anger, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Global Pandemic. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:284-310. [PMID: 35319401 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220321102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during a global pandemic. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to the global pandemic are pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom, specific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date, and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants that have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper's-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, hawthorns, and lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for the treatment and alleviation of the negative effects of stress, anger, and depression during the global pandemic.
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17
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Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Becker ME, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, Weston S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Curry HM, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Zheng F, Wu C, Xiong Y, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Hope TJ, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 cellular restriction. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2656-2668.e8. [PMID: 33930332 PMCID: PMC8043580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A deficient interferon (IFN) response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To identify the molecular effectors that govern IFN control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors inhibiting viral entry, RNA binding proteins suppressing viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-resident ISGs inhibiting viral assembly/egress. These included broad-acting antiviral ISGs and eight ISGs that specifically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 replication. Among the broad-acting ISGs was BST2/tetherin, which impeded viral release and is antagonized by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data illuminate a set of ISGs that underlie innate immune control of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV-1 infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Courtney Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather M Curry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron L Oom
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Urbanowski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Ramasamy S, Subbian S. Critical Determinants of Cytokine Storm and Type I Interferon Response in COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00299-20. [PMID: 33980688 PMCID: PMC8142516 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00299-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a rapidly evolving pandemic worldwide with at least 68 million COVID-19-positive cases and a mortality rate of about 2.2%, as of 10 December 2020. About 20% of COVID-19 patients exhibit moderate to severe symptoms. Severe COVID-19 manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with elevated plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/IP10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), with low levels of interferon type I (IFN-I) in the early stage and elevated levels of IFN-I during the advanced stage of COVID-19. Most of the severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients have had preexisting comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases. These conditions are known to perturb the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an essential receptor involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. ACE2 downregulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the angiotensin II/angiotensin receptor (AT1R)-mediated hypercytokinemia and hyperinflammatory syndrome. However, several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including open reading frame 3b (ORF3b), ORF6, ORF7, ORF8, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, can inhibit IFN type I and II (IFN-I and -II) production. Thus, hyperinflammation, in combination with the lack of IFN responses against SARS-CoV-2 early on during infection, makes the patients succumb rapidly to COVID-19. Therefore, therapeutic approaches involving anti-cytokine/anti-cytokine-signaling and IFN therapy would favor the disease prognosis in COVID-19. This review describes critical host and viral factors underpinning the inflammatory "cytokine storm" induction and IFN antagonism during COVID-19 pathogenesis. Therapeutic approaches to reduce hyperinflammation and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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19
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Frese N, Schmerer P, Wortmann M, Schürmann M, König M, Westphal M, Weber F, Sudhoff H, Gölzhäuser A. Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:172-179. [PMID: 33614383 PMCID: PMC7871036 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Helium ion microscopy (HIM) offers the opportunity to obtain direct views of biological samples such as cellular structures, virus particles, and microbial interactions. Imaging with the HIM combines sub-nanometer resolution, large depth of field, and high surface sensitivity. Due to its charge compensation capability, the HIM can image insulating biological samples without additional conductive coatings. Here, we present an exploratory HIM study of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells, in which several areas of interaction between cells and virus particles, as well as among virus particles, were imaged. The HIM pictures show the three-dimensional appearance of SARS-CoV-2 and the surface of Vero E6 cells at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 1 with great morphological detail. The absence of a conductive coating allows for a distinction between virus particles bound to the cell membrane and virus particles lying on top of the membrane. After prolonged imaging, it was found that ion-induced deposition of hydrocarbons from the vacuum renders the sample sufficiently conductive to allow for imaging even without charge compensation. The presented images demonstrate the potential of the HIM in bioimaging, especially for the imaging of interactions between viruses and their host organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Frese
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Schmerer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Wortmann
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Schürmann
- University Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty OWL at Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Westphal
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Sudhoff
- University Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty OWL at Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Restriction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.09.29.319566. [PMID: 33024967 PMCID: PMC7536870 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.29.319566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A deficient interferon response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe COVID-19. To identify the molecular effectors that govern interferon control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors that inhibited viral entry, nucleic acid binding proteins that suppressed viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of ER and Golgi-resident ISGs that inhibited viral translation and egress. These included the type II integral membrane protein BST2/tetherin, which was found to impede viral release, and is targeted for immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data define the molecular basis of early innate immune control of viral infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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21
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Cheng Y, He B, Yang J, Ye F, Lin S, Yang F, Chen Z, Chen Z, Cao Y, Lu G. Crystal structure of the S1 subunit N-terminal domain from DcCoV UAE-HKU23 spike protein. Virology 2019; 535:74-82. [PMID: 31279241 PMCID: PMC7112003 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The DcCoV UAE-HKU23 coronavirus is a newly-found betacoronavirus (betaCoV) that can infect human cells. The viral spike protein plays pivotal roles in mediating receptor-recognition and membrane-fusion, and is therefore a key factor involved in viral pathogenesis and inter-species transmission. Here we reported the structural and functional characterization of the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) from DcCoV UAE-HKU23 (HKU23-NTD). Via mucin-binding assays, we showed that HKU23-NTD is able to bind sugars. We further solved the structure of HKU23-NTD, performed structure-guided mutagenesis and successfully located the potential sugar-binding pockets in the structure. Furthermore, via comparison of available betaCoV NTD structures, we demonstrated that betaCoV NTDs contain a conserved β-sandwich core, but exhibit variant folds in the peripheral elements located in the top-ceiling region and on the lateral side. While showing different compositions and structures, these peripheral elements are topologically equivalent β-sandwich-core insertions, highlighting a divergent evolution process for betaCoVs to form different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Cheng
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jing Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fei Ye
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fanli Yang
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhujun Chen
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yu Cao
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Disaster Medicine Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Corresponding author. West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guangwen Lu
- West China Hospital Emergency Department (WCHED), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China,Corresponding author
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22
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Wang SM, Huang KJ, Wang CT. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein counteracts BST2-mediated restriction of virus-like particle release. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1743-1750. [PMID: 31199522 PMCID: PMC7166632 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BST2/tetherin, an interferon‐inducible antiviral factor, can block the cellular release of various enveloped viruses. We previously reported that human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‐229E) infection can alleviate the BST2 tethering of HIV‐1 virions by downregulating cell surface BST2, suggesting that coronaviruses are capable of encoding anti‐BST2 factors. Here we report our new finding that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) spike (S) glycoprotein, similar to Vpu, is capable of antagonizing the BST2 tethering of SARS‐CoV, HCoV‐229E, and HIV‐1 virus‐like particles via BST2 downregulation. However, unlike Vpu (which downmodulates BST2 by means of proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways), BST2 downregulation is apparently mediated by SARS‐CoV S through the lysosomal degradation pathway only. We found that SARS‐CoV S colocalized with both BST2 and reduced cell surface BST2, suggesting an association between SARS‐CoV S and BST2 that targets the lysosomal degradation pathway. According to one recent report, SARS‐CoV ORF7a antagonizes BST2 by interfering with BST2 glycosylation1. Our data provide support for the proposal that SARS‐CoV and other enveloped viruses are capable of evolving supplementary anti‐BST2 factors in a manner that requires virus replication. Further experiments are required to determine whether the BST2‐mediated restriction of authentic SARS‐CoV virions is alleviated by the SARS‐CoV spike protein. BST2/tetherin inhibits the release of various enveloped viruses. SARS‐CoV S antagonizes the BST2 tethering of human coronavirus and HIV‐1 virus‐like particles. SARS‐CoV S colocalizes with BST2 and reduces cell surface BST2. SARS‐CoV S downregulates BST2 through lysosomal degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Mei Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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The Endonucleolytic RNA Cleavage Function of nsp1 of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Promotes the Production of Infectious Virus Particles in Specific Human Cell Lines. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01157-18. [PMID: 30111568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01157-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nsp1 suppresses host gene expression in expressed cells by inhibiting translation and inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of host mRNAs, the latter of which leads to mRNA decay. We examined the biological functions of nsp1 in infected cells and its role in virus replication by using wild-type MERS-CoV and two mutant viruses with specific mutations in the nsp1; one mutant lacked both biological functions, while the other lacked the RNA cleavage function but retained the translation inhibition function. In Vero cells, all three viruses replicated efficiently with similar replication kinetics, while wild-type virus induced stronger host translational suppression and host mRNA degradation than the mutants, demonstrating that nsp1 suppressed host gene expression in infected cells. The mutant viruses replicated less efficiently than wild-type virus in Huh-7 cells, HeLa-derived cells, and 293-derived cells, the latter two of which stably expressed a viral receptor protein. In 293-derived cells, the three viruses accumulated similar levels of nsp1 and major viral structural proteins and did not induce IFN-β and IFN-λ mRNAs; however, both mutants were unable to generate intracellular virus particles as efficiently as wild-type virus, leading to inefficient production of infectious viruses. These data strongly suggest that the endonucleolytic RNA cleavage function of the nsp1 promoted MERS-CoV assembly and/or budding in a 293-derived cell line. MERS-CoV nsp1 represents the first CoV gene 1 protein that plays an important role in virus assembly/budding and is the first identified viral protein whose RNA cleavage-inducing function promotes virus assembly/budding.IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV represents a high public health threat. Because CoV nsp1 is a major viral virulence factor, uncovering the biological functions of MERS-CoV nsp1 could contribute to our understanding of MERS-CoV pathogenicity and spur development of medical countermeasures. Expressed MERS-CoV nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, but its biological functions for virus replication and effects on host gene expression in infected cells are largely unexplored. We found that nsp1 suppressed host gene expression in infected cells. Our data further demonstrated that nsp1, which was not detected in virus particles, promoted virus assembly or budding in a 293-derived cell line, leading to efficient virus replication. These data suggest that nsp1 plays an important role in MERS-CoV replication and possibly affects virus-induced diseases by promoting virus particle production in infected hosts. Our data, which uncovered an unexpected novel biological function of nsp1 in virus replication, contribute to further understanding of the MERS-CoV replication strategies.
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24
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Narkpuk J, Jongkaewwattana A, Teeravechyan S. The avian influenza virus PA segment mediates strain-specific antagonism of BST-2/tetherin. Virology 2018; 525:161-169. [PMID: 30290311 PMCID: PMC7172379 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BST-2 is an antiviral protein described as a powerful cross-species transmission barrier for simian immunodeficiency viruses. Influenza viruses appear to interact with BST-2, raising the possibility that BST-2 may be a barrier for cross-species transmission. An MDCK-based cell line expressing human BST-2 was generated to study human-derived A/Puerto Rico/8/36 (H1N1; PR8) as well as two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (subtypes H4N6 and H6N1). The H4N6 and H6N1 viruses were less affected by BST-2 expression than PR8, due to their ability to decrease BST-2 levels, a function localized to the PA segment of both avian viruses. Experiments with PA-mutant and -chimeric viruses confirmed that the avian PA segment conferred BST-2 downregulation and antagonism. These results indicate a species-specific ability of PA from low pathogenic avian viruses to mitigate human BST-2 antiviral activity, suggesting that BST-2 is unlikely to be a general cross-species barrier to transmission of such viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaraspim Narkpuk
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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25
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Berry KN, Kober DL, Su A, Brett TJ. Limiting Respiratory Viral Infection by Targeting Antiviral and Immunological Functions of BST-2/Tetherin: Knowledge and Gaps. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800086. [PMID: 30113067 PMCID: PMC6371793 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the cellular biology and immunology of BST-2 (also known as tetherin) indicate that its function could be exploited as a universal replication inhibitor of enveloped respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). BST-2 inhibits viral replication by preventing virus budding from the plasma membrane and by inducing an antiviral state in cells adjacent to infection via unique inflammatory signaling mechanisms. This review presents the first comprehensive summary of what is currently known about BST-2 anti-viral function against respiratory viruses, how these viruses construct countermeasures to antagonize BST-2, and how BST-2 function might be targeted to develop therapies to treat respiratory virus infections. The authors address the current gaps in knowledge, including the need for mechanistic understanding of BST-2 antagonism by respiratory viruses, that should be bridged to achieve that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Berry
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Immunology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Daniel L. Kober
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Microbiology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Alvin Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Tom J. Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
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26
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Li M, Wang P, Zheng Z, Hu K, Zhang M, Guan X, Fu M, Zhang D, Wang W, Xiao G, Hu Q, Liu Y. Japanese encephalitis virus counteracts BST2 restriction via its envelope protein E. Virology 2017; 510:67-75. [PMID: 28710958 PMCID: PMC7111294 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that BST2 restricts the release of enveloped viruses by cross-linking newly produced virions to the cell membrane. However, it is less clear whether and how BST2 inhibits the release of enveloped viruses which bud via the secretory pathway. Here, we demonstrated that BST2 restricts the release of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) whose budding occurs at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, and in turn, JEV infection downregulates BST2 expression. We further found that the JEV envelope protein E, but not other viral components, significantly downregulates BST2 with the viral protein M playing an auxiliary role in the process. Envelope protein E-mediated BST2 downregulation appears to undergo lysosomal degradation pathway. Additional study revealed that the transmembrane domain and the coiled-coil domain (CC) of BST2 are the target domains of viral protein E and that the N- and C-terminal membrane anchors and the CC domain of BST2 are essential for blocking JEV release. Our results together indicate that the release of enveloped viruses whose budding take place in an intracellular compartment can be restricted by BST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinmeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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27
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Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses include several recently emerging viruses of significant medical and veterinary importance. There is currently very limited understanding on what determines the host species range of these pathogens. In this study we discovered that BST-2/tetherin restricts orthobunyavirus replication in a host-specific manner. We show that viruses with human tropism (Oropouche virus and La Crosse virus) are restricted by sheep BST-2 but not by the human orthologue, while viruses with ruminant tropism (Schmallenberg virus and others) are restricted by human BST-2 but not by the sheep orthologue. We also show that BST-2 blocks orthobunyaviruses replication by reducing the amount of envelope glycoprotein into viral particles egressing from infected cells. This is the first study identifying a restriction factor that correlates with species susceptibility to orthobunyavirus infection. This work provides insight to help us dissect the adaptive changes that bunyaviruses require to cross the species barrier and emerge into new species. BST-2 is a determinant of orthobuynyavirus host range. BST-2 restricts orthobunyavirus replication. BST-2 reduces the incorporation of envelope glycoprotein into virions.
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28
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Early Vertebrate Evolution of the Host Restriction Factor Tetherin. J Virol 2015; 89:12154-65. [PMID: 26401043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02149-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tetherin is an interferon-inducible restriction factor targeting a broad range of enveloped viruses. Its antiviral activity depends on an unusual topology comprising an N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) followed by an extracellular coiled-coil region and a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. One of the two membrane anchors is inserted into assembling virions, while the other remains in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Thus, tetherin entraps budding viruses by physically bridging viral and cellular membranes. Although tetherin restricts the release of a large variety of diverse human and animal viruses, only mammalian orthologs have been described to date. Here, we examined the evolutionary origin of this protein and demonstrate that tetherin orthologs are also found in fish, reptiles, and birds. Notably, alligator tetherin efficiently blocks the release of retroviral particles. Thus, tetherin emerged early during vertebrate evolution and acquired its antiviral activity before the mammal/reptile divergence. Although there is only limited sequence homology, all orthologs share the typical topology. Two unrelated proteins of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum also adopt a tetherin-like configuration with an N-terminal TMD and a C-terminal GPI anchor. However, these proteins showed no evidence for convergent evolution and failed to inhibit virion release. In summary, our findings demonstrate that tetherin emerged at least 450 million years ago and is more widespread than previously anticipated. The early evolution of antiviral activity together with the high topology conservation but low sequence homology suggests that restriction of virus release is the primary function of tetherin. IMPORTANCE The continuous arms race with viruses has driven the evolution of a variety of cell-intrinsic immunity factors that inhibit different steps of the viral replication cycle. One of these restriction factors, tetherin, inhibits the release of newly formed progeny virions from infected cells. Although tetherin targets a broad range of enveloped viruses, including retro-, filo-, herpes-, and arenaviruses, the evolutionary origin of this restriction factor and its antiviral activity remained obscure. Here, we examined diverse vertebrate genomes for genes encoding cellular proteins that share with tetherin the highly unusual combination of an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. We show that tetherin orthologs are found in fish, reptiles, and birds and demonstrate that alligator tetherin efficiently inhibits the release of retroviral particles. Our findings identify tetherin as an evolutionarily ancient restriction factor and provide new important insights into the continuous arms race between viruses and their hosts.
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29
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ORF7a Inhibits Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2 Virion Tethering through a Novel Mechanism of Glycosylation Interference. J Virol 2015; 89:11820-33. [PMID: 26378163 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02274-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in November 2002 as a case of atypical pneumonia in China, and the causative agent of SARS was identified to be a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2; also known as CD317 or tetherin) was initially identified to be a pre-B-cell growth promoter, but it also inhibits the release of virions of the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by tethering budding virions to the host cell membrane. Further work has shown that BST-2 restricts the release of many other viruses, including the human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E), and the genomes of many of these viruses encode BST-2 antagonists to overcome BST-2 restriction. Given the previous studies on BST-2, we aimed to determine if BST-2 has the ability to restrict SARS-CoV and if the SARS-CoV genome encodes any proteins that modulate BST-2's antiviral function. Through an in vitro screen, we identified four potential BST-2 modulators encoded by the SARS-CoV genome: the papain-like protease (PLPro), nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), ORF6, and ORF7a. As the function of ORF7a in SARS-CoV replication was previously unknown, we focused our study on ORF7a. We found that BST-2 does restrict SARS-CoV, but the loss of ORF7a leads to a much greater restriction, confirming the role of ORF7a as an inhibitor of BST-2. We further characterized the mechanism of BST-2 inhibition by ORF7a and found that ORF7a localization changes when BST-2 is overexpressed and ORF7a binds directly to BST-2. Finally, we also show that SARS-CoV ORF7a blocks the restriction activity of BST-2 by blocking the glycosylation of BST-2. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged from zoonotic sources in 2002 and caused over 8,000 infections and 800 deaths in 37 countries around the world. Identifying host factors that regulate SARS-CoV pathogenesis is critical to understanding how this lethal virus causes disease. We have found that BST-2 is capable of restricting SARS-CoV release from cells; however, we also identified a SARS-CoV protein that inhibits BST-2 function. We show that the SARS-CoV protein ORF7a inhibits BST-2 glycosylation, leading to a loss of BST-2's antiviral function.
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The Interferon-Inducible Protein Tetherin Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Virion Secretion. J Virol 2015; 89:9200-12. [PMID: 26109732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00933-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is an approved medication for chronic hepatitis B therapy. Besides acting as an immunomodulator, IFN-α elicits a pleiotropic antiviral state in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected hepatocytes, but whether or not IFN-α impedes the late steps of the HBV life cycle, such as HBV secretion, remains elusive. Here we report that IFN-α treatment of HepAD38 cells with established HBV replication selectively reduced HBV virion release without altering intracellular viral replication or the secretion of HBV subviral particles and nonenveloped capsids. In search of the interferon-stimulated gene(s) that is responsible for the reduction of HBV virion release, we found that tetherin, a broad-spectrum antiviral transmembrane protein that inhibits the egress of a variety of enveloped viruses, was highly induced by IFN-α in HepAD38 cells and in primary human hepatocytes. We further demonstrated that the expression of full-length tetherin, but not the C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-truncated form, inhibited HBV virion egress from HepAD38 cells. In addition, GPI anchor-truncated tetherin exhibited a dominant-negative effect and was incorporated into the liberated virions. We also found colocalization of tetherin and HBV L protein at the intracellular multivesicular body, where the budding of HBV virions takes place. In line with this, electron microscopy demonstrated that HBV virions were tethered in the lumen of the cisterna membrane under tetherin expression. Finally, knockdown of tetherin or overexpression of dominant negative tetherin attenuated the IFN-α-mediated reduction of HBV virion release. Taken together, our study suggests that IFN-α inhibits HBV virion egress from hepatocytes through the induction of tetherin. IMPORTANCE Tetherin is a host restriction factor that blocks the egress of a variety of enveloped viruses through tethering the budding virions on the cell surface with its membrane anchor domains. Here we report that interferon directly and selectively inhibits the secretion of HBV virions, but not subviral particles or nonenveloped capsids, through the induction of tetherin in hepatocyte-derived cells. The antiviral function of tetherin requires the carboxyl-terminal GPI anchor, while the GPI anchor deletion mutant exhibits dominant negative activity and attaches to liberated HBV virions. Consistent with the fact that HBV is an intracellular budding virus, microscopy analyses demonstrated that the tethering of HBV virions occurs in the intracellular cisterna and that tetherin colocalizes with HBV virions on the multivesicular body, which is the HBV virion budding site. Our study not only expands the antiviral spectrum of tetherin but also sheds light on the mechanisms of interferon-elicited anti-HBV responses.
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Sauter D. Counteraction of the multifunctional restriction factor tetherin. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:163. [PMID: 24782851 PMCID: PMC3989765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible restriction factor tetherin (also known as CD317, BST-2 or HM1.24) has emerged as a key component of the antiviral immune response. Initially, tetherin was shown to restrict replication of various enveloped viruses by inhibiting the release of budding virions from infected cells. More recently, it has become clear that tetherin also acts as a pattern recognition receptor inducing NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression in virus infected cells. Whereas the ability to restrict virion release is highly conserved among mammalian tetherin orthologs and thus probably an ancient function of this protein, innate sensing seems to be an evolutionarily recent activity. The potent and broad antiviral activity of tetherin is reflected by the fact that many viruses evolved means to counteract this restriction factor. A continuous arms race with viruses has apparently driven the evolution of different isoforms of tetherin with different functional properties. Interestingly, tetherin has also been implicated in cellular processes that are unrelated to immunity, such as the organization of the apical actin network and membrane microdomains or stabilization of the Golgi apparatus. In this review, I summarize our current knowledge of the different functions of tetherin and describe the molecular strategies that viruses have evolved to antagonize or evade this multifunctional host restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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