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Kim JY, Lee SH, Kim DW, Lee DW, Song CS, Lee DH, Kwon JH. Detection of intercontinental reassortant H6 avian influenza viruses from wild birds in South Korea, 2015 and 2017. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157984. [PMID: 37377949 PMCID: PMC10291271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds are phylogenetically separated in Eurasian and North American lineages due to the separated distribution and migration of wild birds. However, AIVs are occasionally dispersed between two continents by migratory wild birds flying across the Bering Strait. In this study, we isolated three AIVs from wild bird feces collected in South Korea that contain gene segments derived from American lineage AIVs, including an H6N2 isolated in 2015 and two H6N1 in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the H6N2 virus had American lineage matrix gene and the H6N1 viruses had American lineage nucleoprotein and non-structural genes. These results highlight that novel AIVs have continuously emerged by reassortment between viruses from the two continents. Therefore, continuous monitoring for the emergence and intercontinental spread of novel reassortant AIV is required to prepare for a possible future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hak Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gass JD, Dusek RJ, Hall JS, Hallgrimsson GT, Halldórsson HP, Vignisson SR, Ragnarsdottir SB, Jónsson JE, Krauss S, Wong SS, Wan XF, Akter S, Sreevatsan S, Trovão NS, Nutter FB, Runstadler JA, Hill NJ. Global dissemination of influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:198-213. [PMID: 36239465 PMCID: PMC9797457 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of disparate populations of long distance migratory and native bird species present during breeding seasons. Iceland is a staging ground that connects the East Atlantic and North Atlantic American flyways, providing a unique study system for characterizing viral flow between eastern and western hemispheres. Using Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we sought to evaluate the viral connectivity of Iceland to proximal regions and how inter-species transmission and reassortment dynamics in this region influence the geographic spread of low and highly pathogenic IAVs. Findings demonstrate that IAV movement in the arctic and subarctic reflects wild bird migration around the perimeter of the circumpolar north, favouring short-distance flights between proximal regions rather than long distance flights over the polar interior. Iceland connects virus movement between mainland Europe and North America, consistent with the westward migration of wild birds from mainland Europe to Northeastern Canada and Greenland. Though virus diffusion rates were similar among avian taxonomic groups in Iceland, gulls play an outsized role as sinks of IAVs from other avian hosts prior to onward migration. These data identify patterns of virus movement in northern latitudes and inform future surveillance strategies related to seasonal and emergent IAVs with potential public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
| | | | | | | | | | - Solvi Runar Vignisson
- University of Iceland’s Research Centre in Suðurnes
- Suðurnes Science and Learning Center
| | | | | | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Sadia Akter
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | | | - Nídia S. Trovão
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston
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3
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Gass JD, Kellogg HK, Hill NJ, Puryear WB, Nutter FB, Runstadler JA. Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071531. [PMID: 35891510 PMCID: PMC9315492 DOI: 10.3390/v14071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic regions are ecologically significant for the environmental persistence and geographic dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by avian hosts and other wildlife species. Data describing the epidemiology and ecology of IAVs among wildlife in the arctic are less frequently published compared to southern temperate regions, where prevalence and subtype diversity are more routinely documented. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review addresses this gap by describing the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological characteristics of IAVs detected among wildlife and the environment in this understudied region of the globe. The literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using a set of pre-defined search terms to identify publications reporting on IAVs in Arctic regions between 1978 and February 2022. A total of 2125 articles were initially screened, 267 were assessed for eligibility, and 71 articles met inclusion criteria. IAVs have been detected in multiple wildlife species in all Arctic regions, including seabirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, seals, sea lions, whales, and terrestrial mammals, and in the environment. Isolates from wild birds comprise the majority of documented viruses derived from wildlife; however, among all animals and environmental matrices, 26 unique low and highly pathogenic subtypes have been characterized in the scientific literature from Arctic regions. Pooled prevalence across studies indicates 4.23% for wild birds, 3.42% among tested environmental matrices, and seroprevalences of 9.29% and 1.69% among marine and terrestrial mammals, respectively. Surveillance data are geographically biased, with most data from the Alaskan Arctic and many fewer reports from the Russian, Canadian, North Atlantic, and Western European Arctic. We highlight multiple important aspects of wildlife host, pathogen, and environmental ecology of IAVs in Arctic regions, including the role of avian migration and breeding cycles for the global spread of IAVs, evidence of inter-species and inter-continental reassortment at high latitudes, and how climate change-driven ecosystem shifts, including changes in the seasonal availability and distribution of dietary resources, have the potential to alter host–pathogen–environment dynamics in Arctic regions. We conclude by identifying gaps in knowledge and propose priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hunter K. Kellogg
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Wendy B. Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
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4
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Berhane Y, Joseph T, Lung O, Embury-Hyatt C, Xu W, Cottrell P, Raverty S. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A(H10N7) Virus in a Harbor Seal, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1480-1484. [PMID: 35731188 PMCID: PMC9239883 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel reassortant influenza A(H10N7) virus from a harbor seal in British Columbia, Canada, that died from bronchointerstitial pneumonia. The virus had unique genome constellations involving lineages from North America and Eurasia and polymerase basic 2 segment D701N mutation, associated with adaptation to mammals.
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Spaulding F, McLaughlin JF, Glenn TC, Winker K. Estimating Movement Rates Between Eurasian and North American Birds That Are Vectors of Avian Influenza. Avian Dis 2022; 66:155-164. [PMID: 35510470 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that will likely be involved in future pandemics. Because waterbird movements are difficult to quantify, determining the host-specific risk of Eurasian-origin AI movements into North America is challenging. We estimated relative rates of movements, based on long-term evolutionary averages of gene flow, between Eurasian and North American waterbird populations to obtain bidirectional baseline rates of the intercontinental movements of these AI hosts. We used population genomics and coalescent-based demographic models to obtain these gene-flow-based movement estimates. Inferred rates of movement between these continental populations varies greatly among species. Within dabbling ducks, gene flow, relative to effective population size, varies from ∼3 to 24 individuals/generation between Eurasian and American wigeons (Mareca penelope and Mareca americana) to ∼100-300 individuals/generation between continental populations of northern pintails (Anas acuta). These are evolutionary long-term averages and provide a solid foundation for understanding the relative risks of each of these host species in potential intercontinental AI movements. We scale these values to census size for evaluation in that context. In addition to being AI hosts, many of these bird species are also important in the subsistence diets of Alaskans, increasing the risk of direct bird-to-human exposure to Eurasian-origin AI virus. We contrast species-specific rates of intercontinental movements with the importance of each species in Alaskan diets to understand the relative risk of these taxa to humans. Assuming roughly equivalent AI infection rates among ducks, greater scaup (Aythya marila), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and northern pintail (Anas acuta) were the top three species presenting the highest risks for intercontinental AI movement both within the natural system and through exposure to subsistence hunters. Improved data on AI infection rates in this region could further refine these relative risk assessments. These directly comparable, species-based intercontinental movement rates and relative risk rankings should help in modeling, monitoring, and mitigating the impacts of intercontinental host and AI movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Spaulding
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, .,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - Jessica F McLaughlin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kevin Winker
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
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6
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Shan T, Yang S, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang J, Gong G, Xiao Y, Yang J, Wang X, Lu J, Zhao M, Yang Z, Lu X, Dai Z, He Y, Chen X, Zhou R, Yao Y, Kong N, Zeng J, Ullah K, Wang X, Shen Q, Deng X, Zhang J, Delwart E, Tong G, Zhang W. Virome in the cloaca of wild and breeding birds revealed a diversity of significant viruses. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 35413940 PMCID: PMC9001828 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds may harbor and transmit viruses that are potentially pathogenic to humans, domestic animals, and other wildlife. RESULTS Using the viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the virome of cloacal swab specimens collected from 3182 birds (the majority of them wild species) consisting of > 87 different species in 10 different orders within the Aves classes. The virus diversity in wild birds was higher than that in breeding birds. We acquired 707 viral genomes from 18 defined families and 4 unclassified virus groups, with 265 virus genomes sharing < 60% protein sequence identities with their best matches in GenBank comprising new virus families, genera, or species. RNA viruses containing the conserved RdRp domain with no phylogenetic affinity to currently defined virus families existed in different bird species. Genomes of the astrovirus, picornavirus, coronavirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, circovirus, retrovirus, and adenovirus families which include known avian pathogens were fully characterized. Putative cross-species transmissions were observed with viruses in wild birds showing > 95% amino acid sequence identity to previously reported viruses in domestic poultry. Genomic recombination was observed for some genomes showing discordant phylogenies based on structural and non-structural regions. Mapping the next-generation sequencing (NGS) data respectively against the 707 genomes revealed that these viruses showed distribution pattern differences among birds with different habitats (breeding or wild), orders, and sampling sites but no significant differences between birds with different behavioral features (migratory and resident). CONCLUSIONS The existence of a highly diverse virome highlights the challenges in elucidating the evolution, etiology, and ecology of viruses in wild birds. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoning Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, 150886, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150886, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ga Gong
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, Tibet, China
| | - Yuqing Xiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Wildlife and Protected Area College/Center of Conservation Medicine and Ecological Safety Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijun Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyuan Dai
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumin He
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kalim Ullah
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
- International Center for Genomics Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Ramey AM, Hill NJ, DeLiberto TJ, Gibbs SEJ, Camille Hopkins M, Lang AS, Poulson RL, Prosser DJ, Sleeman JM, Stallknecht DE, Wan X. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center 4210 University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University 200 Westboro Road North Grafton MA 01536 USA
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Samantha E. J. Gibbs
- Wildlife Health Office Natural Resource Program Center, National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 16450 NW 31st Place Chiefland FL 32626 USA
| | - M. Camille Hopkins
- U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 300 (Room 4A100F) Reston VA 20192 USA
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland 232 Elizabeth Avenue St. John's Newfoundland A1B 3X9 Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 589 D.W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center 6006 Schroeder Road Madison WI 53711 USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 589 D.W. Brooks Drive Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Xiu‐Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
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Wang D, Li M, Xiong C, Yan Y, Hu J, Hao M, Liang B, Chen J, Chen G, Yang G, Li Y, Zhang J, Gulyaeva M, Shestopalov A, Shi W, Bi Y, Liu H, Wang H, Liu D, Chen J. Ecology of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds wintering within the Yangtze River wetlands. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2014-2024. [PMID: 36654171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Migratory birds are considered natural reservoirs of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs). To further our viral ecology knowledge and understand the subsequent risk posed by wild birds, we conducted a 4-year surveillance study of AIVs in the bird wintering wetlands of the Yangtze River, China. We collected over 8000 samples and isolated 122 AIV strains. Analyses were then carried out with 108 novel sequenced genomes and data were deposited in GISAID and other public databases. The results showed that the Yangtze River wintering wetlands functioned as a mixing ground, where various subtypes of AIVs were detected harboring a high diversity of nucleotide sequences; moreover, a portion of AIV gene segments were persistent inter-seasonally. Phylogenetic incongruence presented complex reassortment events and distinct patterns among various subtypes. In addition, we observed that viral gene segments in wintering wetlands were closely related to known North American isolates, indicating that intercontinental gene flow occurred. Notably, highly pathogenic H5 and low pathogenic H9 viruses, which usually circulate in poultry, were found to have crossed the poultry/wild bird interface, with the viruses introduced to wintering birds. Overall, this study represented the largest AIV surveillance effort of wild birds within the Yangtze River wintering wetlands. Surveillance data highlighted the important role of wintering wild birds in the ecology of AIVs and may enable future early warnings of novel AIV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaochao Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juefu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mengchan Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bilin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Research and Development Center, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Research and Development Center, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Research and Development Center, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong Li
- Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Research and Development Center, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hubei Wildlife Rescue, Research and Development Center, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Reassortment and Persistence of Influenza A Viruses from Diverse Geographic Origins within Australian Wild Birds: Evidence from a Small, Isolated Population of Ruddy Turnstones. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02193-20. [PMID: 33627387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian lineages of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in Eurasia and the Americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. However, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of AIVs in Australia remain poorly understood. Waders (order Charadriiformes, family Scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of AIVs, particularly in Australia, where ducks, geese, and swans (order Anseriformes, family Anatidae) rarely undertake intercontinental migrations. Across a 5-year surveillance period (2011 to 2015), ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) that "overwinter" during the Austral summer in southeastern Australia showed generally low levels of AIV prevalence (0 to 2%). However, in March 2014, we detected AIVs in 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25 to 39%) of individuals in a small, low-density, island population 90 km from the Australian mainland. This epizootic comprised three distinct AIV genotypes, each of which represent a unique reassortment of Australian-, recently introduced Eurasian-, and recently introduced American-lineage gene segments. Strikingly, the Australian-lineage gene segments showed high similarity to those of H10N7 viruses isolated in 2010 and 2012 from poultry outbreaks 900 to 1,500 km to the north. Together with the diverse geographic origins of the American and Eurasian gene segments, these findings suggest extensive circulation and reassortment of AIVs within Australian wild birds over vast geographic distances. Our findings indicate that long-term surveillance in waders may yield unique insights into AIV gene flow, especially in geographic regions like Oceania, where Anatidae species do not display regular inter- or intracontinental migration.IMPORTANCE High prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was detected in a small, low-density, isolated population of ruddy turnstones in Australia. Analysis of these viruses revealed relatively recent introductions of viral gene segments from both Eurasia and North America, as well as long-term persistence of introduced gene segments in Australian wild birds. These data demonstrate that the flow of viruses into Australia may be more common than initially thought and that, once introduced, these AIVs have the potential to be maintained within the continent. These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that Australian wild birds are unlikely to be ecologically isolated from the highly pathogenic H5Nx viruses circulating among wild birds throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
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10
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Ramey AM, Reeves AB. Ecology of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Birds and Wetlands of Alaska. Avian Dis 2020; 64:109-122. [PMID: 32550610 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alaska represents a globally important region for the ecology of avian-origin influenza A viruses (IAVs) given the expansive wetlands in this region, which serve as habitat for numerous hosts of IAVs that disperse among four continents during the annual cycle. Extensive sampling of wild birds for IAVs in Alaska since 1991 has greatly extended inference regarding intercontinental viral exchange between North America and East Asia and the importance of Beringian endemic species to IAV ecology within this region. Data on IAVs in aquatic birds inhabiting Alaska have also been useful for helping to establish global patterns of prevalence in wild birds and viral dispersal across the landscape. In this review, we summarize the main findings from investigations of IAVs in wild birds and wetlands of Alaska with the aim of providing readers with an understanding of viral ecology within this region. More specifically, we review viral detections, evidence of IAV exposure, and genetic characterization of isolates derived from wild bird samples collected in Alaska by host taxonomy. Additionally, we provide a short overview of wetland complexes within Alaska that may be important to IAV ecology at the continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99508,
| | - Andrew B Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99508
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11
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Influenza A Viruses in Ruddy Turnstones ( Arenaria interpres); Connecting Wintering and Migratory Sites with an Ecological Hotspot at Delaware Bay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111205. [PMID: 33105913 PMCID: PMC7690596 DOI: 10.3390/v12111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Each May for over three decades, avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been isolated from shorebirds and gulls (order Charadriiformes) at Delaware Bay (DE Bay), USA, which is a critical stopover site for shorebirds on their spring migration to arctic breeding grounds. At DE Bay, most isolates have been recovered from ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), but it is unknown if this species is involved in either the maintenance or movement of these viruses outside of this site. We collected and tested fecal samples from 2823 ruddy turnstones in Florida and Georgia in the southeastern United States during four winter/spring sample periods—2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013—and during the winters of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Twenty-five low pathogenicity IAVs were recovered representing five subtypes (H3N4, H3N8, H5N9, H6N1, and H12N2). Many of these subtypes matched those recovered at DE Bay during the previous year or that year’s migratory cycle, suggesting that IAVs present on these southern wintering areas represent a source of virus introduction to DE Bay via migrating ruddy turnstones. Analyses of all IAV gene segments of H5N9 and H6N1 viruses recovered from ruddy turnstones at DE Bay during May 2012 and from the southeast during the spring of 2012 revealed a high level of genetic relatedness at the nucleotide level, suggesting that migrating ruddy turnstones move IAVs from wintering grounds to the DE Bay ecosystem.
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12
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Tang L, Tang W, Ming L, Gu J, Qian K, Li X, Wang T, He G. Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus H10-H12 Subtypes Isolated from Wild Birds in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2019. Viruses 2020; 12:E1085. [PMID: 32992999 PMCID: PMC7600165 DOI: 10.3390/v12101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
H10, H11 and H12 (H10-H12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (AIV) are associated with waterfowl. Although these subtypes of AIV are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other AIV subtypes. Few H10-H12 subtypes of AIV have been isolated from wild birds in China. In this study, 12 AIV isolates of H10-H12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2019, including two H10, three H11 and seven H12 isolates. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genomic segments of the 12 isolates are highly diverse. These 12 isolates are closely related to those in the Eurasian lineage and share a high degree of sequence identity with those from wild birds and domestic ducks in countries in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, including Japan, Korea, Bangladesh, Vietnam and China. However, parts of the genomic segments of two H12N2 isolates (NH112319-H12N2 and NH101807-H12N2) belong to the North American lineage, suggesting intercontinental reassortment among H12 AIVs in Eurasia and North American. To better understand the ecological and phylodynamic features of H10-H12 subtypes in wild birds, a large-scale surveillance of AIVs in wild birds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Wangjun Tang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Le Ming
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Jianming Gu
- Pudong District Forestry Station of Shanghai, Shanghai 200120, China; (J.G.); (K.Q.)
| | - Kai Qian
- Pudong District Forestry Station of Shanghai, Shanghai 200120, China; (J.G.); (K.Q.)
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Tianhou Wang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Guimei He
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (L.M.); (X.L.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200063, China
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13
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The Genome Sequence of an H6N5 Influenza A Virus Strain Isolated from a Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Sampled in Alaska, USA, Shares High Identity with That of a South Korean Wild Bird Strain. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/33/e00639-20. [PMID: 32817149 PMCID: PMC7427187 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00639-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genome sequence of an H6N5 influenza A virus isolated from a northern pintail sampled in Alaska in 2017. All segment sequences shared >99% nucleotide identity with those of a wild bird strain from South Korea. This finding supports viral dispersal between East Asia and North America by wild birds.
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14
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Nguyen NM, Sung HW, Yun KJ, Park H, Yeo SJ. Genetic Characterization of a Novel North American-Origin Avian Influenza A (H6N5) Virus Isolated from Bean Goose of South Korea in 2018. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070774. [PMID: 32709116 PMCID: PMC7411716 DOI: 10.3390/v12070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. During annual surveillance in South Korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza H6N5 (K6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. Genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the K6 virus to be of North American-origin, with partial homology to an H6N5 strain, A/Aix galericulata/South Korea/K17-1638-5/2017 (K17). A monobasic residue at the HA cleavage site and absence of a notable mutation at the HA receptor-binding site suggested the isolate to be of low pathogenicity. However, molecular analysis revealed the E119V mutation in the NA gene and a human host marker mutation E382D in the polymerase acidic (PA) gene, implying their susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors and potential infectivity in humans, respectively. For comparison, K6 and K17 were found to be dissimilar for various mutations, such as A274T of PB2, S375N/T of PB1, or V105M of NP, each concerning the increased virulence of K6 in mammalian system. Moreover, kinetic data presented the highest viral titer of this H6N5 isolate at 106.37 log10TCID50 after 48 h of infection, thus proving efficient adaptability for replication in a mammalian system in vitro. The mouse virus challenge study showed insignificant influence on the total body weight, while viral load shedding in lungs peaked at 1.88 ± 0.21 log10 TICD50/mL, six days post infection. The intercontinental transmission of viruses from North America may continuously be present in Korea, thereby providing constant opportunities for virus reassortment with local resident AIVs; these results hint at the increased potential risk of host jumping capabilities of the new isolates. Our findings reinforce the demand for regular surveillance, not only in Korea but also along the flyways in Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea;
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea;
| | - Ki-Jung Yun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea;
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (S.-J.Y.)
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15
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Jeong S, Lee DH, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Cho AY, Noh JY, Tseren-Ochir EO, Jeong JH, Song CS. Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2138-2140. [PMID: 31625867 PMCID: PMC6810209 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An avian influenza A(H6N5) virus with all 8 segments of North American origin was isolated from wild bird feces in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus may have been introduced into Asia by wild birds, highlighting the role of wild birds in the dispersal of these viruses.
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16
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Khalil AM, Nishi N, Kojima I, Fukunaga W, Kuwahara M, Masatani T, Matsui T, Ozawa M. Transition in genetic constellations of H3N8 and H4N6 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from an overwintering site in Japan throughout different winter seasons. Arch Virol 2020; 165:643-659. [PMID: 31925543 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Izumi plain in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, is an overwintering site for migratory ducks and endangered cranes. We have surveyed avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in this area since 2012 and isolated low-pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) of various subtypes every winter season. H3N8 LPAIVs were isolated during the 2012/13 and 2016/17 seasons, and H4N6 LPAIVs were isolated during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons. In the 2017/18 season, one H3N8 and two H4N6 LPAIV strains were isolated from environmental water samples. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis for each gene segment from these H3N8 and H4N6 LPAIVs suggested that our isolates were genetic reassortants generated by intermixing between AIVs circulating not only in Eurasia but also in Africa and/or North America. Comparison of the genetic constellations of our three isolates with their counterparts isolated during previous seasons from the Izumi plain revealed a drastic transition in the genetic constellations of both subtypes. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous surveillance of AIVs on the Izumi plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Natsuko Nishi
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukunaga
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | | | - Tatsunori Masatani
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan. .,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. .,Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. .,Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan.
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17
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LIMITED DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO CLADE 2.3.4.4 A/GOOSE/GUANGDONG/1/1996 LINEAGE HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN NORTH AMERICAN WATERFOWL. J Wildl Dis 2019. [PMID: 31556839 DOI: 10.7589/2019-01-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During 2014, highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage (GsGD-HP-H5), originating from Asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in Canada and the US. These clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 viruses included reassortants possessing North American lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi flyways; and caused the largest HP IAV outbreak in poultry in US history. To determine if an antibody response indicative of previous infection with clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV could be detected in North American wild waterfowl sampled before, during, and after the 2014-15 outbreak, sera from 2,793 geese and 3,715 ducks were tested by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests using both clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HPH5 and North American lineage low pathogenic (LP) H5 IAV antigens. We detected an antibody response meeting a comparative titer-based criteria (HI titer observed with 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 antigens exceeded the titer observed for LP H5 antigen by two or more dilutions) for previous infection with clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV in only five birds, one Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors) sampled during the outbreak and three Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and one Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) sampled during the post-outbreak period. These serologic results are consistent with the spatiotemporal extent of the outbreak in wild birds in North America during 2014 and 2015 and limited exposure of waterfowl to GsGD-HP-H5 IAV, particularly in the central and eastern US.
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18
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Ramey AM, Uher-Koch BD, Reeves AB, Schmutz JA, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE. Emperor geese (Anser canagicus) are exposed to a diversity of influenza A viruses, are infected during the non-breeding period and contribute to intercontinental viral dispersal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1958-1970. [PMID: 31077545 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emperor geese (Anser canagicus) are endemic to coastal areas within Beringia and have previously been found to have antibodies to or to be infected with influenza A viruses (IAVs) in Alaska. In this study, we use virological, serological and tracking data to further elucidate the role of emperor geese in the ecology of IAVs in Beringia during the non-breeding period. Specifically, we assess evidence for: (a) active IAV infection during spring staging, autumn staging and wintering periods; (b) infection with novel Eurasian-origin or interhemispheric reassortant viruses; (c) contemporary movement of geese between East Asia and North America; (d) previous exposure to viruses of 14 haemagglutinin subtypes, including Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic (HP) H5 IAVs; and (e) subtype-specific antibody seroconversion and seroreversion. Emperor geese were found to shed IAVs, including interhemispheric reassortant viruses, throughout the non-breeding period; migrate between Alaska and the Russian Far East prior to and following remigial moult; have antibodies reactive to a diversity of IAVs including, in a few instances, Eurasian lineage HP H5 IAVs; and exhibit relatively broad and stable patterns of population immunity among breeding females. Results of this study suggest that emperor geese may play an important role in the maintenance and dispersal of IAVs within Beringia during the non-breeding period and provide information that may be used to further optimize surveillance activities focused on the early detection of Eurasian-origin IAVs in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - Andrew B Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Joel A Schmutz
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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19
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Ramey AM, Reeves AB, Donnelly T, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE. Introduction of Eurasian-Origin Influenza A(H8N4) Virus into North America by Migratory Birds. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1950-1953. [PMID: 30226185 PMCID: PMC6154152 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a Eurasian-origin influenza A(H8N4) virus in North America by sampling wild birds in western Alaska, USA. Evidence for repeated introductions of influenza A viruses into North America by migratory birds suggests that intercontinental dispersal might not be exceedingly rare and that our understanding of viral establishment is incomplete.
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20
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Morin CW, Stoner-Duncan B, Winker K, Scotch M, Hess JJ, Meschke JS, Ebi KL, Rabinowitz PM. Avian influenza virus ecology and evolution through a climatic lens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:241-249. [PMID: 29980049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a major health threat to both avian and human populations. The ecology of the virus is driven by numerous factors, including climate and avian migration patterns, yet relatively little is known about these drivers. Long-distance transport of the virus is tied to inter- and intra-continental bird migration, while enhanced viral reassortment is linked to breeding habitats in Beringia shared by migrant species from North America and Asia. Furthermore, water temperature, pH, salinity, and co-existing biota all impact the viability and persistence of the virus in the environment. Changes in climate can potentially alter the ecology of AIV through multiple pathways. Warming temperatures can change the timing and patterns of bird migration, creating novel assemblages of species and new opportunities for viral transport and reassortment. Water temperature and chemistry may also be altered, resulting in changes in virus survival. In this review, we explain how these shifts have the potential to increase viral persistence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility and amplify the threat of pandemic disease in animal and human hosts. Better understanding of climatic influences on viral ecology is essential to developing strategies to limit adverse health effects in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Morin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | | | - Kevin Winker
- Department of Biology & Wildlife and University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Matthew Scotch
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, United States; Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jeremy J Hess
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John S Meschke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter M Rabinowitz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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21
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Genetic evidence for the intercontinental movement of avian influenza viruses possessing North American-origin nonstructural gene allele B into South Korea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:18-25. [PMID: 30196122 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are genetically separated by geographical barriers, resulting in the independent evolution of North American and Eurasian lineages. In the present study, to determine whether AIVs possessing the North American-origin nonstructural (NS) gene were previously introduced into South Korea, we performed a genetic analysis of AIVs isolated from fecal samples of migratory birds. We detected seven viruses possessing the North American-origin NS allele B among 413 AIV-positive samples obtained during AI surveillance between 2012 and 2017. We found evidence for the intercontinental transmission of at least three genetically distinct clusters of the B allele of the North American-origin NS gene into Eurasia at a low frequency. The host species of three viruses were identified as the greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) using a DNA barcoding technique. Moreover, we used GPS-CDMA-based telemetry to determine the migration route of the greater white-fronted goose between the Far East of Russia and South Korea and found that this species may play an important role as an intermediate vector in the intercontinental transmission of AIVs. To improve our understanding of the role of wild birds in the ecology of AIVs, advanced AIV surveillance is required in the Far East of Russia as well as in Alaska region of Beringia accompanied by host identification and wild bird tracking.
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22
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Swayne DE, Noh JY, Yuk SS, Jeong S, Lee SH, Woo C, Shin JH, Song CS. Experimental infection of H5N1 and H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Northern Pintail (Anas acuta). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1367-1371. [PMID: 29726612 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The wide geographic spread of Eurasian Goose/Guangdong lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses by wild birds is of great concern. In December 2014, an H5N8 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 Group A (2.3.4.4A) virus was introduced to North America. Long-distance migratory wild aquatic birds between East Asia and North America, such as Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), were strongly suspected of being a source of intercontinental transmission. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity, infectivity and transmissibility of an H5N8 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4A virus in Northern Pintails and compared the results to that of an H5N1 HPAI clade 2.3.2.1 virus. All of Northern Pintails infected with either H5N1 or H5N8 virus lacked clinical signs and mortality, but the H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus was more efficient at replicating within and transmitting between Northern Pintails than the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 virus. The H5N8-infected birds shed high titre of viruses from oropharynx and cloaca, which in the field supported virus transmission and spread. This study highlights the role of wild waterfowl in the intercontinental spread of some HPAI viruses. Migratory aquatic birds should be carefully monitored for the early detection of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 and other HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Kwon
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D-H Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J-Y Noh
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-S Yuk
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Jeong
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C Woo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - J-H Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - C-S Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Reeves AB, Hall JS, Poulson RL, Donnelly T, Stallknecht DE, Ramey AM. Influenza A virus recovery, diversity, and intercontinental exchange: A multi-year assessment of wild bird sampling at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195327. [PMID: 29621333 PMCID: PMC5950690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Western Alaska is a potential point-of-entry for foreign-origin influenza A viruses (IAVs) into North America via migratory birds. We sampled waterfowl and gulls for IAVs at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in western Alaska, USA, during late summer and autumn months of 2011-2015, to evaluate the abundance and diversity of viruses at this site. We collected 4842 samples across five years from 25 species of wild birds resulting in the recovery, isolation, and sequencing of 172 IAVs. With the intent of optimizing sampling efficiencies, we used information derived from this multi-year effort to: 1) evaluate from which species we consistently recover viruses, 2) describe viral subtypes of isolates by host species and year, 3) characterize viral gene segment sequence diversity with respect to host species, and assess potential differences in the viral lineages among the host groups, and 4) examine how evidence of intercontinental exchange of IAVs relates to host species. We consistently recovered viruses from dabbling ducks (Anas spp.), emperor geese (Chen canagica) and glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens). There was little evidence for differences in viral subtypes and diversity from different waterfowl hosts, however subtypes and viral diversity varied between waterfowl host groups and glaucous-winged gulls. Furthermore, higher proportions of viral sequences from northern pintails (Anas acuta), emperor geese and glaucous-winged gulls were grouped in phylogenetic clades that included IAV sequences originating from wild birds sampled in Asia as compared to non-pintail dabbling ducks, a difference that may be related to intercontinental migratory tendencies of host species. Our summary of research and surveillance efforts at Izembek NWR will assist in future prioritization of which hosts to sample and swab types to collect in Alaska and elsewhere in order to maximize isolate recovery, subtype and sequence diversity for resultant viruses, and detection of evidence for intercontinental viral exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Reeves
- United States Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABR); (AMR)
| | - Jeffrey S. Hall
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tyrone Donnelly
- United States Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Ramey
- United States Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABR); (AMR)
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Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, DeLiberto TJ, Swayne DE. Reoccurrence of Avian Influenza A(H5N2) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Wild Birds, Alaska, USA, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:365-367. [PMID: 28098546 PMCID: PMC5324823 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report reoccurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) virus clade 2.3.4.4 in a wild mallard in Alaska, USA, in August 2016. Identification of this virus in a migratory species confirms low-frequency persistence in North America and the potential for re-dissemination of the virus during the 2016 fall migration.
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25
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Ramey AM, DeLiberto TJ, Berhane Y, Swayne DE, Stallknecht DE. Lessons learned from research and surveillance directed at highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in wild birds inhabiting North America. Virology 2018; 518:55-63. [PMID: 29453059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following detections of highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A viruses (IAVs) in wild birds inhabiting East Asia after the turn of the millennium, the intensity of sampling of wild birds for IAVs increased throughout much of North America. The objectives for many research and surveillance efforts were directed towards detecting Eurasian origin HP IAVs and understanding the potential of such viruses to be maintained and dispersed by wild birds. In this review, we highlight five important lessons learned from research and surveillance directed at HP IAVs in wild birds inhabiting North America: (1) Wild birds may disperse IAVs between North America and adjacent regions via migration, (2) HP IAVs can be introduced to wild birds in North America, (3) HP IAVs may cross the wild bird-poultry interface in North America, (4) The probability of encountering and detecting a specific virus may be low, and (5) Population immunity of wild birds may influence HP IAV outbreaks in North America. We review empirical support derived from research and surveillance efforts for each lesson learned and, furthermore, identify implications for future surveillance efforts, biosecurity, and population health. We conclude our review by identifying five additional areas in which we think future mechanistic research relative to IAVs in wild birds in North America are likely to lead to other important lessons learned in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Thomas J DeLiberto
- National Wildlife Disease Program, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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26
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Wei K, Li Y. Global genetic variation and transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:504-517. [PMID: 29086491 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The H9N2 influenza viruses are extensively circulating in the poultry population, and variable genotypes can be generated through mutation, recombination and reassortment, which may be better adapted to infect a new host, resist drug treatment or escape immune pressure. The LPAI H9N2 viruses have the potential to evolve towards high levels of virulence in human. Some studies about the regional dispersal were reported, but global dissemination and the drivers of the virus are poorly understood, particularly at the genome scale. Here, we have analysed all eight gene segments of 168 H9N2 genomes sampled randomly aiming to provide a panoramic framework for better understanding the genesis and genetic variation of the viruses, and utilized phylogeography and spatial epidemiology approaches to uncover the effects of the genetic variation, predictors and spread of H9N2 viruses. We found that more frequent reassortment events involve segments PA, NP and NS, and 21 isolates have possible mosaic structure resulting from recombination events. Estimates of gene-specific global dN/dS ratios showed that all genes were subject to purifying selection. However, a total of 13 sites were detected under positive selection by at least two of three methods, which located within segments HA, NA, M2, NS1 and PA. Additionally, we inferred that NA segment has the highest rate of nucleotide substitution, and its tMRCA estimate is the youngest than the remaining segments' inference. About the spatial history, air transportation of human was identified as the predominant driver of global viral migration using GLM analysis, and economic factors and geographical distance were the modest predictors. Higher migration rates were estimated between five pairs of regions (>0.01) indicating the frequent migration of the viruses between discrete geographical locations. Further, our Markov jumps analysis showed that viral migration is more frequent between Southern China and Northern China, and high rate of gene flow was observed between America and East Asia. Moreover, the America together with Southeast Asia acted as the primary hubs of global transmission, forming the trunk of evolutionary tree. These findings suggested a complex interaction between virus evolution, epidemiology and human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Y Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
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27
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Surveillance for highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in California during 2014-2015 provides insights into viral evolutionary pathways and the spatiotemporal extent of viruses in the Pacific Americas Flyway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e80. [PMID: 28874792 PMCID: PMC5625317 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We used surveillance data collected in California before, concurrent with, and subsequent to an outbreak of highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in 2014–2015 to (i) evaluate IAV prevalence in waterfowl, (ii) assess the evidence for spill-over infections in marine mammals and (iii) genetically characterize low-pathogenic (LP) and HP IAVs to refine inference on the spatiotemporal extent of HP genome constellations and to evaluate possible evolutionary pathways. We screened samples from 1496 waterfowl and 1142 marine mammals collected from April 2014 to August 2015 and detected IAV RNA in 159 samples collected from birds (n=157) and pinnipeds (n=2). HP IAV RNA was identified in three samples originating from American wigeon (Anas americana). Genetic sequence data were generated for a clade 2.3.4.4 HP IAV-positive diagnostic sample and 57 LP IAV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HP IAV was a reassortant H5N8 virus with gene segments closely related to LP IAVs detected in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in California and other IAVs detected in wild birds sampled within the Pacific Americas Flyway. In addition, our analysis provided support for common ancestry between LP IAVs recovered from waterfowl sampled in California and gene segments of reassortant HP H5N1 IAVs detected in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. Our investigation provides evidence that waterfowl are likely to have played a role in the evolution of reassortant HP IAVs in the Pacific Americas Flyway during 2014–2015, whereas we did not find support for spill-over infections in potential pinniped hosts.
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28
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H9N2 Influenza A Virus Isolated from a Greater White-Fronted Wild Goose (Anser albifrons) in Alaska Has a Mutation in the PB2 Gene, Which Is Associated with Pathogenicity in Human Pandemic 2009 H1N1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e00869-16. [PMID: 27587808 PMCID: PMC5009965 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00869-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the genomic sequence of an H9N2 influenza A virus [A/greater white-fronted goose/Alaska/81081/2008 (H9N2)]. This virus shares ≥99.8% identity with a previously reported virus. Both strains contain a G590S mutation in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene, which is a pathogenicity marker in the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus when combined with R591.
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29
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Hill NJ, Runstadler JA. A Bird's Eye View of Influenza A Virus Transmission: Challenges with Characterizing Both Sides of a Co-Evolutionary Dynamic. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:304-16. [PMID: 27252222 PMCID: PMC5964799 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, wild birds and influenza A viruses (IAV) are continually co-evolving, locked into a back-and-forth of resistance and conquest that has approached a stable equilibrium over time. This co-evolutionary relationship between bird host and IAV may appear stable at the organismal level, but is highly dynamic at the molecular level manifesting in a constant trade-off between transmissibility and virulence of the virus. Characterizing both sides of the host-virus dynamic has presented a challenge for ecologists and virologists alike, despite the potential for this approach to provide insights into which conditions destabilize the equilibrium state resulting in outbreaks or mortality of hosts in extreme cases. The use of different methods that are either host-centric or virus-centric has made it difficult to reconcile the disparate fields of host ecology and virology for investigating and ultimately predicting wild bird-mediated transmission of IAV. This review distills some of the key lessons learned from virological and ecological studies and explores the promises and pitfalls of both approaches. Ultimately, reconciling ecological and virological approaches hinges on integrating scales for measuring host-virus interactions. We argue that prospects for finding common scales for measuring wild bird-influenza dynamics are improving due to advances in genomic sequencing, host-tracking technology and remote sensing data, with the unit of time (months, year, or seasons) providing a starting point for crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J Hill
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Comparative Medicine & Department of Biological Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge 02139
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Comparative Medicine & Department of Biological Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge 02139
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30
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The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9033-8. [PMID: 27457948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608853113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States-which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use-were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.
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31
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Ramey AM, Kim Torchetti M, Poulson RL, Carter D, Reeves AB, Link P, Walther P, Lebarbenchon C, Stallknecht DE. Evidence for wild waterfowl origin of H7N3 influenza A virus detected in captive-reared New Jersey pheasants. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2519-26. [PMID: 27372454 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In August 2014, a low-pathogenic H7N3 influenza A virus was isolated from pheasants at a New Jersey gamebird farm and hunting preserve. In this study, we use phylogenetic analyses and calculations of genetic similarity to gain inference into the genetic ancestry of this virus and to identify potential routes of transmission. Results of maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-clade-credibility (MCC) phylogenetic analyses provide evidence that A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014 (H7N3) had closely related H7 hemagglutinin (HA) and N3 neuraminidase (NA) gene segments as compared to influenza A viruses circulating among wild waterfowl in the central and eastern USA. The estimated time of the most recent common ancestry (TMRCA) between the pheasant virus and those most closely related from wild waterfowl was early 2013 for both the H7 HA and N3 NA gene segments. None of the viruses from waterfowl identified as being most closely related to A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014 at the HA and NA gene segments in ML and MCC phylogenetic analyses shared ≥99 % nucleotide sequence identity for internal gene segment sequences. This result indicates that specific viral strains identified in this study as being closely related to the HA and NA gene segments of A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014 were not the direct predecessors of the etiological agent identified during the New Jersey outbreak. However, the recent common ancestry of the H7 and N3 gene segments of waterfowl-origin viruses and the virus isolated from pheasants suggests that viral diversity maintained in wild waterfowl likely played an important role in the emergence of A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA.
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 844, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Deborah Carter
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Andrew B Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA
| | - Paul Link
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2000 Quail Drive, Room 436, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70808, USA
| | - Patrick Walther
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Texas Chenier Plain Refuge Complex, 4017 FM 563, P.O. Box 278, Anahuac, Texas, 77514, USA
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, Réunion
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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32
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Hill NJ, Ma EJ, Meixell BW, Lindberg MS, Boyce WM, Runstadler JA. Transmission of influenza reflects seasonality of wild birds across the annual cycle. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:915-25. [PMID: 27324078 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A Viruses (IAV) in nature must overcome shifting transmission barriers caused by the mobility of their primary host, migratory wild birds, that change throughout the annual cycle. Using a phylogenetic network of viral sequences from North American wild birds (2008-2011) we demonstrate a shift from intraspecific to interspecific transmission that along with reassortment, allows IAV to achieve viral flow across successive seasons from summer to winter. Our study supports amplification of IAV during summer breeding seeded by overwintering virus persisting locally and virus introduced from a wide range of latitudes. As birds migrate from breeding sites to lower latitudes, they become involved in transmission networks with greater connectivity to other bird species, with interspecies transmission of reassortant viruses peaking during the winter. We propose that switching transmission dynamics may be a critical strategy for pathogens that infect mobile hosts inhabiting regions with strong seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J Hill
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eric J Ma
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brandt W Meixell
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Mark S Lindberg
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Walter M Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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33
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Ramey AM, Reed JA, Walther P, Link P, Schmutz JA, Douglas DC, Stallknecht DE, Soos C. Evidence for the exchange of blood parasites between North America and the Neotropics in blue-winged teal (Anas discors). Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3923-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Ramey AM, Reeves AB, TeSlaa JL, Nashold S, Donnelly T, Bahl J, Hall JS. Evidence for common ancestry among viruses isolated from wild birds in Beringia and highly pathogenic intercontinental reassortant H5N1 and H5N2 influenza A viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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35
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Park JK, Yuk SS, Tseren-Ochir EO, Noh JY, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Experimental Infection of Chickens with Intercontinental Reassortant H9N2 Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds. Avian Dis 2016; 60:493-5. [DOI: 10.1637/11248-080415-resnoter] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Hussein ITM, Ma EJ, Hill NJ, Meixell BW, Lindberg M, Albrecht RA, Bahl J, Runstadler JA. A point mutation in the polymerase protein PB2 allows a reassortant H9N2 influenza isolate of wild-bird origin to replicate in human cells. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:279-288. [PMID: 27101787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza A viruses are on the list of potentially pandemic subtypes. Therefore, it is important to understand how genomic reassortment and genetic polymorphisms affect phenotypes of H9N2 viruses circulating in the wild bird reservoir. A comparative genetic analysis of North American H9N2 isolates of wild bird origin identified a naturally occurring reassortant virus containing gene segments derived from both North American and Eurasian lineage ancestors. The PB2 segment of this virus encodes 10 amino acid changes that distinguish it from other H9 strains circulating in North America. G590S, one of the 10 amino acid substitutions observed, was present in ~12% of H9 viruses worldwide. This mutation combined with R591 has been reported as a marker of pathogenicity for human pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses. Screening by polymerase reporter assay of all the natural polymorphisms at these two positions identified G590/K591 and S590/K591 as the most active, with the highest polymerase activity recorded for the SK polymorphism. Rescued viruses containing these two polymorphic combinations replicated more efficiently in MDCK cells and they were the only ones tested that were capable of establishing productive infection in NHBE cells. A global analysis of all PB2 sequences identified the K591 signature in six viral HA/NA subtypes isolated from several hosts in seven geographic locations. Interestingly, introducing the K591 mutation into the PB2 of a human-adapted H3N2 virus did not affect its polymerase activity. Our findings demonstrate that a single point mutation in the PB2 of a low pathogenic H9N2 isolate could have a significant effect on viral phenotype and increase its propensity to infect mammals. However, this effect is not universal, warranting caution in interpreting point mutations without considering protein sequence context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam T M Hussein
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Ma
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nichola J Hill
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandt W Meixell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Mark Lindberg
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Biological Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Ramey AM, Pearce JM, Reeves AB, Poulson RL, Dobson J, Lefferts B, Spragens K, Stallknecht DE. Surveillance for Eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Alaska, spring and summer 2015. Virol J 2016; 13:55. [PMID: 27036114 PMCID: PMC4815243 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A viruses (IAVs) were first detected in North America in wild, captive, and domestic birds during November-December 2014. Detections of HP viruses in wild birds in the contiguous United States and southern Canadian provinces continued into winter and spring of 2015 raising concerns that migratory birds could potentially disperse viruses to more northerly breeding areas where they could be maintained to eventually seed future poultry outbreaks. RESULTS We sampled 1,129 wild birds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, one of the largest breeding areas for waterfowl in North America, during spring and summer of 2015 to test for Eurasian lineage and intercontinental reassortant HP H5 IAVs and potential progeny viruses. We did not detect HP IAVs in our sample collection from western Alaska; however, we isolated five low pathogenic (LP) viruses. Four isolates were of the H6N1 (n = 2), H6N2, and H9N2 combined subtypes whereas the fifth isolate was a mixed infection that included H3 and N7 gene segments. Genetic characterization of these five LP IAVs isolated from cackling (Branta hutchinsii; n = 2) and greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons; n = 3), revealed three viral gene segments sharing high nucleotide identity with HP H5 viruses recently detected in North America. Additionally, one of the five isolates was comprised of multiple Eurasian lineage gene segments. CONCLUSIONS Our results did not provide direct evidence for circulation of HP IAVs in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska during spring and summer of 2015. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of LP IAVs during the sampling period are concordant with previous findings of relatively low viral prevalence in geese during spring, non-detection of IAVs in geese during summer, and evidence for intercontinental exchange of viruses in western Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
| | - John M Pearce
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Andrew B Reeves
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jennifer Dobson
- Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, 900 Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway, Bethel, AK, 99559, USA
| | - Brian Lefferts
- Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, 900 Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway, Bethel, AK, 99559, USA
| | - Kyle Spragens
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, 807 Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway, Bethel, AK, 99559, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Reeves AB, Poulson RL, Muzyka D, Ogawa H, Imai K, Bui VN, Hall JS, Pantin-Jackwood M, Stallknecht DE, Ramey AM. Limited evidence of intercontinental dispersal of avian paramyxovirus serotype 4 by migratory birds. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:104-108. [PMID: 26925702 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Avian paramyxovirus serotype 4 (APMV-4) is a single stranded RNA virus that has most often been isolated from waterfowl. Limited information has been reported regarding the prevalence, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of AMPV-4. To assess the intercontinental dispersal of this viral agent, we sequenced the fusion gene of 58 APMV-4 isolates collected in the United States, Japan and the Ukraine and compared them to all available sequences on GenBank. With only a single exception the phylogenetic clades of APMV-4 sequences were monophyletic with respect to their continents of origin (North America, Asia and Europe). Thus, we detected limited evidence for recent intercontinental dispersal of APMV-4 in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Reeves
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Pushkinska Street 83, 61023, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jeffrey S Hall
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30677, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
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Wild bird surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 in North America. Virol J 2015; 12:151. [PMID: 26411256 PMCID: PMC4584468 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how the current Asian origin highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses arrived, but these viruses are now poised to become endemic in North America. Wild birds harbor these viruses and have dispersed them at regional scales. What is unclear is how the viruses may be moving from the wild bird reservoir into poultry holdings. Active surveillance of live wild birds is likely the best way to determine the true distribution of these viruses. We also suggest that sampling be focused on regions with the greatest risk for poultry losses and attempt to define the mechanisms of transfer to enhance biosecurity. Responding to the recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in North America requires an efficient plan with clear objectives and potential management outcomes.
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Botta G, Bizzarri BM, Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Bisignano B, Amatore D, Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Saladino R. Carbon nanotubes supported tyrosinase in the synthesis of lipophilic hydroxytyrosol and dihydrocaffeoyl catechols with antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5345-51. [PMID: 26260341 PMCID: PMC7125559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol and dihydrocaffeoyl catechols with lipophilic properties have been synthesized in high yield using tyrosinase immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes by the Layer-by-Layer technique. All synthesized catechols were evaluated against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses, including Poliovirus type 1, Echovirus type 9, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Coxsackievirus type B3 (Cox B3), Adenovirus type 2 and type 5 and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). A significant antiviral activity was observed in the inhibition of HSV-1, HSV-2, Cox B3 and CMV. The mechanism of action of the most active dihydrocaffeoyl derivative was investigated against a model of HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Botta
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
| | - Bruno Mattia Bizzarri
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
| | - Adriana Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Timpanaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bisignano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiological Section, University of Catania (CT), Via Androne, 81 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo (VT), Italy
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Sampling of Sea Ducks for Influenza A Viruses in Alaska during Winter Provides Lack of Evidence for Epidemiologic Peak of Infection. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:938-41. [PMID: 26267465 DOI: 10.7589/2015-03-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sampling of sea ducks for influenza A viruses in Alaska during winter provided no evidence for an epidemiologic peak of infection. Isolates were recovered, however, that provide information on viral diversity and dispersal that may not be realized through sampling efforts focused on other avian taxa.
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