1
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Jiang Y, Han C, Gong H, Chen J, Tang B, Yang M, Qin Q, Wei S. Berberine inhibits SGIV replication by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109522. [PMID: 38548190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for high mortality and huge economic losses in the grouper aquaculture industry. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant alkaloid, is a phytochemical having a variety of biological properties, such as antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we used an in vitro model based on Western blot, ROS fluorescence probe, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to examine the antiviral qualities of BBR against SGIV. The outcomes demonstrated that varying BBR concentrations could significantly inhibit the replication of SGIV. In addition, BBR greatly inhibited the production of genes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines in SGIV-infected or SGIV-uninfected GS cells based on qRT-PCR data. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that BBR suppressed the expression of the promoter activity of NF-κB and NF-κB-p65 protein. Additionally, BBR reduced the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38. Furthermore, BBR also inhibits SGIV-induced ROS production by upregulating the expression of antioxidant-related genes. In conclusion, BBR is a viable therapy option for SGIV infection due to its antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hannan Gong
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiatao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biao Tang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
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2
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Analysis of codon usage bias of exonuclease genes in invertebrate iridescent viruses. Virology 2024; 593:110030. [PMID: 38402641 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent viruses (IIVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the Iridoviridae family. IIVs result diseases that vary in severity from subclinical to lethal in invertebrate hosts. Codon usage bias (CUB) analysis is a versatile method for comprehending the genetic and evolutionary aspects of species. In this study, we analyzed the CUB in 10 invertebrate iridescent viruses exonuclease genes by calculating and comparing the nucleotide contents, effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and others. The results revealed that IIVs exonuclease genes are rich in A/T. The ENC analysis displayed a low codon usage bias in IIVs exonuclease genes. ENC-plot, neutrality plot, and parity rule 2 plot demonstrated that besides mutational pressure, other factors like natural selection, dinucleotide content, and aromaticity also contributed to CUB. The findings could enhance our understanding of the evolution of IIVs exonuclease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Türkiye.
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3
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Liang M, Pan W, You Y, Qin X, Su H, Zhan Z, Weng S, Guo C, He J. Hypermethylated genome of a fish vertebrate iridovirus ISKNV plays important roles in viral infection. Commun Biol 2024; 7:237. [PMID: 38413759 PMCID: PMC10899263 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are nucleocytoplasmic large dsDNA viruses that infect invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates. The hypermethylated genome of vertebrate iridoviruses is unique among animal viruses. However, the map and function of iridovirus genomic methylation remain unknown. Herein, the methylated genome of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV, a fish iridovirus), and its role in viral infection, are investigated. The methylation level of ISKNV is 23.44%. The hypermethylated genome is essential for ISKNV amplification, but there is no correlation between hypermethylation and viral gene expression. The hypomethylated ISKNV (obtained via 5-Azacytidine) activates a strong immunoreaction in vitro and reduces its pathogenicity in vivo. The unmethylated viral DNA can induce a stronger immunoreaction in vitro, whereas inactivated hypomethylated ISKNV can induce a stronger immunoreaction in vivo, suggesting ISKNV may evade from immune system by increasing its genome methylation level. Our work provides new insights into the role of genome methylation in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanlin You
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhi L, Zhao Y, Qin Q, Huang Y, Huang X. Singapore grouper iridovirus VP20 interacts with grouper TBK1 and IRF3 to attenuate the interferon immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109349. [PMID: 38184183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), belonging to genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae, is a highly pathogenic agent and causes heavy economic losses in the global grouper aquaculture. Recent studies demonstrated that SGIV infection attenuated antiviral immune and inflammatory response induced by poly (I:C) in vitro. However, little was known about the potential functions of the immune regulatory proteins encoded by SGIV. Here, we identified the detailed roles of VP20 and clarified the potential mechanism underlying its immune regulatory function during SGIV infection. Our results showed that VP20 was an IE gene, and partially co-localized with Golgi apparatus and lysosomes in grouper cells. Overexpression of VP20 enhanced SGIV replication, demonstrated by the increase in the transcription levels of viral core genes and the protein synthesis of MCP. Reporter gene assays showed that SGIV VP20 overexpression significantly reduced the IFN promoter activity induced by poly (I:C), grouper stimulator of interferon genes (EcSTING) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1). Consistently, the transcription levels of IFN related genes were significantly decreased in VP20 overexpressing cells compared to those in control cells. Co-IP assay and confocal microscopy observations indicated that VP20 co-localized and interacted with EcTBK1 and EcIRF3, but not EcSTING. In addition, VP20 was able to degrade EcIRF3 and attenuate the antiviral action of EcIRF3, while had no effect on EcTBK1. Together, SGIV VP20 was speculated to promote viral replication through attenuating the IFN response mediated by TBK1-IRF3 in vitro. Our findings provided new insights into the immune regulatory function of SGIV encoded unknown proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxing Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Linyong Zhi
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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5
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Wang Y, Zhao X, Qin Q, Cai B, Wei S. Polysaccharides derived from Spirulina platensis inhibited Singapore grouper iridovirus by impeding the entry of viral particles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128860. [PMID: 38123030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Attributable to the rapid dissemination and high lethality of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), it has caused significant economic losses for marine fish aquaculture in China and Southeast Asian nations. Hence, there is an urgent need to find antiviral drugs that are both safe and effective. In this study, a novel heteropolysaccharide named Spirulina platensis polysaccharides (SPP) was purified and characterized from S. platensis. The molecular weight of SPP is 276 kDa and it mainly consists of Glc and Rha, followed by minor components such as Gal, Xyl, and Fuc. The backbone of SPP was determined to be →2) -β-Rhap-(1 → 4) -α-Fucp-(1 → [2) -α-Rhap-(1] 2[→6)-α-Glcp-(1] 4[→ 4) -α-Glcp-(1] 8[→ 4) -β-Glcp-(1]2→, with branches of β-Galp, α-Xylp and α-Glcp. SPP significantly inhibited SGIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPEs), viral gene replication and viral protein expression. The antiviral mechanism of SPP was associated with the disruption of SGIV entry to host cells. Furthermore, it was not observed that SPP made statistically significant impact on the expression of interferon-related cytokines. Our results offered novel insights into the potential utilization of spirulina polysaccharides for combating aquatic animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangtan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou 511457, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 528478, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Bingna Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou 511457, China.
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6
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De Jesús Andino F, Davydenko A, Webb RJ, Robert J. The Binding, Infection, and Promoted Growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis by the Ranavirus FV3. Viruses 2024; 16:154. [PMID: 38275964 PMCID: PMC10818972 DOI: 10.3390/v16010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing reports suggest the occurrence of co-infection between Ranaviruses such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in various amphibian species. However, the potential direct interaction of these two pathogens has not been examined to date. In this study, we investigated whether FV3 can interact with Bd in vitro using qPCR, conventional microscopy, and immunofluorescent microscopy. Our results reveal the unexpected ability of FV3 to bind, promote aggregation, productively infect, and significantly increase Bd growth in vitro. To extend these results in vivo, we assessed the impact of FV3 on Xenopus tropicalis frogs previously infected with Bd. Consistent with in vitro results, FV3 exposure to previously Bd-infected X. tropicalis significantly increased Bd loads and decreased the host's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco De Jesús Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (F.D.J.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Anton Davydenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (F.D.J.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Rebecca J. Webb
- Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (F.D.J.A.); (A.D.)
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7
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He JH, Shen W, Han D, Yan M, Luo M, Deng H, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Molecular mechanism of the interaction between Megalocytivirus-induced virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) and lymphatic endothelial cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0048023. [PMID: 37877715 PMCID: PMC10688346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00480-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viruses are able to mimic the physiological or pathological mechanism of the host to favor their infection and replication. Virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) is a Megalocytivirus-induced extracellular structure formed on the surface of infected cells and structurally and functionally mimics the basement membrane of the host. VMBM provides specific support for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) rather than blood endothelial cells to adhere to the surface of infected cells, which constitutes a unique phenomenon of Megalocytivirus infection. Here, the structure of VMBM and the interactions between VMBM components and LECs have been analyzed at the molecular level. The regulatory effect of VMBM components on the proliferation and migration of LECs has also been explored. This study helps to understand the mechanism of LEC-specific attachment to VMBM and to address the issue of where the LECs come from in the context of Megalocytivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Chan SH, Molé CN, Nye D, Mitchell L, Dai N, Buss J, Kneller DW, Whipple JM, Robb GB. Biochemical characterization of mRNA capping enzyme from Faustovirus. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1803-1817. [PMID: 37625853 PMCID: PMC10578482 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079738.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian mRNA 5' cap structures play important roles in cellular processes such as nuclear export, efficient translation, and evading cellular innate immune surveillance and regulating 5'-mediated mRNA turnover. Hence, installation of the proper 5' cap is crucial in therapeutic applications of synthetic mRNA. The core 5' cap structure, Cap-0, is generated by three sequential enzymatic activities: RNA 5' triphosphatase, RNA guanylyltransferase, and cap N7-guanine methyltransferase. Vaccinia virus RNA capping enzyme (VCE) is a heterodimeric enzyme that has been widely used in synthetic mRNA research and manufacturing. The large subunit of VCE D1R exhibits a modular structure where each of the three structural domains possesses one of the three enzyme activities, whereas the small subunit D12L is required to activate the N7-guanine methyltransferase activity. Here, we report the characterization of a single-subunit RNA capping enzyme from an amoeba giant virus. Faustovirus RNA capping enzyme (FCE) exhibits a modular array of catalytic domains in common with VCE and is highly efficient in generating the Cap-0 structure without an activation subunit. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that FCE and VCE are descended from a common ancestral capping enzyme. We found that compared to VCE, FCE exhibits higher specific activity, higher activity toward RNA containing secondary structures and a free 5' end, and a broader temperature range, properties favorable for synthetic mRNA manufacturing workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hong Chan
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | - Christa N Molé
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | - Dillon Nye
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | - Lili Mitchell
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | - Nan Dai
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | - Jackson Buss
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
| | | | | | - G Brett Robb
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
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9
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Steel R, Hamed M, Haugom JT, Ho T, Kenner N, Malfavon-Borja J, Morgans S, Salek SA, Seylani A, Jancovich JK. Age- and dose-dependent susceptibility of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by bath exposure to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Virology 2023; 588:109909. [PMID: 37879268 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are large, dsDNA viruses that have significant ecological and economic impact on cold-blooded vertebrates. However, our understanding of the viral proteins and subsequent host immune response(s) that impact susceptibility to infection and disease is not clear. The ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), originally isolated from the Sonoran tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi), is highly pathogenic at low doses of ATV at all tiger salamander life stages and this model has been used to explore the host-pathogen interactions of ATV infection. However, inconsistencies in the availability of laboratory reared larval tiger salamanders required us to look at the well characterized axolotl (A. mexicanum) as a model for ATV infection. Data obtained from five infection experiments over different developmental timepoints suggest that axolotls are susceptible to ATV in an age- and dose-dependent manner. These data support the use of the ATV-axolotl model to further explore the host-pathogen interactions of ranavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Steel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Michelle Hamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Josefine T Haugom
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Trang Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Joanna Malfavon-Borja
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Scott Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Savannah A Salek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Allen Seylani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - James K Jancovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA.
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10
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Advances on genomes studies of large DNA viruses in aquaculture: A minireview. Genomics 2023; 115:110720. [PMID: 37757975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Genomic studies of viral diseases in aquaculture have received more and more attention with the growth of the aquaculture industry, especially the emerging and re-emerging viruses whose genome could contain recombination, mutation, insertion, and so on, and may lead to more severe diseases and more widespread infections in aquaculture animals. The present review is focused on aquaculture viruses, which is belonged to two clades, Varidnaviria and Duplodnaviria, and one class Naldaviricetes, and respectively three families: Iridoviridae (ranaviruses), Alloherpesviridae (fish herpesviruses), and Nimaviridae (whispoviruses). The viruses possessed DNA genomes nearly or larger than 100 kbp with gene numbers more than 100 and were considered large DNA viruses. Genome analysis and experimental investigation have identified several genes involved in genome replication, transcription, and virus-host interactions. In addition, some genes involved in virus genetic variation or specificity were also discussed. A summary of these advances would provide reference to future discovery and research on emerging or re-emerging aquaculture viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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11
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Douglas AJ, Katzenback BA. The wood frog (Rana sylvatica): An emerging comparative model for anuran immunity and host-ranavirus interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104733. [PMID: 37550009 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is widely distributed across North America and is the only amphibian found north of the Arctic Circle due to its remarkable ability to tolerate whole-body freezing. Recent mass mortalities attributable to Ranavirus spp. (family Iridoviridae) in wild juvenile wood frogs, coupled with the apparent high susceptibility of wood frogs to experimental infection with frog virus 3 (FV3), the type species of the Ranavirus genus, or FV3-like isolates underscore the serious threat ranaviruses poses to wood frog populations. Despite the ecological relevance and unique life history of wood frogs, our understanding of the wood frog immune system and antiviral response to ranaviral infections is in its infancy. Here we aim to (1) synthesize the limited knowledge of wood frog immune defences, (2) review recent progress in establishing the wood frog as a study system for ranavirus infection, and (3) highlight the future use of wood frogs as a model anuran to provide insight into the evolution of anuran immune systems and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Douglas
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada.
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12
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Lei Z, Lian L, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhai S, Yuan X, Wei J, Liu H, Liu Y, Du Z, Gul I, Zhang H, Qin Z, Zeng S, Jia P, Du K, Deng L, Yu D, He Q, Qin P. Detection of Frog Virus 3 by Integrating RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-SPM with Deep Learning. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32555-32564. [PMID: 37720737 PMCID: PMC10500685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A fast, easy-to-implement, highly sensitive, and point-of-care (POC) detection system for frog virus 3 (FV3) is proposed. Combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR/Cas12a, a limit of detection (LoD) of 100 aM (60.2 copies/μL) is achieved by optimizing RPA primers and CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). For POC detection, smartphone microscopy is implemented, and an LoD of 10 aM is achieved in 40 min. The proposed system detects four positive animal-derived samples with a quantitation cycle (Cq) value of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the range of 13 to 32. In addition, deep learning models are deployed for binary classification (positive or negative samples) and multiclass classification (different concentrations of FV3 and negative samples), achieving 100 and 98.75% accuracy, respectively. Without temperature regulation and expensive equipment, the proposed RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a combined with smartphone readouts and artificial-intelligence-assisted classification showcases the great potential for FV3 detection, specifically POC detection of DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Lei
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lijin Lian
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Likun Zhang
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Changyue Liu
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Shiyao Zhai
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department
of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The
People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi
Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Centre, Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Centre, Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518045, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Ijaz Gul
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Haihui Zhang
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518033, China
| | - Shaoling Zeng
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518033, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Quality and
Standards Academy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lin Deng
- Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- School
of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Qian He
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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13
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Perakakis N, Harb H, Hale BG, Varga Z, Steenblock C, Kanczkowski W, Alexaki VI, Ludwig B, Mirtschink P, Solimena M, Toepfner N, Zeissig S, Gado M, Abela IA, Beuschlein F, Spinas GA, Cavelti-Weder C, Gerber PA, Huber M, Trkola A, Puhan MA, Wong WWL, Linkermann A, Mohan V, Lehnert H, Nawroth P, Chavakis T, Mingrone G, Wolfrum C, Zinkernagel AS, Bornstein SR. Mechanisms and clinical relevance of the bidirectional relationship of viral infections with metabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:675-693. [PMID: 37524103 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have been present during all evolutionary steps on earth and have had a major effect on human history. Viral infections are still among the leading causes of death. Another public health concern is the increase of non-communicable metabolic diseases in the last four decades. In this Review, we revisit the scientific evidence supporting the presence of a strong bidirectional feedback loop between several viral infections and metabolic diseases. We discuss how viruses might lead to the development or progression of metabolic diseases and conversely, how metabolic diseases might increase the severity of a viral infection. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of the current evidence on the relationship between viral infections and metabolic disease and the present and future challenges that should be addressed by the scientific community and health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Hani Harb
- Medical Microbiology and Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Benjamin G Hale
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute for Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Department of Molecular Diabetology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Manuel Gado
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Irene Alma Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giatgen A Spinas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Gerber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wendy Wei-Lynn Wong
- and Department of Molecular Life Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Presidential Office, Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Institute for Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Munich, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Logan SR, Seegobin M, Emery RJN, Brunetti CR. Components of the Nucleotide Salvage Pathway Increase Frog Virus 3 (FV3) Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:1716. [PMID: 37632058 PMCID: PMC10460048 DOI: 10.3390/v15081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter host metabolic machinery to obtain energy and macromolecules that are pivotal for replication. Ranavirus, including the type species of the genus frog virus 3 (FV3), represent an ecologically important group of viruses that infect fish, amphibians, and reptiles. It was established that fatty acid synthesis, glucose, and glutamine metabolism exert roles during iridovirus infections; however, no information exists regarding the role of purine metabolism. In this study, we assessed the impact of exogenously applied purines adenine, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on FV3 replication. We found that all compounds except for SAH increased FV3 replication in a dose-dependent manner. Of the purines investigated, adenine and adenosine produced the most robust response, increasing FV3 replication by 58% and 51%, respectively. While all compounds except SAH increased FV3 replication, only adenine increased plaque area. This suggests that the stimulatory effect of adenine on FV3 replication is mediated by a mechanism that is at least in part independent from the other compounds investigated. Our results are the first to report a response to exogenously applied purines and may provide insight into the importance of purine metabolism during iridoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig R. Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (S.R.L.); (R.J.N.E.)
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15
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Wang YX, Xu SF, Wang YW, Jiang YX, Qin QW, Wei SN. Curcumin Alleviates Singapore Grouper Iridovirus-Induced Intestine Injury in Orange-Spotted Grouper ( Epinephelus coioides). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1584. [PMID: 37627579 PMCID: PMC10452002 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a new ranavirus species in the Iridoviridae family, whose high lethality and rapid spread have resulted in enormous economic losses for the aquaculture industry. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, has been proven to possess multiple biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. This study was conducted to determine whether curcumin protected orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) from SGIV-induced intestinal damage by affecting the inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and intestinal microbiota. Random distribution of healthy orange-spotted groupers (8.0 ± 1.0 cm and 9.0 ± 1.0 g) into six experimental groups (each group with 90 groupers): Control, DMSO, curcumin, SGIV, DMSO + SGIV, and curcumin + SGIV. The fish administered gavage received DMSO dilution solution or 640 mg/L curcumin every day for 15 days and then were injected intraperitoneally with SGIV 24 h after the last gavage. When more than half of the groupers in the SGIV group perished, samples from each group were collected for intestinal health evaluation. Our results showed that curcumin significantly alleviated intestine damage and repaired intestinal barrier dysfunction, which was identified by decreased intestine permeability and serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and increased expressions of tight junction proteins during SGIV infection. Moreover, curcumin treatment suppressed intestinal cells apoptosis and inflammatory response caused by SGIV and protected intestinal cells from oxidative injury by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which was related to the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Moreover, we found that curcumin treatment restored the disruption of the intestinal microbiota caused by SGIV infection. Our study provided a theoretical basis for the functional development of curcumin in aquaculture by highlighting the protective effect of curcumin against SGIV-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
| | - Sui-Feng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
| | - Ye-Wen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
| | - Yun-Xiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 528478, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shi-Na Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.-X.W.); (S.-F.X.); (Y.-W.W.); (Y.-X.J.)
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16
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Liang X, Liang J, Cao J, Liu S, Wang Q, Ning Y, Liang Z, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Luo J, Chen Y, Huang X, Huang Y, Qin Q, Zhou S. Oral immunizations with Bacillus subtilis spores displaying VP19 protein provide protection against Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection in grouper. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108860. [PMID: 37257567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Disease caused by Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) results in major economic losses in the global grouper aquaculture industry. Vaccination is considered to be the most effective way to protect grouper from SGIV. In this study, the spores of Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) WB600 were utilized as the vehicle that the VP19 protein was displayed on the spores surface. To further investigate the effect of oral vaccination, the grouper were orally immunized with B.s-CotC-19 spores. After challenged, the survival rate of grouper orally vaccinated with B.s-CotC-19 spores was 34.5% and the relative percent survival (RPS) was 28.7% compared to the PBS group. Moreover, the viral load in the tissues of the B.s-CotC-19 group was significantly lower than that of the PBS group. The histopathological sections of head kidney and liver tissue from the B.s-CotC-19 group showed significantly less histopathology compared to the PBS group. In addition, the specific IgM levels in serum in the B.s-CotC-19 group was higher than those in the PBS group. In the hindgut tissue, the immune-related gene expression detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) exhibited an increasing trend in different degrees in the B.s-CotC-19 group, suggesting that the innate and adaptive immune responses were activated. These results indicated that the oral administration of recombinant B.subtilis spores was effective for preventing SGIV infection. This study provided a feasible strategy for the controlling of fish virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjia Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinqiao Cao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunshang Ning
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zengjian Liang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zemiao Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingjing Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Huang
- ZhongShan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Sheng Zhou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266000, China.
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17
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Yu XD, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Genome Characteristics of Two Ranavirus Isolates from Mandarin Fish and Largemouth Bass. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050730. [PMID: 37242400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are promiscuous pathogens that threaten lower vertebrates globally. In the present study, two ranaviruses (SCRaV and MSRaV) were isolated from two fishes of the order Perciformes: mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The two ranaviruses both induced cytopathic effects in cultured cells from fish and amphibians and have the typical morphologic characteristics of ranaviruses. Complete genomes of the two ranaviruses were then sequenced and analyzed. Genomes of SCRaV and MSRaV have a length of 99, 405, and 99, 171 bp, respectively, and both contain 105 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven of the predicted proteins have differences between SCRaV and MSRaV, in which only one (79L) possessed a relatively large difference. A comparison of the sequenced six ranaviruses from the two fish species worldwide revealed that sequence identities of the six proteins (11R, 19R, 34L, 68L, 77L, and 103R) were related to the place where the virus was isolated. However, there were obvious differences in protein sequence identities between the two viruses and iridoviruses from other hosts, with more than half lower than 55%. Especially, 12 proteins of the two isolates had no homologs in viruses from other hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ranaviruses from the two fishes clustered in one clade. Further genome alignment showed five groups of genome arrangements of ranaviruses based on the locally collinear blocks, in which the ranaviruses, including SCRaV and MSRaV, constitute the fifth group. These results provide new information on the ranaviruses infecting fishes of Perciformes and also are useful for further research of functional genomics of the type of ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Ke
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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18
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Douglas AJ, Todd LA, Katzenback BA. The amphibian invitrome: Past, present, and future contributions to our understanding of amphibian immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104644. [PMID: 36708792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many amphibian populations are declining worldwide, and infectious diseases are a leading cause. Given the eminent threat infectious diseases pose to amphibian populations, there is a need to understand the host-pathogen-environment interactions that govern amphibian susceptibility to disease and mortality events. However, using animals in research raises an ethical dilemma, which is magnified by the alarming rates at which many amphibian populations are declining. Thus, in vitro study systems such as cell lines represent valuable tools for furthering our understanding of amphibian immune systems. In this review, we curate a list of the amphibian cell lines established to date (the amphibian invitrome), highlight how research using amphibian cell lines has advanced our understanding of the amphibian immune system, anti-ranaviral defence mechanisms, and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis replication in host cells, and offer our perspective on how future use of amphibian cell lines can advance the field of amphibian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Douglas
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lauren A Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Rollins-Smith LA. The importance of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in amphibian skin defense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104657. [PMID: 36754220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced for defense in nearly all taxa from simple bacteria to complex mammalian species. Some amphibian families have developed this defensive strategy to a high level of sophistication by loading the AMPs into specialized granular glands within the dermis. Enervated by the sympathetic nervous system, the granular glands are poised to deliver an array of AMPs to cleanse the wound and facilitate healing. There have been a number of excellent review publications in recent years that describe amphibian AMPs with an emphasis on their possible uses for human medicine. Instead, my aim here is to review what is known about the nature of amphibian AMPs, the diversity of amphibian AMPs, regulation of their production, and to provide the accumulated evidence that they do, indeed, play an important role in the protection of amphibian skin, vital for survival. While much has been learned about amphibian AMPs, there are still important gaps in our understanding of peptide synthesis, storage, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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20
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Cai YJ, He JY, Yang XY, Huang W, Fu XM, Guo SQ, Yang JJ, Dong JD, Zeng HT, Wu YJ, Qin Z, Qin QW, Sun HY. Molecular characterization, expression and function analysis of Epinephelus coioides PKC-ɑ response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104646. [PMID: 36702214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) constitutes the main signal transduction pathway, and participates in the signal pathway of cell proliferation and movement in mammals. In this study, PKC-ɑ was obtained from Epinephelus coioides, an important marine fish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China and Southeast Asia. The full length cDNA of PKC-ɑ was 3362 bp in length containing a 23 bp 5'UTR, a 1719 bp 3'UTR, and a 1620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. It contains three conservative domains including protein kinase C conserved region 2 (C2), Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain (S_TKc) and ser/thr-type protein kinases (S_TK_X). Its mRNA can be detected in all 11 tissues examined of E. coioides, and the expression was significantly upregulated response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, one of the important pathogens of marine fish. Upregulated E. coioides PKC-ɑ significantly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and SGIV-induced cell apoptosis. The results indicated that the PKC-ɑ may play an important role in pathogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Cai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Qing Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie-Jia Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jun-De Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, 510301, PR China
| | - Hai-Tian Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhou Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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21
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Volpe E, Errani F, Mandrioli L, Ciulli S. Advances in Viral Aquatic Animal Disease Knowledge: The Molecular Methods' Contribution. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030466. [PMID: 36979158 PMCID: PMC10045235 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-producing sector, with a global production of 122.6 million tonnes in 2020. Nonetheless, aquatic animal production can be hampered by the occurrence of viral diseases. Furthermore, intensive farming conditions and an increasing number of reared fish species have boosted the number of aquatic animals' pathogens that researchers have to deal with, requiring the quick development of new detection and study methods for novel unknown pathogens. In this respect, the molecular tools have significantly contributed to investigating thoroughly the structural constituents of fish viruses and providing efficient detection methods. For instance, next-generation sequencing has been crucial in reassignment to the correct taxonomic family, the sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, a group of viruses historically known, but mistakenly considered as iridoviruses. Further methods such as in situ hybridisation allowed objectifying the role played by the pathogen in the determinism of disease, as the cyprinid herpesvirus 2, ostreid herpesvirus 1 and betanodaviruses. Often, a combination of molecular techniques is crucial to understanding the viral role, especially when the virus is detected in a new aquatic animal species. With this paper, the authors would critically revise the scientific literature, dealing with the molecular techniques employed hitherto to study the most relevant finfish and shellfish viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
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22
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Guo X, Wang W, Zheng Q, Qin Q, Huang Y, Huang X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals different host cell responses to Singapore grouper iridovirus and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:136-147. [PMID: 35921938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) are important pathogens that cause high mortality and heavy economic losses in grouper aquaculture. Interestingly, SGIV infection in grouper cells induces paraptosis-like cell death, while RGNNV infection induces autophagy and necrosis characterized morphologically by vacuolation of lysosome. Here, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out to identify the different molecular events during SGIV and RGNNV infection in grouper spleen (EAGS) cells. The functional enrichment analysis of DEGs suggested that several signaling pathways were involved in CPE progression and host immune response against SGIV or RGNNV. Most of DEGs featured in the KEGG "lysosome pathway" were up-regulated in RGNNV-infected cells, indicating that RGNNV induced lysosomal vacuolization and autophagy might be due to the disturbance of lysosomal function. More than 100 DEGs in cytoskeleton pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway were identified during SGIV infection, providing additional evidence for the roles of cytoskeleton remodeling in cell rounding during CPE progression and MAPK signaling in SGIV induced cell death. Of note, consistent with changes at the transcriptional levels, the post-translational modifications of MAPK signaling-related proteins were also detected during RGNNV infection, and the inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK significantly suppressed viral replication and virus induced vacuoles formation. Moreover, the majority of DEGs in interferon and inflammation signaling were obviously up-regulated during RGNNV infection, but down-regulated during SGIV infection, suggesting that SGIV and RGNNV differently manipulated host immune response in vitro. In addition, purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathways were also differently regulated in SGIV and RGNNV-infection cells. Taken together, our data will provide new insights into understanding the potential mechanisms underlying different host cell responses against fish DNA and RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Guo
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Yang J, Xu W, Wang W, Pan Z, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. Largemouth Bass Virus Infection Induced Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in MsF Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071568. [PMID: 35891548 PMCID: PMC9321053 DOI: 10.3390/v14071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), belonging to the genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality and heavy economic losses in largemouth bass aquaculture. In the present study, a novel cell line, designated as MsF, was established from the fin of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and applied to investigate the characteristics of cell death induced by LMBV. MsF cells showed susceptibility to LMBV, evidenced by the occurrence of a cytopathic effect (CPE), increased viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, and viral titers. In LMBV-infected MsF cells, two or more virus assembly sites were observed around the nucleus. Notably, no apoptotic bodies occurred in LMBV-infected MsF cells after nucleus staining, suggesting that cell death induced by LMBV in host cells was distinct from apoptosis. Consistently, DNA fragmentation was not detected in LMBV-infected MsF cells. Furthermore, only caspase-8 and caspase-3 were significantly activated in LMBV-infected MsF cells, suggesting that caspases were involved in non-apoptotic cell death induced by LMBV in host cells. In addition, the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected in both LMBV-infected MsF cells and fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Combined with our previous study, we propose that cell death induced by LMBV infection was cell type dependent. Although LMBV-infected MsF cells showed the characteristics of non-apoptotic cell death, the signal pathways might crosstalk and interconnect between apoptosis and other PCD during LMBV infection. Together, our results not only established the in vitro LMBV infection model for the study of the interaction between LMBV and host cells but also shed new insights into the mechanisms of ranavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Weihua Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Wenji Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Zanbin Pan
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youhua Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
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24
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Andrias davidianus Ranavirus (ADRV) Genome Replicate Efficiently by Engaging Cellular Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050952. [PMID: 35632694 PMCID: PMC9142936 DOI: 10.3390/v14050952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, replication of ranaviruses (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) involves a series of viral and host proteins. We have described that the replication and transcription machinery of Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) which was isolated from the Chinese giant salamander contained host factors. Here, a new host factor, the MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), was proved as an important protein that participated in ADRV infection. Expression of MSH2 was stable during ADRV infection in cultured cells and it localized at the cytoplasmic viral factories and colocalized with virus nascent DNA, indicating its possible role in virus genome replication. Investigation of the viral proteins that interacted with MSH2 by co-immunoprecipitation showed that A. davidianus MSH2 can interact with ADRV-35L (possible components associated with virus transcription), ADRV-47L (virus DNA polymerase), and ADRV-98R. Further knockdown MSH2 expression by RNAi significantly reduced the late gene expression of ADRV. Additionally, MSH2 knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced viral titers, genome replication, and late gene transcription of ADRV. Thus, the current study proved that ADRV can engage cellular MSH2 for its efficient genome replication and late gene transcription, which provided new information for understanding the roles of host factors in ranavirus replication and transcription.
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25
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Guo X, Zheng Q, Pan Z, Huang Y, Huang X, Qin Q. Singapore Grouper Iridovirus Induces Glucose Metabolism in Infected Cells by Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:827818. [PMID: 35432224 PMCID: PMC9006996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.827818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), a member of the Iridoviridae family, is an important marine cultured fish pathogen worldwide. Our previous studies have demonstrated that lipid metabolism was essential for SGIV entry and replication, but the roles of glucose metabolism during SGIV infection still remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the transcription levels of key enzymes involved in glycolysis were regulated in varying degrees during SGIV infection based on the transcriptomic analysis. Quantitative PCR and western blot analysis also indicated that the expression of both glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT2) and the enzymes of glucose metabolism (hexokinase 2, HK2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, PDHX) were upregulated during SGIV infection in vivo or in vitro, suggesting that glycolysis might be involved in SGIV infection. Exogenous glucose supplementation promoted the expression of viral genes and infectious virion production, while glutamine had no effect on SGIV infection, indicating that glucose was required for SGIV replication. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis dramatically reduced the protein synthesis of SGIV major capsid protein (MCP) and infectious virion production, and promotion of glycolysis significantly increased SGIV infection. Furthermore, knockdown of HK2, PDHX, or GLUT1 by siRNA decreased the transcription and protein synthesis of SGIV MCP and suppressed viral replication, indicating that those enzymes exerted essential roles in SGIV replication. In addition, inhibition of mTOR activity in SGIV-infected cells effectively reduced the expression of glycolysis key enzymes, including HK2, PDHX, GLUT1, and GLUT2, and finally inhibited SGIV replication, suggesting that mTOR was involved in SGIV-induced glycolysis. Thus, our results not only provided new insights into the mechanism of how SGIV infection affects host cell glycolysis, but also contributed to further understanding of the iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zanbin Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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26
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Singapore Grouper Iridovirus Disturbed Glycerophospholipids Homeostasis: Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Was Essential for Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212597. [PMID: 34830477 PMCID: PMC8618910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), belonging to genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae, causes great economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Previous studies demonstrated the lipid composition of intracellular unenveloped viruses, but the changes in host-cell glyceophospholipids components and the roles of key enzymes during SGIV infection still remain largely unknown. Here, the whole cell lipidomic profiling during SGIV infection was analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The lipidomic data showed that glycerophospholipids (GPs), including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), glycerophosphoinositols (PI) and fatty acids (FAs) were significantly elevated in SGIV-infected cells, indicating that SGIV infection disturbed GPs homeostasis, and then affected the metabolism of FAs, especially arachidonic acid (AA). The roles of key enzymes, such as cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX) in SGIV infection were further investigated using the corresponding specific inhibitors. The inhibition of cPLA2 by AACOCF3 decreased SGIV replication, suggesting that cPLA2 might play important roles in the process of SGIV infection. Consistent with this result, the ectopic expression of EccPLA2α or knockdown significantly enhanced or suppressed viral replication in vitro, respectively. In addition, the inhibition of both 5-LOX and COX significantly suppressed SGIV replication, indicating that AA metabolism was essential for SGIV infection. Taken together, our results demonstrated for the first time that SGIV infection in vitro disturbed GPs homeostasis and cPLA2 exerted crucial roles in SGIV replication.
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27
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Li Y, Wang Q, Hu F, Wang Y, Bergmann SM, Zeng W, Yin J, Shi C. Development of a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for the detection of KHV. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:913-921. [PMID: 33634875 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) caused by the koi herpesvirus (KHV) is difficult to diagnose in live fish, presenting a challenge to the koi industry. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method cannot be widely used to detect KHV because few commercial anti-KHV antibody exists. Here, we developed an anti-ORF132 polyclonal antibody and confirmed its reactivity via indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. A double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was established to detect KHV, monoclonal antibody 1B71B4 against ORF92 was used as the capture antibody, and the detection antibody was the polyclonal antibody against the truncated ORF132. The lowest limit was 1.56 ng/ml KHV. Furthermore, the DAS-ELISA reacted with KHV isolates, while no cross-reactions occurred with carp oedema virus, spring viraemia of carp virus, frog virus 3 and grass carp reovirus. Two hundred koi serum samples from Guangdong, China, were used in the DAS-ELISA test, and the positive rate of the koi sera was 13%. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DAS-ELISA relative to the traditional PCR method were 66.7% and 97.6%, respectively. Our findings may be useful for diagnosing and preventing KHVD in koi and common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Zeng R, Pan W, Lin Y, He J, Luo Z, Li Z, Weng S, He J, Guo C. Development of a gene-deleted live attenuated candidate vaccine against fish virus (ISKNV) with low pathogenicity and high protection. iScience 2021; 24:102750. [PMID: 34278259 PMCID: PMC8261673 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture provides important food, nutrition, and income sources for humans. However, aquaculture industry is seriously threatened by viral diseases. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) disease causes high mortality and economic losses to the fish culture industry in Asia and has been listed as a certifiable disease by the International Epizootic Office. Vaccine development is urgent to control this disease. Here, a gene-deleted live attenuated candidate vaccine (ΔORF022L) against ISKNV with low pathogenicity and high protection was developed. ΔORF022L replicated well in mandarin fish fry-1 cells and showed similar structure with wild-type ISKNV. However, the pathogenicity was significantly lower as 98% of the mandarin fish infected with ΔORF022L survived, whereas all those infected with wild-type ISKNV died. Of importance, 100% of the ΔORF022L-infected fish survived the ISKNV challenge. ΔORF022L induced anti-ISKNV specific antibody response and upregulation of immune-related genes. This work could be beneficial to the control of fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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29
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Transcriptome view of a killer: African swine fever virus. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1569-1581. [PMID: 32725217 PMCID: PMC7458399 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) represents a severe threat to global agriculture with the world's domestic pig population reduced by a quarter following recent outbreaks in Europe and Asia. Like other nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, ASFV encodes a transcription apparatus including a eukaryote-like RNA polymerase along with a combination of virus-specific, and host-related transcription factors homologous to the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TFIIB. Despite its high impact, the molecular basis and temporal regulation of ASFV transcription is not well understood. Our lab recently applied deep sequencing approaches to characterise the viral transcriptome and gene expression during early and late ASFV infection. We have characterised the viral promoter elements and termination signatures, by mapping the RNA-5' and RNA-3' termini at single nucleotide resolution. In this review, we discuss the emerging field of ASFV transcripts, transcription, and transcriptomics.
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30
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Deng Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Geng Y, Zhao M, Gu C, Fu L, He M, Xiao Q, Xiao W, He L, Yang Q, Han J, Yan X, Yu Z. The Insights of Genomic Synteny and Codon Usage Preference on Genera Demarcation of Iridoviridae Family. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657887. [PMID: 33868215 PMCID: PMC8044322 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the family Iridoviridae are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect various hosts, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Although great progress has been made in genomic and phylogenetic analyses, the adequacy of the existing criteria for classification within the Iridoviridae family remains unknown. In this study, we redetermined 23 Iridoviridae core genes by re-annotation, core-pan analysis and local BLASTN search. The phylogenetic tree based on the 23 re-annotated core genes (Maximum Likelihood, ML-Tree) and amino acid sequences (composition vector, CV-Tree) were found to be consistent with previous reports. Furthermore, the information provided by synteny analysis and codon usage preference (relative synonymous codon usage, correspondence analysis, ENC-plot and Neutrality plot) also supports the phylogenetic relationship. Collectively, our results will be conducive to understanding the genera demarcation within the Iridoviridae family based on genomic synteny and component (codon usage preference) and contribute to the existing taxonomy methods for the Iridoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Deng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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31
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Aicher SM, Monaghan P, Netherton CL, Hawes PC. Unpicking the Secrets of African Swine Fever Viral Replication Sites. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010077. [PMID: 33429879 PMCID: PMC7827680 DOI: 10.3390/v13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen which causes a lethal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The large, double-stranded DNA virus replicates in perinuclear cytoplasmic replication sites known as viral factories. These factories are complex, multi-dimensional structures. Here we investigated the protein and membrane compartments of the factory using super-resolution and electron tomography. Click IT chemistry in combination with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy revealed a reticular network of newly synthesized viral proteins, including the structural proteins p54 and p34, previously seen as a pleomorphic ribbon by confocal microscopy. Electron microscopy and tomography confirmed that this network is an accumulation of membrane assembly intermediates which take several forms. At early time points in the factory formation, these intermediates present as small, individual membrane fragments which appear to grow and link together, in a continuous progression towards new, icosahedral virions. It remains unknown how these membranes form and how they traffic to the factory during virus morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie-Marie Aicher
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.-M.A.); (C.L.N.)
| | - Paul Monaghan
- Bioimaging, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Christopher L. Netherton
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.-M.A.); (C.L.N.)
| | - Philippa C. Hawes
- Bioimaging, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
- Correspondence:
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32
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Sun TW, Yang CL, Kao TT, Wang TH, Lai MW, Ku C. Host Range and Coding Potential of Eukaryotic Giant Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E1337. [PMID: 33233432 PMCID: PMC7700475 DOI: 10.3390/v12111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses are a group of eukaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses with large virion and genome size that challenged the traditional view of virus. Newly isolated strains and sequenced genomes in the last two decades have substantially advanced our knowledge of their host diversity, gene functions, and evolutionary history. Giant viruses are now known to infect hosts from all major supergroups in the eukaryotic tree of life, which predominantly comprises microbial organisms. The seven well-recognized viral clades (taxonomic families) have drastically different host range. Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae, both with notable intrafamilial genome variation and high abundance in environmental samples, have members that infect the most diverse eukaryotic lineages. Laboratory experiments and comparative genomics have shed light on the unprecedented functional potential of giant viruses, encoding proteins for genetic information flow, energy metabolism, synthesis of biomolecules, membrane transport, and sensing that allow for sophisticated control of intracellular conditions and cell-environment interactions. Evolutionary genomics can illuminate how current and past hosts shape viral gene repertoires, although it becomes more obscure with divergent sequences and deep phylogenies. Continued works to characterize giant viruses from marine and other environments will further contribute to our understanding of their host range, coding potential, and virus-host coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Wang Sun
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Tzu-Tong Kao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Tzu-Haw Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
| | - Chuan Ku
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-W.S.); (C.-L.Y.); (T.-T.K.); (T.-H.W.); (M.-W.L.)
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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33
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Chien RC, Ritchey JW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:995-998. [PMID: 32301655 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.9.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Liu X, Rohr JR, Li X, Deng T, Li W, Li Y. Climate extremes, variability, and trade shape biogeographical patterns of alien species. Curr Zool 2020; 67:393-402. [PMID: 35386252 PMCID: PMC8979237 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how alien species assemble is crucial for predicting changes to community
structure caused by biological invasions and for directing management strategies for alien
species, but patterns and drivers of alien species assemblages remain poorly understood
relative to native species. Climate has been suggested as a crucial filter of
invasion-driven homogenization of biodiversity. However, it remains unclear which climatic
factors drive the assemblage of alien species. Here, we compiled global data at both grid
scale (2,653 native and 2,806 current grids with a resolution of
2° × 2°) and administrative scale (271 native and 297
current nations and sub-nations) on the distributions of 361 alien amphibians and reptiles
(herpetofauna), the most threatened vertebrate group on the planet. We found that
geographical distance, a proxy for natural dispersal barriers, was the dominant variable
contributing to alien herpetofaunal assemblage in native ranges. In contrast, climatic
factors explained more unique variation in alien herpetofaunal assemblage after than
before invasions. This pattern was driven by extremely high temperatures and precipitation
seasonality, 2 hallmarks of global climate change, and bilateral trade which can account
for the alien assemblage after invasions. Our results indicated that human-assisted
species introductions combined with climate change may accelerate the reorganization of
global species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xianping Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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35
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Tian HF, Hu QM, Xiao HB, Zeng LB, Meng Y, Li Z. Genetic and codon usage bias analyses of major capsid protein gene in Ranavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104379. [PMID: 32497680 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Ranavirus (one genus of Iridovidae family) is an emerging pathogen that infects fish, amphibian, and reptiles, and causes great economical loss and ecological threat to farmed and wild animals globally. The major capsid protein (MCP) has been used as genetic typing marker and as target to design vaccines. Herein, the codon usage pattern of 73 MCP genes of Ranavirus and Lymphocystivirus are studied by calculating effective number of codons (ENC), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), codon adaptation index (CAI), and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), and similarity index (SiD). The Ranavirus are confirmed to be classified into five groups by using phylogenetic analysis, and varied nucleotide compositions and hierarchical cluster analysis based on RSCU. The results revealed different codon usage patterns among Lymphocystivirus and five groups of Ranavirus. Ranavirus had six over-represented codons ended with G/C nucleotide, while Lymphocystivirus had six over-represented codons ended with A/T nucleotide. A comparative analysis of parameters that define virus and host relatedness in terms of codon usage were analyzed indicated that Amphibian-like ranaviruses (ALRVs) seem to possess lower ENC values and higher CAIs in contrast to other ranaviruses isolated from fishes, and two groups (FV3-like and CMTV-like group) of them had received higher selection pressure from their hosts as having higher relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) and similarity index (SiD). The correspondence analysis (COA) and Spearman's rank correlation analyses revealed that nucleotide compositions, relative dinucleotide frequency, mutation pressure, and natural translational selection shape the codon usage pattern in MCP genes and the ENC-GC3S and neutrality plots indicated that the natural selection is the predominant factor. These results contribute to understanding the evolution of Ranavirus and their adaptions to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qiao-Mu Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Han-Bing Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ling-Bing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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36
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Zhu Q, Wang Y, Feng J. Rapid diagnosis of largemouth bass ranavirus in fish samples using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 52:101569. [PMID: 32268179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) has been recognized as the causative pathogen responsible for infectious skin ulcerative syndrome in cultured largemouth bass in China. A fast and simple LMBV detection method is urgently needed. Here, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was established for the detection of this virus using primers targeting the major capsid protein gene of LMBV. The amplification conditions were optimized; the assay was specific for the diagnosis of LMBV, as there was no cross-reactivity with other four Iridoviridae viruses (large yellow croaker iridovirus, Singapore grouper iridovirus, tiger frog virus, and soft-shelled turtle iridovirus), grass carp reovirus, white spot syndrome virus, or healthy largemouth bass. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was found to be 8.55 × 101 copies/μL of LMBV DNA, which was 10-fold higher than that of the conventional PCR. Application of the LAMP assay was evaluated using 10 clinical samples, and the results indicated the reliability of the test as a rapid, field diagnostic tool for LMBV detection. Thus, the simplicity and nearly instrument-free LAMP method provides an alternative for rapid and sensitive detection of LMBV and has great potential for early diagnosis of LMBV infection in the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchao Zhu
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Junli Feng
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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37
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Ballard D, Davis A, Fuller R, Garner A, Mileham A, Serna J, Brue D, Harding C, Dodgen C, Culpepper W, Piatt B, Rosario S, Duffus A. An examination of the Iridovirus core genes for reconstructing Ranavirus phylogenies. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are globally emerging infections of poikilothermic vertebrates and belong to the viral family Iridoviridae. The six species of ranaviruses are responsible for unknown numbers of infections and disease and mortality events around the world in amphibians, fish, and reptiles. Genomic investigations have shown that there are 24 core genes shared by all iridoviruses. In this study, we examine the utility of each of these genes in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships across six species of Ranavirus. We also performed dot-plot analysis for the 17 isolates in the study. For large-scale differentiation, using the major capsid protein gene creates a tree similar to the whole genome tree. Other comparable genes include open reading frame (ORF) 19R (a serine–theonine protein kinase) and ORF 88R (Erv I/Alr Family protein). The poorest candidate for phylogenetic reconstruction, due to high homology, was ORF 1R (a putative replication factor and (or) DNA binding-packing protein). There are a plethora of genes that may be useful to examine phylogenies at smaller scales (e.g., to examine local adaptation); however, they do not necessarily belong to the set of highly conserved core genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.R. Ballard
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - A.J. Davis
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - R.B. Fuller
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - A.R. Garner
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - A.D. Mileham
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - J.D. Serna
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - D.E. Brue
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - C.M. Harding
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - C.D. Dodgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - W. Culpepper
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - B. Piatt
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
| | - S.E. Rosario
- Science Division, Valencia College, Orlando, FL 32802, USA
| | - A.L.J. Duffus
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Nursing, Health, and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA
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de Lucca Maganha SR, Cardoso PHM, de Carvalho Balian S, de Almeida-Queiroz SR, Fernandes AM, de Sousa RLM. Detection and molecular characterization of Lymphocystivirus in Brazilian ornamental fish. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:531-535. [PMID: 31797325 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of Lymphocystivirus in Brazilian ornamental fish. From 25 ornamental fish species submitted for molecular diagnosis, only one sample (Pomacanthus imperator) was positive, and its viral nucleotide sequence obtained clustered with sequences of genotype VII. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic characterization of Lymphocystivirus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Rita de Lucca Maganha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique Magalhães Cardoso
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Simone de Carvalho Balian
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ribeiro de Almeida-Queiroz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Moro de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
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39
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Yu NT, Zhang QY. A transmembrane domain of Andrias davidianus ranavirus 13R is crucial for co-localization to endoplasmic reticulum and viromatrix. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:433. [PMID: 31696038 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
13R, a core gene of Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV), encoded a protein containing a transmembrane domain (TMD) and a restriction endonuclease-like domain. However, the characterization and function of 13R and the protein it encodes remain unclear. In this study, Chinese giant salamander thymus cell (GSTC) was used to investigate the function of 13R. The results showed that the 13R transcripts were detected first at 8 h post-infection (hpi) by RT-PCR and the protein was detected first at 24 hpi by western blot, but the transcription was inhibited by cycloheximide and cytosine arabinofuranoside, indicating that 13R is a viral late gene. Subcellular localization showed that the 13R was co-localized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cytoplasm, while 13R deleting TMD (13RΔTM) was distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. During ADRV infection, 13R was observed first in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and later aggregated into the viromatrix, whereas 13RΔTM remain dispersed in cytoplasm and nucleus. Western blot analysis suggested that 13R was a viral non-structural protein and its overexpression did not affect the viral titer in GSTC. All these indicated that the TMD of 13R is crucial for the co-localization into the ER and the viromatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Tong Yu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Xia LQ, Chen JL, Zhang HL, Cai J, Zhou S, Lu YS. Identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) of SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter. Virol J 2019; 16:110. [PMID: 31481132 PMCID: PMC6724233 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses that cause diseases in fish, amphibians and insects. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is isolated from cultured grouper and characterized as a ranavirus. ICP46 is defined to be a core gene of the family Iridoviridae and SGIV ICP46 was demonstrated to be an immediate-early (IE) gene associated with cell growth control and could contribute to virus replication in previous research. METHODS The transcription start site (TSS) and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of SGIV ICP46 were determined using 5' RACE. The core promoter elements of ICP46s were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. The core promoter region and the regulation model of SGIV ICP46 promoter were revealed by the construction of serially deleted promoter plasmids, transfections, drug treat and luciferase reporter assays. The identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) that interact with SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter were performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS SGIV ICP46 was found to have short 5'-UTR and a presumptive downstream promoter element (DPE), AGACA, which locates at + 36 to + 39 nt downstream of the TSS. The core promoter region of SGIV ICP46 located from - 22 to + 42 nt relative to the TSS. VATTs were involved in the promoter activation of SGIV ICP46 and further identified to be VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP. A 10-base DNA sequence "ATGGCTTTCG" between the TSS and presumptive DPE was determined to be the binding site of the VATTs. CONCLUSION Our study showed that four VAATs (VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP) might bind with the SGIV ICP46 promoter and be involved in the promoter activation. Further, the binding site of the VATTs on promoter was a 10-base DNA sequence between the TSS and presumptive DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Lin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Lian Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong, China.
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Huang Q, Kahn CR, Altindis E. Viral Hormones: Expanding Dimensions in Endocrinology. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2165-2179. [PMID: 31310273 PMCID: PMC6736053 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have developed different mechanisms to manipulate their hosts, including the process of viral mimicry in which viruses express important host proteins. Until recently, examples of viral mimicry were limited to mimics of growth factors and immunomodulatory proteins. Using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach, we have shown that viruses possess the DNA/RNA with potential to encode 16 different peptides with high sequence similarity to human peptide hormones and metabolically important regulatory proteins. We have characterized one of these families, the viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides (VILPs), which we identified in four members of the Iridoviridae family. VILPs can bind to human insulin and IGF-1 receptors and stimulate classic postreceptor signaling pathways. Moreover, VILPs can stimulate glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo and stimulate DNA synthesis. DNA sequences of some VILP-carrying viruses have been identified in the human enteric virome. In addition to VILPs, sequences with homology to 15 other peptide hormones or cytokines can be identified in viral DNA/RNA sequences, some with a very high identity to hormones. Recent data by others has identified a peptide that resembles and mimics α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone's anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, these studies reveal novel mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogenesis in which the microbe can directly target or mimic the host endocrine system. These findings also introduce the concept of a system of microbial hormones that provides new insights into the evolution of peptide hormones, as well as potential new roles of microbial hormones in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Emrah Altindis, PhD, Boston College Biology Department, Higgins Hall 515, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467. E-mail:
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Yu NT, Zheng XB, Liu ZX. Protective immunity induced by DNA vaccine encoding viral membrane protein against SGIV infection in grouper. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:649-654. [PMID: 31265911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is the main grouper-infecting virus in southern China that causes serious economic losses. However, there is no effective way to control this viral disease. In this study, SGIV ORF19R (SGIV-19R) encoding a viral membrane protein was constructed into pcDNA3.1-HA and then was used to evaluate the immune protective effects in grouper Epinephelus coioides. Subcellular localization showed that SGIV-19R distributed in the cytoplasm and co-localization analysis indicated the protein partially co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the expression of the vaccine plasmids in grouper muscle tissues. Moreover, the transcription levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) genes were significantly up-regulated in the spleen, liver and kidney of vaccinated groupers. SGIV challenge experiments showed the relative percent survival (RPS) was significantly enhanced in fish with 49.9% at the DNA dose of 45 μg pcDNA3.1-19R, while 75.0% RPS when using 90 μg pcDNA3.1-19R. Meanwhile, vaccination with pcDNA3.1-19R significantly reduced the virus replication, evidenced by a low viral load in the spleen of survivals groupers after SGIV challenge. These results imply that pcDNA3.1-19R could induce protective immunity in grouper, and might be a potential vaccine candidate for controlling SGIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Xiao-Bao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
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Chinchar VG, Duffus ALJ. Molecular and Ecological Studies of a Virus Family ( Iridoviridae) Infecting Invertebrates and Ectothermic Vertebrates. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060538. [PMID: 31181817 PMCID: PMC6630830 DOI: 10.3390/v11060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Amanda L J Duffus
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gordon State College, Barnesville, GA 30204, USA.
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Interaction between Two Iridovirus Core Proteins and Their Effects on Ranavirus (RGV) Replication in Cells from Different Species. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050416. [PMID: 31060251 PMCID: PMC6563300 DOI: 10.3390/v11050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The two putative proteins RGV-63R and RGV-91R encoded by Rana grylio virus (RGV) are DNA polymerase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) respectively, and are core proteins of iridoviruses. Here, the interaction between RGV-63R and RGV-91R was detected by a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay and further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Subsequently, RGV-63R or RGV-91R were expressed alone or co-expressed in two kinds of aquatic animal cells including amphibian Chinese giant salamander thymus cells (GSTCs) and fish Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells (EPCs) to investigate their localizations and effects on RGV genome replication. The results showed that their localizations in the two kinds of cells are consistent. RGV-63R localized in the cytoplasm, while RGV-91R localized in the nucleus. However, when co-expressed, RGV-63R localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and colocalized with RGV-91R in the nucleus. 91R△NLS represents the RGV-91R deleting nuclear localization signal, which is localized in the cytoplasm and colocalized with RGV-63R in the cytoplasm. qPCR analysis revealed that sole expression and co-expression of the two proteins in the cells of two species significantly promoted RGV genome replication, while varying degrees of viral genome replication levels may be linked to the cell types. This study provides novel molecular evidence for ranavirus cross-species infection and replication.
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Penny E, Brunetti CR. Localization of Frog Virus 3 Conserved Viral Proteins 88R, 91R, and 94L. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030276. [PMID: 30893834 PMCID: PMC6466111 DOI: 10.3390/v11030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the function of conserved viral genes is central to developing a greater understanding of important aspects of viral replication or pathogenesis. A comparative genomic analysis of the iridoviral genomes identified 26 core genes conserved across the family Iridoviridae. Three of those conserved genes have no defined function; these include the homologs of frog virus 3 (FV3) open reading frames (ORFs) 88R, 91R, and 94L. Conserved viral genes that have been previously identified are known to participate in a number of viral activities including: transcriptional regulation, DNA replication/repair/modification/processing, protein modification, and viral structural proteins. To begin to characterize the conserved FV3 ORFs 88R, 91R, and 94L, we cloned the genes and determined their intracellular localization. We demonstrated that 88R localizes to the cytoplasm of the cell while 91R localizes to the nucleus and 94L localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Penny
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Koonin EV, Yutin N. Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism. Adv Virus Res 2019; 103:167-202. [PMID: 30635076 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes (proposed order "Megavirales") comprise an expansive group of eukaryotic viruses that consists of the families Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Ascoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Marseilleviridae, Pithoviridae, and Mimiviridae, as well as Pandoraviruses, Molliviruses, and Faustoviruses that so far remain unaccounted by the official virus taxonomy. All these viruses have double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from about 100 kilobases (kb) to more than 2.5 megabases. The viruses with genomes larger than 500kb are informally considered "giant," and the largest giant viruses surpass numerous bacteria and archaea in both particle and genome size. The discovery of giant viruses has been highly unexpected and has changed the perception of viral size and complexity, and even, arguably, the entire concept of a virus. Given that giant viruses encode multiple proteins that are universal among cellular life forms and are components of the translation system, the quintessential cellular molecular machinery, attempts have been made to incorporate these viruses in the evolutionary tree of cellular life. Moreover, evolutionary scenarios of the origin of giant viruses from a fourth, supposedly extinct domain of cellular life have been proposed. However, despite all the differences in the genome size and gene repertoire, the NCLDV can be confidently defined as monophyletic group, on the strength of the presence of about 40 genes that can be traced back to their last common ancestor. Using several most strongly conserved genes from this ancestral set, a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of the NCLDV was built and employed as the scaffold to reconstruct the history of gene gain and loss throughout the course of the evolution of this group of viruses. This reconstruction reveals extremely dynamic evolution that involved extensive gene gain and loss in many groups of viruses and indicates that giant viruses emerged independently in several clades of the NCLDV. Thus, these giants of the virus world evolved repeatedly from smaller and simpler viruses, rather than from a fourth domain of cellular life, and captured numerous genes, including those for translation system components, from eukaryotes, along with some bacterial genes. Even deeper evolutionary reconstructions reveal apparent links between the NCLDV and smaller viruses of eukaryotes, such as adenoviruses, and ultimately, derive all these viruses from tailless bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mihaljevic JR, Hoverman JT, Johnson PTJ. Co-exposure to multiple ranavirus types enhances viral infectivity and replication in a larval amphibian system. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 132:23-35. [PMID: 30530928 DOI: 10.3354/dao03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathogens commonly co-occur in animal populations, yet few studies demonstrate how co-exposure of individual hosts scales up to affect transmission. Although viruses in the genus Ranavirus are globally widespread, and multiple virus species or strains likely co-occur in nature, no studies have examined how co-exposure affects infection dynamics in larval amphibians. We exposed individual northern red-legged frog Rana aurora larvae to 2 species of ranavirus, namely Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), frog virus 3 (FV3), or an FV3-like strain isolated from a frog-culturing facility in Georgia, USA (RCV-Z2). We compared single-virus to pairwise co-exposures while experimentally accounting for dosage. Co-exposure to ATV and FV3-like strains resulted in almost twice as many infected individuals compared to single-virus exposures, suggesting an effect of co-exposure on viral infectivity. The viral load in infected individuals exposed to ATV and FV3 was also higher than the single-dose FV3 treatment, suggesting an effect of co-exposure on viral replication. In a follow-up experiment, we examined how the co-occurrence of ATV and FV3 affected epizootics in mesocosm populations of larval western chorus frogs Pseudacris triseriata. Although ATV did not generally establish within host populations (<4% prevalence), when ATV and FV3 were both present, this co-exposure resulted in a larger epizootic of FV3. Our results emphasize the importance of multi-pathogen interactions in epizootic dynamics and have management implications for natural and commercial amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Mihaljevic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Watters JL, Davis DR, Yuri T, Siler CD. Concurrent Infection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus among Native Amphibians from Northeastern Oklahoma, USA. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:291-301. [PMID: 30290015 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global amphibian decline continues to be a great concern despite our increased understanding of the causes behind the observed patterns of the decline, such as habitat modification and infectious diseases. Although there is a large body of literature on the topic of amphibian infectious diseases, pathogen prevalence and distribution among entire communities of species in many regions remain poorly understood. In addition to these geographic gaps in our understanding, past work has focused largely on individual pathogens, either Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or ranavirus (RV), rather than dual infection rates among host species. We sampled for prevalence and infection load of both pathogens in 514 amphibians across 16 total sites in northeastern Oklahoma. Amphibians were caught by hand, net, or seine; they were swabbed to screen for Bd; and liver tissue samples were collected to screen for RV. Overall results of quantitative PCR assays showed that 7% of screened individuals were infected with RV only, 37% were infected with Bd only, and 9% were infected with both pathogens simultaneously. We also documented disease presence in several rare amphibian species that are currently being monitored as species of concern due to their small population sizes in Oklahoma. This study synthesizes a growing body of research regarding infectious diseases among amphibian communities in the central United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessa L Watters
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma, 73072-7029, USA
| | - Drew R Davis
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota, 57069, USA
| | - Tamaki Yuri
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma, 73072-7029, USA
| | - Cameron D Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma, 73072-7029, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
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Rana grylio virus 43R encodes an envelope protein involved in virus entry. Virus Genes 2018; 54:779-791. [PMID: 30411182 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rana grylio virus (RGV), a member of genus Ranavirus in the family Iridoviridae, is a viral pathogen infecting aquatic animal. RGV 43R has homologues only in Ranavirus and contains a transmembrane (TM) domain, but its role in RGV infection is unknown. In this study, 43R was determined to be associated with virion membrane. The transcripts encoding 43R and the protein itself appeared late in RGV-infected EPC cells and its expression was blocked by viral DNA replication inhibitor, indicating that 43R is a late expressed protein. Subcellular localization showed that 43R-EGFP fusion protein distributed in cytoplasm of EPC cells and that TM domain is essential for its distribution in cytoplasm. 43R-EGFP fusion protein colocalized with viral factories in RGV-infected cells. A recombinant RGV deleting 43R (Δ43R-RGV) was constructed by homologous recombination to investigate its role in virus infection. Compared with wild type RGV, the ability of Δ43R-RGV to induce the cytopathic effect and its virus titers were significantly reduced. Furthermore, it is revealed that 43R deletion significantly inhibited viral entry but did not influence viral DNA replication by measuring and comparing the DNA levels of RGV and Δ43R-RGV in the infected cells at the early stage of infection. RGV neutralization with anti-43R serum reduced the virus titer. Therefore, these data showed that RGV 43R is a late gene that encodes an envelope protein involved in RGV entry.
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50
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Irwin DM. Viral Insulin/IGF-1-Like Peptides: Novel Regulators of Physiology and Pathophysiology? Endocrinology 2018; 159:3659-3660. [PMID: 30304404 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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