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Kichatova VS, Potemkin IA, Asadi Mobarkhan FA, Rumyantseva TD, Semenov SI, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. Detection of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in domestic reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:549-556. [PMID: 38156570 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although domestic pigs and wild boars are the main reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes in temperate countries, the presence of antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV) in the indigenous population of circumpolar territories, i.e. outside the habitat of wild and domestic pigs, indicates the presence of an alternative reservoir of the virus. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) may be a potential reservoir for HEV in the polar regions. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of anti-HEV among domestic reindeer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 497 domestic reindeer from the Oymyakon (n = 425) and Ust-Yansky districts (n = 72) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were tested for anti-HEV. A commercial ELISA kit DS-ELISA-ANTI-HEV-G (Diagnostic Systems-Stolitsa LLC, Russia) was used for detection of anti-HEV IgG, but a rabbit polyclonal antibody against deer IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (KPL, USA) at a dilution of 1 : 100 in phosphate-buffered saline were used instead of the human specific conjugate from the kit. RESULTS The average detection rate of anti-HEV in reindeer sera was 15.5% (95% CI: 12.6-19.0%). The detection rate of anti-HEV significantly increased with age, from 3.5% (95% CI: 1.1-9.0%) in calves aged 3-6 months to 25.0% (95% CI: 1.6 -36.5%) in deer aged 2-4 years (p < 0.0001). From this age group, anti-HEV detection rates reached a plateau, not differing significantly between older age groups (p > 0.05). The average anti-HEV detection rate among reindeer 2 years of age and older was 19.0% (95% CI: 15.3-23.4%). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of anti-HEV detection between female and male reindeer, both among adult animals and among calves. CONCLUSION The observed anti-HEV detection rates among domestic reindeer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) indicate that infection caused by HEV or an antigenically similar virus is common in these animals. The dynamics of antibody accumulation in the reindeer population indicates that infection apparently occurs during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Kichatova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | - I A Potemkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | - F A Asadi Mobarkhan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | - S I Semenov
- North-Eastern Federal University named after. M.K. Ammosov
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | - M I Mikhailov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
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Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020484. [PMID: 36851698 PMCID: PMC9964995 DOI: 10.3390/v15020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Little is known about the seroprevalence of HEV in the general population of Saudi Arabia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional HEV seroprevalence study was conducted in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in sera using an in-house ELISA. The frequency of HEV sageerology and its correlation with demographic, and environmental factors were evaluated. RESULTS Enrollment consisted of 1329 individuals, ages ranged from 8 to 88 years, the mean age was 30.17 years, the median age was 28yrs, and the male: female ratio was 1.15. The overall seroprevalence was 23.8% (316/1329). Males had significantly higher seroprevalence than females (66.1 vs. 33.9%; p < 0.001). Seroprevalence had significant correlations with age, occupation, and lack of regular water supply and housing conditions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first HEV community-based seroprevalence study from Saudi Arabia. Results show that the HEV is endemic in Makkah and affects all age groups and occupations. HEV affects more males than females and those living in crowded accommodations without a regular supply of water. Further studies are required across all regions of Saudi Arabia to determine the country's seroprevalence of active or past infection using tests for HEV IgG, HEV IgM antibodies and/or HEV RNA and underlying determinants of transmission.
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Cancela F, Noceti O, Arbiza J, Mirazo S. Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2457-2481. [PMID: 36098802 PMCID: PMC9469829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is an enterically transmitted zoonotic disease that causes large waterborne epidemic outbreaks in developing countries and has become an increasing public-health concern in industrialized countries. In this setting, the infection is usually acute and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals, although chronic cases in immunocompromised patients have been reported, frequently associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. Moreover, extrahepatic manifestations have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals with acute HEV infection. HEV belongs to the alphavirus-like supergroup III of single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, and its genome contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein with eight domains, most of which have not been extensively characterized: methyltransferase, Y domain, papain-like cysteine protease, hypervariable region, proline-rich region, X domain, Hel domain, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode the capsid protein and a multifunctional protein believed to be involved in virion release, respectively. The novel ORF4 is only expressed in HEV genotype 1 under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, and its exact function has not yet been elucidated. Despite important advances in recent years, the biological and molecular processes underlying HEV replication remain poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of detailed information about the functions of the viral proteins and the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning HEV proteins and their biological properties, providing updated detailed data describing their function and focusing in detail on their structural characteristics. Furthermore, we review some unclear aspects of the four proteins encoded by the ORFs, highlighting the current key information gaps and discussing potential novel experimental strategies for shedding light on those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cancela
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ofelia Noceti
- grid.414402.70000 0004 0469 0889Programa Nacional de Trasplante Hepático y Unidad Docente Asistencial Centro Nacional de Tratamiento Hepatobiliopancreatico. Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- grid.11630.350000000121657640Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,grid.11630.350000000121657640Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ,Av. Alfredo Navarro 3051, PC 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Bai H, Kataoka M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Li TC. Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus-Like Particles Produced by Recombinant Baculoviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081573. [PMID: 34452436 PMCID: PMC8402727 DOI: 10.3390/v13081573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a novel HEV belonging to genotype 3 (HEV-3) in the Orthohepevirus A species of the genus Hepevirus, family Hepeviridae. Rabbit HEV was originally isolated from rabbits and found to cause zoonotic infection. Although rabbit HEV can be successfully grown in culture with several cell lines, including the human carcinoma cell line PLC/PRF/5, it is difficult to obtain the large amounts of viral antigen required for diagnosis and vaccine development. In this study, we expressed N-terminal 13 and 111 aa-truncated rabbit HEV ORF2 proteins using recombinant baculoviruses and obtained two types of virus-like particles (VLPs), RnVLPs and RsVLPs with ~35 and 24 nm diameter, respectively. Anti-rabbit HEV IgG antibodies were induced in high titer by immunizing rabbits with RnVLPs or RsVLPs. The antibody secretion in the serum persisted more than three years. RsVLPs showed stronger antigenic cross-reactivity against HEV-1, HEV-3 and HEV-4 than rat HEV. Moreover, anti-RsVLPs antibodies neutralized not only the cognate virus but also HEV-1, HEV-3 and HEV-4 ex vivo, indicating that rabbit HEV had the same serotype as human HEVs. In contrast, the antibody did not block rat HEV infection, demonstrating that rat HEV belonged to a different serotype. Animal experiments indicated that immunization with either RnVLPs or RsVLPs completely protected the rabbits from challenge by rabbit HEV, suggesting that the VLPs are candidates for rabbit HEV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China;
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0781, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-561-0771; Fax: +81-42-565-4729
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Production of capsid proteins of rat hepatitis E virus in Escherichia coli and characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles. Virus Res 2021; 302:198483. [PMID: 34146611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been isolated from wild rats worldwide and the potential of zoonotic transmission has been documented. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is utilized as an effective system for producing HEV-like particles. However, the production of rat HEV ORF2 proteins in E. coli forming virus-like particles (VLPs) has not yet been reported. In this study, nine rat HEV ORF2 proteins of the ratELOMB-131L strain with truncated N- and C-termini (amino acids 339-594, 349-594, 351-594, 354-594, 357-594, 357-599, 357-604, 357-609, and 357-614 of ORF2 protein) were expressed in E. coli and the 357-614 protein self-assembled most efficiently. A bioanalyzer showed that the purified 357-614 protein has a molecular weight of 33.5 kDa and a purity of 93.2%. Electron microscopy revealed that the purified 33.5 kDa protein formed VLPs with a diameter of 21-52 (average 32) nm, and immunoelectron microscopy using an anti-rat HEV ORF2 monoclonal antibody (TA7014) indicated that the observed VLPs were derived from rat HEV ORF2. The VLPs attached to and entered the PLC/PRF/5 cells and blocked the neutralization of rat HEV by TA7014, suggesting that the VLPs possess the antigenic structure of infectious rat HEV particles. In addition, rat HEV VLPs showed high immunogenicity in mice. The present results would be useful for future studies on the development of VLP-based vaccines for HEV prevention in a rat model and for the prevention of rat HEV infection in humans.
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Guo Y, Yang F, Xu X, Feng M, Liao Y, He Z, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Li Q, Li TC. Immunization of human hepatitis E viruses conferred protection against challenge by a camel hepatitis E virus. Vaccine 2020; 38:7316-7322. [PMID: 32980200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camel hepatitis E virus is a novel HEV that belongs to the family Hepeviridae, and is classified as genotype 7 HEV (HEV-7). Since HEV-7 is transmitted from camels to humans and causes acute hepatitis E, this virus is a non-negligible pathogen for zoonosis, and a vaccine against HEV-7 infection is urgently needed. Here, we first intravenously inoculated HEV-7 to rhesus monkeys to explore the susceptibility, and we established an animal model. We then used virus-like particles (VLPs) of HEV-1 (HEV-1 VLPs) and HEV-3 (HEV-3 VLPs), a candidate hepatitis E vaccine, to intramuscularly inoculate rhesus monkeys. The monkeys elicited IgG antibody titers as high as >1:102,400 against heterologous HEV-7 without any adjuvants. The HEV-1 VLPs and HEV-3 VLPs-immunized monkeys were challenged intravenously with HEV-7, and they were protected completely from the infection, demonstrating that these VLPs could be a usable vaccine against HEV-7 infection. We also observed that HEV-7-infected rhesus monkeys did not show any liver damage during these experiments. Further efforts are necessary to establish an animal model for investigation of the pathogenesis of hepatitis E caused by HEV-7 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0781, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650118, China.
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Progress in the Production of Virus-Like Particles for Vaccination against Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080826. [PMID: 32751441 PMCID: PMC7472025 DOI: 10.3390/v12080826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a pathogen that causes acute viral hepatitis, is a small icosahedral, quasi-enveloped, positive ssRNA virus. Its genome has three open reading frames (ORFs), with ORF1 and ORF3 encoding for nonstructural and regulatory proteins, respectively, while ORF2 is translated into the structural, capsid protein. ORF2 is most widely used for vaccine development in viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus-like particles (VLPs) are potential vaccine candidates against HEV infection. VLPs are composed of capsid subunits mimicking the natural configuration of the native virus but lack the genetic material needed for replication. As a result, VLPs are unable to replicate and cause disease, constituting safe vaccine platforms. Currently, the recombinant VLP-based vaccine Hecolin® against HEV is only licensed in China. Herein, systematic information about the expression of various HEV ORF2 sequences and their ability to form VLPs in different systems is provided.
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El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, El-Daly MM, Qadri I, Tolah AM, Al-Subhi TL, Alzahrani AA, Alsaaidi GA, Al-Abdullah N, Kaki RM, Li TC, Azhar EI. Seroprevalence of Dromedary Camel HEV in Domestic and Imported Camels from Saudi Arabia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050553. [PMID: 32443401 PMCID: PMC7290434 DOI: 10.3390/v12050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) imposes a major health concern in areas with very poor sanitation in Africa and Asia. The pathogen is transmitted mainly through ingesting contaminated water or food, coming into contact with affected people, and blood transfusions. Very few reports including old reports are available on the prevalence of HEV in Saudi Arabia in humans and no reports exist on HEV prevalence in camels. Dromedary camel trade and farming are increasing in Saudi Arabia with importation occurring unidirectionally from Africa to Saudi Arabia. DcHEV transmission to humans has been reported in one case from the United Arab Emeritus (UAE). This instigated us to perform this investigation of the seroprevalence of HEV in imported and domestic camels in Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were collected from imported and domestic camels. DcHEV-Abs were detected in collected sera using ELISA. The prevalence of DcHEV in the collected samples was 23.1% with slightly lower prevalence in imported camels than domestic camels (22.4% vs. 25.4%, p value = 0.3). Gender was significantly associated with the prevalence of HEV in the collected camels (p value = 0.015) where males (31.6%) were more infected than females (13.4%). This study is the first study to investigate the prevalence of HEV in dromedary camels from Saudi Arabia. The high seroprevalence of DcHEV in dromedaries might indicate their role as a zoonotic reservoir for viral infection to humans. Future HEV seroprevalence studies in humans are needed to investigate the role of DcHEV in the Saudi human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.H.); (I.Q.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.H.); (I.Q.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Mai Mohamed El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (A.M.H.); (I.Q.)
| | - Ahmed Majdi Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Tagreed Lafi Al-Subhi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alzahrani
- Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Ghaleb A. Alsaaidi
- Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Nabeela Al-Abdullah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Public Health, College of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Mohammed Kaki
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.-D.); (A.M.T.); (T.L.A.-S.); (N.A.-A.); (R.M.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Yang F, Duan S, Guo Y, Li Y, Yoshizaki S, Takeda N, Wakita T, Muramatsu M, Zhao Y, He Z, Li TC. Current status of hepatitis E virus infection at a rhesus monkey farm in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:244-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Meister TL, Bruening J, Todt D, Steinmann E. Cell culture systems for the study of hepatitis E virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:34-49. [PMID: 30653997 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and is the leading cause of enterically-transmitted viral hepatitis worldwide. Increasing numbers of HEV infections, together with no available specific anti-HEV treatment, contributes to the pathogen's major health burden. A robust cell culture system is required for virologic studies and the development of new antiviral drugs. Unfortunately, like other hepatitis viruses, HEV is difficult to propagate in conventional cell lines. Many different cell culture systems have been tested using various HEV strains, but viral replication usually progresses very slowly, and infection with low virion counts results in non-productive HEV replication. However, recent progress involving generation of cDNA clones and passaging primary patient isolates in distinct cell lines has improved in vitro HEV propagation. This review describes various approaches to cultivate HEV in cellular and animal models and how these systems are used to study HEV infections and evaluate anti-HEV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni L Meister
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janina Bruening
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, Germany.
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Li TC, Bai H, Yoshizaki S, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Doan YH, Takahashi K, Mishiro S, Takeda N, Wakita T. Genotype 5 Hepatitis E Virus Produced by a Reverse Genetics System Has the Potential for Zoonotic Infection. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:160-172. [PMID: 30620002 PMCID: PMC6312656 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neither an animal model nor a cell culture system has been established for the genotype 5 hepatitis E virus (G5 HEV), and the pathogenicity, epidemiology, and replication mechanism of the virus remain unclear. In this study, we used a reverse genetics system to generate G5 HEV and examined the possibility of zoonotic infection. Capped and uncapped genomic G5 HEV RNAs generated by in vitro transcription were transfected into PLC/PRF/5 cells. Infectious G5 HEV was recovered from the capped G5 HEV RNA–transfected PLC/PRF/5 cells and the subsequently passaged cells. G5 HEV was also recovered from uncapped G5 HEV–transfected PLC/PRF/5 cells after a longer lag phase, suggesting that the 5′‐cap structure is not essential but affected the efficiency of G5 HEV replication. G5 HEV infection was neutralized not only by anti‐G5 HEV‐like particles (HEV‐LPs) antibody, but also by anti‐G1, anti‐G3, anti‐G4, and anti‐G7 HEV‐LPs antibodies. G5 HEV was capable of infecting cynomolgus monkeys negative for anti‐HEV antibody but not animals positive for anti‐G7 HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG), indicating that cynomolgus monkeys were susceptible to G5 HEV, and the serotype of G5 HEV was identical to that of G7 HEV and human HEVs. Moreover, G5 HEV replication was efficiently inhibited by ribavirin and partially inhibited by sofosbuvir. Conclusion: Infectious G5 HEV was produced using a reverse genetics system, and the antigenicity was identical to that of human HEVs and G7 HEV. Transmission of G5 HEV to primates was confirmed by an experimental infection, providing evidence of the possibility of zoonotic infection by G5 HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Huimin Bai
- Baotou Medical College Baotou, Inner Mongolia China
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animals Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Division of Experimental Animals Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Virology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Shunji Mishiro
- Department of Medical Sciences Tokyo-Shinagawa Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
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12
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Rasche A, Saqib M, Liljander AM, Bornstein S, Zohaib A, Renneker S, Steinhagen K, Wernery R, Younan M, Gluecks I, Hilali M, Musa BE, Jores J, Wernery U, Drexler JF, Drosten C, Corman VM. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Dromedaries, North and East Africa, United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan, 1983-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1249-52. [PMID: 27315454 PMCID: PMC4918144 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.160168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new hepatitis E virus (HEV-7) was recently found in dromedaries and 1 human from the United Arab Emirates. We screened 2,438 dromedary samples from Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, and 4 African countries. HEV-7 is long established, diversified and geographically widespread. Dromedaries may constitute a neglected source of zoonotic HEV infections.
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13
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Van der Poel WHM, Dalton HR, Johne R, Pavio N, Bouwknegt M, Wu T, Cook N, Meng XJ. Knowledge gaps and research priorities in the prevention and control of hepatitis E virus infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:22-29. [PMID: 29318757 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), family Hepeviridae, is a main cause of epidemic hepatitis in developing countries and sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis in industrialized countries. There are an increasing number of reported cases in humans especially in industrialized countries, and there is a high potential for transboundary spread of zoonotic genotypes of the virus through the transport of pigs, pig products and by-products. Bloodborne transmission of the virus has been reported with a significant medical concern. To better coordinate HEV research and design better control measures of HEV infections in animals, a group of HEV experts reviewed the current knowledge on the disease and considered the existing disease control tools. It was concluded that there is a lack of in-depth information about the spread of the virus from pigs to humans. The role of animals other than pigs in the zoonotic transmission of the virus to humans and the extent of foodborne transmission are poorly understood. Factors involved in development of clinical disease such as infectious dose, susceptibility and virulence of virus strains need to be studied more extensively. However, such studies are greatly hindered by the absence of a broadly applicable, efficient and sensitive in vitro cell culture system for HEV. Diagnostic tools for HEV are available but need to be further validated, harmonized and standardized. Commercially available HEV vaccines for the control of HEV infection in animal populations are needed as such vaccines can minimize the zoonotic risk for humans. Anti-HEV drugs for treatment of HEV-infected patients need to be studied more extensively. The detailed expert review can be downloaded from the project website at http://www.discontools.eu/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H R Dalton
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BFR), Berlin, Germany
| | - N Pavio
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Paris, France
| | | | - T Wu
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - N Cook
- Jorvik Food and Environmental Virology Ltd, York, UK
| | - X J Meng
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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14
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Analysis of VSV pseudotype virus infection mediated by rubella virus envelope proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11607. [PMID: 28912595 PMCID: PMC5599607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) generally causes a systemic infection in humans. Viral cell tropism is a key determinant of viral pathogenesis, but the tropism of RV is currently poorly understood. We analyzed various human cell lines and determined that RV only establishes an infection efficiently in particular non-immune cell lines. To establish an infection the host cells must be susceptible and permissible. To assess the susceptibility of individual cell lines, we generated a pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus bearing RV envelope proteins (VSV-RV/CE2E1). VSV-RV/CE2E1 entered cells in an RV envelope protein-dependent manner, and thus the infection was neutralized completely by an RV-specific antibody. The infection was Ca2+-dependent and inhibited by endosomal acidification inhibitors, further confirming the dependency on RV envelope proteins for the VSV-RV/CE2E1 infection. Human non-immune cell lines were mostly susceptible to VSV-RV/CE2E1, while immune cell lines were much less susceptible than non-immune cell lines. However, susceptibility of immune cells to VSV-RV/CE2E1 was increased upon stimulation of these cells. Our data therefore suggest that immune cells are generally less susceptible to RV infection than non-immune cells, but the susceptibility of immune cells is enhanced upon stimulation.
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15
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
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16
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Li TC, Yoshizaki S, Zhou X, Sentsui H, Shirato K, Matsuyama S, Melaku SK, Bazartseren B, Takeda N, Wakita T. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in dromedary camels in Ethiopia. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:34-37. [PMID: 28438608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of dromedary camel hepatitis E virus (DcHEV) has been detected in stool and serum samples from dromedary camels, but the sero-epidemiological information of DcHEV infection remains unclear. A total of 246 serum samples collected from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia, and 40 serum samples from Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) in Mongolia were examined for the detection of anti-DcHEV IgG antibody by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by using DcHEV-like particles (DcHEV-LPs) as the antigen. The results revealed that 55 of the 246 (22.4%) dromedary camels were positive for anti-DcHEV IgG, whereas all 40 samples from the Bactrian camels were negative for DcHEV IgG antibody. A total of 98 serum samples from dromedary camels, including 25 anti-DcHEV-IgG positive samples, were used for the detection of DcHEV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), however, no positive samples were identified. These results suggested that the DcHEV infection occurred in the dromedary camels in Ethiopia. Further studies are required to determine whether Bactrian camels are susceptible to DcHEV infection. In addition, not only DcHEV-LPs, but also virus-like particles (VLPs) delivered from G1, G3 and G5 HEV are likely applicable for the detection of the anti-DcHEV IgG antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Simenew Keskes Melaku
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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17
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Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes and Evolution: Emergence of Camel Hepatitis E Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040869. [PMID: 28425927 PMCID: PMC5412450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. Zoonotic HEV is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. The rapid identification of novel HEV variants and accumulating sequence information has prompted significant changes in taxonomy of the family Hepeviridae. This family includes two genera: Orthohepevirus, which infects terrestrial vertebrates, and Piscihepevirus, which infects fish. Within Orthohepevirus, there are four species, A–D, with widely differing host range. Orthohepevirus A contains the HEV variants infecting humans and its significance continues to expand with new clinical information. We now recognize eight genotypes within Orthohepevirus A: HEV1 and HEV2, restricted to humans; HEV3, which circulates among humans, swine, rabbits, deer and mongooses; HEV4, which circulates between humans and swine; HEV5 and HEV6, which are found in wild boars; and HEV7 and HEV8, which were recently identified in dromedary and Bactrian camels, respectively. HEV7 is an example of a novel genotype that was found to have significance to human health shortly after discovery. In this review, we summarize recent developments in HEV molecular taxonomy, epidemiology and evolution and describe the discovery of novel camel HEV genotypes as an illustrative example of the changes in this field.
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Production of infectious dromedary camel hepatitis E virus by a reverse genetic system: Potential for zoonotic infection. J Hepatol 2016; 65:1104-1111. [PMID: 27449916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenicity, epidemiology and replication mechanism of dromedary camel hepatitis E virus (DcHEV), a novel hepatitis E virus (HEV), has been unclear. Here we used a reverse genetic system to produce DcHEV and examined the possibility of zoonotic infection. METHODS Capped genomic RNA derived from a synthetic DcHEV cDNA was transfected into human hepatocarcinoma cells PLC/PRF/5. The DcHEV capsid protein and RNA were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or RT-qPCR. A neutralization test for DcHEV was carried out by using antisera against HEV-like particles. DcHEV was used to inoculate two cynomolgus monkeys to examine the potential for cross-species infection. RESULTS The transfection of PLC/PRF/5 cells with capped DcHEV RNA resulted in the production of infectious DcHEV. The genome sequence analysis demonstrated that both nucleotide and amino acid changes accumulated during the passages in PLC/PRF/5 cells. The cynomolgus monkeys showed serological signs of infection when DcHEV was intravenously inoculated. DcHEV was neutralized by not only anti-DcHEV-LPs antibody, but also anti-genotype 1 (G1), G3 and G4 HEV-LPs antibodies. Moreover, the monkeys immunized with DcHEV escaped the G3 HEV challenge, indicating that the serotype of DcHEV is similar to those of other human HEVs. CONCLUSIONS Infectious DcHEV was produced using a reverse genetic system and propagated in PLC/PRF/5 cells. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of DcHEV are similar to those of G1, G3 and G4 HEV. DcHEV was experimentally transmitted to primates, demonstrating the possibility of a zoonotic infection by DcHEV. LAY SUMMARY Dromedary camel hepatitis E virus (DcHEV) was produced by a reverse genetic system and grows well in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with DcHEV indicated serological signs of infection, suggesting that DcHEV has the potential to cause zoonotic HEV infection.
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