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Kawase M, Suwa R, Sugimoto S, Kakizaki M, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Ono T, Okabe H, Norito S, Ujike M, Hosoya M, Hashimoto K, Shirato K. Evidence of the simultaneous replications of active viruses in specimens positive for multiple respiratory viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0192023. [PMID: 38051050 PMCID: PMC10783086 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01920-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the pandemic of coronavirus diseases 2019, the use of real-time PCR assay has become widespread among people who were not familiar with it in virus detection. As a result, whether a high real-time PCR value in one time test indicates virus transmissibly became a complicated social problem, regardless of the difference in assays and/or amplification conditions, the time and number of diagnostic test during the time course of infection. In addition, the multiple positives in the test of respiratory viruses further add to the confusion in the interpretation of the infection. To address this issue, we performed virus isolation using pediatric SARI (severe acute respiratory infections) specimens on air-liquid interface culture of human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cell culture. The result of this study can be a strong evidence that the specimens showing positivity for multiple agents in real-time PCR tests possibly contain infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hisao Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Shirato K, Suwa R, Nao N, Kawase M, Sugimoto S, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Ono T, Okabe H, Norito S, Sato M, Sakuma H, Suzuki S, Hosoya M, Takeda M, Hashimoto K. Molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus before and after COVID-19 in East Japan in 2017-2022. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023:JJID.2023.350. [PMID: 38171847 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is genetically classified into two major subgroups, A and B, based on attachment glycoprotein (G) gene sequences, and the A2 subgroup is further separated into three subdivisions A2a, A2b (A2b1), and A2c (A2b2). The appearance of subgroup A2c viruses carrying a 180- or 111-nucleotide duplication in the G gene (A2c180nt-dup or A2c111nt-dup) have been reported in Japan and Spain. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disrupted the epidemiological kinetics of other respiratory viruses, including hMPV. In this study, we analysed the sequences of hMPV isolates obtained from 2017 to 2022 in Tokyo and Fukushima, i.e., before and after COVID-19. Subgroup A hMPVs were detected in 2017 to 2019, and most cases were A2c111nt-dup, suggesting there was continuous momentum of this clade, identical to the global situation. Subgroup B, but not subgroup A, viruses were detected in 2022, after the COVID-19 peak. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these resumed subgroup B viruses were closely related to the viruses detected in 2013 to 2016 in Yokohama and in 2019 in Fukushima, suggesting a reappearance of local endemic viruses in East Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animals, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Hisao Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Masatoki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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3
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Sugimoto S, Kawase M, Suwa R, Kakizaki M, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Ono T, Okabe H, Norito S, Hosoya M, Hashimoto K, Shirato K. Development of a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection and identification of two subgroups of human metapneumovirus in a single tube. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114812. [PMID: 37741464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a common cause of respiratory infections in children. Many genetic diagnostic assays have been developed, but most detect hMPV regardless of the subgroup. In this study, we developed a real-time RT-PCR assay that can detect and identify the two major subgroups of hMPV (A and B) in one tube. Primers and probes were designed based on the sequences of recent clinical isolates in Japan. The assay showed comparable analytical sensitivity to a previously reported real-time RT-PCR assay and specific reactions to hMPV subgroups. The assay also showed no cross-reactivity to clinical isolates of 19 species of other respiratory viruses. In a validation assay using post-diagnosed clinical specimens, 98% (167/170) positivity was confirmed for the duplex assay, and the three specimens not detected were of low copy number. The duplex assay also successfully distinguished the two major subgroups for all 12 clinical specimens, for which the subgroup had already been determined by genomic sequencing analysis. The duplex assay described here will contribute to the rapid and accurate identification and surveillance of hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan; Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animals, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hisao Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ono T, Hashimoto K, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Okabe H, Sato M, Norito S, Aso J, Sada M, Mochizuki I, Mashiyama F, Ishibashi N, Suzuki S, Sakuma H, Suwa R, Kawase M, Takeda M, Shirato K, Kimura H, Hosoya M. Molecular Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Neighboring Japanese Cities. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0260622. [PMID: 37409937 PMCID: PMC10433803 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02606-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSVs) are divided into subgroups A and B, which are further divided based on the nucleotide sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVR) of the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene. Understanding the molecular diversity of HRSV before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can provide insights into the effects of the pandemic on HRSV dissemination and guide vaccine development. Here, we analyzed HRSVs isolated in Fukushima Prefecture from September 2017 to December 2021. Specimens from pediatric patients were collected at two medical institutions in neighboring cities. A phylogenetic tree based on the second HVR nucleotide sequences was constructed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. HRSV-A (ON1 genotype) and HRSV-B (BA9 genotype) were detected in 183 and 108 specimens, respectively. There were differences in the number of HRSV strains within clusters prevalent at the same time between the two hospitals. The genetic characteristics of HRSVs in 2021 after the COVID-19 outbreak were similar to those in 2019. HRSVs within a cluster may circulate within a region for several years, causing an epidemic cycle. Our findings add to the existing knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of HRSV in Japan. IMPORTANCE Understanding the molecular diversity of human respiratory syncytial viruses during pandemics caused by different viruses can provide insights that can guide public health decisions and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hisao Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masatoki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aso
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Mochizuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumi Mashiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hoshi General Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naohisa Ishibashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sakuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Hoshi General Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Gunma Paz University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
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5
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Higashimoto Y, Ihira M, Kawamura Y, Inaba M, Shirato K, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Kageyama T, Doi Y, Hata T, Yoshikawa T. Dry loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical specimens. Fujita Med J 2023; 9:84-89. [PMID: 37234399 PMCID: PMC10206895 DOI: 10.20407/fmj.2022-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To establish a point-of-care test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we developed a dry loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA. Methods We carried out reverse transcription (RT)-LAMP using the Loopamp SARS-CoV-2 Detection kit (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan). The entire mixture, except for the primers, is dried and immobilized inside the tube lid. Results To determine the specificity of the kit, 22 viruses associated with respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, were tested. The sensitivity of this assay, determined by either a real-time turbidity assay or colorimetric change of the reaction mixture, as evaluated by the naked eye or under illumination with ultraviolet light, was 10 copies/reaction. No LAMP product was detected in reactions performed with RNA from any pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2. After completing an initial validation analysis, we analyzed 24 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from patients suspected to have COVID-19. Of the 24 samples, 19 (79.2%) were determined by real-time RT-PCR analysis as being positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Using the Loopamp SARS-CoV-2 Detection kit, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 15 (62.5%) of the 24 samples. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of the Loopamp 2019-CoV-2 detection reagent kit were 78.9%, 100%, 100%, and 55.6%, respectively. Conclusions The dry LAMP method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA is fast and easy to use, and its reagents can be stored at 4°C, solving the cold chain problem; thus, it represents a promising tool for COVID-19 diagnosis in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Higashimoto
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University, School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihira
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, Fujita Health University, School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Inaba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hata
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University, School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Sugimoto S, Kakizaki M, Kawase M, Kawachi K, Ujike M, Kamitani W, Sentsui H, Shirato K. Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein Is Sufficient To Convert the Neutralization Profile between Ethiopian and Middle Eastern Isolates of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459022. [PMID: 36744940 PMCID: PMC10100835 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04590-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus that causes MERS, which is endemic in the Middle East. The absence of human cases in Africa despite the presence of MERS-CoV suggests virological differences between MERS-CoVs in Africa and the Middle East. In fact, in the laboratory, recombinant MERS-CoV carrying the spike (S) protein of Ethiopian isolates exhibits attenuated properties, being more easily neutralized and replicating slower than viruses carrying the S protein of Middle Eastern isolate, EMC. In this study, to identify the amino acids that define the different virological features between Ethiopian and Middle Eastern MERS-CoVs, neutralization titers and viral replication were evaluated using recombinant MERS-CoVs carrying amino acid substitution(s) in the S protein. A single amino acid difference introduced into the receptor binding domain was sufficient to reverse the difference in the neutralizing properties of the S protein between Ethiopian and Middle Eastern MERS-CoVs. Furthermore, amino acid mutations in the S1 and S2 regions of S protein were collectively involved in slow viral replication. Since even a single amino acid difference in S protein can reverse the viral properties of MERS-CoV, it should be noted that multiple mutations may induce a significant change. Careful monitoring of genetic alterations in MERS-CoVs in Africa is therefore required to detect the emergence of virulent strains generated by a few genetic differences. IMPORTANCE There have been no reported cases of human Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in Africa, despite the presence of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Previous studies have shown that recombinant MERS-CoV carrying the S protein of an Ethiopian isolate replicated slower and was more easily neutralized relative to MERS-CoV carrying the S protein of a Middle Eastern isolate. In this study, we investigated the amino acid(s) in S protein associated with the different viral characteristics between Ethiopian and Middle Eastern MERS-CoVs. The results revealed that a single amino acid difference in the receptor binding domain was sufficient to reverse the neutralization profile. This implies that slight genetic changes can alter the predominant population of MERS-CoV, similar to the transition of variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Careful genetic monitoring of isolates is important to detect the spread of possible virulent MERS-CoVs generated by mutation(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animals, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Kawachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Shirato K, Ujike M, Kawase M. Trends of mismatches in real-time RT-PCR assays developed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan for Omicron variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 76:204-206. [PMID: 36575025 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2021 and gradually overtook the Delta variant, which was the predominant variant at that time. The Omicron variant has been consecutively replaced by related sublineages. The real-time RT-PCR assays developed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan (i.e., the NIID-N2 and NIID-S2 assays) are the reference assays that have been used in Japan since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the applicability of the NIID assays for the Omicron variants, trends in the prevalence of nucleotide mismatches in the primer/probe sequences were traced using sequences registered in the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data database. Approximately 99% of the deposited Omicron variant sequences did not have any mismatches in the NIID assay primer/probes from January to August 2022. This indicates that the NIID assays have been able to detect the changing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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8
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Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Kakizaki M, Shiwa-Sudo N, Okura T, Tahara M, Fukushi S, Maeda K, Kawase M, Asanuma H, Tomita Y, Takayama I, Matsuyama S, Shirato K, Suzuki T, Nagata N, Takeda M. Essential role of TMPRSS2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection in murine airways. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6100. [PMID: 36243815 PMCID: PMC9568946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured cells, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via multiple pathways using different host proteases. Recent studies have shown that the furin and TMPRSS2 (furin/TMPRSS2)-dependent pathway plays a minor role in infection of the Omicron variant. Here, we confirm that Omicron uses the furin/TMPRSS2-dependent pathway inefficiently and enters cells mainly using the cathepsin-dependent endocytosis pathway in TMPRSS2-expressing VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 cells. This is the case despite efficient cleavage of the spike protein of Omicron. However, in the airways of TMPRSS2-knockout mice, Omicron infection is significantly reduced. We furthermore show that propagation of the mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 QHmusX strain and human clinical isolates of Beta and Gamma is reduced in TMPRSS2-knockout mice. Therefore, the Omicron variant isn't an exception in using TMPRSS2 in vivo, and analysis with TMPRSS2-knockout mice is important when evaluating SARS-CoV-2 variants. In conclusion, this study shows that TMPRSS2 is critically important for SARS-CoV-2 infection of murine airways, including the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa-Sudo
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okura
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maino Tahara
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tomita
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- grid.410795.e0000 0001 2220 1880Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Okura T, Shirato K, Kakizaki M, Sugimoto S, Matsuyama S, Tanaka T, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Ono T, Moriishi K, Sonoyama M, Hosoya M, Hashimoto K, Maenaka K, Takeda M. Hydrophobic Alpha-Helical Short Peptides in Overlapping Reading Frames of the Coronavirus Genome. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080877. [PMID: 36014999 PMCID: PMC9415614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the coronavirus (CoV) genome may encode many functional hydrophobic alpha-helical peptides (HAHPs) in overlapping reading frames of major coronaviral proteins throughout the entire viral genome. These HAHPs can theoretically be expressed from non-canonical sub-genomic (sg)RNAs that are synthesized in substantial amounts in infected cells. We selected and analyzed five and six HAHPs encoded in the S gene regions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Two and three HAHPs derived from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, respectively, specifically interacted with both the SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV S proteins and inhibited their membrane fusion activity. Furthermore, one of the SARS-CoV-2 HAHPs specifically inhibited viral RNA synthesis by accumulating at the site of viral RNA synthesis. Our data show that a group of HAHPs in the coronaviral genome potentially has a regulatory role in viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okura
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (T.O.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (T.O.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (T.O.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoko Sugimoto
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (T.O.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
- Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
- Division of Hepatitis Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masashi Sonoyama
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan;
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness (GUCFW), Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan;
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (T.O.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Suwa R, Kume Y, Kawase M, Chishiki M, Ono T, Norito S, Sato K, Okamoto M, Kumaki S, Nagai Y, Hosoya M, Takeda M, Nishimura H, Hashimoto K, Shirato K. Practical Validation of United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Assays for the Detection of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Pediatric Inpatients in Japan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070754. [PMID: 35889999 PMCID: PMC9319774 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization initiated a global surveillance system for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 2015, and the pilot surveillance is ongoing. The real-time RT-PCR RSV assays (Pan-RSV and duplex assays) developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are applied as the standard assays. To introduce these as standard assays in Japan, their practicality was evaluated using 2261 specimens obtained from pediatric inpatients in Japan, which were collected from 2018 to 2021. Although the Pan-RSV and duplex assays had similar analytical sensitivities, they yielded 630 (27.9%) and 786 (34.8%) RSV-positive specimens, respectively (p < 0.001). Although sequencing analysis showed mismatches in the reverse primer used in the Pan-RSV assay, these mismatches did not affect its analytical sensitivity. The analysis of read numbers of RSV isolates from air−liquid interface culture of human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells showed that the duplex assay had a greater number of reads than did the Pan-RSV assay. Therefore, the duplex assay has superior detection performance compared with the Pan-RSV assay, but the two assays have similar analytical sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, 2-11-12 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Miyagi, Japan; (K.S.); (M.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, 2-11-12 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Miyagi, Japan; (K.S.); (M.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Satoru Kumaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, 2-11-12 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Yukio Nagai
- Nagai Pediatric Clinic, 1-25-10 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-0045, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, 2-11-12 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Miyagi, Japan; (K.S.); (M.O.); (H.N.)
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Fukushima, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.C.); (T.O.); (S.N.); (M.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan; (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-561-0771; Fax: +81-42-567-5631
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11
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Kume Y, Hashimoto K, Chishiki M, Norito S, Suwa R, Ono T, Mochizuki I, Mashiyama F, Ishibashi N, Suzuki S, Sakuma H, Takahashi H, Takeda M, Shirato K, Hosoya M. Changes in virus detection in hospitalized children before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:837-841. [PMID: 35488324 PMCID: PMC9343337 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of strengthening preventive measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children was examined. After the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, the rate of multiple virus detection among hospitalized children decreased. Immediately after the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses were rarely detected and subsequently reemerged. Human metapneumovirus and influenza virus were not consistently detected. Non‐enveloped viruses (bocavirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus) were detected to some extent even after the pandemic. Epidemic‐suppressed infectious diseases may reemerge as susceptibility accumulates in the population and should continue to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Suwa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Izumi Mochizuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumi Mashiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hoshi General Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sakuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Hoshi General Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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12
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Kitai Y, Sato K, Shirato K, Ohmiya S, Watanabe O, Kisu T, Ota R, Takeda M, Kawakami K, Nishimura H. Variation in Thermal Stability among Respiratory Syncytial Virus Clinical Isolates under Non-Freezing Conditions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040679. [PMID: 35458409 PMCID: PMC9029476 DOI: 10.3390/v14040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus isolates are not only useful for diagnosing infections, e.g., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but can also facilitate many aspects of practical viral studies such as analyses of antigenicity and the action mechanisms of antivirals, among others. We have been isolating RSV from clinical specimens from patients with respiratory symptoms every year since our first isolation of RSV in 1964, and isolation rates have varied considerably over the years. As collected clinical specimens are conventionally stored in a refrigerator from collection to inoculation into cells, we hypothesized that certain storage conditions or associated factors might account for these differences. Hence, we evaluated the thermal stability of a total of 64 viruses isolated from 1998 to 2018 upon storage at 4 °C and 20 °C for a defined duration. Interestingly, and contrary to our current understanding, 22 strains (34%) showed a greater loss of viability upon short-term storage at 4 °C than at 20 °C. Thirty-seven strains (57%) showed an almost equal loss, and only five strains (8%) were more stable at 4 °C than at 20 °C. This finding warrants reconsideration of the temperature for the temporary storage of clinical samples for RSV isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kitai
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0872, Japan; (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0872, Japan; (K.S.); (K.K.)
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (K.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Suguru Ohmiya
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Oshi Watanabe
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Tomoko Kisu
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Reiko Ota
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (K.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0872, Japan; (K.S.); (K.K.)
- Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Miyagino 2-11-12, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.O.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-22-293-1173
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13
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Kume Y, Hashimoto K, Shirato K, Norito S, Suwa R, Chishiki M, Ono T, Mashiyama F, Mochizuki I, Sato M, Ishibashi N, Suzuki S, Sakuma H, Takahashi H, Takeda M, Hosoya M. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infections with seasonal human coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children immediately before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:859-865. [PMID: 35307263 PMCID: PMC8920880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 are seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds in humans. However, the clinical characteristics of pediatric inpatients infected with HCoVs are unclear. This study aimed to compare and clarify the epidemiological and clinical features of HCoVs and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which commonly causes severe respiratory infections in children. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all pediatric inpatients with respiratory symptoms at two secondary medical institutions in Fukushima, Japan. Eighteen respiratory viruses, including RSV and four HCoVs, were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Of the 1757 specimens tested, viruses were detected in 1272 specimens (72.4%), with 789 single (44.9%) and 483 multiple virus detections (27.5%). RSV was detected in 639 patients (36.4%) with no difference in clinical characteristics between RSV-A and RSV-B. HCoV was detected in 84 patients (4.7%): OC43, NL63, HKU1, and 229E in 25 (1.4%), 26 (1.5%), 23 (1.3%), and 16 patients (0.9%), respectively. Patients with HCoV monoinfection (n = 35) had a significantly shorter period from onset to hospitalization (median [interquartile range] days, 2 [1–4.5] vs. 4 [2–5]), significantly shorter hospitalization stays (4 [3–5] vs. 5 [4–6]), and more cases of upper respiratory infections (37.1% vs. 3.9%) and croup (17.1% vs. 0.3%) but less cases of lower respiratory infection (54.3% vs. 94.8%) than patients with RSV monoinfection (n = 362). Conclusion Seasonal HCoV-infected patients account for approximately 5% of children hospitalized for respiratory tract infections and have fewer lower respiratory infections and shorter hospital stays than RSV-infected patients.
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Shirato K, Matsuyama S, Takeda M. Less frequent sequence mismatches in variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 in the real-time RT-PCR assays developed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:96-101. [PMID: 34193667 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began emerging worldwide from the end of 2020 to the beginning of 2021. The variants GRY/VOC202012/01 (B1.1.7), GH/N501Y.V2 (B1.351), and GR/N501Y.V3 (P1) are characterized by N to Y amino acid substitution at position 501 in the S protein. The variant containing L to R substitution at position 452 in the S protein G/L452R.V3 (B1.617) was endemic to India. The heightened concern regarding these variants is related to their increased viral infectivity. Information about nucleotide mismatch(es) on the primer/probe sequence is important for maintaining good performance of real-time PCR assays. In this study, real-time RT-PCR assays developed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan (NIID-N2 and NIID-S2 assays), were reviewed to analyze nucleotide mismatches of variants in primer/probe sequences. The frequency of mismatched sequences in three variants (GRY/VOC202012/01, GH/N501Y.V2, and GR/N501Y.V3) was lower than that in all SARS-CoV-2 sequences. The mismatch, that G to C substitution at nucleotide 8 in reverse primer of S2 set, elevated to about 16.3% in G/L452R.V3, however the substitution did not affect the analytical sensitivity of assay. Therefore, the study indicates that the NIID-N2 and NIID-S2 sets detect VOCs of SARS-CoV-2 with reliable efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan.,Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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15
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Shirato K, Tomita Y, Katoh H, Yamada S, Fukushi S, Matsuyama S, Takeda M. Performance evaluation of real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 developed by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 74:465-472. [PMID: 33642428 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the December 2019 outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China, a protocol for real-time RT-PCR assay detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was established by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) in Japan. The protocol used Charité's nucleocapsid (Sarbeco-N) and NIID's nucleocapsid (NIID-N2) assays. During the following months, SARS-CoV-2 spread causing a global pandemic, and a variety of SARS-CoV-2 sequences were registered to public databases, such as the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). In this study, we evaluated the newly developed S2 assay (NIID-S2) to replace the Sarbeco-N assay and the performance of NIID-N2 and NIID-S2 assays, referring mismatches in the primer/probe targeted region. We found the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the NIID-S2 set were comparable to the NIID-N2 assay, and the detection rate for clinical specimens was identical to that of the NIID-N2 assay. Furthermore, among available sequences (approximately 192,000), the NIID-N2 and NIID-S2 sets had 2.6% and 1.2% mismatched sequences, respectively, although most of these mismatches did not affect the amplification efficiency, with the exception of the 3' end of the NIID-N2 forward primer. These findings indicate that the previously developed NIID-N2 assay remains suitable for the detection SARS-CoV-2 with support of the newly developed NIID-S2 set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tomita
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Souichi Yamada
- Departiment of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Departiment of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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Matsuyama S, Kawase M, Nao N, Shirato K, Ujike M, Kamitani W, Shimojima M, Fukushi S. The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells. J Virol 2020; 95:e01648-20. [PMID: 33055254 PMCID: PMC7737752 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01648-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we screened steroid compounds to obtain a drug expected to block host inflammatory responses and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replication. Ciclesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid, suppressed the replication of MERS-CoV and other coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in cultured cells. The 90% effective concentration (EC90) of ciclesonide for SARS-CoV-2 in differentiated human bronchial tracheal epithelial cells was 0.55 μM. Eight consecutive passages of 43 SARS-CoV-2 isolates in the presence of ciclesonide generated 15 resistant mutants harboring single amino acid substitutions in nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) or nsp4. Of note, ciclesonide suppressed the replication of all these mutants by 90% or more, suggesting that these mutants cannot completely overcome ciclesonide blockade. Under a microscope, the viral RNA replication-transcription complex in cells, which is thought to be detectable using antibodies specific for nsp3 and double-stranded RNA, was observed to fall in the presence of ciclesonide in a concentration-dependent manner. These observations indicate that the suppressive effect of ciclesonide on viral replication is specific to coronaviruses, highlighting it as a candidate drug for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.IMPORTANCE The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, is ongoing. New and effective antiviral agents that combat the disease are needed urgently. Here, we found that an inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide, suppresses the replication of coronaviruses, including betacoronaviruses (murine hepatitis virus type 2 [MHV-2], MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) and an alphacoronavirus (human coronavirus 229E [HCoV-229E]), in cultured cells. Ciclesonide is safe; indeed, it can be administered to infants at high concentrations. Thus, ciclesonide is expected to be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is effective against many members of the coronavirus family. It could be prescribed for the treatment of MERS and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Life Sciences, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Komabayashi K, Matoba Y, Seto J, Ikeda Y, Tanaka W, Aoki Y, Ikeda T, Matsuzaki Y, Itagaki T, Shirato K, Mizuta K. Isolation of Human Coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, NL63, and 229E in Yamagata, Japan, Using Primary Human Airway Epithelium Cells Cultured by Employing an Air-Liquid Interface Culture. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:285-292. [PMID: 33250494 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of seasonal coronaviruses, which include human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63, from primary cultures is difficult because it requires experienced handling, an exception being HCoV-229E, which can be isolated using cell lines such as RD-18S and HeLa-ACE2-TMPRSS2. We aimed to isolate seasonal CoVs in Yamagata, Japan to obtain infective virions useful for further research and to accelerate fundamental studies on HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2. Using modified air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of the normal human airway epithelium from earlier studies, we isolated 29 HCoVs (80.6%: 16, 6, 6, and 1 isolates of HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E, respectively) from 36 cryopreserved nasopharyngeal specimens. In ALI cultures of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63, the harvested medium contained more than 1 × 104 genome copies/µL at every tested time point during the more than 100 days of culture. Four isolates of HCoV-NL63 were further subcultured and successfully propagated in an LLC-MK2 cell line. Our results suggest that ALI culture is useful for isolating seasonal CoVs and sustainably obtaining HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63 virions. Furthermore, the LLC-MK2 cell line in combination with ALI cultures can be used for the large-scale culturing of HCoV-NL63. Further investigations are necessary to develop methods for culturing difficult-to-culture seasonal CoVs in cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Komabayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yohei Matoba
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Junji Seto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Waka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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18
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Yamagishi T, Ohnishi M, Matsunaga N, Kakimoto K, Kamiya H, Okamoto K, Suzuki M, Gu Y, Sakaguchi M, Tajima T, Takaya S, Ohmagari N, Takeda M, Matsuyama S, Shirato K, Nao N, Hasegawa H, Kageyama T, Takayama I, Saito S, Wada K, Fujita R, Saito H, Okinaka K, Griffith M, Parry AE, Barnetson B, Leonard J, Wakita T. Corrigendum to: Environmental Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During a COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:540. [PMID: 32905593 PMCID: PMC7499642 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamagishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Matsunaga
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Okamoto
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Gu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiyo Sakaguchi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Tajima
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saho Takaya
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Retsu Fujita
- Innovation & Research Support Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Okinaka
- Division of General Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mathew Griffith
- Health Emergency Programme, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amy Elizabeth Parry
- Health Emergency Programme, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - James Leonard
- Department of Health Services, Princess Cruises, USA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Yamagishi T, Ohnishi M, Matsunaga N, Kakimoto K, Kamiya H, Okamoto K, Suzuki M, Gu Y, Sakaguchi M, Tajima T, Takaya S, Ohmagari N, Takeda M, Matsuyama S, Shirato K, Nao N, Hasegawa H, Kageyama T, Takayama I, Saito S, Wada K, Fujita R, Saito H, Okinaka K, Griffith M, Parry AE, Barnetson B, Leonard J, Wakita T. Environmental Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During a COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1098-1102. [PMID: 32691828 PMCID: PMC7454703 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During a COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship we sampled environmental surfaces after passengers and crew vacated cabins. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 58 of 601 samples (10%) from case cabins 1-17 days after cabins were vacated but not from noncase cabins. There was no difference in detection proportion between cabins of symptomatic (15%, 28/189; cycle quantification [Cq], 29.79-38.86) and asymptomatic cases (21%, 28/131; Cq, 26.21-38.99). No SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated from any of the samples. Transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients may be similar and surfaces could be involved in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamagishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Matsunaga
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Okamoto
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Gu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiyo Sakaguchi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Tajima
- Antimicrobial Resistance Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saho Takaya
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Retsu Fujita
- Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Okinaka
- Division of General Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mathew Griffith
- Health Emergency Program, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amy Elizabeth Parry
- Health Emergency Program, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - James Leonard
- Department of Health Services, Princess Cruises, USA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Shirato K, Nao N, Katano H, Takayama I, Saito S, Kato F, Katoh H, Sakata M, Nakatsu Y, Mori Y, Kageyama T, Matsuyama S, Takeda M. Development of Genetic Diagnostic Methods for Detection for Novel Coronavirus 2019(nCoV-2019) in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020. [PMID: 32074516 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.061,pubmed:32074516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
During the emergence of novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan city, China at the end of 2019, there was movement of many airline travelers between Wuhan and Japan, suggesting that the Japanese population was at high risk of infection by the virus. Hence, we urgently developed diagnostic systems for detection of 2019 nCoV. Two nested RT-PCR and two real-time RT-PCR assays were adapted for use in Japan. As of February 8, 2020, these assays have successfully detected 25 positive cases of infection in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mori
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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21
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Shirato K, Nao N, Matsuyama S, Takeda M, Kageyama T. An Ultra-Rapid Real-Time RT-PCR Method Using the PCR1100 to Detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 74:29-34. [PMID: 32611983 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has rapidly spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is usually detected via real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, the increase in specimen load in institutions/hospitals necessitates a simpler detection system. Here, we present an ultra-rapid, real-time RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection using PCR1100 device. Although PCR1100 tests only one specimen at a time, the amplification period is less than 20 min and the sensitivity and specificity match those of conventional real-time RT-PCR performed on large instruments. The method is potentially helpful when daily multiple SARS-CoV-2 testing is needed, for example to confirm virus-free status prior to patient discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Human orthopneumovirus, also known as the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. The World Health Organization has taken steps toward establishing a global surveillance system for RSV, based on the global influenza surveillance and response system initiated in 2015. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a genetic detection method based on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is used in global RSV surveillance. In Japan, immunoassay-based rapid antigen detection kits are widely used for the detection of RSV. In this study, an ultra-rapid real-time RT-PCR method for the rapid detection of RSV was developed using the PCR1100 device based on the US CDC assay in order to detect RSV in comparable time to rapid test kits. The ultra-rapid real-time RT-PCR could detect RSV viral RNA in less than 20 min while maintaining sensitivity and specificity comparable to conventional real-time RT-PCR using large installed instruments. Furthermore, combining ultra-rapid real-time RT-PCR with the M1 Sample Prep kit reduced the total working time for the detection of RSV from clinical specimen to less than 25 min, suggesting this method could be used for point-of-care RSV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Murayama Branch, Japan
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23
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Okamaoto K, Shirato K, Nao N, Saito S, Kageyama T, Hasegawa H, Suzuki T, Matsuyama S, Takeda M. Assessment of Real-Time RT-PCR Kits for SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:366-368. [PMID: 32350226 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 is currently spreading rapidly worldwide. We recently reported a laboratory protocol for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays using two primer sets, N and N2. On January 30-31, 2020, the protocol and the reagents for these assays were distributed to the local public health institutes and quarantine depots in Japan nationwide, and thereafter SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing was initiated. For further validation, the assays were compared with the commercially available kits using the SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and clinical specimens obtained from COVID19-suspected individuals. The LightMix Modular SARS and Wuhan CoV E-gene (LM S&W-E) assay was highly sensitive for the SARS-CoV-2, as was the N2 set, as both the assays showed consistent results for the clinical specimens. While the LM S&W-E set targets the highly conserved region of E gene in the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the N2 set was designed to target specifically the unique region in the SARS-CoV-2 N gene. Therefore, the N2 set exhibits high specificity and sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. These results indicate that the protocol using the N and N2 sets is comparable to the commercially available kits, and thus is reliable for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Okamaoto
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Japan
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24
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Shirato K, Nao N, Katano H, Takayama I, Saito S, Kato F, Katoh H, Sakata M, Nakatsu Y, Mori Y, Kageyama T, Matsuyama S, Takeda M. Development of Genetic Diagnostic Methods for Detection for Novel Coronavirus 2019(nCoV-2019) in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:304-307. [PMID: 32074516 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the emergence of novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan city, China at the end of 2019, there was movement of many airline travelers between Wuhan and Japan, suggesting that the Japanese population was at high risk of infection by the virus. Hence, we urgently developed diagnostic systems for detection of 2019 nCoV. Two nested RT-PCR and two real-time RT-PCR assays were adapted for use in Japan. As of February 8, 2020, these assays have successfully detected 25 positive cases of infection in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mori
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are used to detect diverse pathogens. Initially, LAMP amplicons were detected using electrophoresis; later, real-time monitoring based on turbidity was developed to overcome the problem of contamination with environmental DNA. Recently, real-time monitoring of fluorescence signals using a quenching primer and probe has improved the reliability of amplification signals. Here, methods of detecting LAMP amplicons are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Shirato K, Melaku SK, Kawachi K, Nao N, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Kawase M, Kamitani W, Matsuyama S, Tessema TS, Sentsui H. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 31275264 PMCID: PMC6593072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012. The reservoir of MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel, suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease. MERS-CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV; however, human cases have remained limited to the Middle East. To better understand the cause of this difference, the virological properties of African camel MERS-CoV were analyzed based on the spike (S) protein in Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries (≤ 2 years old) in the Afar region of Ethiopia, of which 39 were positive for MERS-CoV, as confirmed by genetic tests. All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region. Using next-generation sequencing, two full-length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded; both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length and S protein sequences. Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS-CoV, in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates, were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties. Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants. In neutralizing assays, Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate (wild-type)-immunized mouse sera, relative to the EMC S recombinants, indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein. Neutralization experiments performed using S1/S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein. These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS-CoV are due to strain-specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS-CoV cases in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Simenew Keskes Melaku
- Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kengo Kawachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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Shirato K, Chang HW, Rottier PJM. Differential susceptibility of macrophages to serotype II feline coronaviruses correlates with differences in the viral spike protein. Virus Res 2018; 255:14-23. [PMID: 29936068 PMCID: PMC7114831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the S protein modulate serotype II FCoV infection of macrophages. Critical residues in the spike S2 domain of type II FCoV affecting cell tropism. Cooperativity at 5 positions in the S protein modulates FCoV macrophage entry.
The ability to infect and replicate in monocytes/macrophages is a critically distinguishing feature between the two feline coronavirus (FCoV) pathotypes: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV; low-virulent) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV; lethal). Previously, by comparing serotype II strains FIPV 79-1146 and FECV 79-1683 and recombinant chimeric forms thereof in cultured feline bone marrow macrophages, we mapped this difference to the C-terminal part of the viral spike (S) protein (S2). In view of the later identified diagnostic difference in this very part of the S protein of serotype I FCoV pathotypes, the present study aimed to further define the contribution of the earlier observed ten amino acids difference to the serotype II virus phenotype in macrophages. Using targeted RNA recombination as a reverse genetics system we introduced the mutations singly and in combinations into the S gene and evaluated their effects on the infection characteristics of the mutant viruses in macrophages. While some of the single mutations had a significant effect, none of them fully reverted the infection phenotype. Only by combining five specific mutations the infections mediated by the FIPV and FECV spike proteins could be fully blocked or potentiated, respectively. Hence, the differential macrophage infection phenotype is caused by the cooperative effect of five mutations, which occur in five functionally different domains of the spike fusion subunit S2. The significance of these observations will be discussed, taking into account also some questions related to the identity of the virus strains used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Peter J M Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shirato K, Semba S, El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, Tolah AM, Takayama I, Kageyama T, Notomi T, Kamitani W, Matsuyama S, Azhar EI. Development of fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) using quenching probes for the detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:41-48. [PMID: 29763640 PMCID: PMC7113683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent RT-LAMP assays using quenching probes for MERS-CoV were developed. Quenching probe (QProbe) can solve the problem in turbidity monitoring mechanism. Only primer-derived signal can be monitored specifically by QProbes. Two primer sets were developed to enable to confirm MERS case by RT-LAMP only. Both sets were highly specific and sensitive in comparison with real-time RT-PCR.
Clinical detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in patients is achieved using genetic diagnostic methods, such as real-time RT-PCR assay. Previously, we developed a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of MERS-CoV [Virol J. 2014. 11:139]. Generally, amplification of RT-LAMP is monitored by the turbidity induced by precipitation of magnesium pyrophosphate with newly synthesized DNA. However, this mechanism cannot completely exclude the possibility of unexpected reactions. Therefore, in this study, fluorescent RT-LAMP assays using quenching probes (QProbes) were developed specifically to monitor only primer-derived signals. Two primer sets (targeting nucleocapsid and ORF1a sequences) were constructed to confirm MERS cases by RT-LAMP assay only. Our data indicate that both primer sets were capable of detecting MERS-CoV RNA to the same level as existing genetic diagnostic methods, and that both were highly specific with no cross-reactivity observed with other respiratory viruses. These primer sets were highly efficient in amplifying target sequences derived from different MERS-CoV strains, including camel MERS-CoV. In addition, the detection efficacy of QProbe RT-LAMP was comparable to that of real-time RT-PCR assay using clinical specimens from patients in Saudi Arabia. Altogether, these results indicate that QProbe RT-LAMP assays described here can be used as powerful diagnostic tools for rapid detection and surveillance of MERS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Shohei Semba
- Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-19-9 Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8408, Japan
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsugunori Notomi
- Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., 4-19-9 Taito, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8408, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry. Virology 2017; 517:9-15. [PMID: 29217279 PMCID: PMC7112029 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) enter cells via two distinct pathways: the endosomal pathway using cathepsins to activate spike protein and the cell-surface or early endosome pathway using extracellular proteases such as transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). We previously reported that clinical isolates of HCoV-229E preferred cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsin for cell entry, and that they acquired the ability to use cathepsin L by repeated passage in cultured cells and were then able to enter cells via the endosomal pathway. Here, we show that clinical isolates of HCoV-OC43 and -HKU1 preferred the cell-surface TMRRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry, similar to HCoV-229E. In addition, the cell-culture-adapted HCoV-OC43 lost the ability to infect and replicate in air-liquid interface cultures of human bronchial tracheal epithelial cells. These results suggest that circulating HCoVs in the field generally use cell-surface TMPRSS2 for cell entry, not endosomal cathepsins, in human airway epithelial cells. Clinical isolates of HCoV-OC43 and -HKU1 were isolated from ALI-cultured HBTE cells. Clinical isolates of HCoVs preferred the TMRRSS2 to cathepsins for cell entry. Cell culture adapted HCoV-OC43 lost the ability to replicate in HBTE-ALI culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Fukushi S, Fukuma A, Kurosu T, Watanabe S, Shimojima M, Shirato K, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Nagata N, Ohnishi K, Ato M, Melaku SK, Sentsui H, Saijo M. Characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against the MERS-coronavirus spike protein and their application in species-independent antibody detection by competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:22-29. [PMID: 28993122 PMCID: PMC7113858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV were produced and characterized. Anti-MERS-CoV antibody detection system by competitive ELISA was developed. The competitive ELISA was validated using sera taken from dromedary camels.
Since discovering the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as a causative agent of severe respiratory illness in the Middle East in 2012, serological testing has been conducted to assess antibody responses in patients and to investigate the zoonotic reservoir of the virus. Although the virus neutralization test is the gold standard assay for MERS diagnosis and for investigating the zoonotic reservoir, it uses live virus and so must be performed in high containment laboratories. Competitive ELISA (cELISA), in which a labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) competes with test serum antibodies for target epitopes, may be a suitable alternative because it detects antibodies in a species-independent manner. In this study, novel MAbs against the spike protein of MERS-CoV were produced and characterized. One of these MAbs was used to develop a cELISA. The cELISA detected MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in sera from MERS-CoV-infected rats and rabbits immunized with the spike protein of MERS-CoV. The MAb-based cELISA was validated using sera from Ethiopian dromedary camels. Relative to the neutralization test, the cELISA detected MERS-CoV-specific antibodies in 66 Ethiopian dromedary camels with a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 100%, respectively. The cELISA and neutralization test results correlated well (Pearson’s correlation coefficients = 0.71–0.76, depending on the cELISA serum dilution). This cELISA may be useful for MERS epidemiological investigations on MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Simenew Keskes Melaku
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Li TC, Yoshizaki S, Zhou X, Sentsui H, Shirato K, Matsuyama S, Melaku SK, Bazartseren B, Takeda N, Wakita T. Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in dromedary camels in Ethiopia. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:34-37. [PMID: 28438608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of dromedary camel hepatitis E virus (DcHEV) has been detected in stool and serum samples from dromedary camels, but the sero-epidemiological information of DcHEV infection remains unclear. A total of 246 serum samples collected from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia, and 40 serum samples from Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) in Mongolia were examined for the detection of anti-DcHEV IgG antibody by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by using DcHEV-like particles (DcHEV-LPs) as the antigen. The results revealed that 55 of the 246 (22.4%) dromedary camels were positive for anti-DcHEV IgG, whereas all 40 samples from the Bactrian camels were negative for DcHEV IgG antibody. A total of 98 serum samples from dromedary camels, including 25 anti-DcHEV-IgG positive samples, were used for the detection of DcHEV RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), however, no positive samples were identified. These results suggested that the DcHEV infection occurred in the dromedary camels in Ethiopia. Further studies are required to determine whether Bactrian camels are susceptible to DcHEV infection. In addition, not only DcHEV-LPs, but also virus-like particles (VLPs) delivered from G1, G3 and G5 HEV are likely applicable for the detection of the anti-DcHEV IgG antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Simenew Keskes Melaku
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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Shirato K, Maejima M, Islam MT, Miyazaki A, Kawase M, Matsuyama S, Taguchi F. Porcine aminopeptidase N is not a cellular receptor of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, but promotes its infectivity via aminopeptidase activity. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2528-2539. [PMID: 27449937 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a causative agent of pig diarrhoea, has recently caused significant economic damage worldwide. Porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) has been reported to be the receptor for PEDV, although robust evidence is lacking. In the present study, we explored whether pAPN functions as a receptor for PEDV. Human HeLa cells expressing pAPN and pAPN-positive porcine CPK cells failed to support PEDV infection, but were susceptible to infection by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which utilizes pAPN as a functional receptor. In contrast to TGEV, PEDV did not bind soluble porcine aminopeptidases (pAPs) and infection was not inhibited by the soluble form of pAPs. However, overexpression of pAPN in porcine CPK cells (CPK-pAPN cells) slightly increased the production of PEDV, and the increased replication in CPK-pAPN cells was inhibited by bestatin, an inhibitor of the protease activity of aminopeptidase N. These results suggest that pAPN is not a functional receptor for PEDV, but promotes the infection of PEDV through its protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Madoka Maejima
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Md Taimur Islam
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.,Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Ujike M, Huang C, Shirato K, Makino S, Taguchi F. The contribution of the cytoplasmic retrieval signal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to intracellular accumulation of S proteins and incorporation of S protein into virus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1853-1864. [PMID: 27145752 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tails of some coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) proteins contain an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal (ERRS) that can retrieve S proteins from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); this process is thought to accumulate S proteins at the CoV budding site, the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), and to facilitate S protein incorporation into virions. However, we showed previously that porcine epidemic diarrhoea CoV S proteins lacking the ERRS were efficiently incorporated into virions, similar to the original virus. Thus, the precise role of the ERRS in virus assembly remains unclear. Here, the roles of the S protein ERRS in severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) intracellular trafficking and S incorporation into virus-like particles (VLPs) are described. Intracellular trafficking and indirect immunofluorescence analysis suggested that when M protein was present, wild-type S protein (wtS) could be retained in the pre- and post-medial Golgi compartments intracellularly and co-localized with M protein in the Golgi. In contrast, mutant S protein lacking the ERRS was distributed throughout the ER and only partially co-localized with M protein. Moreover, the intracellular accumulation of mutant S protein, particularly at the post-medial Golgi compartment, was significantly reduced compared with wtS. A VLP assay suggested that wtS that reached the post-medial compartment could be returned to the ERGIC for subsequent incorporation into VLPs, while mutant S protein could not. These results suggest that the ERRS of SARS-CoV contributes to intracellular S protein accumulation specifically in the post-medial Golgi compartment and to S protein incorporation into VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1 Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Shirato K, Azumano A, Nakao T, Hagihara D, Ishida M, Tamai K, Yamazaki K, Kawase M, Okamoto Y, Kawakami S, Okada N, Fukushima K, Nakajima K, Matsuyama S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection not found in camels in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 68:256-8. [PMID: 25993975 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease
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Shirato K, Ujike M, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. Identification of CCL2, RARRES2 and EFNB2 as host cell factors that influence the multistep replication of respiratory syncytial virus. Virus Res 2015; 210:213-26. [PMID: 26277777 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major causative agent of respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Preterm children or those with underlying cardiopulmonary disorders are at particularly high risk of developing severe and lethal RSV respiratory tract infections; however, there are currently no effective vaccines or anti-viral drugs. To identify targets for the development of drugs to treat RSV infections, we investigated host cell factors involved in the replication of RSV. To this end, MDCK cells with low susceptibility to RSV were transfected with cDNA libraries derived from RSV-susceptible human lung or HeLa cells. A microarray analysis was subsequently performed on parental MDCK cells and MDCK cells that were converted to an RSV-susceptible form. Among the genes identified, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2) and ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) had a positive effect on RSV replication. Expression of these genes in MDCK cells resulted in a 10- to 100-fold increase in RSV replication. CCL2 expression also disrupted the distribution of claudin-1, a tight junction protein, suggesting that CCL2 plays a role in claudin-based tight junction formation during RSV replication. The knockdown of EFNB2 and RARRES2 by siRNA in RSV-susceptible cell lines (HEp-2 and A549) resulted in reduced RSV replication, suggesting that EFNB2 and RARRES2 participate in RSV replication. Together, our findings suggest that CCL2, RARRES2 and EFNB2 are host cell factors involved in RSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan-cho 1-7-1, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Shirato K, Yano T, Senba S, Akachi S, Kobayashi T, Nishinaka T, Notomi T, Matsuyama S. Detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). Virol J 2014; 11:139. [PMID: 25103205 PMCID: PMC4132226 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first documented case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) occurred in 2012, and outbreaks have continued ever since, mainly in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV is primarily diagnosed using a real-time RT-PCR assay, with at least two different genomic targets required for a positive diagnosis according to the case definition of The World Health Organization (WHO) as of 3 July 2013. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop as many specific genetic diagnostic methods as possible to allow stable diagnosis of MERS-CoV infections. Methods Reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a genetic diagnostic method used widely for the detection of viral pathogens, which requires only a single temperature for amplification, and can be completed in less than 1 h. This study developed a novel RT-LAMP assay for detecting MERS-CoV using primer sets targeting a conserved nucleocapsid protein region. Results The RT-LAMP assay was capable of detecting as few as 3.4 copies of MERS-CoV RNA, and was highly specific, with no cross-reaction to other respiratory viruses. Pilot experiments to detect MERS-CoV from medium containing pharyngeal swabs inoculated with pre-titrated viruses were also performed. The RT-LAMP assay exhibited sensitivity similar to that of MERS-CoV real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions These results suggest that the RT-LAMP assay described here is a useful tool for the diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance of human MERS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Shirato K, Imada Y, Kawase M, Nakagaki K, Matsuyama S, Taguchi F. Possible involvement of infection with human coronavirus 229E, but not NL63, in Kawasaki disease. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2146-53. [PMID: 24760654 PMCID: PMC7166330 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although human coronavirus (HCoV)‐NL63 was once considered a possible causative agent of Kawasaki disease based on RT‐PCR analyses, subsequent studies could not confirm the result. In this study, this possibility was explored using serological tests. To evaluate the role of HCoV infection in patients with Kawasaki disease, immunofluorescence assays and virus neutralizing tests were performed. Paired serum samples were obtained from patients with Kawasaki disease who had not been treated with γ‐globulin. HCoV‐NL63 and two antigenically different isolates of HCoV‐229E (ATCC‐VR740 and a new isolate, Sendai‐H) were examined as controls. Immunofluorescence assays detected no difference in HCoV‐NL63 antibody positivity between the patients with Kawasaki disease and controls, whereas the rate of HCoV‐229E antibody positivity was higher in the patients with Kawasaki disease than that in controls. The neutralizing tests revealed no difference in seropositivity between the acute and recovery phases of patients with Kawasaki disease for the two HCoV‐229Es. However, the Kawasaki disease specimens obtained from patients in recovery phase displayed significantly higher positivity for Sendai‐H, but not for ATCC‐VR740, as compared to the controls. The serological test supported no involvement of HCoV‐NL63 but suggested the possible involvement of HCoV‐229E in the development of Kawasaki disease. J. Med. Virol. 86:2146–2153, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
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Kotani O, Shirato K, Nagata N, Ikeda H, Takahashi K, Taguchi F. Neuropathogenesis of a mouse-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling mice. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:831-836. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, MK-p10, showed higher neurovirulence in suckling mice than a non-adapted MK strain. There was no difference in virus growth, whereas clear differences between these two virus infections existed in the type of target cells infected, the spread of virus and the cytokine levels produced in the brain. In the early phase of infection, neurons, astrocytes and neural progenitor cells were infected by MK-p10, whereas neural progenitor cells were the only target cells infected by MK. On days 4–5 post-inoculation, MK-p10 antigens were distributed in a number of neurons in a wide area of the brain; however, antigens were restricted in MK infection. In moribund mice in both infection groups, viral antigens were found in a wide area of the brain. The wide spectrum of initial target cells following MK-p10 infection, as well as its faster spread in the brain, may be evidence of enhanced virulence in suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kotani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Departments of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ikeda
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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Shirato K, Kawase M, Watanabe O, Hirokawa C, Matsuyama S, Nishimura H, Taguchi F. Differences in neutralizing antigenicity between laboratory and clinical isolates of HCoV-229E isolated in Japan in 2004-2008 depend on the S1 region sequence of the spike protein. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1908-1917. [PMID: 22673931 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a causative agent of the common cold. Although HCoV is highly prevalent in the world, studies of the genomic and antigenic details of circulating HCoV strains have been limited. In this study, we compared four Japanese isolates with the standard HCoV-229E strain obtained from ATCC (ATCC-VR740) by focusing on the spike (S) protein, a major determinant of neutralizing antigen and pathogenicity. The isolates were found to have nucleotide deletions and a number of sequence differences in the S1 region of the S protein. We compared two of the Japanese isolates with the ATCC-VR740 strain by using virus-neutralizing assays consisting of infectious HCoV-229E particles and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-pseudotyped virus carrying the HCoV-229E S protein. The two clinical isolates (Sendai-H/1121/04 and Niigata/01/08) did not react with antiserum to the ATCC-VR740 strain via the neutralizing test. We then constructed a pseudotype VSV-harboured chimeric S protein with the ATCC S1 and Sendai S2 regions or that with Sendai S1 and ATCC S2 regions and compared them by a neutralization test. The results revealed that the difference in the neutralizing antigenicity depends on the S1 region. This different antigenic phenotype was also confirmed by a neutralizing test with clinically isolated human sera. These results suggest that the HCoV-229E viruses prevalent in Japan are quite different from the laboratory strain ATCC-VR740 in terms of the S sequence and neutralization antigenicity, which is attributed to the difference in the S1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Oshi Watanabe
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8520, Japan
| | - Chika Hirokawa
- Virology Section, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata 950-2144, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8520, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.,Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
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Abstract
Previously, it was reported that productive viral infection, viral protein synthesis, and viral RNA replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) operated efficiently in two human epithelial cell lines (HEp‐2 and A549), but not in a human mast‐cell line, HMC‐1. Based on these observations, it was hypothesized that HMC‐1 cells lack the machinery required for RSV replication. To identify the host factors required for RSV replication, cDNA subtraction using A549, HEp‐2, and HMC‐1 cells was performed, and cytokeratin 18 (C18) was identified as a candidate host factor. Because C18 is generally expressed in simple epithelia with cytokeratin 8 (C8), HMC‐1 cells that constitutively express C18 and C8 (HMC‐1‐C8/18) were established to evaluate the role of C8/18 in RSV replication. In HMC‐1‐C8/18 cells, RSV RNA replication was increased, and the amount of infective virus produced was also increased in the cellular fraction after RSV spinoculation, whereas RSV production was decreased in A549 cells in which C18 expression was knocked down. These data suggest that the replication of RSV increases in the presence of C8/18. J. Med. Virol. 84:365–370, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ujike M, Huang C, Shirato K, Matsuyama S, Makino S, Taguchi F. Two palmitylated cysteine residues of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike (S) protein are critical for S incorporation into virus-like particles, but not for M-S co-localization. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:823-828. [PMID: 22238235 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endodomain of several coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) proteins contains palmitylated cysteine residues and enables co-localization and interaction with the CoV membrane (M) protein. Depalmitylation of mouse hepatitis virus S proteins abolished this interaction, resulting in the failure of S incorporation into virions. In contrast, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) showed that depalmitylated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SCoV) S proteins still co-localized with the M protein in the budding site. Here, we determined the ability of depalmitylated SCoV S mutants to incorporate S into virus-like particles (VLPs). IFA confirmed that all SCoV S mutants co-localized with the M protein intracellularly. However, the mutants lacking two cysteine residues (C(1234/1235)) failed to incorporate S into VLPs. This indicated that these palmitylated cysteines are essential for S incorporation, but are not involved in S co-localization mediated by the M protein. Our findings suggest that M-S co-localization and S incorporation occur independently of one another in SCoV virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Shirato K, Maejima M, Matsuyama S, Ujike M, Miyazaki A, Takeyama N, Ikeda H, Taguchi F. Mutation in the cytoplasmic retrieval signal of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike (S) protein is responsible for enhanced fusion activity. Virus Res 2011; 161:188-93. [PMID: 21840351 PMCID: PMC7114372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine-adapted porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), MK-p10, shows high neurovirulence and increased fusion activity compared with a non-adapted MK strain. MK-p10 S protein had four mutations relative to the original virus S, and one of these (H→R at position 1381, H1381R) in the cytoplasmic tail (CT) was suggested to be responsible for the increased fusion activity. To explore this, we examined fusion activity using recombinant S proteins. We expressed and compared the fusion activity of MK-p10 S, S with the H1381R mutation, S with the three other mutations that were not thought to be involved in high fusion activity, and the original S protein. The MK-p10 and MK-H1381R S proteins induced larger cell fusions than others. We also examined the distribution of these S proteins; the MK-p10 and MK-H1381R S proteins were transported onto the cell surface more efficiently than others. These findings suggest that the H1381R mutation is responsible for enhanced fusion activity, which may be attributed to the efficient transfer of S onto the cell surface. H1381 is a component of the KxHxx motif in the CT region, which is a retrieval signal of the S protein for the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Loss of this motif could allow for the efficient transfer of S proteins from ERGIC onto the cell surface and subsequent increased fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Shirato K, Maejima M, Hirai A, Ami Y, Takeyama N, Tsuchiya K, Kusanagi K, Nunoya T, Taguchi F. Enhanced cell fusion activity in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus adapted to suckling mice. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1989-95. [PMID: 20827493 PMCID: PMC7086807 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major causative agent of fatal diarrhea in piglets. To study the pathogenic features of PEDV using a mouse model, PEDV with virulence in mice is required. In pursuit of this, we adapted a tissue-culture-passed PEDV MK strain to suckling mouse brains. PEDV obtained after ten passages through the brains (MK-p10) had increased virulence for mice, and its fusion activity in cultured cells exceeded that of the original strain. However, the replication kinetics of MK and MK-p10 did not differ from each other in the brain and in cultured cells. The spike (S) protein of MK-p10 had four amino acid substitutions relative to the original strain. One of these (an H-to-R substitution at residue 1,381) was first detected in PEDV isolated after eight passages, and both this virus (MK-p8) and MK-p10 showed enhanced syncytium formation relative to the original MK strain and viruses isolated after two, four, and six passages, suggesting the possibility that the H-to-R mutation was responsible for this activity. This mutation could be also involved in the increased virulence of PEDV observed for MK-p10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Department of Virology III, Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Musashimurayama, Tokyo Japan
| | - Madoka Maejima
- Department of Virology III, Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Musashimurayama, Tokyo Japan
| | - Asuka Hirai
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan
| | - Natsumi Takeyama
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2222-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024 Japan
| | - Kotaro Tsuchiya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2222-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024 Japan
| | - Kouich Kusanagi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2222-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nunoya
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2222-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024 Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology III, Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Musashimurayama, Tokyo Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
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Shirato K, Taguchi F. Mast cell degranulation is induced by A549 airway epithelial cell infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 2009; 386:88-93. [PMID: 19195674 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major causative agent of respiratory tract infections, influences allergic diseases. Mast cells, important effector cells in allergic disease, also express chemokine (C-X(3)-C motif) receptor 1 (CX(3)CR1). The RSV attachment glycoprotein (G protein) is structurally similar to CX(3)C ligand 1 (CX(3)CL1), the CX(3)CR1 ligand, suggesting that RSV directly interacts with and affects mast cell function, including degranulation. In this paper, the effect of RSV infection on mast cell function was studied using the human mast cell line (HMC-1). The results showed that RSV infection and replication was inefficient in HMC-1 cells than in human epithelial A549 cells. Additionally, HMC-1 degranulation occurred only in coculture with RSV-infected A549 cells, with up-regulation of TNFalpha secretion. However, direct RSV inoculation and incubation with RSV-infected A549 cell culture medium failed to induce HMC-1 degranulation, suggesting that virus-infected cells are critical for degranulation during RSV infection; however, degranulation does not occur by direct RSV infection into mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan.
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Ami Y, Nagata N, Shirato K, Watanabe R, Iwata N, Nakagaki K, Fukushi S, Saijo M, Morikawa S, Taguchi F. Co-infection of respiratory bacterium with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces an exacerbated pneumonia in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 52:118-27. [PMID: 18380809 PMCID: PMC7168413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV grows in a variety of tissues that express its receptor, although the mechanism for high replication in the lungs and severe respiratory illness is not well understood. We recently showed that elastase enhances SARS-CoV infection in cultured cells, which suggests that SARS development may be due to elastase-mediated, enhanced SARS-CoV infection in the lungs. To explore this possibility, we examined whether co-infection of mice with SARS-CoV and Pp, a low-pathogenic bacterium which elicits elastase production in the lungs, induces exacerbation of pneumonia. Mice co-infected with SARS-CoV and Pp developed severe respiratory disease with extensive weight loss, resulting in a 33~90% mortality rate. Mice with exacerbated pneumonia showed enhanced virus infection in the lungs and histopathological lesions similar to those found in human SARS cases. Intranasal administration of LPS, another elastase inducer, showed an effect similar to that of Pp infection. Thus, this study shows that exacerbated pneumonia in mice results from co-infection with SARS-CoV and a respiratory bacterium that induces elastase production in the lungs, suggesting a possible role for elastase in the exacerbation of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ami
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shirato
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Rie Watanabe
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakagaki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashi‐Murayama, Tokyo 208‐0011, Japan
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Mizutani T, Endoh D, Okamoto M, Shirato K, Shimizu H, Arita M, Fukushi S, Saijo M, Sakai K, Lim CK, Ito M, Nerome R, Takasaki T, Ishii K, Suzuki T, Kurane I, Morikawa S, Nishimura H. Rapid genome sequencing of RNA viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:322-4. [PMID: 17479903 PMCID: PMC2725858 DOI: 10.3201/eid1302.061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a system for rapid determination of viral RNA sequences whereby genomic sequence is obtained from cultured virus isolates without subcloning into plasmid vectors. This method affords new opportunities to address the challenges of unknown or untypeable emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Mizutani
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama City, Tokyo, Japan.
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Minatoya Y, Ito K, Kagaya Y, Asaumi Y, Takeda M, Nakayama M, Takahashi J, Iguchi A, Shirato K, Shimokawa H. Depressed contractile reserve and impaired calcium handling of cardiac myocytes from chronically unloaded hearts are ameliorated with the administration of physiological treatment dose of T3 in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 189:221-31. [PMID: 17305702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic cardiac unloading causes a time-dependent upregulation of phospholamban (PLB) and depression of myocyte contractility in normal rat hearts. As thyroid hormone is known to decrease PLB expression, we examined whether thyroid hormone restores the depressed contractile performance of myocytes from chronically unloaded hearts. METHODS Cardiac unloading was induced by heterotopic heart transplantation in isogenic rats for 5 weeks. Animals were treated with either vehicle or physiological treatment dose of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) that does not cause hyperthyroidism for the last 3 weeks (n=20 each). RESULTS In vehicle-treated animals, myocyte relaxation and [Ca2+]i decay were slower in unloaded hearts than in recipient hearts. Myocyte shortening in response to high [Ca2+]o was also depressed with impaired augmentation of peak-systolic [Ca2+]i in unloaded hearts compared with recipient hearts. In vehicle-treated rats, protein levels of PLB were increased by 136% and the phosphorylation level of PLB at Ser16 were decreased by 32% in unloaded hearts compared with recipient hearts. By contrast, in the T3-treated animals, the slower relaxation, delayed [Ca2+]i decay, and depressed contractile reserve in myocytes from unloaded hearts were all returned to normal levels. Furthermore, in the T3-treated animals, there was no difference either in the PLB protein level or in its Ser16-phosphorylation level between unloaded and recipient hearts. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the treatment with physiological treatment dose of thyroid hormone rescues the impaired myocyte relaxation and depressed contractile reserve at least partially through the restoration of PLB protein levels and its phosphorylation state in chronically unloaded hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Minatoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Shirato K, Nishimura H, Saijo M, Okamoto M, Noda M, Tashiro M, Taguchi F. Diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2006; 139:78-84. [PMID: 17052763 PMCID: PMC7112771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major causative agent of lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly. A reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed assay to amplify the genome of RSV subgroups A and B, in order to improve current diagnostic methods for RSV infection. The primer sets for RT-LAMP were designed using highly conserved nucleotide sequences in the matrix protein region of subgroups A and B, and were specific for each subgroup. The RT-LAMP efficiency was compared to virus isolation and a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for RSV detection (BD Directigen EZ RSV test™), using nasopharyngeal aspirates from 59 children with respiratory tract infections. The RT-LAMP was specific for RSV and could not detect other respiratory pathogens. 61% (36/59) of children were positive by RT-LAMP, 34% (20/59) by viral isolation, and 56% (26/46) by EZ RSV. Of 16 specimens that were negative by both antigen detection and virus isolation, 12.5% (2/16) were RT-LAMP positive. These results suggest that the RT-LAMP is more sensitive than other methods used to detect RSV. The RT-LAMP assay developed in this study may be useful for diagnostic and epidemiological studies of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Kariwa H, Takashima I. The kinetics of proinflammatory cytokines in murine peritoneal macrophages infected with envelope protein-glycosylated or non-glycosylated West Nile virus. Virus Res 2006; 121:11-6. [PMID: 16632038 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein glycosylation status of the New York strain of West Nile (WN) virus is an important determinant of virus neuroinvasiveness. To elucidate the determinant of the difference between E protein-glycosylated and non-glycosylated WN virus infections, the cytokine expression of murine peritoneal macrophages infected with each virus was examined. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta were up-regulated with replication of the E protein-glycosylated virus. Interferon (IFN) beta and IL-6 were up-regulated with the clearance of both viruses. These results suggest that TNFalpha and IL-1beta expression are related to the virulence of E protein-glycosylated WN virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Detection of West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus using real-time PCR with a probe common to both viruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:119-25. [PMID: 15847927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A diagnostic method to distinguish between West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) based on fluorogenic real-time polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan) assays was developed. To detect WNV and JEV with a single probe, a probe was designed to correspond to sequences in the core protein region that are shared by both viruses. The specificity of this assay depended on the primer sets used, which were specific to the target virus sequences: the primer set for WNV could detect only WNV strains and the primer set for JEV could detect only JEV strains. The assays were tested by detection of viruses from experimentally infected animal tissues. The method described in this study will be useful for the simultaneous discrimination of WNV and JEV in areas where JEV is endemic, such as East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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