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Mateos H, Mallardi A, Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Buonavoglia A, De Giglio O, Buonavoglia C, Palazzo G. Mechanism of surfactant interactions with feline coronavirus: A physical chemistry perspective. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:535-544. [PMID: 38364478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surfactants are inexpensive chemicals with promising applications in virus inactivation, particularly for enveloped viruses. Yet, the detailed mechanisms by which surfactants deactivate coronaviruses remain underexplored. This study delves into the virucidal mechanisms of various surfactants on Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) and their potential applications against more pathogenic coronaviruses. EXPERIMENTS By integrating virucidal activity assays with fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler electrophoresis, alongside liposome permeability experiments, we have analyzed the effects of non-ionic and ionic surfactants on viral activity. FINDINGS The non-ionic surfactant octaethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10EO8) inactivates the virus by disrupting the lipid envelope, whereas ionic surfactants like Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Cetylpyridinium Chloride predominantly affect the spike proteins, with their impact on the viral membrane being hampered by kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. FCoV served as a safe model for studying virucidal activity, offering a faster alternative to traditional virucidal assays. The study demonstrates that physicochemical techniques can expedite the screening of virucidal compounds, contributing to the design of effective disinfectant formulations. Our results not only highlight the critical role of surfactant-virus interactions but also contribute to strategic advancements in public health measures for future pandemic containment and the ongoing challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mateos
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Mallardi
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes, Bari Division, National Council of Research (CNR), c/o Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna Alma Mater, Italy.
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari "A. Moro", Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Park Y, Kim C, Park YI, Lee S, So J, Park R, Park J. Compound C inhibits the replication of feline coronavirus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27641. [PMID: 38500971 PMCID: PMC10945263 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) is a viral pathogen of cats and a highly contagious virus. Cats in a cattery can be infected by up to 100%, and even household cats are infected by 20-60%. Some strains of FCoV are known to induce a fatal disease in cats named Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). However, no effective treatments are available. We demonstrated that compound C (dorsomorphin) can potentially inhibit feline coronavirus replication. Compound C treatment decreased the FCoV-induced plaque formation and cytopathic effect in FCoV-infected cells. Compound C treatment also significantly reduced the amount of viral RNA and viral protein in the cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that compound C is potentially useful for feline coronavirus-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansoo Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea-In Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyun Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon So
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Rackhyun Park
- Department of Life Science, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Deng X, Song J, Zhu J, Yu L, Li G, Liu G. An adenovirus-vectored vaccine based on the N protein of feline coronavirus elicit robust protective immune responses. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105825. [PMID: 38311297 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an unsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus. It can cause fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats of any ages. Currently, there are no effective prevention and control measures to against FCoV. In this study, we developed a recombinant adenovirus vaccine, AD5-N, based on the nucleocapsid(N) protein of FCoV. The immunogenicity of AD5-N was evaluated through intramuscular immunization in 6-week-old Balb/c mice and 9-12 months old cats. Compared to the control group, AD5-N specifically induced a significant increase in IgG and SIgA levels in the vaccinated mice. Furthermore, AD5-N not only effectively promoted strong cellular immune responses in cats but also induced high levels of specific SIgA, effectively helping cats resist FCoV infection. Our findings suggest that adenovirus vector vaccines based on the N gene have the potential to become candidate vaccines for the prevention and control of FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Junna Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Junhan Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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Zhu J, Deng S, Mou D, Zhang G, Fu Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China. Virology 2024; 589:109919. [PMID: 37939649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mutated 3c gene. FCoV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of parenteral samples (including ascites, pleural effusions and tissue) is recommended as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of FIP rather than detection of the M1058L mutation, but when cats have severe gastrointestinal symptoms and lesions, detection of the M1058L mutation in feces may be helpful in diagnosing FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuqi Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danxia Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gege Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Gao YY, Wang Q, Liang XY, Zhang S, Bao D, Zhao H, Li SB, Wang K, Hu GX, Gao FS. An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes. Virus Res 2023; 326:199059. [PMID: 36731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) includes two biotypes: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Although both biotypes can infect cats, their pathogenicities differ. The FIPV biotype is more virulent than the FECV biotype and can cause peritonitis or even death in cats, while most FECV biotypes do not cause lesions. Even pathogenic strains of the FECV biotype can cause only mild enteritis because of their very low virulence. This article reviews recent progress in FCoV research with regard to FCoV etiological characteristics; epidemiology; clinical symptoms and pathological changes; pathogenesis; and current diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for further research on FCoV and other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Di Bao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shao-Bai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Xuefu Street 10, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; The Dalian Gene and Protein Engineering for Drug Screening Key Laboratory, Dalian 116622, China.
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6
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Gao YY, Liang XY, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhao H, Wang K, Hu GX, Liu WJ, Gao FS. Mind the feline coronavirus: Comparison with SARS-CoV-2. Gene 2022; 825:146443. [PMID: 35337854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both feline coronavirus (FCoV) and SARS-CoV-2 are coronaviruses that infect cats and humans, respectively. However, cats have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and FCoV also had been shown to infect human. To elucidate the relationship between FCoV and SARS-CoV-2, we highlight the main characteristics of the genome, the receptor usage, and the correlation of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike proteins in FCoV and SARS-CoV-2. It is demonstrated that FCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related to the main characteristics of the genome, receptor usage, and RBD of spike proteins with similar furin cleavage sites. In particular, the affinity of the conserved feline angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (fACE2) receptor to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, cross-species of coronaviruses between cats and humans or other domesticated animals are also discussed. This review sheds light on cats as potential intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and cross-species transmission or zoonotic infection of FCoV and SARS-CoV-2 between cats and humans was identified.
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7
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Sun L, Xu Z, Wu J, Cui Y, Guo X, Xu F, Li Y, Wang Y. A duplex SYBR green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for concurrent detection of feline parvovirus and feline coronavirus. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114294. [PMID: 34547343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) contains two serotypes, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). FECV and feline parvovirus (FPV) can cause similar clinical symptoms in cats, such as diarrhea. The objective of this study was to establish a duplex SYBR Green I-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of FPV and FCoV. Two pairs of specific PCR primers were designed to target fragments of the VP2 gene of FPV and of the 5' UTR gene of FCoV, respectively. The assay distinguished between the two viruses based on the melting curves (melting temperatures 77.0 ± 0.5 °C [FPV] and 80.5 ± 0.5 °C [FCoV]). The minimum limits of FPV and FCoV detection were 4.74 × 101 copies/μL and 7.77 × 101 copies/μL, respectively. The assay showed excellent reproducibility and reliability, based on the mean coefficient of variation. In conclusion, this novel duplex SYBR Green I-based qPCR assay is sensitive and can specifically, reliably, and rapidly detect FPV and FCoV (co-)infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Junhuang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Fazhi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Virology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningb, 315010, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dhama K. Protease inhibitor GC376 for COVID-19: Lessons learned from feline infectious peritonitis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 61:122-125. [PMID: 33456770 PMCID: PMC7797473 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important therapeutic target as it plays a major role in the processing and maturation of the viral polyprotein. GC376 is a pre-clinical dipeptide-based protease inhibitor that has been previously used for managing feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Since both GC373 and GC376 have already been successfully used in treating animal coronavirus infection, they can be considered as strong drug candidates for COVID-19 in humans. GC376 is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits Mpro of several viruses, including the coronaviruses like feline coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ferret, and mink coronavirus. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the potency, efficacy, and safety of these broad-spectrum Mpro inhibitors in patients with COVID-19. The lessons learned from the successful use of drug candidates for treating animal coronavirus infections will help us to develop framework for their use in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Corresponding author.
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Hu X, Xiao L, Cong X, Zhu Y, Huang B, Cong F. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification fluorescence assay to detect feline coronavirus. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101669. [PMID: 33203619 PMCID: PMC7581357 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is classified into two pathotypes: the avirulent feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), and the virulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Rapid pathogen detection, which is efficient and convenient, is the best approach for early confirmatory diagnosis. In this study, we first developed and evaluated a rapid recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) detection method for FCoV that can detect FCoV within 15 min at 39 °C. The detection limit of that assay was 233 copies/μL DNA molecules per reaction. The specificity was high: it did not cross-react with canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine adenovirus (CAV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), or feline parvovirus (FPV). This assay was evaluated using 42 clinical samples (30 diarrhea samples and 12 ascites samples). The coincidence rate between FCoV-RPA and RT-qPCR for detection in clinical samples was 95.2%. In summary, FCoV-RPA analysis provides an efficient, rapid, and sensitive detection method for FCoV. FCoV RPA has the shortest reaction time within 15 min among all the PCR-based methods. FCoV RPA detection method has no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. The sensitivity of FCoV RPA was consistent with real-time PCR, as low as 204 copies/μL of DNA molecules per reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin, 644000, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Xiao Cong
- Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, China.
| | - Yujun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Bihong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510633, China.
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Stout AE, André NM, Jaimes JA, Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Coronaviruses in cats and other companion animals: Where does SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 fit? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108777. [PMID: 32768223 PMCID: PMC7309752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause disease in a range of agricultural and companion animal species, and can be important causes of zoonotic infections. In humans, several coronaviruses circulate seasonally. Recently, a novel zoonotic CoV named SARS-CoV-2 emerged from a bat reservoir, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on felines, we review here the evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats, ferrets and dogs, describe the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the natural coronaviruses known to infect these species, and provide a rationale for the relative susceptibility of these species to SARS-CoV-2 through comparative analysis of the ACE-2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Nicole M André
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Cornell Feline Health Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a mysterious and lethal disease of cats. The causative agent, feline coronavirus (FCoV), is ubiquitous in most feline populations, yet the disease is sporadic in nature. Mutations in the infecting virus combined with an inappropriate immune response to the FCoV contribute to the development of FIP. Diagnosis can be challenging because signs may be vague, clinical pathology parameters are nonspecific, and the gold standard for diagnosis is invasive: histopathology of affected tissue. This article discusses the developments in the understanding of this disease as well as the progress in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Room A205 VMC, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4543, USA.
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12
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Ke YY, Peng TT, Yeh TK, Huang WZ, Chang SE, Wu SH, Hung HC, Hsu TA, Lee SJ, Song JS, Lin WH, Chiang TJ, Lin JH, Sytwu HK, Chen CT. Artificial intelligence approach fighting COVID-19 with repurposing drugs. Biomed J 2020; 43:355-62. [PMID: 32426387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 193,825 deaths during the past few months. A quick-to-be-identified cure for the disease will be a therapeutic medicine that has prior use experiences in patients in order to resolve the current pandemic situation before it could become worsening. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is hereby applied to identify the marketed drugs with potential for treating COVID-19. Methods An AI platform was established to identify potential old drugs with anti-coronavirus activities by using two different learning databases; one consisted of the compounds reported or proven active against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and the other one containing the known 3C-like protease inhibitors. All AI predicted drugs were then tested for activities against a feline coronavirus in in vitro cell-based assay. These assay results were feedbacks to the AI system for relearning and thus to generate a modified AI model to search for old drugs again. Results After a few runs of AI learning and prediction processes, the AI system identified 80 marketed drugs with potential. Among them, 8 drugs (bedaquiline, brequinar, celecoxib, clofazimine, conivaptan, gemcitabine, tolcapone, and vismodegib) showed in vitro activities against the proliferation of a feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in Fcwf-4 cells. In addition, 5 other drugs (boceprevir, chloroquine, homoharringtonine, tilorone, and salinomycin) were also found active during the exercises of AI approaches. Conclusion Having taken advantages of AI, we identified old drugs with activities against FIP coronavirus. Further studies are underway to demonstrate their activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo at clinically achievable concentrations and doses. With prior use experiences in patients, these old drugs if proven active against SARS-CoV-2 can readily be applied for fighting COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mettelman RC, O'Brien A, Whittaker GR, Baker SC. Generating and evaluating type I interferon receptor-deficient and feline TMPRSS2-expressing cells for propagating serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus. Virology 2019; 537:226-236. [PMID: 31539770 PMCID: PMC7112123 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus infection can progress to a fatal infectious peritonitis, which is a widespread feline disease without an effective vaccine. Generating feline cells with reduced ability to respond to interferon (IFN) is an essential step facilitating isolation of new candidate vaccine strains. Here, we describe the use of Crispr/Cas technology to disrupt type I IFN signaling in two feline cell lines, AK-D and Fcwf-4 CU, and evaluate the replication kinetics of a serotype I feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) within these cells. We report that polyclonal cell populations and a clonal isolate, termed Fcwf-4 IRN, exhibited significantly diminished IFN-responsiveness and allowed FIPV replication kinetics comparable to parental cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that replication of FIPV is enhanced by ectopic expression of a host serine protease, TMPRSS2, in these cells. We discuss the potential of these cells for isolating new clinical strains and for propagating candidate vaccine strains of FIPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Amornrat O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.
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14
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Myrrha LW, Silva FMF, Vidigal PMP, Resende M, Bressan GC, Fietto JLR, Santos MR, Silva LMN, Assao VS, Silva-Jú Nior A, de Almeida MR. Feline coronavirus isolates from a part of Brazil: insights into molecular epidemiology and phylogeny inferred from the 7b gene. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1455-1460. [PMID: 31447457 PMCID: PMC6863716 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Feline coronavirus (FCoV) can lead to Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which the precise cause is still unknown. The theory of internal mutation suggests that a less virulent biotype of FCoV (FECV) would lead to another more pathogenic biotype (FIPV) capable of causing FIP. In this work, the 7b gene was amplified from 51 domestic cat plasma samples by semi-nested PCR and tested through phylogenetic and phylogeographical approaches. The 7b gene of Brazilian isolates displayed high conservation, a strong correlation between the geographic origin of the viral isolates and their genealogy, and its evolution was possibly shaped by a combination of high rates of nucleotide substitution and purifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Wanderley Myrrha
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Miquelitto Figueira Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Nucleus of Analysis of Biomolecules, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maurício Resende
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31275-035, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Departament of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Morais Nascimento Silva
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Departament of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sisdelli Assao
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Departament of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Jú Nior
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Departament of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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15
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Perera KD, Rathnayake AD, Liu H, Pedersen NC, Groutas WC, Chang KO, Kim Y. Characterization of amino acid substitutions in feline coronavirus 3C-like protease from a cat with feline infectious peritonitis treated with a protease inhibitor. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108398. [PMID: 31585653 PMCID: PMC6779346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a highly fatal disease caused by a virulent feline coronavirus in domestic and wild cats. We have previously reported the synthesis of potent coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors and the efficacy of a protease inhibitor, GC376, in client-owned cats with FIP. In this study, we studied the effect of the amino acid changes in 3CLpro of feline coronavirus from a feline patient who received antiviral treatment for prolonged duration. We generated recombinant 3CLpro containing the identified amino acid changes (N25S, A252S or K260 N) and determined their susceptibility to protease inhibitors in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. The assay showed that N25S in 3CLpro confers a small change (up to 1.68-fold increase in the 50% inhibitory concentration) in susceptibility to GC376, but other amino acid changes do not affect susceptibility. Modelling of 3CLpro carrying the amino acid changes was conducted to probe the structural basis for these findings. The results of this study may explain the observed absence of clinical resistance to the long-term antiviral treatment in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Hongwei Liu
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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16
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Kedward-Dixon H, Barker EN, Tasker S, Kipar A, Helps CR. Evaluation of polymorphisms in inflammatory mediator and cellular adhesion genes as risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:564-570. [PMID: 31373532 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19865637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a high mortality infectious disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding interferon gamma (IFNG), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) have been associated with increased and decreased risk of developing FIP. This study was designed to determine whether these associations were present in a UK population of pedigree cats using samples from cats euthanased with a confirmed diagnosis (FIP, n = 22; non-FIP, n = 10) or clinically healthy cats over 11 years of age (n = 3). METHODS DNA was extracted from tissue (n = 32) or blood (n = 3) and PCR performed for regions of IFNG, TNFA and CD209. PCR amplicons were sequenced, each SNP genotype was determined, and genotype/allele frequency for each SNP and FIP status were compared. RESULTS No significant association was found between the genotype and FIP status for any SNP analysed. There was a trend for the heterozygous CT genotype at both IFNG g.401 and IFNG g.408 to be associated with FIP (P = 0.13), but this genotype was also found in a substantial proportion of non-FIP cats. There was also a trend for the heterozygous CT genotype at IFNG g.428 to be associated with FIP (P = 0.06), although most cats with FIP had the CC genotype at this locus. No associations were found between any allele at TNFA g.-421, CD209 g.1900, CD209 g.2276, CD209 g.2392 and CD209 g.2713 and FIP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of the IFNG, TNFA and CD209 SNPs described to predict the risk of FIP cannot currently be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emi N Barker
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Meazzi S, Stranieri A, Lauzi S, Bonsembiante F, Ferro S, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A. Feline gut microbiota composition in association with feline coronavirus infection: A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:272-278. [PMID: 31326703 PMCID: PMC7111766 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) colonize the intestinal tract, however, due to not fully understood mutations, they can spread systemically and cause feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Recent studies on human medicine report that gut microbiota is involved in the development of systemic disorders and could influence the immune response to viral diseases. The aim of this study was to provide preliminary data on the fecal microbiota composition in healthy cats compared to FCoV-infected cats, with and without FIP. Cats were equally grouped as healthy FCoV-negative, healthy FCoV-positive or FIP affected (total n = 15). Fecal sample were evaluated for the microbiota composition. A total of 3,231,916 sequences were analyzed. The samples' alpha-diversity curves did not reach a proper plateau and, for the beta-diversity, the samples seemed not to group perfectly by category, even if the healthy FCoV-positive group showed a hybrid microbial composition between FCoV-negative and FIP groups. Although there were no taxa significantly linked to the different conditions, some peculiar patterns were recognized: Firmicutes was always the most represented phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In FCoV-positive cats, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were respectively over- and under-represented, compared to the other groups. Among FIP cats, three subjects shared a similar microbiome, one cat showed a different microbial profile and the other one had the lowest number of diverse phyla. Despite the limited number of animals, some differences in the fecal microbiome between the groups were observed, suggesting to further investigate the possible correlation between gut microbiota and FCoV infection in cats. Mutated form of enteric feline coronaviruses (FCoV) may spread systemically inducing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Gut microbiota is known to be influenced by viral diseases in people and in some animal species. Fecal microbiota was evaluated in 15 cats divided in three groups as healthy, positive to FCoV and affected by FIP. Some microbiota peculiarities have been observed associated with the presence of coronavirus and/or disease. Feline gut microbiota composition may be associated with FCoV infection and thus need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy.
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 15, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 15, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Objectives Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV is incredibly contagious and transmission is via the faecal–oral route. FCoV infection, and therefore FIP, is most common in breeder and rescue catteries, where many cats are kept indoors, using litter trays. Whether it is possible to break the cycle of FCoV infection and reinfection using cat litters has never been investigated. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of cat litters on FCoV infectivity and virus load in multi-cat households, and transmission frequency. Methods Fifteen cat litters were mixed and incubated with FCoV, centrifuged and the supernatants tested in vitro for the ability to prevent virus infection of cell culture. To test applicability of in vitro results to real life, virus load was measured in two households in a double crossover study of four Fuller’s earth-based cat litters by testing rectal swabs using FCoV reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR. Results Four litters abrogated FCoV infection of cell culture, nine reduced it to a greater or lesser extent and two had no effect. One brand had different virus inhibitory properties depending on where it was manufactured. Fuller’s earth-based litters performed best, presumably by adsorbing virus. In the field study, there appeared to be less virus shedding on one Fuller’s earth-based cat litter. Conclusions and relevance The in vitro study successfully identified cat litters that inactivate FCoV; such litters exist so do not need to be developed. Fuller’s earth-based litters best prevented infection of cell culture, but did not completely abrogate FCoV transmission in two multi-cat households. A dust-free clumping Fuller’s earth litter appeared to fare best, but virus shedding also varied on the control litters, complicating interpretation. Sawdust-based cat litters are not useful in FCoV-endemic households because they track badly and have a poor effect on virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Addie
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lene Houe
- Reg Acc, Felismir Katteklinik, Hvalso, Denmark
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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19
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Chernyavtseva A, Cave NJ, Munday JS, Dunowska M. Differential recognition of peptides within feline coronavirus polyprotein 1 ab by sera from healthy cats and cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Virology 2019; 532:88-96. [PMID: 31048107 PMCID: PMC7112048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify peptides within the polyprotein (Pp) 1 ab that are differentially recognised by cats with either enteric or systemic disease following infection with feline coronavirus. Overlapping 12-mer peptides (n = 28,426) across the entire Pp1ab were arrayed on peptide chips and reacted with pooled sera from coronavirus seropositive cats and from one seronegative cat. Eleven peptides were further tested in ELISA with individual serum samples, and three were selected for further screening. Two peptides (16433 and 4934) in the nsp3 region encoding the papain 1 and 2 proteases were identified for final testing. Peptide 4934 reacted equally with positive sera from healthy cats and cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), while peptide 16433 was recognized predominantly by FIP-affected cats. The value of antibody tests based on these peptides in differentiating between the enteric and FIP forms of feline coronavirus infection remains to be determined. Cats develop antibodies to polyprotein 1 ab (Pp1ab) of feline coronavirus. This is most evident for cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Differences exist in responses to selected peptides between FIP and non-FIP cats. Such differences may be utilised for development of a serological test for FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick J Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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Stranieri A, Probo M, Pisu MC, Fioletti A, Meazzi S, Gelain ME, Bonsembiante F, Lauzi S, Paltrinieri S. Preliminary investigation on feline coronavirus presence in the reproductive tract of the tom cat as a potential route of viral transmission. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:178-185. [PMID: 30900940 PMCID: PMC7221457 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an immune-mediated disease initiated
by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. To date, the only proven route of
transmission is the faecal–oral route, but a possible localisation of FCoV
in the reproductive tract of tom cats is of concern, owing to the
involvement of the male reproductive tract during FIP and to the presence of
reproduction disorders in FCoV-endemic feline catteries. The aim of the
study was to investigate the presence and localisation of FCoV in semen
and/or in the reproductive tract of tom cats, and its possible association
with seroconversion and viraemic phase. Methods Blood, serum, semen and/or testicle samples were obtained from 46 tom cats.
Serology was performed on 38 serum samples, nested reverse transcriptase PCR
(nRT-PCR) and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were
performed on 39 blood samples and on 17 semen samples, and histology,
immunohistochemistry and nRT-PCR were performed on 39 testicles. Results Twenty-four of 38 serum samples were positive on serology. Semen samples were
negative on RT-PCR and RT-qPCR for FCoV, while all blood samples were
negative at both molecular methods, except for one sample positive at
RT-qPCR with a very low viral load. All testicles were negative at
immunohistochemistry, while six were positive at nRT-PCR for FCoV. Serology
and blood PCR results suggest that the virus was present in the environment,
stimulating transient seroconversion. FCoV seems not to localise in the
semen of tom cats, making the venereal route as a way of transmission
unlikely. Although viral RNA was found in some testicles, it could not be
correlated with the viraemic phase. Conclusions and relevance In the light of these preliminary results, artificial insemination appears
safer than natural mating as it eliminates the direct contact between
animals, thus diminishing the probability of faecal–oral FCoV
transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Fioletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria E Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Central Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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21
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Perera KD, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Rathnayake AD, Honeyfield A, Groutas W, Chang KO, Kim Y. Protease inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:79-86. [PMID: 30342822 PMCID: PMC6240502 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ferret and mink coronaviruses typically cause catarrhal diarrhea in ferrets and minks, respectively. In recent years, however, systemic fatal coronavirus infection has emerged in ferrets, which resembles feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. FIP is a highly fatal systemic disease caused by a virulent feline coronavirus infection in cats. Despite the importance of coronavirus infections in these animals, there are no effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these infections. We have previously reported the efficacy of a protease inhibitor in cats with FIP, demonstrating that a virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a valid target for antiviral drug development for coronavirus infections. In this study, we extended our previous work on coronavirus inhibitors and investigated the structure-activity relationships of a focused library of protease inhibitors for ferret and mink 3CLpro. Using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, we identified potent inhibitors broadly effective against feline, ferret and mink coronavirus 3CLpro. Multiple amino acid sequence analysis and modelling of 3CLpro of ferret and mink coronaviruses were conducted to probe the structural basis for these findings. The results of this study provide support for further research to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents for multiple coronavirus infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on small molecule inhibitors of ferret and mink coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishani Dinali Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda Honeyfield
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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22
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O'Brien A, Mettelman RC, Volk A, André NM, Whittaker GR, Baker SC. Characterizing replication kinetics and plaque production of type I feline infectious peritonitis virus in three feline cell lines. Virology 2018; 525:1-9. [PMID: 30205273 PMCID: PMC6483087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigating type I feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in tissue culture is critical for understanding the basic virology, pathogenesis, and virus-host interactome of these important veterinary pathogens. This has been a perennial challenge as type I FCoV strains do not easily adapt to cell culture. Here we characterize replication kinetics and plaque formation of a model type I strain FIPV Black in Fcwf-4 cells established at Cornell University (Fcwf-4 CU). We determined that maximum virus titers (>107 pfu/mL) were recoverable from infected Fcwf-4 CU cell-free supernatant at 20 h post-infection. Type I FIPV Black and both biotypes of type II FCoV formed uniform and enumerable plaques on Fcwf-4 CU cells. Therefore, these cells were employable in a standardized plaque assay. Finally, we determined that the Fcwf-4 CU cells were morphologically distinct from feline bone marrow-derived macrophages and were less sensitive to exogenous type I interferon than were Fcwf-4 cells purchased from ATCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornrat O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Aaron Volk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Nicole M André
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States.
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23
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Shirato K, Chang HW, Rottier PJM. Differential susceptibility of macrophages to serotype II feline coronaviruses correlates with differences in the viral spike protein. Virus Res 2018; 255:14-23. [PMID: 29936068 PMCID: PMC7114831 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the S protein modulate serotype II FCoV infection of macrophages. Critical residues in the spike S2 domain of type II FCoV affecting cell tropism. Cooperativity at 5 positions in the S protein modulates FCoV macrophage entry.
The ability to infect and replicate in monocytes/macrophages is a critically distinguishing feature between the two feline coronavirus (FCoV) pathotypes: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV; low-virulent) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV; lethal). Previously, by comparing serotype II strains FIPV 79-1146 and FECV 79-1683 and recombinant chimeric forms thereof in cultured feline bone marrow macrophages, we mapped this difference to the C-terminal part of the viral spike (S) protein (S2). In view of the later identified diagnostic difference in this very part of the S protein of serotype I FCoV pathotypes, the present study aimed to further define the contribution of the earlier observed ten amino acids difference to the serotype II virus phenotype in macrophages. Using targeted RNA recombination as a reverse genetics system we introduced the mutations singly and in combinations into the S gene and evaluated their effects on the infection characteristics of the mutant viruses in macrophages. While some of the single mutations had a significant effect, none of them fully reverted the infection phenotype. Only by combining five specific mutations the infections mediated by the FIPV and FECV spike proteins could be fully blocked or potentiated, respectively. Hence, the differential macrophage infection phenotype is caused by the cooperative effect of five mutations, which occur in five functionally different domains of the spike fusion subunit S2. The significance of these observations will be discussed, taking into account also some questions related to the identity of the virus strains used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Peter J M Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR. Feline coronavirus: Insights into viral pathogenesis based on the spike protein structure and function. Virology 2018; 517:108-121. [PMID: 29329682 PMCID: PMC7112122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an etiological agent that causes a benign enteric illness and the fatal systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The FCoV spike (S) protein is considered the viral regulator for binding and entry to the cell. This protein is also involved in FCoV tropism and virulence, as well as in the switch from enteric disease to FIP. This regulation is carried out by spike's major functions: receptor binding and virus-cell membrane fusion. In this review, we address important aspects in FCoV genetics, replication and pathogenesis, focusing on the role of S. To better understand this, FCoV S protein models were constructed, based on the human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) S structure. We describe the specific structural characteristics of the FCoV S, in comparison with other coronavirus spikes. We also revise the biochemical events needed for FCoV S activation and its relation to the structural features of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd. VMC C4-133, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, VMC C4-127, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Takano T, Endoh M, Fukatsu H, Sakurada H, Doki T, Hohdatsu T. The cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A inhibits type I feline coronavirus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:96-102. [PMID: 28780424 PMCID: PMC7113792 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a feline coronavirus (FCoV)-induced fatal disease in wild and domestic cats. FCoV exists in two serotypes. Type I FCoV is the dominant serotype worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to develop antiviral drugs against type I FCoV infection. We previously reported that type I FCoV is closely associated with cholesterol throughout the viral life cycle. In this study, we investigated whether U18666A, the cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor, shows antiviral effects against type I FCoV. U18666A induced cholesterol accumulation in cells and inhibited type I FCoV replication. Surprisingly, the antiviral activity of U18666A was suppressed by the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), Vorinostat. HDACi has been reported to revert U18666A-induced dysfunction of Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that NPC1 plays an important role in type I FCoV infection. U18666A or other cholesterol transport inhibitor may be considered as the antiviral drug for the treatment of cats with FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Misaki Endoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fukatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Haruko Sakurada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan.
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Stranieri A, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A. Diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis using the Sysmex XT-2000iV based on frozen supernatants from cavitary effusions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:321-324. [PMID: 28205490 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716689115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta total nucleated cells (ΔTNC) measurement with the Sysmex XT-2000iV (Sysmex Europe, Norderstedt, Germany) has high diagnostic accuracy on effusions in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases, but the test can be performed only on fresh samples. We evaluated whether supernatants from effusions retain the ability to induce cell clumping and assessed the diagnostic accuracy of this modified ΔTNC method. Effusions were collected from FIP cats ( n = 19) and from cats with other diseases ( n = 15). ΔTNC was measured on fresh samples and on frozen-thawed supernatants after the addition of feline blood at 1:10 dilution. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed at the cutoffs of suggestive of FIP (ΔTNC = 1.7) and consistent with FIP (ΔTNC = 3.4). The influence of the protein content, number of added cells, and magnitude of dilution were also investigated. Specificity and positive predictive value were 100% for both the methods. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were higher for the modified ΔTNC (84.2% and 83.3%, respectively, at the cutoff of 1.7; 78.9% and 78.9%, respectively, at the cutoff of 3.4) than for the ΔTNC on fresh samples (78.6% and 81.3%, respectively, at the cutoff of 1.7; 57.1% and 68.4%, respectively, at the cutoff of 3.4). Protein content, total cell count of the added blood, and magnitude of dilutions did not influence the results. Supernatants of frozen effusions from FIP cats retain the ability to induce cell clumping, thus the modified ΔTNC measurement is a reliable tool to diagnose FIP on samples that cannot be analyzed immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessia Giordano
- Department or Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) belongs to the few animal virus diseases in which, in the course of a generally harmless persistent infection, a virus acquires a small number of mutations that fundamentally change its pathogenicity, invariably resulting in a fatal outcome. The causative agent of this deadly disease, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), arises from feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The review summarizes our current knowledge of the genome and proteome of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs), focusing on the viral surface (spike) protein S and the five accessory proteins. We also review the current classification of FCoVs into distinct serotypes and biotypes, cellular receptors of FCoVs and their presumed role in viral virulence, and discuss other aspects of FIPV-induced pathogenesis. Our current knowledge of genetic differences between FECVs and FIPVs has been mainly based on comparative sequence analyses that revealed “discriminatory” mutations that are present in FIPVs but not in FECVs. Most of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the S protein and these may have a critical role in the switch from FECV to FIPV. In most cases, the precise roles of these mutations in the molecular pathogenesis of FIP have not been tested experimentally in the natural host, mainly due to the lack of suitable experimental tools including genetically engineered virus mutants. We discuss the recent progress in the development of FCoV reverse genetics systems suitable to generate recombinant field viruses containing appropriate mutations for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - H-J Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Lemmermeyer T, Lamp B, Schneider R, Ziebuhr J, Tekes G, Thiel HJ. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against feline coronavirus accessory protein 7b. Vet Microbiol 2016; 184:11-9. [PMID: 26854339 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Generation of monoclonal antibodies against accessory protein 7b of feline coronavirus. Identification of reactive epitopes. Relevance of glycosylation site for antigenicity.
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) encode five accessory proteins termed 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b of unknown function. These proteins are dispensable for viral replication in vitro but are supposed to play a role in virulence. In the current study, we produced and characterized 7b-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A recombinant form of the 7b protein was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and used as immunogen. Two hybridoma lines, 5B6 and 14D8, were isolated that expressed mAbs that recognized 7b proteins of both FCoV serotypes. Using an extensive set of N- and C-terminally truncated 7b proteins expressed in E. coli and a synthetic peptide, the binding sites of mAbs 5B6 and 14D8 were mapped to an 18-residue region that comprises the only potential N-glycosylation site of the FCoV 7b protein. The two mAbs were suitable to detect a 24-kDa protein, which represents the nonglycosylated form of 7b in FCoV-infected cells. We speculate that glycosylation of 7b is part of the viral evasion strategy to prevent an immune response against this antigenic site.
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Tanaka Y, Amano A, Morisaki M, Sato Y, Sasaki T. Cellular peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 facilitates replication of feline coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2015; 126:1-7. [PMID: 26675666 PMCID: PMC7113879 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which is a fatal infectious disease, there are no effective therapeutic medicines or vaccines. Previously, in vitro studies have shown that cyclosporin (CsA) and FK506 inhibit virus replication in diverse coronaviruses. CsA and FK506 are targets of clinically relevant immunosuppressive drugs and bind to cellular cyclophilins (Cyps) or FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), respectively. Both Cyp and FKBP have peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. However, protein interacting with NIMA (Pin1), a member of the parvulin subfamily of PPIases that differs from Cyps and FKBPs, is essential for various signaling pathways. Here we demonstrated that genetic silencing or knockout of Pin1 resulted in decreased FCoV replication in vitro. Dipentamethylene thiuram monosulfide, a specific inhibitor of Pin1, inhibited FCoV replication. These data indicate that Pin1 modulates FCoV propagation. Pin1 facilitates FCoV replication in vitro. RNA interference experiments for Pin1 reduced FCoV replication and viral protein expression. The Pin1 inhibitor DTM results in the reduction of FCoV replication and protein expression. Knockout of the Pin1 gene inhibits FCoV replication and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Arisa Amano
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masateru Morisaki
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Doki T, Takano T, Kawagoe K, Kito A, Hohdatsu T. Therapeutic effect of anti-feline TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody for feline infectious peritonitis. Res Vet Sci 2015; 104:17-23. [PMID: 26850532 PMCID: PMC7111801 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) replication in macrophages/monocytes induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, and that the TNF-alpha produced was involved in aggravating the pathology of FIP. We previously reported the preparation of a feline TNF-alpha (fTNF-alpha)-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (anti-fTNF-alpha mAb). This anti-fTNF-alpha mAb 2–4 was confirmed to inhibit the following fTNF-alpha-induced conditions in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether mAb 2–4 improved the FIP symptoms and survival rate of experimentally FIPV-inoculated SPF cats. Progression to FIP was prevented in 2 out of 3 cats treated with mAb 2–4, whereas all 3 cats developed FIP in the placebo control group. Plasma alpha1-glycoprotein and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were improved by the administration of mAb 2–4, and the peripheral lymphocyte count also recovered. These results strongly suggested that the anti-fTNF-alpha antibody is effective for the treatment of FIP. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced fatal disease in cats. We investigated therapeutic effect of anti-fTNF-α mAb for experimental FIP infection. Anti-fTNF-α mAb improved the FIP symptoms and survival rate in 2 of 3 cats. Anti-fTNF-α mAb improved plasma AGP and VEGF level and lymphopenia. The results suggested the anti-fTNF-α mAb may be effective for the treatment of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kawagoe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Doki T, Takano T, Koyama Y, Hohdatsu T. Identification of the peptide derived from S1 domain that inhibits type I and type II feline infectious peritonitis virus infection. Virus Res 2015; 204:13-20. [PMID: 25896976 PMCID: PMC7114445 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced fatal disease in cats. We synthesized peptides derived from the S1 domain of the type I FIPV S protein. We investigated inhibitory effects of peptides on FIPV infection. 5 peptides significantly inhibited type I FIPV. 2 of 5 peptides significantly inhibited not only type I, but also type II FIPV.
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) can cause a lethal disease in cats, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). A therapeutic drug that is effective against FIP has not yet been developed. Peptides based on viral protein amino acid sequences have recently been attracting attention as new antiviral drugs. In the present study, we synthesized 30 overlapping peptides based on the amino acid sequence of the S1 domain of the type I FIPV strain KU-2 S protein, and investigated their inhibitory effects on FIPV infection. To evaluate the inhibitory effects on type I FIPV infection of these peptides, we investigated a method to increase the infection efficiency of poorly replicative type I FIPV. The efficiency of type I FIPV infection was increased by diluting the virus with medium containing a polycation. Of the 30 peptides, I-S1-8 (S461-S480), I-S1-9 (S471-S490), I-S1-10 (S481-S500), I-S1-16 (S541-S560), and I-S1-22 (S601-S620) significantly decreased the infectivity of FIPV strain KU-2 while I-S1-9 and I-S1-16 exhibited marked inhibitory effects on FIPV infection. The inhibitory effects on FIPV infection of these 2 peptides on other type I and type II FIPV strains, feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) were also examined. These 2 peptides specifically inhibited type I and type II FIPV, but did FHV or FCV infection. In conclusion, the possibility of peptides derived from the S protein of type I FIPV strain KU-2 as anti-FIPV agents effective not only for type I, but also type II FIPV was demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Tekelioglu BK, Berriatua E, Turan N, Helps CR, Kocak M, Yilmaz H. A retrospective clinical and epidemiological study on feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats in Istanbul, Turkey. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:41-7. [PMID: 25687627 PMCID: PMC7132365 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), together with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen was investigated in 169 ill household and stray cats attending a veterinary surgery in Istanbul in 2009-14. The estimated FCoV and FIV seroprevalence (95% confidence intervals) were 37% (30-45%) and 11% (6-16%), respectively and FeLV prevalence was 1% (0-3%). FCoV seroprevalence increased until 2 years of age, was highest in 2014 and among household cats living with other cats and with outdoor access, and was lower in FIV seropositive compared to seronegative cats. Symptoms typically associated with wet feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) including ascites, abdominal distention or pleural effusion, coupled in many cases with non-antibiotic responsive fever, were observed in 19% (32/169) of cats, and 75% (24/32) of these cats were FCoV seropositive. FCoV seropositivity was also associated with a high white blood cell count, high plasma globulin, low plasma albumin and low blood urea nitrogen. The percentage of FCoV seropositive and seronegative cats that died in spite of supportive veterinary treatment was 33% (21/63) and 12% (13/106), respectively. These results indicate that FCoV is widespread and has a severe clinical impact in cats from Istanbul. Moreover, the incidence of FCoV infections could be rising, and in the absence of effective vaccination cat owners need to be made aware of ways to minimize the spread of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - N Turan
- University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C R Helps
- University of Bristol, Langford Veterinary Services, Churchill Building, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - M Kocak
- Macka Veterinary Clinic, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Yilmaz
- University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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McDonagh P, Sheehy PA, Norris JM. Identification and characterisation of small molecule inhibitors of feline coronavirus replication. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:438-47. [PMID: 25465182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride demonstrated marked inhibition of FIPV viral replication. All three compounds acted at an early stage of viral replication. A cost effective resazurin-based cytopathic effect inhibition assay was developed for screening compounds. These antiviral compounds, warrant further investigation for clinical use in cats with FIP.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a feline coronavirus (FCoV) induced disease, is almost invariably fatal with median life expectancy measured in days. Current treatment options are, at best, palliative. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a panel of nineteen candidate compounds for antiviral activity against FCoV in vitro to determine viable candidates for therapy. A resazurin-based cytopathic effect inhibition assay, which detects viable cells through their reduction of the substrate resazurin to fluorescent resorufin, was developed for screening compounds for antiviral efficacy against FCoV. Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. Three compounds, chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride demonstrated marked inhibition of virus induced CPE at low micromolar concentrations. Orthogonal assays confirmed inhibition of CPE was associated with significant reductions in viral replication. Selectivity indices calculated based on in vitro cytotoxicity screening and reductions in extracellular viral titre were 217, 24, and 20 for chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride respectively. Preliminary experiments performed to inform the antiviral mechanism of the compounds demonstrated all three acted at an early stage of viral replication. These results suggest that these direct acting antiviral compounds, or their derivatives, warrant further investigation for clinical use in cats with FIP.
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Bank-Wolf BR, Stallkamp I, Wiese S, Moritz A, Tekes G, Thiel HJ. Mutations of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:177-88. [PMID: 25150756 PMCID: PMC7117521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genes encoding accessory proteins 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b, the S2 domain of the spike (S) protein gene and the membrane (M) protein gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) samples were amplified, cloned and sequenced. For this faeces and/or ascites samples from 19 cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) as well as from 20 FECV-infected healthy cats were used. Sequence comparisons revealed that 3c genes of animals with FIP were heavily affected by nucleotide deletions and point mutations compared to animals infected with FECV; these alterations resulted either in early termination or destruction of the translation initiation codon. Two ascites-derived samples of cats with FIP which displayed no alterations of ORF3c harboured mutations in the S2 domain of the S protein gene which resulted in amino acid exchanges or deletions. Moreover, changes in 3c were often accompanied by mutations in S2. In contrast, in samples obtained from faeces of healthy cats, the ORF3c was never affected by such mutations. Similarly ORF3c from faecal samples of the cats with FIP was mostly intact and showed only in a few cases the same mutations found in the respective ascites samples. The genes encoding 3a, 3b, 7a and 7b displayed no mutations linked to the feline coronavirus (FCoV) biotype. The M protein gene was found to be conserved between FECV and FIPV samples. Our findings suggest that mutations of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Regina Bank-Wolf
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Iris Stallkamp
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Svenja Wiese
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gergely Tekes
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Jürgen Thiel
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Han JI, Kang SY, Yoon KJ, Na KJ. Nucleic acid-based differential diagnostic assays for feline coronavirus. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:21-5. [PMID: 25088974 PMCID: PMC7113662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex RT-PCR assay was developed to detect feline coronavirus. To improve primer binding, inosine was used for primer design. The assay could detect and differentiate FCoV, CCoV, and TGEV precisely.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a pleomorphic, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Owing to the differences in its genotype, FCoV belongs to a separate clade along with other viruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), which can be isolated from cats. In this study, a PCR assay was developed to differentiate these coronaviruses concurrently. Multiplex differential RT-PCR was performed with primers based on the highly conserved coronavirus membrane protein. Three primer sets were designed: a primer pair (S1 and S2) that can bind to conserved sequences in all target coronaviruses, a CCoV-specific primer (S3), and a TGEV-specific primer (S4). Because of the high sequence homology among FCoV, CCoV, and TGEV, a nucleotide preceding the last pair of dissimilar nucleotides in S3 and S4 was substituted with an inosine to allow primer binding. This assay could detect and differentiate FCoV (n = 7), CCoV (n = 4), and TGEV (n = 8) precisely and did not show any cross-reactivity with other pathogens. These results suggest that this molecular approach provides a rapid and reliable way to detect FCoV, especially in feline clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ik Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shien-Young Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ki-Jeong Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea.
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Bálint Á, Farsang A, Szeredi L, Zádori Z, Belák S. Recombinant feline coronaviruses as vaccine candidates confer protection in SPF but not in conventional cats. Vet Microbiol 2013; 169:154-62. [PMID: 24513277 PMCID: PMC7117248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a major pathogen of Felidae. Despite the extensive efforts taken in the past decades, development of the “ideal” live attenuated FIPV vaccine was not successful yet. In the present study, we provide data of immunisation experiments with a recombinant FCoV pair differing only in the truncation (PBFIPV-DF-2) or completion (PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i) of their ORF3abc regions. In our previous in vivo studies, these viruses proved to show the characters of low virulent or avirulent FCoV phenotypes, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesised the ability of these viruses, as possible vaccine candidates, in conferring protection in specific pathogen free (SPF) Domestic Shorthair as well as in conventional purebred British Shorthair cats. In SPF cats, after two oronasal and two intramuscular vaccinations with two weeks intervals, both vaccine candidates provided 100% protection against lethal homologous challenge with the highly virulent FIPV DF-2 strain. In contrast, the conventional purebred British Shorthair cats did not develop protection when they were immunised with the same vaccination regimes. In these groups 100% of the PBFIPV-DF-2-R3i immunised animals developed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Prolonged survival was observed in 40% of the animals, while 60% showed fulminant disease course. Genetic and more probably immunological differences between the SPF and non-SPF purebred kittens can explain the different outcome of the vaccination experiment. Our data highlight the diverse immune responses between SPF and conventional cats and suggest a decisive role of previous infection by heterologous causative agents in the outcome of the vaccination against FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Bálint
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Farsang
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Szeredi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
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Le Poder S, Pham-Hung d'Alexandry d'Orangiani AL, Duarte L, Fournier A, Horhogea C, Pinhas C, Vabret A, Eloit M. Infection of cats with atypical feline coronaviruses harbouring a truncated form of the canine type I non-structural ORF3 gene. Infect Genet Evol 2013; 20:488-94. [PMID: 24121017 PMCID: PMC7106123 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
FCoV and CCoV have close genetic relationships. Molecular characterization of FCoV was conducted in cats living or not with dogs. Presence of dogs in households does not predispose to coronavirus infection of cats. Identification of atypical FCoV strains harbouring the CCoV-I ORF3 gene is reported. ORF3 genes recovered from infected cats exhibited shared deletions never described.
Feline and canine coronaviruses (FCoV and CCoV, respectively) are common pathogens of cats and dogs sometimes leading to lethal infections named feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and canine pantropic coronavirus infection. FCoV and CCoV are each subdivided into two serotypes, FCoV-I/II and CCoV-I/II. A phylogenetic relationship is evident between, on one hand, CCoV-I/FCoV-I, and on the other hand, CCoV-II/FCoV-II, suggesting that interspecies transmission can occur. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of coronavirus (CoV)-infected cats according to their contact with dogs and to genetically analyse the CoV strains infecting cats. From 2003 to 2009, we collected 88 faecal samples from healthy cats and 11 ascitic fluids from FIP cats. We investigated the possible contact with dog in the household and collected dogs samples if appropriate. Out of 99 cat samples, 26 were coronavirus positive, with six cats living with at least one dog, thus showing that contact with dogs does not appear as a predisposing factor for cats CoV infections. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of FCoV strains were conducted using partial N and S sequences. Six divergent strains were identified with the N gene clustering with CCoV-I whereas the 3′ end of S was related to FCoV-I. Further analysis on those six samples was attempted by researching the presence of the ORF3 gene, the latter being peculiar to CCoV-I to date. We succeeded to amplify the ORF3 gene in five samples out of six. Thus, our data strongly suggest the circulation of atypical FCoV strains harbouring the CCoV-I ORF3 gene among cats. Moreover, the ORF3 genes recovered from the feline strains exhibited shared deletions, never described before, suggesting that these deletions could be critical in the adaptation of these strains to the feline host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Poder
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie INRA ENVA ANSES, Maisons-Alfort F-94704, France.
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Doki T, Takano T, Nishiyama Y, Nakamura M, Hohdatsu T. Generation, characterization and therapeutic potential of anti-feline TNF-alpha MAbs for feline infectious peritonitis. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1248-54. [PMID: 24095161 PMCID: PMC7111875 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal infectious disease affecting domestic and wild cats. Several reports suggested that TNF-alpha is related to the progression of FIP. Thus, the administration of a feline TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibody to cats with FIP may reduce the disease progression. In this study, we have prepared nine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize feline TNF-alpha. All MAbs neutralized recombinant TNF-alpha. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the MAbs for the cytotoxicity of recombinant TNF-alpha were 5-684 ng/ml. MAb 2-4 exhibited high neutralizing activity against natural TNF-alpha derived from FIPV-infected macrophages, and was confirmed to inhibit the following feline TNF-alpha-induced conditions in vitro: (i) an increase in the survival rate of neutrophils from cats with FIP, (ii) aminopeptidase N (APN) mRNA expression in macrophages, and (iii) apoptosis of a feline T-lymphocyte cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Litster AL, Pogranichniy R, Lin TL. Diagnostic utility of a direct immunofluorescence test to detect feline coronavirus antigen in macrophages in effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Vet J 2013; 198:362-6. [PMID: 24076123 PMCID: PMC7110874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antemortem diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) remains challenging in clinical practice, since current testing methods have suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. Immunohistochemical testing of biopsy specimens and postmortem examination are the standard diagnostic methods, although direct immunofluorescence (DIF) testing to detect feline coronavirus in macrophages in effusion specimens has been reported to have 100% specificity and has been recommended as an antemortem confirmatory test. The aim of this study was to compare the results of DIF testing in antemortem feline effusions with postmortem results using field samples. Effusion specimens were collected antemortem from 17 cats and tested by DIF, followed by postmortem examination. Histopathological examination of specimens collected at postmortem confirmed FIP in 10/17 cases and ruled out FIP out in 7/17 cases. Antemortem DIF testing was positive in all 10 cases confirmed as FIP at postmortem examination. In the seven cats where FIP was ruled out at postmortem examination, DIF was negative in five cases and positive in the remaining two cases. The calculated sensitivity of DIF testing was 100% and the specificity was 71.4%. Duplicate effusion specimens from eight cats that were initially DIF positive were stored refrigerated (4 °C) or at room temperature (22–25 °C) and subjected to serial DIF testing to determine the duration of positive results. DIF-positive specimens stored at both temperatures retained their positive status for at least 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Litster
- Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Hsieh LE, Huang WP, Tang DJ, Wang YT, Chen CT, Chueh LL. 3C protein of feline coronavirus inhibits viral replication independently of the autophagy pathway. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1241-7. [PMID: 24050534 PMCID: PMC7111855 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) can cause either asymptomatic enteric infection or fatal peritonitis in cats. Although the mutation of FCoV accessory gene 3c has been suggested to be related to the occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), how the 3C protein is involved in this phenomenon remains unknown. To investigate the role of the 3C protein, a full-length 3c gene was transiently expressed and the cytoplasmic distribution of the protein was found to be primarily in the perinuclear region. Using 3c-stable expression cells, the replication of a 3c-defective FCoV strain was titrated and a significant decrease in replication (p<0.05) was observed. The mechanism underlying the decreased FIPV replication caused by the 3C protein was further investigated; neither the induction nor inhibition of autophagy rescued the viral replication. Taken together, our data suggest that the 3C protein might have a virulence-suppressing effect in FCoV-infected cats. Deletion of the 3c gene could therefore cause more efficient viral replication, which leads to a fatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Takano T, Katoh Y, Doki T, Hohdatsu T. Effect of chloroquine on feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:100-7. [PMID: 23648708 PMCID: PMC7114111 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a coronavirus-induced fatal disease in cats. Chloroquine (CQ) has antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect in primary monocyte. Therapeutic effect of CQ for cats with experimentally induced FIP was evaluated. Clinical score of chloroquine-treated cats was better than untreated cats.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a feline coronavirus-induced fatal disease in domestic and wild cats. Several studies have investigated potential treatments for FIP. However, there have been no reports on agents that have exhibited a therapeutic effect. Recently, chloroquine has been reported to antiviral effect. We investigated whether chloroquine can be used to treat FIP in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that chloroquine has inhibitory effect against the replication of FIPV and anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. In vivo study using cats with experimentally induced FIP, the clinical score of chloroquine-treatment groups were better than in chloroquine-untreated group. However, alanine aminotransferase levels increased in the chloroquine-treated groups. It will be necessary to further investigate the possibility of FIP treatment with a combination of chloroquine and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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