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Matynia A, Recio BS, Myers Z, Parikh S, Goit RK, Brecha NC, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L. Preservation of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) in Late Adult Mice: Implications as a Potential Biomarker for Early Onset Ocular Degenerative Diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:28. [PMID: 38224335 PMCID: PMC10793389 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play a crucial role in non-image-forming visual functions. Given their significant loss observed in various ocular degenerative diseases at early stages, this study aimed to assess changes in both the morphology and associated behavioral functions of ipRGCs in mice between 6 (mature) and 12 (late adult) months old. The findings contribute to understanding the preservation of ipRGCs in late adults and their potential as a biomarker for early ocular degenerative diseases. Methods Female and male C57BL/6J mice were used to assess the behavioral consequences of aging to mature and old adults, including pupillary light reflex, light aversion, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry on retinal wholemounts from these mice was then conducted to evaluate ipRGC dendritic morphology in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). Results Morphological analysis showed that ipRGC dendritic field complexity was remarkably stable through 12 months old of age. Similarly, the pupillary light reflex, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were stable in mature and old adults. Although alterations were observed in ipRGC-independent light aversion distinct from the pupillary light reflex, aged wild-type mice continuously showed enhanced light aversion with dilation. No effect of sex was observed in any tests. Conclusions The preservation of both ipRGC morphology and function highlights the potential of ipRGC-mediated function as a valuable biomarker for ocular diseases characterized by early ipRGC loss. The consistent stability of ipRGCs in mature and old adult mice suggests that detected changes in ipRGC-mediated functions could serve as early indicators or diagnostic tools for early-onset conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes, where ipRGC loss has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Brandy S. Recio
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zachary Myers
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Brecha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Luis Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Patko E, Szabo E, Toth D, Tornoczky T, Bosnyak I, Vaczy A, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2176-2187. [PMID: 35253081 PMCID: PMC9726800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Tornoczky
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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3
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Van Hook MJ. Influences of Glaucoma on the Structure and Function of Synapses in the Visual System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:842-861. [PMID: 35044228 PMCID: PMC9587776 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the visual system associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). It is the leading irreversible cause of vision loss worldwide, and vision loss results from damage and dysfunction of the retinal output neurons known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent Advances: Elevated IOP and optic nerve injury triggers pruning of RGC dendrites, altered morphology of excitatory inputs from presynaptic bipolar cells, and disrupted RGC synaptic function. Less is known about RGC outputs, although evidence to date indicates that glaucoma is associated with altered mitochondrial and synaptic structure and function in RGC-projection targets in the brain. These early functional changes likely contribute to vision loss and might be a window into early diagnosis and treatment. Critical Issues: Glaucoma affects different RGC populations to varying extents and along distinct time courses. The influence of glaucoma on RGC synaptic function as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Since RGCs are an especially energetically demanding population of neurons, altered intracellular axon transport of mitochondria and mitochondrial function might contribute to RGC synaptic dysfunction in the retina and brain as well as RGC vulnerability in glaucoma. Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying differential RGC vulnerability remain to be determined. Moreover, the timing and mechanisms of RGCs synaptic dysfunction and degeneration will provide valuable insight into the disease process in glaucoma. Future work will be able to capitalize on these findings to better design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to detect disease and prevent vision loss. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 842-861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science and Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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4
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Mure LS. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Human Retina. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636330. [PMID: 33841306 PMCID: PMC8027232 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is perceived not only by rods and cones but also by a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin that renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection and play critical roles in non-image-forming vision, a set of light responses that include circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex (PLR), and the modulation of sleep/alertness, and mood. ipRGCs are also found in the human retina, and their response to light has been characterized indirectly through the suppression of nocturnal melatonin and PLR. However, until recently, human ipRGCs had rarely been investigated directly. This gap is progressively being filled as, over the last years, an increasing number of studies provided descriptions of their morphology, responses to light, and gene expression. Here, I review the progress in our knowledge of human ipRGCs, in particular, the different morphological and functional subtypes described so far and how they match the murine subtypes. I also highlight questions that remain to be addressed. Investigating ipRGCs is critical as these few cells play a major role in our well-being. Additionally, as ipRGCs display increased vulnerability or resilience to certain disorders compared to conventional RGCs, a deeper knowledge of their function could help identify therapeutic approaches or develop diagnostic tools. Overall, a better understanding of how light is perceived by the human eye will help deliver precise light usage recommendations and implement light-based therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive performance, mood, and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic S Mure
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Relationship between Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Cognitive Measures in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2021; 20:9-11. [PMID: 33552215 PMCID: PMC7847800 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2021.20.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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6
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Příhodová I, Nepožitek J, Kelifová S, Dostálová S, Kemlink D, Šonka K, Tesařová M, Honzík T, Kolářová H. Subjective and polysomnographic evaluation of sleep in mitochondrial optic neuropathies. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13051. [PMID: 32524698 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Dominant optic atrophy are associated with a selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). A subtype of RGC is responsible for light-dependent physiological processes. The aim of our study was to evaluate both subjective and objective sleep parameters in 36 (18 males; mean age 33.8 ± 16.7) symptomatic/asymptomatic subjects with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and nocturnal polysomnography were used to assess sleep disturbances and sleep quality. The questionnaires indicated significantly worse sleep quality (PSQI > 5; average 7.7 ± 3.8) in 21 (70%) and excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS > 10; average 6.3 ± 5.8) in six (20%) individuals. Nocturnal polysomnography has not revealed any significant changes of sleep structure. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia was observed in two patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Obstructive sleep apnea was noted in eight cases. No correlation between subjective and polysomnographic data and no differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were observed. None of the subjects fulfilled criteria for a circadian sleep disorder. In both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, a subjective decrease of the quality of sleep and wakefulness was noted without any correlation on polysomnography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Příhodová
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neurosciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Nepožitek
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neurosciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Kelifová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Dostálová
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neurosciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neurosciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šonka
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neurosciences, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Tesařová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Honzík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolářová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Microglial Activation in the Retina of a Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model (3xTg-AD). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030816. [PMID: 32012676 PMCID: PMC7038053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the world. The main biomarkers associated with AD are protein amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and protein tau neurofibrillary tangles, which are responsible for brain neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells. Increasing evidence has shown that the retina can also be affected in AD, presenting some molecular and cellular changes in the brain, such as microglia activation. However, there are only a few studies assessing such changes in the retinal microglia in animal models of AD. These studies use retinal sections, which have some limitations. In this study, we performed, for the first time in a triple-transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD), a quantitative morphometric analysis of microglia activation (using the anti-Iba-1 antibody) in retinal whole-mounts, allowing visualization of the entire microglial cell, as well as its localization along the extension of the retina in different layers. Compared to age-matched animals, the retina of 3xTg-AD mice presents a higher number of microglial cells and a thicker microglial cell body area. Moreover, the microglia migrate, reorient, and retract their processes, changing their localization from a parallel to a perpendicular position relative to the retinal surface. These findings demonstrate clear microglia remodeling in the retina of 3xTg-AD mice.
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8
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Oh AJ, Amore G, Sultan W, Asanad S, Park JC, Romagnoli M, La Morgia C, Karanjia R, Harrington MG, Sadun AA. Pupillometry evaluation of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function and sleep-wake activity in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226197. [PMID: 31821378 PMCID: PMC6903762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, mediate the light-based pupil response and the light entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms through their connection to the pretectal nucleus and hypothalamus, respectively. Increased awareness of circadian rhythm dysfunction in neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), has led to a wave of research focusing on the role of mRGCs in these diseases. Postmortem retinal analyses in AD patients demonstrated a significant loss of mRGCs, and in vivo measurements of mRGC function with chromatic pupillometry may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and progression of AD. METHODS We performed a prospective case-control study in 20 cognitively healthy study participants: 10 individuals with pre-symptomatic AD pathology (pre-AD), identified by the presence of abnormal levels of amyloid β42 and total Tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, and 10 age-matched controls with normal CSF amyloid β42 and Tau levels. To evaluate mRGC function, we used a standardized protocol of chromatic pupillometry on a Ganzfeld system using red (640 nm) and blue (450 nm) light stimuli and measured the pupillary light response (PLR). Non-invasive wrist actigraphy and standardized sleep questionnaires were also completed to evaluate rest-activity circadian rhythm. RESULTS Our results did not demonstrate a significant difference of the PLR between pre-AD and controls but showed a variability of the PLR in the pre-AD group compared with controls on chromatic pupillometry. Wrist actigraphy showed variable sleep-wake patterns and irregular circadian rhythms in the pre-AD group compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The variability seen in measurements of mRGC function and sleep-wake cycle in the pre-AD group suggests that mRGC dysfunction occurs in the pre-symptomatic AD stages, preceding cognitive decline. Future longitudinal studies following progression of these participants can help in elucidating the relationship between mRGCs and circadian rhythm dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Oh
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Amore
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - William Sultan
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Park
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martina Romagnoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- The Huntington Medical Research Institutes and Molecular Neurology Program, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun
- Doheny Eye institute, UCLA Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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9
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Chan JW, Hills NK, Bakall B, Fernandez B. Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy in Mild Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:2005-2011. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane W. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Nancy K. Hills
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Benjamin Bakall
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
- Associated Retinal Consultants, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Brian Fernandez
- Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Franklin, Massachusetts, United States
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10
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Rukmini AV, Chew MC, Finkelstein MT, Atalay E, Baskaran M, Nongpiur ME, Gooley JJ, Aung T, Milea D, Najjar RP. Effects of low and moderate refractive errors on chromatic pupillometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4945. [PMID: 30894608 PMCID: PMC6426861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatic pupillometry is an emerging modality in the assessment of retinal and optic nerve disorders. Herein, we evaluate the effect of low and moderate refractive errors on pupillary responses to blue- and red-light stimuli in a healthy older population. This study included 139 participants (≥50 years) grouped by refractive error: moderate myopes (>−6.0D and ≤−3.0D, n = 24), low myopes (>−3.0D and <−0.5D, n = 30), emmetropes (≥−0.5D and ≤0.5D, n = 31) and hyperopes (>0.5D and <6.0D, n = 54). Participants were exposed to logarithmically ramping-up blue (462 nm) and red (638 nm) light stimuli, designed to sequentially activate rods, cones and intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Pupil size was assessed monocularly using infra-red pupillography. Baseline pupil diameter correlated inversely with spherical equivalent (R = −0.26, P < 0.01), and positively with axial length (R = 0.37, P < 0.01) and anterior chamber depth (R = 0.43, P < 0.01). Baseline-adjusted pupillary constriction amplitudes to blue light did not differ between groups (P = 0.45), while constriction amplitudes to red light were greater in hyperopes compared to emmetropes (P = 0.04) at moderate to bright light intensities (12.25–14.0 Log photons/cm²/s). Our results demonstrate that low and moderate myopia do not alter pupillary responses to ramping-up blue- and red-light stimuli in healthy older individuals. Conversely, pupillary responses to red light should be interpreted cautiously in hyperopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rukmini
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Eray Atalay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua J Gooley
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Katsuura T, Lee S. A review of the studies on nonvisual lighting effects in the field of physiological anthropology. J Physiol Anthropol 2019; 38:2. [PMID: 30670097 PMCID: PMC6343353 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the history and the trends in the research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology. Research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology was pioneered by Sato and colleagues in the early 1990s. These authors found that the color temperature of light affected physiological functions in humans. The groundbreaking event with regard to the study of nonvisual effects of light was the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina in the early 2000s. The interest of the physiological anthropology scientific community in the nonvisual effects of light has been increasing since then. A total of 61 papers on nonvisual effects of light were published in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology (including its predecessor journals) until October 2018, 14 papers (1.4/year) in the decade from 1992 to 2001, 45 papers (2.8/year) in the 16 years between 2002 and 2017, and two papers in 2018 (January-October). The number of papers on this topic has been increasing in recent years. We categorized all papers according to light conditions, such as color temperature of light, light intensity, and monochromatic light. Among the 61 papers, 11 papers were related to color temperature, 20 papers were related to light intensity, 18 papers were related to monochromatic light, and 12 papers were classified as others. We provide an overview of these papers and mention future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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12
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La Morgia C, Carelli V, Carbonelli M. Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells and Pupil: Clinical Implications for Neuro-Ophthalmology. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 30581410 PMCID: PMC6292931 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are intrinsically photosensitive RGCs that mediate many relevant non-image forming functions of the eye, including the pupillary light reflex, through the projections to the olivary pretectal nucleus. In particular, the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR), as evaluated by chromatic pupillometry, can be used as a reliable marker of mRGC function in vivo. In the last years, pupillometry has become a promising tool to assess mRGC dysfunction in various neurological and neuro-ophthalmological conditions. In this review we will present the most relevant findings of pupillometric studies in glaucoma, hereditary optic neuropathies, ischemic optic neuropathies, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and mood disorders. The use of PIPR as a marker for mRGC function is also proposed for other neurodegenerative disorders in which circadian dysfunction is documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- Unità Operativa Complessa Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Cerquera-Jaramillo MA, Nava-Mesa MO, González-Reyes RE, Tellez-Conti C, de-la-Torre A. Visual Features in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:2941783. [PMID: 30405709 PMCID: PMC6204169 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2941783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It compromises patients' daily activities owing to progressive cognitive deterioration, which has elevated direct and indirect costs. Although AD has several risk factors, aging is considered the most important. Unfortunately, clinical diagnosis is usually performed at an advanced disease stage when dementia is established, making implementation of successful therapeutic interventions difficult. Current biomarkers tend to be expensive, insufficient, or invasive, raising the need for novel, improved tools aimed at early disease detection. AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The visual system and central nervous system share many functional components. Thus, it is plausible that damage induced by Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation may be observed in visual components such as the retina, even at an early disease stage. This underscores the importance of implementing ophthalmological examinations, less invasive and expensive than other biomarkers, as useful measures to assess disease progression and severity in individuals with or at risk of AD. Here, we review functional and morphological changes of the retina and visual pathway in AD from pathophysiological and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E. González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Tellez-Conti
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología-Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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14
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Rodriguez L, Mdzomba JB, Joly S, Boudreau-Laprise M, Planel E, Pernet V. Human Tau Expression Does Not Induce Mouse Retina Neurodegeneration, Suggesting Differential Toxicity of Tau in Brain vs. Retinal Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:293. [PMID: 30197586 PMCID: PMC6117378 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The implication of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) Tau in the ocular manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is elusive due to the lack of relevant animal model. However, signs of AD have been reported in the brain of transgenic mice expressing human Tau (hTau). To assess whether hTau is sufficient to induce AD pathogenesis in the retina as well, in the present study, we compared the retinal structure and function of KO mice deprived of Tau (mTKO) with those of transgenic mice expressing hTau. Our results revealed that hTau is particularly abundant in the inner nuclear layer (INL) cells of the retina. By electroretinogram (ERG) recording, light-induced retinal cell activation was not altered in hTau compared with mTKO littermates. Surprisingly, the ERG response mediated by cone photoreceptor stimulation was even stronger in hTau than in mTKO retinae. Immunofluorescent analysis of retinal sections allowed us to observe thicker inner retina in hTau than in mTKO eyes. By Western Blotting (WB), the upregulation of mTOR that was found in hTau mice may underlie retinal structure and function increases. Taken together, our results not only indicate that hTau expression is not toxic for retinal cells but they also suggest that it may play a positive role in visual physiology. The use of hTau may be envisaged to improve visual recovery in ocular diseases affecting the retinal function such as glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rodriguez
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Julius Baya Mdzomba
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Joly
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Boudreau-Laprise
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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15
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Ueki Y, Shchepetkina V, Lefcort F. Retina-specific loss of Ikbkap/Elp1 causes mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to selective retinal ganglion cell degeneration in a mouse model of familial dysautonomia. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.033746. [PMID: 29929962 PMCID: PMC6078410 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive disorder marked by developmental and progressive neuropathies. It is caused by an intronic point-mutation in the IKBKAP/ELP1 gene, which encodes the inhibitor of κB kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP, also called ELP1), a component of the elongator complex. Owing to variation in tissue-specific splicing, the mutation primarily affects the nervous system. One of the most debilitating hallmarks of FD that affects patients' quality of life is progressive blindness. To determine the pathophysiological mechanisms that are triggered by the absence of IKAP in the retina, we generated retina-specific Ikbkap conditional knockout (CKO) mice using Pax6-Cre, which abolished Ikbkap expression in all cell types of the retina. Although sensory and autonomic neuropathies in FD are known to be developmental in origin, the loss of IKAP in the retina did not affect its development, demonstrating that IKAP is not required for retinal development. The loss of IKAP caused progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by 1 month of age. Mitochondrial membrane integrity was breached in RGCs, and later in other retinal neurons. In Ikbkap CKO retinas, mitochondria were depolarized, and complex I function and ATP were significantly reduced. Although mitochondrial impairment was detected in all Ikbkap-deficient retinal neurons, RGCs were the only cell type to degenerate; the survival of other retinal neurons was unaffected. This retina-specific FD model is a useful in vivo model for testing potential therapeutics for mitigating blindness in FD. Moreover, our data indicate that RGCs and mitochondria are promising targets. Summary: The elongator subunit IKBKAP/ELP1 is not required for development, but is essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and retina morphology. Loss of this subunit causes progressive, selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ueki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Veronika Shchepetkina
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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16
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Moreira AC, Antonini SR, de Castro M. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: A sense of time of the glucocorticoid circadian clock: from the ontogeny to the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:R1-R18. [PMID: 29661784 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids has long been recognised within the last 75 years. Since the beginning, researchers have sought to identify basic mechanisms underlying the origin and emergence of the corticosteroid circadian rhythmicity among mammals. Accordingly, Young, Hall and Rosbash, laureates of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, as well as Takahashi's group among others, have characterised the molecular cogwheels of the circadian system, describing interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops essential for normal circadian rhythms. Plasma glucocorticoid circadian variation depends on the expression of intrinsic clock genes within the anatomic components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are organised in a hierarchical manner. This review presents a general overview of the glucocorticoid circadian clock mechanisms, highlighting the ontogeny of the pituitary-adrenal axis diurnal rhythmicity as well as the involvement of circadian rhythm abnormalities in the physiopathology and diagnosis of Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrton Custodio Moreira
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonir Rauber Antonini
- Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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When light hurts: Comparative Morphometry of Human Brainstem in Traumatic Photalgia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6256. [PMID: 29674712 PMCID: PMC5908841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is an increasingly common affliction, although many of its serious repercussions are still underappreciated. A frequent consequence is the development of light-induced pain, or ‘photalgia’, which can often lead to prolonged debilitation. The mechanism underlying the sensitivity to light, however, remains unresolved. Since tissue oedema (swelling) is a common feature of traumatic brain injury, we propose that the brainstem oedema, in particular, might sensitize the brainstem trigeminal complex to signals from ocular mechanisms activated in bright light. To assess this hypothesis, we ran high-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brainstems of concussion groups with mild and severe photalgia, without photalgia, and healthy controls. The 3D configuration of the brainstem was determined by Tensor-Based Morphometry (TBM) for each participant. The TBM revealed significant deviations in the brainstem morphology of all concussion groups, with a characteristic signature for each group. In particular, concussion without photalgia showed bilateral expansion at the pontine/medulla junction, whereas concussion with photalgia showed mid-pontine shrinkage, consistent with degeneration of nuclei of the trigeminal complex. These results support the hypothesis that brainstem shrinkage/degeneration represents a morphological substrate of the photalgic sensitization of the trigeminal pathway.
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18
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Ramirez AI, de Hoz R, Salobrar-Garcia E, Salazar JJ, Rojas B, Ajoy D, López-Cuenca I, Rojas P, Triviño A, Ramírez JM. The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:214. [PMID: 28729832 PMCID: PMC5498525 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), act as neuropathology sensors and are neuroprotective under physiological conditions. Microglia react to injury and degeneration with immune-phenotypic and morphological changes, proliferation, migration, and inflammatory cytokine production. An uncontrolled microglial response secondary to sustained CNS damage can put neuronal survival at risk due to excessive inflammation. A neuroinflammatory response is considered among the etiological factors of the major aged-related neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, and microglial cells are key players in these neurodegenerative lesions. The retina is an extension of the brain and therefore the inflammatory response in the brain can occur in the retina. The brain and retina are affected in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and glaucoma. AD is an age-related neurodegeneration of the CNS characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss in the cerebral cortex, resulting in cognitive deficit and dementia. The extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and intraneuronal accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (pTau) are the hallmarks of this disease. These deposits are also found in the retina and optic nerve. PD is a neurodegenerative locomotor disorder with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This is accompanied by Lewy body inclusion composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. PD also involves retinal dopaminergic cell degeneration. Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve, characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. In this pathology, deposition of Aβ, synuclein, and pTau has also been detected in retina. These neurodegenerative diseases share a common pathogenic mechanism, the neuroinflammation, in which microglia play an important role. Microglial activation has been reported in AD, PD, and glaucoma in relation to protein aggregates and degenerated neurons. The activated microglia can release pro-inflammatory cytokines which can aggravate and propagate neuroinflammation, thereby degenerating neurons and impairing brain as well as retinal function. The aim of the present review is to describe the contribution in retina to microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in AD, PD, and glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ajoy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Gregorio MarañónMadrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Madrid, Spain
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19
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Georg B, Ghelli A, Giordano C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA, Carelli V, Hannibal J, La Morgia C. Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells are resistant to cell injury, but not always. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:77-84. [PMID: 28412540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are intrinsically photosensitive RGCs deputed to non-image forming functions of the eye such as synchronization of circadian rhythms to light-dark cycle. These cells are characterized by unique electrophysiological, anatomical and biochemical properties and are usually more resistant than conventional RGCs to different insults, such as axotomy and different paradigms of stress. We also demonstrated that these cells are relatively spared compared to conventional RGCs in mitochondrial optic neuropathies (Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and Dominant Optic Atrophy). However, these cells are affected in other neurodegenerative conditions, such as glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease. We here review the current evidences that may underlie this dichotomy. We also present our unpublished data on cell experiments demonstrating that melanopsin itself does not explain the robustness of these cells and some preliminary data on immunohistochemical assessment of mitochondria in mRGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Ghelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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20
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Nasir-Ahmad S, Lee SCS, Martin PR, Grünert U. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in human retina: Morphology, distribution, and synaptic connections. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:312-327. [PMID: 28097654 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive cells that are involved in non-image forming visual processes such as the pupillary light reflex and circadian entrainment but also contribute to visual perception. Here we used immunohistochemistry to study the morphology, density, distribution, and synaptic connectivity of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in four post mortem human donor retinas. Two types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells were distinguished based on their dendritic stratification near either the outer or the inner border of the inner plexiform layer. Outer stratifying cells make up on average 60% of the melanopsin-expressing cells. About half of the melanopsin-expressing cells (or 80% of the outer stratifying cells) have their soma displaced to the inner nuclear layer. Inner stratifying cells have their soma exclusively in the ganglion cell layer and include a small proportion of bistratified cells. The dendritic field diameter of melanopsin-expressing cells ranges from 250 (near the fovea) to 1,000 µm in peripheral retina. The dendritic trees of outer stratifying cells cover the retina independent of soma location. The dendritic fields of both outer and inner stratifying cells show a high degree of overlap with a coverage factor of approximately two. Melanopsin-expressing cells occur at an average peak density of between ∼20 and ∼40 cells/mm2 at about 2 mm eccentricity, the density drops to below ∼10 cells/mm2 at about 8 mm eccentricity. Both the outer and inner stratifying dendrites express postsynaptic density (PSD95) immunoreactive puncta suggesting that they receive synaptic input from bipolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Nasir-Ahmad
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Sammy C S Lee
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
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21
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Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Palma JA, Hedges TR, Laver NV, Farhat N, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Kaufmann H. Pathological Confirmation of Optic Neuropathy in Familial Dysautonomia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:238-244. [PMID: 28395083 PMCID: PMC5409127 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data suggest that optic neuropathy and retinal ganglion cell loss are the main cause of visual decline in patients with familial dysautonomia, but this has not previously been confirmed by pathological analyses. We studied retinas and optic nerves in 6 eyes from 3 affected patients obtained at autopsy. Analyses included routine neurohistology and immunohistochemistry for neurofilaments, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and melanopsin-containing ganglion cells. We observed profound axon loss in the temporal portions of optic nerves with relative preservation in the nasal portions; this correlated with clinical and optical coherence tomography findings in 1 patient. Retinal ganglion cell layers were markedly reduced in the central retina, whereas melanopsin-containing ganglion cells were relatively spared. COX staining was reduced in the temporal portions of the optic nerve indicating reduced mitochondrial density. Axonal swelling with degenerating lysosomes and mitochondria were observed by electron microscopy. These findings support the concept that there is a specific optic neuropathy and retinopathy in patients with familial dysautonomia similar to that seen in other optic neuropathies with mitochondrial dysfunction. This raises the possibility that defective expression of the IkB kinase complex-associated protein (IKAP) resulting from mutations in IKBKAP affects mitochondrial function in the metabolism-dependent retinal parvocellular ganglion cells in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Mendoza-Santiesteban
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Jose-Alberto Palma
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Thomas R. Hedges
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Nora V. Laver
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Nada Farhat
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- From the New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (CEM, TRH, NVL, NF); Department of Neurology, Dysautonomia Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York (CEM, JAP, LNK, HK); and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida (CEM)
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22
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A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:129-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Hart NJ, Koronyo Y, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Ocular indicators of Alzheimer's: exploring disease in the retina. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:767-787. [PMID: 27645291 PMCID: PMC5106496 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although historically perceived as a disorder confined to the brain, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has expanded to include extra-cerebral manifestation, with mounting evidence of abnormalities in the eye. Among ocular tissues, the retina, a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is marked by an array of pathologies in patients suffering from AD, including nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. While the hallmark pathological signs of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) comprising hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein, have long been described in the brain, identification of these characteristic biomarkers in the retina has only recently been reported. In particular, Aβ deposits were discovered in post-mortem retinas of advanced and early stage cases of AD, in stark contrast to non-AD controls. Subsequent studies have reported elevated Aβ42/40 peptides, morphologically diverse Aβ plaques, and pTau in the retina. In line with the above findings, animal model studies have reported retinal Aβ deposits and tauopathy, often correlated with local inflammation, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and functional deficits. This review highlights the converging evidence that AD manifests in the eye, especially in the retina, which can be imaged directly and non-invasively. Visual dysfunction in AD patients, traditionally attributed to well-documented cerebral pathology, can now be reexamined as a direct outcome of retinal abnormalities. As we continue to study the disease in the brain, the emerging field of ocular AD warrants further investigation of how the retina may faithfully reflect the neurological disease. Indeed, detection of retinal AD pathology, particularly the early presenting amyloid biomarkers, using advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may allow large-scale screening and monitoring of at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Loss of Ikbkap Causes Slow, Progressive Retinal Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Familial Dysautonomia. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0143-16. [PMID: 27699209 PMCID: PMC5037323 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0143-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive congenital neuropathy that is caused by a mutation in the gene for inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex-associated protein (IKBKAP). Although FD patients suffer from multiple neuropathies, a major debilitation that affects their quality of life is progressive blindness. To determine the requirement for Ikbkap in the developing and adult retina, we generated Ikbkap conditional knockout (CKO) mice using a TUBA1a promoter-Cre (Tα1-Cre). In the retina, Tα1-Cre expression is detected predominantly in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At 6 months, significant loss of RGCs had occurred in the CKO retinas, with the greatest loss in the temporal retina, which is the same spatial phenotype observed in FD, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and dominant optic atrophy. Interestingly, the melanopsin-positive RGCs were resistant to degeneration. By 9 months, signs of photoreceptor degeneration were observed, which later progressed to panretinal degeneration, including RGC and photoreceptor loss, optic nerve thinning, Müller glial activation, and disruption of layers. Taking these results together, we conclude that although Ikbkap is not required for normal development of RGCs, its loss causes a slow, progressive RGC degeneration most severely in the temporal retina, which is later followed by indirect photoreceptor loss and complete retinal disorganization. This mouse model of FD is not only useful for identifying the mechanisms mediating retinal degeneration, but also provides a model system in which to attempt to test therapeutics that may mitigate the loss of vision in FD patients.
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Matynia A, Nguyen E, Sun X, Blixt FW, Parikh S, Kessler J, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Habib S, Kim P, Wang ZZ, Rodriguez A, Charles A, Nusinowitz S, Edvinsson L, Barnes S, Brecha NC, Gorin MB. Peripheral Sensory Neurons Expressing Melanopsin Respond to Light. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:60. [PMID: 27559310 PMCID: PMC4978714 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of light to cause pain is paradoxical. The retina detects light but is devoid of nociceptors while the trigeminal sensory ganglia (TG) contain nociceptors but not photoreceptors. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are thought to mediate light-induced pain but recent evidence raises the possibility of an alternative light responsive pathway independent of the retina and optic nerve. Here, we show that melanopsin is expressed in both human and mouse TG neurons. In mice, they represent 3% of small TG neurons that are preferentially localized in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and are likely nociceptive C fibers and high-threshold mechanoreceptor Aδ fibers based on a strong size-function association. These isolated neurons respond to blue light stimuli with a delayed onset and sustained firing, similar to the melanopsin-dependent intrinsic photosensitivity observed in ipRGCs. Mice with severe bilateral optic nerve crush exhibit no light-induced responses including behavioral light aversion until treated with nitroglycerin, an inducer of migraine in people and migraine-like symptoms in mice. With nitroglycerin, these same mice with optic nerve crush exhibit significant light aversion. Furthermore, this retained light aversion remains dependent on melanopsin-expressing neurons. Our results demonstrate a novel light-responsive neural function independent of the optic nerve that may originate in the peripheral nervous system to provide the first direct mechanism for an alternative light detection pathway that influences motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kessler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Samer Habib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Z Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Charles
- Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
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Yan SS, Wang W. The effect of lens aging and cataract surgery on circadian rhythm. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1066-74. [PMID: 27500118 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.07.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms have evolved an approximately 24-hour circadian rhythm that allows them to achieve internal physiological homeostasis with external environment. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central pacemaker of circadian rhythm, and its activity is entrained to the external light-dark cycle. The SCN controls circadian rhythm through regulating the synthesis of melatonin by pineal gland via a multisynaptic pathway. Light, especially short-wavelength blue light, is the most potent environmental time cue in circadian photoentrainment. Recently, the discovery of a novel type of retinal photoreceptors, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, sheds light on the mechanism of circadian photoentrainment and raises concerns about the effect of ocular diseases on circadian system. With age, light transmittance is significantly decreased due to the aging of crystalline lens, thus possibly resulting in progressive loss of circadian photoreception. In the current review, we summarize the circadian physiology, highlight the important role of light in circadian rhythm regulation, discuss about the correlation between age-related cataract and sleep disorders, and compare the effect of blue light- filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) and ultraviolet only filtering IOLs on circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Shen Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Maintaining ocular safety with light exposure, focusing on devices for optogenetic stimulation. Vision Res 2016; 121:57-71. [PMID: 26882975 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics methods are rapidly being developed as therapeutic tools for treating neurological diseases, in particular, retinal degenerative diseases. A critical component of the development is testing the safety of the light stimulation used to activate the optogenetic proteins. While the stimulation needs to be sufficient to produce neural responses in the targeted retinal cell class, it also needs to be below photochemical and photothermal limits known to cause ocular damage. The maximal permissible exposure is determined by a variety of factors, including wavelength, exposure duration, visual angle, pupil size, pulse width, pulse pattern, and repetition frequency. In this paper, we develop utilities to systematically and efficiently assess the contributions of these parameters in relation to the limits, following directly from the 2014 American National Standards Institute (ANSI). We also provide an array of stimulus protocols that fall within the bounds of both safety and effectiveness. Additional verification of safety is provided with a case study in rats using one of these protocols.
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La Morgia C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Koronyo Y, Hannibal J, Gallassi R, Cantalupo G, Sambati L, Pan BX, Tozer KR, Barboni P, Provini F, Avanzini P, Carbonelli M, Pelosi A, Chui H, Liguori R, Baruzzi A, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Sadun AA, Carelli V. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:90-109. [PMID: 26505992 PMCID: PMC4737313 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are photoreceptors driving circadian photoentrainment, and circadian dysfunction characterizes Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated mRGCs in AD, hypothesizing that they contribute to circadian dysfunction. Methods We assessed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 21 mild‐moderate AD patients, and in a subgroup of 16 we evaluated rest–activity circadian rhythm by actigraphy. We studied postmortem mRGCs by immunohistochemistry in retinas, and axons in optic nerve cross‐sections of 14 neuropathologically confirmed AD patients. We coimmunostained for retinal amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and melanopsin to locate mRGCs. All AD cohorts were compared with age‐matched controls. Results We demonstrated an age‐related optic neuropathy in AD by OCT, with a significant reduction of RNFL thickness (p = 0.038), more evident in the superior quadrant (p = 0.006). Axonal loss was confirmed in postmortem AD optic nerves. Abnormal circadian function characterized only a subgroup of AD patients. Sleep efficiency was significantly reduced in AD patients (p = 0.001). We also found a significant loss of mRGCs in postmortem AD retinal specimens (p = 0.003) across all ages and abnormal mRGC dendritic morphology and size (p = 0.003). In flat‐mounted AD retinas, Aβ accumulation was remarkably evident inside and around mRGCs. Interpretation We show variable degrees of rest–activity circadian dysfunction in AD patients. We also demonstrate age‐related loss of optic nerve axons and specifically mRGC loss and pathology in postmortem AD retinal specimens, associated with Aβ deposition. These results all support the concept that mRGC degeneration is a contributor to circadian rhythm dysfunction in AD. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:90–109
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Gallassi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Billy X Pan
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin R Tozer
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pelosi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Helena Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Baruzzi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery and Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Rukmini AV, Milea D, Baskaran M, How AC, Perera SA, Aung T, Gooley JJ. Pupillary Responses to High-Irradiance Blue Light Correlate with Glaucoma Severity. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1777-85. [PMID: 26299721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether a chromatic pupillometry test can be used to detect impaired function of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and to determine if pupillary responses correlate with optic nerve damage and visual loss. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-one healthy controls recruited from a community polyclinic (55 men; 151 ethnic Chinese) and 40 POAG patients recruited from a glaucoma clinic (22 men; 35 ethnic Chinese) 50 years of age or older. METHODS Subjects underwent monocular exposure to narrowband blue light (469 nm) or red light (631 nm) using a modified Ganzfeld dome. Each light stimulus was increased gradually over 2 minutes to activate sequentially the rods, cones, and ipRGCs that mediate the pupillary light reflex. Pupil diameter was recorded using an infrared pupillography system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pupillary responses to blue light and red light were compared between control subjects and those with POAG by constructing dose-response curves across a wide range of corneal irradiances (7-14 log photons/cm(2) per second). In patients with POAG, pupillary responses were evaluated relative to standard automated perimetry testing (Humphrey Visual Field [HVF]; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy parameters (Heidelberg Retinal Tomography [HRT]; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). RESULTS The pupillary light reflex was reduced in patients with POAG only at higher irradiance levels, corresponding to the range of activation of ipRGCs. Pupillary responses to high-irradiance blue light associated more strongly with disease severity compared with responses to red light, with a significant linear correlation observed between pupil diameter and HVF mean deviation (r = -0.44; P = 0.005) as well as HRT linear cup-to-disc ratio (r = 0.61; P < 0.001) and several other optic nerve head parameters. CONCLUSIONS In glaucomatous eyes, reduced pupillary responses to high-irradiance blue light were associated with greater visual field loss and optic disc cupping. In POAG, a short chromatic pupillometry test that evaluates the function of ipRGCs can be used to estimate the degree of damage to retinal ganglion cells that mediate image-forming vision. This approach could prove useful in detecting glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadata V Rukmini
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alicia C How
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joshua J Gooley
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Gracitelli CP, Duque-Chica GL, Roizenblatt M, Moura ALDA, Nagy BV, Ragot de Melo G, Borba PD, Teixeira SH, Tufik S, Ventura DF, Paranhos A. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Activity Is Associated with Decreased Sleep Quality in Patients with Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:1139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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32
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Grandner MA. Sleep Deprivation: Societal Impact and Long-Term Consequences. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhou Y, Davis AS, Spitze A, Lee AG. Maintenance of pupillary response in a glaucoma patient with no light perception due to persistence of melanopsin ganglion cells. Can J Ophthalmol 2014; 49:e20-1. [PMID: 24513375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander S Davis
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Andrew G Lee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex.; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y.; The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinic, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Nakayama M, Nowak W, Ishikawa H, Asakawa K, Ichibe Y. Discovering irregular pupil light responses to chromatic stimuli using waveform shapes of pupillograms. EURASIP JOURNAL ON BIOINFORMATICS & SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 2014:18. [PMID: 28194168 PMCID: PMC5270378 DOI: 10.1186/s13637-014-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The waveforms of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) can be analyzed in a diagnostic test that allows for differentiation between disorders affecting photoreceptors and disorders affecting retinal ganglion cells, using various signal processing techniques. This procedure has been used on both healthy subjects and patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as a simple diagnostic procedure is required for diagnosis. Results The Fourier descriptor technique is used to extract the features of PLR waveform shapes of pupillograms and their amplitudes. To detect those patients affected by AMD using the extracted features, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and clustering techniques were used to emphasize stimuli and subject differences. The detection performance of AMD using the features and the MDS technique shows only a qualitative tendency, however. To evaluate the detection performance quantitatively, a set of combined features was created to evaluate characteristics of the PLR waveform shapes in detail. Classification performance was compared across three categories (AMD patients, aged, and healthy subjects) using the Random Forest method, and weighted values were optimized using variations of the classification error rates. The results show that the error rates for healthy pupils and AMD-affected pupils were low when the value of the coefficient for a combination of PLR amplitudes and features of waveforms was optimized as 1.5. However, the error rates for patients with age-affected eyes was not low. Conclusions A classification procedure for AMD patients has been developed using the features of PLR waveform shapes and their amplitudes. The results show that the error rates for healthy PLRs and AMD PLRs were low when the Random Forest method was used to produce the classification. The classification of pupils of patients with age-affected eyes should be carefully considered in order to produce optimum results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13637-014-0018-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakayama
- Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
| | - Wioletta Nowak
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370 Poland
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0373 Japan
| | - Ken Asakawa
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0373 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ichibe
- School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, 252-0373 Japan
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Guarnieri B, Musicco M, Caffarra P, Adorni F, Appollonio I, Arnaldi D, Bartoli A, Bonanni E, Bonuccelli U, Caltagirone C, Cerroni G, Concari L, Cosentino FII, Fermi S, Ferri R, Gelosa G, Lombardi G, Mearelli S, Nobili F, Passero S, Perri R, Rocchi R, Sucapane P, Tognoni G, Zabberoni S, Sorbi S. Recommendations of the Sleep Study Group of the Italian Dementia Research Association (SINDem) on clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a clinical review. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1329-48. [PMID: 25037740 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical assessment and management of sleep disturbances in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia has important clinical and social implications. Poor sleep results in an increased risk of morbidities and mortality in demented patients and is a source of stress for caregivers. Sleep disturbances show high prevalence in mild cognitive impairment and dementia patients and they are often associated one to another in the same patient. A careful clinical evaluation of sleep disorders should be performed routinely in the clinical setting of individuals with cognitive decline. The Sleep Study Group of the Italian Dementia Research Association (SINDem) reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews published up to December 2013. The evidence was classified in quality levels (I, II, III) and strength of recommendations (A, B, C, D, E). Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided. These recommendations may not be appropriate for all circumstances and should therefore be adopted only after a patient's individual characteristics have been carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guarnieri
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Villa Serena Hospital, Città S. Angelo, Pescara, Italy,
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36
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Mitochondrial dysfunction affecting visual pathways. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:344-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ramsey DJ, Ramsey KM, Vavvas DG. Genetic advances in ophthalmology: the role of melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the circadian organization of the visual system. Semin Ophthalmol 2013; 28:406-21. [PMID: 24010846 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2013.825294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Daily changes in the light-dark cycle are the principal environmental signal that enables organisms to synchronize their internal biology with the 24-hour day-night cycle. In humans, the visual system is integral to photoentrainment and is primarily driven by a specialized class of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the photopigment melanopsin (OPN4) in the inner retina. These cells project through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which serves as the body's master biological clock. At the same time, the retina itself possesses intrinsic circadian oscillations, exemplified by diurnal fluctuations in visual sensitivity, neurotransmitter levels, and outer segment turnover rates. Recently, it has been noted that both central and peripheral oscillators share a molecular clock consisting of an endogenous, circadian-driven, transcription-translation feedback loop that cycles with a periodicity of approximately 24 hours. This review will cover the role that melanopsin and ipRGCs play in the circadian organization of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ramsey
- Retina Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Mass General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
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Hyett M, Parker G. Loss of light in the eyes: A window to melancholia. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang Q, Vuong H, Huang X, Wang Y, Brecha NC, Pu M, Gao J. Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cell loss and behavioral analysis in the Thy1-CFP-DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:720-30. [PMID: 23729182 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the role of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) in the glaucoma-induced depressive behavioral response pattern was investigated. The CFP-D2 transgenic glaucoma animal model from five age groups was used in this study. Immunohistochemical labeling, quantitative analysis of mRGC morphology, open field test (OFT), and statistical analysis were used. In comparison with C57 BL/6 mice, the age-matched CFP-D2 mice had significantly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We observed parallel morphological changes in the retina, including a reduction in the density of cyan fluorescent protein-(CFP) expressing cells (cells mm(-2) at 2 months of age, 1309±26; 14 months, 878±30, P<0.001), mRGCs (2 months, 48±3; 14 months, 19±4, P<0.001), Brn3b-expressing RGCs (2 months, 1283±80; 14 months, 950±31, P <0.001), Brn-3b expressing mRGCs (5 months, 50.17%±5.5%; 14 months, 12.61%±3.8%, P<0.001), and reduction in the dendritic field size of mRGCs (mm(2) at 2 months, 0.077±0.015; 14 months, 0.065±0.015, P<0.05). CFP-D2 mice had hyperactive locomotor activity patterns based on OFT findings of the total distance traveled, number of entries into the center, and time spent in the center of the testing apparatus. The glaucoma induced hyperactive response pattern could be associated with dysfunctional mRGCs, most likely Brn-3b-positive mRGCs in CFP-D2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Fernandez DC, Sande PH, de Zavalía N, Belforte N, Dorfman D, Casiraghi LP, Golombek D, Rosenstein RE. Effect of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy on the Non-Image-Forming Visual System. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:583-97. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of migraine. We have focused on the role of CGRP in photophobia, which is a common migraine symptom. We previously used an operant-based assay to show that CGRP-sensitized transgenic (nestin/hRAMP1), but not control, mice exhibited light aversion in response to an intracerebroventricular CGRP injection. A key question was whether the transgenic phenotype was due to overexpression of the CGRP receptor at endogenous or novel expression sites. We reasoned that if endogenous receptor sites were sufficient for light-aversive behavior, then wild-type mice should also show the phenotype when given a sufficiently strong stimulus. In this study, we report that mice with normal levels of endogenous CGRP receptors demonstrate light avoidance following CGRP administration. This phenotype required the combination of two factors: higher light intensity and habituation to the testing chamber. Control tests confirmed that light aversion was dependent on coincident exposure to CGRP and light and cannot be fully explained by increased anxiety. Furthermore, CGRP reduced locomotion only in the dark, not in the light. Coadministration of rizatriptan, a 5-HT(1B/D) agonist anti-migraine drug, attenuated the effects of exogenous CGRP on light aversion and motility. This suggests that triptans can act by mechanisms that are distinct from inhibition of CGRP release. Thus, we demonstrate that activation of endogenous CGRP receptors is sufficient to elicit light aversion in mice, which can be modulated by a drug commonly used to treat migraine.
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Warthen DM, Provencio I. The role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in nonimage-forming responses to light. Eye Brain 2012; 4:43-48. [PMID: 28539780 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exerts many effects on behavior and physiology. These effects can be characterized as either image-forming or nonimage-forming (NIF) visual processes. Image-forming vision refers to the process of detecting objects and organisms in the environment and distinguishing their physical characteristics, such as size, shape, and direction of motion. NIF vision, in contrast, refers to effects of light that are independent of fine spatiotemporal vision. NIF effects are many and varied, ranging from modulation of basal physiology, such as heart rate and body temperature, to changes in higher functions, such as mood and cognitive performance. In mammals, many NIF effects of light are dependent upon the inner retinal photopigment melanopsin and the cells in which melanopsin is expressed, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The ipRGCs project broadly throughout the brain. Many of these projections terminate in areas known to mediate NIF effects, while others terminate in regions whose link to photoreception remains to be established. Additionally, the presence of ipRGC projections to areas of the brain with no known link to photoreception suggests the existence of additional ipRGC-mediated NIF effects. This review summarizes the known NIF effects of light and the role of melanopsin and ipRGCs in driving these effects, with an eye toward stimulating further investigation of the many and varied effects of light on physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Warthen
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ignacio Provencio
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Roecklein KA, Wong PM, Franzen PL, Hasler BP, Wood-Vasey WM, Nimgaonkar VL, Miller MA, Kepreos KM, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB. Melanopsin gene variations interact with season to predict sleep onset and chronotype. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:1036-47. [PMID: 22881342 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.706766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human melanopsin gene has been reported to mediate risk for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), which is hypothesized to be caused by decreased photic input during winter when light levels fall below threshold, resulting in differences in circadian phase and/or sleep. However, it is unclear if melanopsin increases risk of SAD by causing differences in sleep or circadian phase, or if those differences are symptoms of the mood disorder. To determine if melanopsin sequence variations are associated with differences in sleep-wake behavior among those not suffering from a mood disorder, the authors tested associations between melanopsin gene polymorphisms and self-reported sleep timing (sleep onset and wake time) in a community sample (N = 234) of non-Hispanic Caucasian participants (age 30-54 yrs) with no history of psychological, neurological, or sleep disorders. The authors also tested the effect of melanopsin variations on differences in preferred sleep and activity timing (i.e., chronotype), which may reflect differences in circadian phase, sleep homeostasis, or both. Daylength on the day of assessment was measured and included in analyses. DNA samples were genotyped for melanopsin gene polymorphisms using fluorescence polarization. P10L genotype interacted with daylength to predict self-reported sleep onset (interaction p < .05). Specifically, sleep onset among those with the TT genotype was later in the day when individuals were assessed on longer days and earlier in the day on shorter days, whereas individuals in the other genotype groups (i.e., CC and CT) did not show this interaction effect. P10L genotype also interacted in an analogous way with daylength to predict self-reported morningness (interaction p < .05). These results suggest that the P10L TT genotype interacts with daylength to predispose individuals to vary in sleep onset and chronotype as a function of daylength, whereas other genotypes at P10L do not seem to have effects that vary by daylength. A better understanding of how melanopsin confers heightened responsivity to daylength may improve our understanding of a broad range of behavioral responses to light (i.e., circadian, sleep, mood) as well as the etiology of disorders with seasonal patterns of recurrence or exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Lanzani MF, de Zavalía N, Fontana H, Sarmiento MIK, Golombek D, Rosenstein RE. Alterations of Locomotor Activity Rhythm and Sleep Parameters in Patients With Advanced Glaucoma. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:911-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.691146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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del Olmo-Aguado S, Manso AG, Osborne NN. Light Might Directly Affect Retinal Ganglion Cell Mitochondria to Potentially Influence Function†. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1346-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sand A, Schmidt TM, Kofuji P. Diverse types of ganglion cell photoreceptors in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:287-302. [PMID: 22480975 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors carry out the first step in vision by capturing light and transducing it into electrical signals. Rod and cone photoreceptors efficiently translate photon capture into electrical signals by light activation of opsin-type photopigments. Until recently, the central dogma was that, for mammals, all phototransduction occurred in rods and cones. However, the recent discovery of a novel photoreceptor type in the inner retina has fundamentally challenged this view. These retinal ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive and mediate a broad range of physiological responses such as photoentrainment of the circadian clock, light regulation of sleep, pupillary light reflex, and light suppression of melatonin secretion. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells express melanopsin, a novel opsin-based signaling mechanism reminiscent of that found in invertebrate rhabdomeric photoreceptors. Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells convey environmental irradiance information directly to brain centers such as the hypothalamus, preoptic nucleus, and lateral geniculate nucleus. Initial studies suggested that these melanopsin-expressing photoreceptors were an anatomically and functionally homogeneous population. However, over the past decade or so, it has become apparent that these photoreceptors are distinguishable as individual subtypes on the basis of their morphology, molecular markers, functional properties, and efferent projections. These results have provided a novel classification scheme with five melanopsin photoreceptor subtypes in the mammalian retina, each presumably with differential input and output properties. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the structural and functional diversity of melanopsin photoreceptor subtypes and current controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sand
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Melanopsin-positive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: from form to function. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16094-101. [PMID: 22072661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4132-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin imparts an intrinsic photosensitivity to a subclass of retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Generally thought of as irradiance detectors, ipRGCs target numerous brain regions involved in non-image-forming vision. ipRGCs integrate their intrinsic, melanopsin-mediated light information with rod/cone signals relayed via synaptic connections to influence light-dependent behaviors. Early observations indicated diversity among these cells and recently several specific subtypes have been identified. These subtypes differ in morphological and physiological form, controlling separate functions that range from biological rhythm via circadian photoentrainment, to protective behavioral responses including pupil constriction and light avoidance, and even image-forming vision. In this Mini-Symposium review, we will discuss some recent findings that highlight the diversity in both form and function of these recently discovered atypical photoreceptors.
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