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Conesa MPB, Blixt FW, Peesh P, Khan R, Korf J, Lee J, Jagadeesan G, Andersohn A, Das TK, Tan C, Di Gesu C, Colpo GD, Moruno-Manchón JF, McCullough LD, Bryan R, Ganesh BP. Stabilizing histamine release in gut mast cells mitigates peripheral and central inflammation after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:230. [PMID: 37805585 PMCID: PMC10560441 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cause of long-term disability and places a high economic burden on the global healthcare system. Functional outcomes from stroke are largely determined by the extent of ischemic injury, however, there is growing recognition that systemic inflammatory responses also contribute to outcomes. Mast cells (MCs) rapidly respond to injury and release histamine (HA), a pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter that enhances inflammation. The gut serves as a major reservoir of HA. We hypothesized that cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer that prevents the release of inflammatory mediators, would decrease peripheral and central inflammation, reduce MC trafficking to the brain, and improve stroke outcomes. We used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke in aged (18 mo) male mice to investigate the role of MC in neuroinflammation post-stroke. After MCAO we treated mice with 25 mg/kg body weight of cromolyn (MC stabilizer) by oral gavage. Cromolyn was administered at 3 h, 10 h, 24 h and every 24 h for 3 days post-stroke. Three control groups were used. One group underwent a sham surgery and was treated with cromolyn, one received sham surgery with PBS vehicle and the third underwent MCAO with PBS vehicle. Mice were euthanized at 24 h and 3 days post-stroke. Cromolyn administration significantly reduced MC numbers in the brain at both 24 h and 3 days post-stroke. Infarct volume was not significantly different between groups, however improved functional outcomes were seen at 3 days post-stroke in mice that received cromolyn. Treatment with cromolyn reduced plasma histamine and IL-6 levels in both the 24-h and 3-day cohorts. Gut MCs numbers were significantly reduced after cromolyn treatment at 24 h and 3 days after stroke. To determine if MC trafficking from the gut to the brain occurred after injury, GFP+MCs were adoptively transferred to c-kit-/- MC knock-out animals prior to MCAO. 24 h after stroke, elevated MC recruitment was seen in the ischemic brain. Preventing MC histamine release by cromolyn improved gut barrier integrity and an improvement in stroke-induced dysbiosis was seen with treatment. Our results show that preventing MC histamine release possesses prevents post-stroke neuroinflammation and improves neurological and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pedram Peesh
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romeesa Khan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janelle Korf
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gayathri Jagadeesan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Andersohn
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tushar K Das
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Di Gesu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gabriela Delevati Colpo
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Bryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Goodman GW, Nguyen JN, Blixt FW, Maniskas ME, McCullough LD, Chauhan A. Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Aged Animal Model. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:453-465. [PMID: 36715953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating brain injury resulting in high mortality and substantial loss of function, affecting >15 million people worldwide annually; the majority of which are over 65 years old (Feigin et al., Lancet 383:245-254, 2014; Feigin et al., Lancet Neurol 2:43-53, 2003; Benjamin et al., Circulation 135:e146-e603, 2017; Writing Group et al., Circulation 133:447-454, 2016; Roy-O'Reilly, McCullough, Endocrinology 159:3120-3131, 2018). Aging is a significant risk factor for stroke, and older patients have higher mortality and poorer functional recovery after stroke compared with younger patients (Arboix et al., J Am Geriatr Soc 48:36-41, 2000; Rojas et al., Eur J Neurol 14:895-899, 2007). Despite the importance of aging in the pathophysiology of stroke, the vast majority of preclinical studies have only used young animals. Understanding the mechanisms underlying stroke-induced brain damage and post-stroke functional recovery in aged animals is an urgent need. This step is essential to the development of therapeutics for treating stroke patients, most of whom are elderly. To understand the pathophysiology of ischemic injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), one of the most common type of stroke seen clinically (Writing Group et al., Circulation 133:e38-360, 2016), it is imperative to include older animals in preclinical testing. The purpose of this chapter is to provide insight on successfully reproducing MCAO injury in translationally relevant aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Goodman
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin N Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Maniskas
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Blixt FW, Honarpisheh P, Khan R, Ganesh BP, McCullough LD, Kim G. Abstract WMP109: Aged Maternal Biome Impairs Offspring Health. Stroke 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/str.54.suppl_1.wmp109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The gut and its microbiome have become highlighted because of their holistic effect on the body in health and disease. The bi-directional communication of the gut-brain axis is highly involved in, among others, the immune response. Additionally, the maternal gut microbiome affects offspring brain, immune system, and gut microbiome formation and development. Therefore, an aged and unhealthy maternal biome that is may increase both stroke risk factors among offspring.
Method:
Young female C57B6 mice 3-month (M) of age had their host gut bacteria cleared via antibiotic treatment prior to recolonization via fecal microbiome transplants from 3M control, and 18M reproductively senescent female mice. The subsequent offspring was aged to 18 months, followed by behavioral tests, glucose tolerance, and blood pressure measurement, prior to a transient 90-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
Results:
Compared to control females with 3M biome, females with an aged biome had decreased fecundity from 26.4 days to 54.75 days at the onset of breeding to birth of pups (p=0.0018). There was no change in estrus cycle between the groups. The offspring gut microbiome had been affected in a sex specific manner. Female pups from dysbiotic, aged, biome mothers differed significantly in terms of b-diversity compared to those from control mothers (p=0.009) with pathogenic increases to firmicutes shifting the F:B ratio. There was a less pronounced trend in male offspring (p=0.241). Interestingly, no weight differences were observed in offspring depending on the maternal biome. At 2M of age, a depressive phenotype in tail suspension test was noted for male(p=0.0001) and female (p=0.0059). However, at 6M and older, the depressive phenotype subsided. Male offspring at 18M demonstrated a significant change (p=0.0001) in Glucose tolerance test compared to age matched females.
Conclusion:
The maternal microbiome has a significant impact on offspring biome composition and health. Mice from mothers with aged microbiome exhibited early life depressive phenotypes, slower glucose metabolism, and a pathogenic gut microbiome composition. Therefore, maternal gut has transgenerational health effects which may be exacerbating stroke risk and potentially outcome.
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Blixt FW, Khan R, Honarpisheh P, Blasco-Conesa MP, Ahnstedt H, Ganesh BP, McCullough L. Abstract 165: Age-specific Effects Of Maternal Gut Biome Influence Sex Dependent Changes In Offspring Weight, Behavior, And Depression. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1161/str.53.suppl_1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The gut-brain axis has recently become key in understanding stroke pathogenesis. The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain are highly involved in the immune response to stroke. The effect of the aged biome, naturally occurring dysbiosis through the process of inflammaging, may have significant impact on offspring in terms of stroke risk factors.
Method:
Young (3-month) female wildtype C57B/6 mice were subjected to antibiotic treatment to clear their native gut biome and were then treated with fecal microbiome transplants from 3-month (M) control, 14M menopausal, and 18M reproductively senescent female mice, and were bred in our facility. Subsequent pups obtained were aged to 9 months followed by a battery of behavioral tests (novel object recognition (NORT), Y-maze, tail suspension, and open field test) and body weight measurements. Feces was collected periodically for 16s rRNA sequencing analysis.
Results:
Aged biome affected the female fecundity significantly (p=0.028, n=7/12) and the pup biome showed a significant sex specific difference in composition through 16s sequencing (p=0.009, n=7). Female pup from 14- or 18M biome mothers had consistently higher body weight from 21 days to 9 months of age compared to controls (p=0.183, n=6/9/13). Male pups from 18M biome dams showed significantly low body weight 2 months post birth (p=0.048, n= 7/10). Mothers that received 14M biome had overweight male offspring at 9 months of age (p=0.017. Cognitive assessment through NORT showed that female pups from mothers colonized with 14M biome had a significantly lower discrimination index compared to controls (p=0.045, n=6/9). Only male pups from 14M biome mothers showed a deficit in spatial cognition (p=0.018). Both males and females exhibited an early depressive phenotype compared to controls at 2 months of age (p=0.028), with female pups also exhibiting this phenotype at 9 months (p=0.018).
Conclusion:
Age of the maternal biome has a significant effect on its offspring’s health, specifically body weight, cognition, and depressive phenotype in a sex and time dependent manner. These effects correlate positively with stroke risk factors highlighting the importance of the microbiome as an epigenetic regulator of offspring health.
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Honarpisheh P, Blixt FW, Blasco Conesa MP, Won W, d’Aigle J, Munshi Y, Hudobenko J, Furr JW, Mobley A, Lee J, Brannick KE, Zhu L, Hazen AL, Bryan RM, McCullough LD, Ganesh BP. Peripherally-sourced myeloid antigen presenting cells increase with advanced aging. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:235-247. [PMID: 32861719 PMCID: PMC8169202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysfunction of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, a major regulatory axis in both brain health and in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a major role in sensing changes in the gut microbiota and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. APCs have also been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions, including age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The increase in chronic low-level inflammation seen with aging has also been linked to behavioral decline. Despite their acknowledged importance along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, there is limited evidence on how APCs change with aging. In this study, we examined age-related changes in myeloid APCs in the gut, spleen, and brain as well as changes in the gut microbiota and behavioral phenotype in mice ranging in age from 2 months up to 32 months of both sexes. Our data show that the number of peripherally-sourced myeloid APCs significantly increases with advanced aging in the brain. In addition, our data showed that age-related changes in APCs are subset-specific in the gut and sexually dimorphic in the spleen. Our work highlights the importance of studying myeloid APCs in an age-, tissue-, and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Frank W. Blixt
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | | | - William Won
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - John d’Aigle
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jacob Hudobenko
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
| | - J. Weldon Furr
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Alexis Mobley
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Katherine E. Brannick
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Zhu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine, The CCTS Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Research Design (BERD), Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Amy L. Hazen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, TX
| | - Robert M. Bryan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Houston, TX
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Bhanu P. Ganesh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
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Ahnstedt H, Patrizz A, Chauhan A, Roy-O’Reilly M, Furr JW, Spychala MS, D’Aigle J, Blixt FW, Zhu L, Alegria JB, McCullough LD. Sex differences in T cell immune responses, gut permeability and outcome after ischemic stroke in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:556-567. [PMID: 32058038 PMCID: PMC7590503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a disease that presents with well-known sex differences. While women account for more stroke deaths, recent data show that after adjusting for age and pre-stroke functional status, mortality is higher in men. Immune responses are key determinants of stroke outcome and may differ by sex. This study examined sex differences in central and peripheral T cell immune responses, systemic effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity and behavioral outcomes after stroke in aged mice. We hypothesized that there are sex differences in the immune response to stroke in aged animals. METHODS C57BL/6CR mice (20-22 months) were subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, or sham surgery. T cells were quantified in brain and blood at 3, 7 and 15 days (d) post-stroke by flow cytometry. Peripheral effects on gut permeability and microbiota diversity, as well as neurological function were assessed up to 14 d, and at 21 d (cognitive function) post-stroke. Brain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was evaluated at 42 d post-stroke. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mortality (50% vs 14%, p < 0.05) and hemorrhagic transformation (44% vs 0%) were significantly higher in males than in females. No difference in infarct size at 3d were observed. Peripherally, stroke induced greater gut permeability of FITC-dextran in males at d3 (p < 0.05), and non-reversible alterations in microbiota diversity in males. Following the sub-acute phase, both sexes demonstrated a time-dependent increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain, with significantly higher levels of CD8+ T cells and Regulatory T cells in males at d15 (p < 0.01). Aged males demonstrated greater neurological deficits up to d5 and impaired sensorimotor function up to d15 when assessed by the corner asymmetry test (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). A trend in greater cognitive decline was observed at d21 in males. Increased GFAP expression in the ischemic hemisphere, indicating astroglial activation and gliosis, was demonstrated in both males and females 42d post-stroke. Our findings indicate that despite a similar initial ischemic brain injury, aged male mice experience greater peripheral effects on the gut and ongoing central neuroinflammation past the sub-acute phase after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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Lai YJ, Blixt FW, McCullough LD. Abstract WP343: Machine Learning Predicts Sex Difference in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Stroke is a common cause of physical disability. Women generally suffer from more severe strokes, have poorer stroke outcomes, and higher mortality than that of men. Cytokines play an important role in post-stroke inflammation. Prior studies have examined differences in individual cytokine levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but comprehensive cytokine expression profiling across different sex and clinical characteristics are lacking.
Hypothesis:
Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease with well-known sex differences in immune cell prevalence, cytokine expression, and outcome. A comprehensive cytokine and immune cell network may help identify sex-specific immune response and further provide guidance for stroke research in females.
Methods:
Patients with AIS were recruited from 2011-2015 at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Multiplex analysis (Luminex 200 IS) was used to measure serum levels of 30 common cytokines. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 (IBM) and machine learning algorithms. Spearman’s correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and two-way ANOVA analyses were used to determine the relationships among the variables. The network between cytokines and immune cell types was predicted by CIBERSORT and modified ssGSEA in R package.
Results:
We examined sex differences in serum cytokine profiles on stroke severity and immune cells profiles using 144 patients with AIS. Among 30 cytokines, IFN-A2, IFNγ, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, RANTES, TNFα, and VEGF were found to have statistically significant differences between male and female. Additionally, female survivors with higher admission NIHSS exhibited higher levels of IFN-A2, IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-8 (F=2.722, p=.011; F=2.245, p=.034; F=7.626, p<.001; F=4.599, p<.001, respectively). A cytokine-immune cell network was created using computer algorithms resulting in identification of an upregulation of Th22 in the female. Sex-specific expression of Th22 cells was then validated in human PBMC.
Conclusion:
Our study suggests sex is an important factor which determines clinical outcome. Reducing Th22 may improve stroke recovery in females. Analyzing clinical data using machine learning algorithms can identify prognostic indicators of stroke.
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Lai YJ, Morales-Scheihing D, Blixt FW, Munshi Y, Bui BV, McCullough LD. Abstract WP466: Optimism Reduces Stroke Severity and Inflammation. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Post-stroke inflammation is detrimental to the brain and leads to impaired recovery. Optimism has been associated with lower inflammation and better health outcomes among people with medical conditions, but no studies have assessed this association in stroke population. The overall goals were to examine the relationship between optimism, stroke severity, physical disability, and inflammation during hospitalization and to evaluate this relationship over the three-month post-stroke period.
Hypothesis:
Patients with higher levels of optimism have lower stroke severity on presentation, less physical disability, decreased inflammation, and better recovery during the first three months after stroke compared to those with lower levels of optimism.
Methods:
This pilot study is a secondary analysis of data prospectively collected from the BioRepository of Neurological Diseases biobank. Outcomes included optimism level measured by the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), stroke severity evaluated via the NIHSS, physical recovery defined by the mRS, and levels of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNFα, and CRP) assessed by ELISA. Spearman’s correlation, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, multiple linear regression, and mixed-effect regression model were used to determine the relationship among the variables.
Results:
The sample consisted of 49 subjects at baseline and 13 subjects at 3-month follow-up. LOT-R scores were negatively correlated with NIHSS (ρ= -.41, p=.003), mRS (ρ= -.30, p=.05), and inflammatory markers IL-6 (ρ= -.44, p=.008) and CRP (ρ= -.40, p=.02), but not with TNFα. After adjusting for potential confounders, NIHSS and CRP remained negatively correlated with the optimism level. For every unit increase of LOT-R, subject’s NIHSS scores decreased by .27 point (p=.001), mRS decreased by .11 point (p=.03), and level of CRP decreased 148.6 ng/ml (p=.02). However, LOT-R was not correlated with mRS the three-month follow-up.
Conclusion:
Optimistic stroke survivors showed lower inflammation, less stroke severity, and less physical disability. Although the number of patients was low in this initial cohort, understanding this relationship may provide a scientific framework whereby new strategies for stroke recovery can be developed.
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Blixt FW, Maniskas M, Chauhan A, Miranda-Sohrabji DF, Blasco Conesa MP, Honarpisheh P, Bryan RM, McCullough LD, Ganesh BP. Abstract WP144: Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Pathology Worsens Stroke Outcome and Has a Detrimental Effect on the Gut Microbiome in Mice. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, is a known cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and predicts worsened outcome after stroke. A growing body of literature has highlighted the importance of the gut microbiome in stroke outcome and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimerz’s. However, little is known about how changes in the microbiome can affect CAA progression. The gut-brain axis is highly involved in the systemic inflammatory response following stroke. Furthermore, the gut is a primary source of bacterial translocation resulting in cerebral inflammation which further may contribute to vascular pathology. Therefore, the cross talk between CAA, stroke, and gut function could be key in our understanding and treatment of stroke in patients with CAA.
Methods:
Symptomatic male Tg-SwDI (4 mths old) and C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice underwent a 60 minute transient MCAO. Stroke was confirmed with cresyl violet staining and presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques were demonstrated with thioflavin. Post-stroke motor function was assessed at day 4 with open field-testing and results were compared to pre-stroke baseline and WT values and cognitive assessment was performed with the Y-maze test. Furthermore, PCR was used to identify the presence of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes ratio (F:B) in both brain tissue and gut content.
Results:
We demonstrate a significant decrease in the total distance traveled in both open field and cognitive Y-maze (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively) at baseline of Tg-SwDI mice. This was associated with the presence of Aβ plaque in the brain. PCR did not reveal any conclusive evidence for bacterial translocation in the brain at day 4. However, there was a pathogenic shift in the gut F:B ratio following stroke in Tg-SwDI mice compared to sham Tg-SwDI or sham WT controls and this will be confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Conclusion:
Symptomatic CAA mice exhibit decreased motor and cognitive function compared to WT controls. Furthermore, 16S sequencing was performed to look at the bacterial translocation in detail from the gut to the brain. This is the first study to link CAA, stroke, and the gut brain axis, that may be crucial in understanding the complexity of stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert M Bryan
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Edvinsson JCA, Warfvinge K, Krause DN, Blixt FW, Sheykhzade M, Edvinsson L, Haanes KA. C-fibers may modulate adjacent Aδ-fibers through axon-axon CGRP signaling at nodes of Ranvier in the trigeminal system. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:105. [PMID: 31718551 PMCID: PMC6852900 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) towards CGRP or the CGRP receptor show good prophylactic antimigraine efficacy. However, their site of action is still elusive. Due to lack of passage of mAbs across the blood-brain barrier the trigeminal system has been suggested a possible site of action because it lacks blood-brain barrier and hence is available to circulating molecules. The trigeminal ganglion (TG) harbors two types of neurons; half of which store CGRP and the rest that express CGRP receptor elements (CLR/RAMP1). Methods With specific immunohistochemistry methods, we demonstrated the localization of CGRP, CLR, RAMP1, and their locations related to expression of the paranodal marker contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR). Furthermore, we studied functional CGRP release separately from the neuron soma and the part with only nerve fibers of the trigeminal ganglion, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Antibodies towards CGRP and CLR/RAMP1 bind to two different populations of neurons in the TG and are found in the C- and the myelinated Aδ-fibers, respectively, within the dura mater and in trigeminal ganglion (TG). CASPR staining revealed paranodal areas of the different myelinated fibers inhabiting the TG and dura mater. Double immunostaining with CASPR and RAMP1 or the functional CGRP receptor antibody (AA58) revealed co-localization of the two peptides in the paranodal region which suggests the presence of the CGRP-receptor. Double immunostaining with CGRP and CASPR revealed that thin C-fibers have CGRP-positive boutons which often localize in close proximity to the nodal areas of the CGRP-receptor positive Aδ-fibers. These boutons are pearl-like synaptic structures, and we show CGRP release from fibers dissociated from their neuronal bodies. In addition, we found that adjacent to the CGRP receptor localization in the node of Ranvier there was PKA immunoreactivity (kinase stimulated by cAMP), providing structural possibility to modify conduction activity within the Aδ-fibers. Conclusion We observed a close relationship between the CGRP containing C-fibers and the Aδ-fibers containing the CGRP-receptor elements, suggesting a point of axon-axon interaction for the released CGRP and a site of action for gepants and the novel mAbs to alleviate migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C A Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana N Krause
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Haanes KA, Labastida-Ramírez A, Blixt FW, Rubio-Beltrán E, Dirven CM, Danser AH, Edvinsson L, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Exploration of purinergic receptors as potential anti-migraine targets using established pre-clinical migraine models. Cephalalgia 2019; 39:1421-1434. [PMID: 31104506 DOI: 10.1177/0333102419851810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current understanding of mechanisms behind migraine pain has been greatly enhanced with the recent therapies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor. The clinical efficacy of calcitonin gene-related peptide-blocking drugs indicates that, at least in a considerable proportion of patients, calcitonin gene-related peptide is a key molecule in migraine pain. There are several receptors and molecular pathways that can affect the release of and response to calcitonin gene-related peptide. One of these could be purinergic receptors that are involved in nociception, but these are greatly understudied with respect to migraine. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore purinergic receptors as potential anti-migraine targets. METHODS We used the human middle meningeal artery as a proxy for the trigeminal system to screen for possible anti-migraine candidates. The human findings were followed by intravital microscopy and calcitonin gene-related peptide release measurements in rodents. RESULTS We show that the purinergic P2Y13 receptor fulfills all the features of a potential anti-migraine target. The P2Y13 receptor is expressed in both the human trigeminal ganglion and middle meningeal artery and activation of this receptor causes: a) middle meningeal artery contraction in vitro; b) reduced dural artery dilation following periarterial electrical stimulation in vivo and c) a reduction of CGRP release from both the dura and the trigeminal ganglion in situ. Furthermore, we show that P2X3 receptor activation of the trigeminal ganglion causes calcitonin gene-related peptide release and middle meningeal artery dilation. CONCLUSION Both an agonist directed at the P2Y13 receptor and an antagonist of the P2X3 receptor seem to be viable potential anti-migraine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian A Haanes
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Experimental Research Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Labastida-Ramírez
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens M Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hj Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Clinical Experimental Research Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Christiansen AT, Sørensen NB, Haanes KA, Blixt FW, la Cour M, Warfvinge K, Klemp K, Woldbye DPD, Kiilgaard JF. Neuropeptide Y treatment induces retinal vasoconstriction and causes functional and histological retinal damage in a porcine ischaemia model. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:812-820. [PMID: 30218483 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of intravitreal neuropeptide Y (NPY) treatment following acute retinal ischaemia in an in vivo porcine model. In addition, we evaluated the vasoconstrictive potential of NPY on porcine retinal arteries ex vivo. METHODS Twelve pigs underwent induced retinal ischaemia by elevated intraocular pressure clamping the ocular perfusion pressure at 5 mmHg for 2 hr followed by intravitreal injection of NPY or vehicle. After 4 weeks, retinas were evaluated functionally by standard and global-flash multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and histologically by thickness of retinal layers and number of ganglion cells. Additionally, the vasoconstrictive effects of NPY and its involved receptors were tested using wire myographs and NPY receptor antagonists on porcine retinal arteries. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of NPY after induced ischaemia caused a significant reduction in the mean induced component (IC) amplitude ratio (treated/normal eye) compared to vehicle-treated eyes. This reduction was accompanied by histological damage, where NPY treatment reduced the mean thickness of inner retinal layers and number of ganglion cells. In retinal arteries, NPY-induced vasoconstriction to a plateau of approximately 65% of potassium-induced constriction. This effect appeared to be mediated via Y1 and Y2, but not Y5. CONCLUSION In seeming contrast to previous in vitro studies, intravitreal NPY treatment caused functional and histological damage compared to vehicle after a retinal ischaemic insult. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that NPY induces Y1- and Y2- but not Y5-mediated vasoconstriction in retinal arteries. This constriction could explain the worsening in vivo effect induced by NPY treatment following an ischaemic insult and suggests that future studies on exploring the neuroprotective effects of NPY might focus on other receptors than Y1 and Y2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders T. Christiansen
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity; Department of Neuroscience; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nina B. Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kristian A. Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Frank W. Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Morten la Cour
- Department of Ophthalmology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kristian Klemp
- Department of Ophthalmology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - David P. D. Woldbye
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity; Department of Neuroscience; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens F. Kiilgaard
- Department of Ophthalmology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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13
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Feczkó T, Piiper A, Ansar S, Blixt FW, Ashtikar M, Schiffmann S, Ulshöfer T, Parnham MJ, Harel Y, Israel LL, Lellouche JP, Wacker MG. Stimulating brain recovery after stroke using theranostic albumin nanocarriers loaded with nerve growth factor in combination therapy. J Control Release 2018; 293:63-72. [PMID: 30458203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For many years, delivering drug molecules across the blood brain barrier has been a major challenge. The neuropeptide nerve growth factor is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation of cholinergic neurons and holds great potential in the treatment of stroke. However, as with many other compounds, the biomolecule is not able to enter the central nervous system. In the present study, nerve growth factor and ultra-small particles of iron oxide were co-encapsulated into a chemically crosslinked albumin nanocarrier matrix which was modified on the surface with apolipoprotein E. These biodegradable nanoparticles with a size of 212 ± 1 nm exhibited monodisperse size distribution and low toxicity. They delivered NGF through an artificial blood brain barrier and were able to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells in vitro. In an animal model of stroke, the infarct size was significantly reduced compared to the vehicle control. The combination therapy of NGF and the small-molecular MEK inhibitor U0126 showed a slight but not significant difference compared to U0126 alone. However, further in vivo evidence suggests that successful delivery of the neuropeptide is possible as well as the synergism between those two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tivadar Feczkó
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Saema Ansar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mukul Ashtikar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulshöfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Yifat Harel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | | | | | - Matthias G Wacker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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14
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Blixt FW, Haanes KA, Ohlsson L, Dreisig K, Fedulov V, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. MEK/ERK/1/2 sensitive vascular changes coincide with retinal functional deficit, following transient ophthalmic artery occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2018; 179:142-149. [PMID: 30439349 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia remains a major cause of blindness in the world with few acute treatments available. Recent emphasis on retinal vasculature and the ophthalmic artery's vascular properties after ischemia has shown an increase in vasoconstrictive functionality, as previously observed in cerebral arteries following stroke. Specifically, endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor-mediated vasoconstriction regulated by the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. In this study, the ophthalmic artery of rats was occluded for 2 h with the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 was administered at 0, 6, and 24 h following reperfusion and the functional properties of the ophthalmic artery were evaluated at 48 h post reperfusion. Additionally, retinal function was evaluated at day 1, 4, and 7 after reperfusion. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery led to a significant increase of endothelin-1 mediated vasoconstriction which can be attenuated by U0126 treatment, most evident at higher ET-1 concentrations of 10-7 M (Emax151.0 ± 22.0% of 60 mM K+), vs non-treated ischemic arteries Emax 212.1 ± 14.7% of 60 mM K+). Retinal function also deteriorated following ischemia and was improved with treatment with a-wave amplitudes of 725 ± 36 μV in control, 560 ± 21 μV in non-treated, and 668 ± 73 μV in U0126 treated at 2 log cd*s/m2 luminance in the acute stages (1 days post-ischemia). Full spontaneous retinal recovery was observed at day 7 regardless of treatment. In conclusion, this is the first study to show a beneficial in vivo effect of U0126 on vascular contractility following ischemia in the ophthalmic artery. Coupled with the knowledge obtained from cerebral vasculature, these results point towards a novel therapeutic approach following ischemia-related injuries to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Agmund Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Dreisig
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Vadim Fedulov
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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15
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Blixt FW, Haanes KA, Ohlsson L, Tolstrup Christiansen A, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Increased endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction after organ culture in rat and pig ocular arteries can be suppressed with MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitors. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e619-e625. [PMID: 29369532 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Even though retinal vascular changes following ischaemia have been poorly understood, the upregulation of vasoconstrictive endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptors (ETA /ETB ) following global cerebral ischaemia has been described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway is involved in the observed upregulation and whether specific MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and trametinib can prevent it. METHODS The aim was also to localize ETA and ETB receptors using immunohistochemistry in both fresh rat ophthalmic arteries and after 24-hr organ culture and study the receptors functionally using myography. Pig retinal arteries also underwent 24-hr organ culture to validate similar responses across species and the retinal vasculature. RESULTS Results showed that following organ culture there is a significant increase in ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction, in particular via the ETB receptor. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed a clear increase in pERK in the smooth muscle cells of rat ophthalmic artery. U0126 and trametinib were successful in attenuating the functional vasoconstriction in both rat and pig, as well as restoring immunofluorescence of pERK to fresh levels and counteracting ETB expression in the smooth muscle cells of the rat ophthalmic artery. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway in responsible for the increase in functional vasoconstriction via ET-1 receptor in rat ophthalmic and pig retinal arteries. Furthermore, this study is the first to suggest a way of inhibiting and preventing such an increase. With these results, we suggest a novel approach in retinal ischaemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Kristian Agmund Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research; Glostrup Research Institute; Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
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16
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Blixt FW, Radziwon-Balicka A, Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K. Distribution of CGRP and its receptor components CLR and RAMP1 in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Steinberg A, Frederiksen SD, Blixt FW, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Erratum to: Expression of messenger molecules and receptors in rat and human sphenopalatine ganglion indicating therapeutic targets. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:86. [PMID: 27650272 PMCID: PMC5030201 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Steinberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Simona D Frederiksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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18
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Steinberg A, Frederiksen SD, Blixt FW, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Expression of messenger molecules and receptors in rat and human sphenopalatine ganglion indicating therapeutic targets. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:78. [PMID: 27587062 PMCID: PMC5009057 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine and Cluster Headache (CH) are two primary headaches with severe disease burden. The disease expression and the mechanisms involved are poorly known. In some attacks of migraine and in most attacks of CH, there is a release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) originating from parasympathetic cranial ganglia such as the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). Patients suffering from these diseases are often deprived of effective drugs. The aim of the study was to examine the localization of the botulinum toxin receptor element synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV-2A) and the vesicular docking protein synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) in human and rat SPG. Additionally the expression of the neurotransmitters pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP-38), nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), VIP and 5-hydroxttryptamine subtype receptors (5-HT1B,1D,1F) were examined. Methods SPG from adult male rats and from humans, the later removed at autopsy, were prepared for immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against neurotransmitters, 5-HT1B,1D,1F receptors, and botulinum toxin receptor elements. Results We found that the selected neurotransmitters and 5-HT receptors were expressed in rat and human SPG. In addition, we found SV2-A and SNAP25 expression in both rat and human SPG. We report that all three 5-HT receptors studied occur in neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) of the SPG. 5-HT1B receptors were in addition found in the walls of intraganglionic blood vessels. Conclusions Recent focus on the SPG has emphasized the role of parasympathetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of mainly CH. The development of next generation’s drugs and treatment of cranial parasympathetic symptoms, mediated through the SPG, can be modulated by treatment with BoNT-A and 5-HT receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Steinberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Simona D Frederiksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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19
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Matynia A, Nguyen E, Sun X, Blixt FW, Parikh S, Kessler J, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Habib S, Kim P, Wang ZZ, Rodriguez A, Charles A, Nusinowitz S, Edvinsson L, Barnes S, Brecha NC, Gorin MB. Peripheral Sensory Neurons Expressing Melanopsin Respond to Light. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:60. [PMID: 27559310 PMCID: PMC4978714 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of light to cause pain is paradoxical. The retina detects light but is devoid of nociceptors while the trigeminal sensory ganglia (TG) contain nociceptors but not photoreceptors. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are thought to mediate light-induced pain but recent evidence raises the possibility of an alternative light responsive pathway independent of the retina and optic nerve. Here, we show that melanopsin is expressed in both human and mouse TG neurons. In mice, they represent 3% of small TG neurons that are preferentially localized in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and are likely nociceptive C fibers and high-threshold mechanoreceptor Aδ fibers based on a strong size-function association. These isolated neurons respond to blue light stimuli with a delayed onset and sustained firing, similar to the melanopsin-dependent intrinsic photosensitivity observed in ipRGCs. Mice with severe bilateral optic nerve crush exhibit no light-induced responses including behavioral light aversion until treated with nitroglycerin, an inducer of migraine in people and migraine-like symptoms in mice. With nitroglycerin, these same mice with optic nerve crush exhibit significant light aversion. Furthermore, this retained light aversion remains dependent on melanopsin-expressing neurons. Our results demonstrate a novel light-responsive neural function independent of the optic nerve that may originate in the peripheral nervous system to provide the first direct mechanism for an alternative light detection pathway that influences motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kessler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Samer Habib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Z Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Charles
- Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Brecha
- Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, UCLALos Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Blixt FW, Johansson SE, Johnson L, Haanes KA, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. Enhanced Endothelin-1 Mediated Vasoconstriction of the Ophthalmic Artery May Exacerbate Retinal Damage after Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157669. [PMID: 27322388 PMCID: PMC4913955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasculature is often the target of stroke studies. However, the vasculature supplying the eye might also be affected by ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI) enhances vascular effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin (5-HT) on the ophthalmic artery in rats, leading to delayed retinal damage. This was preformed using myography on the ophthalmic artery, coupled with immunohistochemistry and electroretinogram (ERG) to assess the ischemic consequences on the retina. Results showed a significant increase of ET-1 mediated vasoconstriction at 48 hours post ischemia. The retina did not exhibit any morphological changes throughout the study. However, we found an increase of GFAP and vimentin expression at 72 hours and 7 days after ischemia, indicating Müller cell mediated gliosis. ERG revealed significantly decreased function at 72 hours, but recovered almost completely after 7 days. In conclusion, we propose that the increased contractile response via ET-1 receptors in the ophthalmic artery after 48 hours may elicit negative retinal consequences due to a second ischemic period. This may exacerbate retinal damage after ischemia as illustrated by the decreased retinal function and Müller cell activation. The ophthalmic artery and ET-1 mediated vasoconstriction may be a valid and novel therapeutic target after longer periods of ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara Ellinor Johansson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Leif Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristian Agmund Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Ahnstedt H, Mostajeran M, Blixt FW, Warfvinge K, Ansar S, Krause DN, Edvinsson L. U0126 attenuates cerebral vasoconstriction and improves long-term neurologic outcome after stroke in female rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:454-60. [PMID: 25492115 PMCID: PMC4348385 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences are well known in cerebral ischemia and may impact the effect of stroke treatments. In male rats, the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reduces ischemia-induced endothelin type B (ETB) receptor upregulation, infarct size and improves acute neurologic function after experimental stroke. However, responses to this treatment in females and long-term effects on outcome are not known. Initial experiments used in vitro organ culture of cerebral arteries, confirming ERK1/2 activation and increased ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in female cerebral arteries. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, 120 minutes) was induced in female Wistar rats, with U0126 (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle administered at 0 and 24 hours of reperfusion, or with no treatment. Infarct volumes were determined and neurologic function was assessed by 6-point and 28-point neuroscores. ETB receptor-mediated contraction was studied with myograph and protein expression with immunohistochemistry. In vitro organ culture and tMCAO resulted in vascular ETB receptor upregulation and activation of ERK1/2 that was prevented by U0126. Although no effect on infarct size, U0126 improved the long-term neurologic function after experimental stroke in female rats. In conclusion, early prevention of the ERK1/2 activation and ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the cerebral vasculature after ischemic stroke in female rats improves the long-term neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mostajeran
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank W Blixt
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana N Krause
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Eftekhari S, Warfvinge K, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L. Differentiation of nerve fibers storing CGRP and CGRP receptors in the peripheral trigeminovascular system. J Pain 2013; 14:1289-303. [PMID: 23958278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary headaches such as migraine are postulated to involve the activation of sensory trigeminal pain neurons that innervate intracranial blood vessels and the dura mater. It is suggested that local activation of these sensory nerves may involve dural mast cells as one factor in local inflammation, causing sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. Immunofluorescence was used to study the detailed distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor components calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) in whole-mount rat dura mater and in human dural vessels. The relative distributions of CGRP, CLR, and RAMP1 were evaluated with respect to each other and in relationship to mast cells, myelin, substance P, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. CGRP expression was found in thin unmyelinated fibers, whereas CLR and RAMP1 were expressed in thicker myelinated fibers coexpressed with an A-fiber marker. CLR and RAMP1 immunoreactivity colocalized with mast cell tryptase in rodent; however, expression of both receptor components was not observed in human mast cells. Immunoreactive substance P fibers coexpressed CGRP, although neuronal nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal peptide expression was very limited, and these fibers were distinct from the CGRP-positive fibers. Few pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide immunoreactive fibers occurred and some colocalized with CGRP. PERSPECTIVE This study demonstrates the detailed distribution of CGRP and its receptor in the dura mater. These data suggest that CGRP is expressed in C-fibers and may act on A-fibers, rodent mast cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells that express the CGRP receptor. These sites represent potential pathophysiological targets of novel antimigraine agents such as the newly developed CGRP receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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