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Balali P, Nasserinejad M, Azadnajafabad S, Ahmadi N, Delavari F, Rashidian L, Ghasemi E, Dilmaghani-Marand A, Fateh SM, Ebrahimi N, Kazemi A, Derouei AA, Djalalinia S, Rezaei N, Delavari A. Is elevated ALT associated with lifestyle risk factors? A population-based survey. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1743-1751. [PMID: 36404851 PMCID: PMC9672187 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Given the high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the role of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in diagnosing liver injury along with the increasing prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum ALT level and lifestyle risk factors in a population-based survey. Methods This was a population-based study conducted in rural and urban areas of Iran in 2016. Cluster sampling method was applied to enroll a total of 31,050 participants aged ≥ 18. Demographic data, anthropometric measures, and laboratory samples were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using three different cut-off levels for elevated ALT to assess the relationship between elevated ALT and lifestyle risk factors. Results The prevalence of elevated ALT was significantly higher in men with elevated body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WTH), hip circumference, and salt consumption, likewise, in women with higher BMI and WTH. In the multivariate logistic model adjusted for age and sex, high WTH (adjusted odds ratio: 1.73; 95% CI 1.52-1.96), BMI > 25 (1.51; 95% CI 1.29-1.76), hip circumference (1.26; 95% CI 1-1.58), and current smoking (0.67; 95% CI 0.56-0.8) were associated with elevated ALT levels using American cut-off (ALT > 33U/L for male and ALT > 25U/L for female). Only physical measurements (BMI, WTH) but not lifestyle risk factors were related to the increased ALT regardless of the selected cut-offs. Conclusion As elevated ALT was associated with several lifestyle risk factors, stewardship programs should be established to modify lifestyle risk factors, such as abdominal obesity and physical inactivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-022-01137-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Balali
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasserinejad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Azadnajafabad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ahmadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Mohammadi Fateh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Exndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Ebrahimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Kazemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Alipour Derouei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center,, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Exndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Delavari
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Giguère H, Dumont L, Tran K, Noll C, Ionescu AL, Côté J, Longpré JM, Carpentier A, Marsault É, Lesur O, Sarret P, Auger-Messier M. Elabela Protects Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats From Hypertension and Cardiorenal Dysfunctions Exacerbated by Dietary High-Salt Intake. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709467. [PMID: 34385922 PMCID: PMC8353398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Arterial hypertension, when exacerbated by excessive dietary salt intake, worsens the morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Stimulation of the apelinergic system appears to protect against several circulatory system diseases, but it remains unknown if such beneficial effects are conserved in severe hypertension. Therefore, we aimed at determining whether continuous infusion of apelinergic ligands (i.e., Apelin-13 and Elabela) exerted cardiorenal protective effects in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats receiving high-salt diet. Methods: A combination of echocardiography, binding assay, histology, and biochemical approaches were used to investigate the cardiovascular and renal effects of Apelin-13 or Elabela infusion over 6 weeks in SHR fed with normal-salt or high-salt chow. Results: High-salt intake upregulated the cardiac and renal expression of APJ receptor in SHR. Importantly, Elabela was more effective than Apelin-13 in reducing high blood pressure, cardiovascular and renal dysfunctions, fibrosis and hypertrophy in high-salt fed SHR. Unlike Apelin-13, the beneficial effects of Elabela were associated with a counter-regulatory role of the ACE/ACE2/neprilysin axis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart and kidneys of salt-loaded SHR. Interestingly, Elabela also displayed higher affinity for APJ in the presence of high salt concentration and better resistance to RAAS enzymes known to cleave Apelin-13. Conclusion: These findings highlight the protective action of the apelinergic system against salt-induced severe hypertension and cardiorenal failure. As compared with Apelin-13, Elabela displays superior pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that warrant further investigation of its therapeutic use in cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Giguère
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kien Tran
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Andrei L Ionescu
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - André Carpentier
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Gao L, Yuan P, Zhang Q, Fu Y, Hou Y, Wei Y, Zheng X, Feng W. Taxifolin improves disorders of glucose metabolism and water-salt metabolism in kidney via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in metabolic syndrome rats. Life Sci 2020; 263:118713. [PMID: 33157091 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our study was designed to explore the function and mechanism of taxifolin on glucose metabolism and water-salt metabolism in kidney with metabolic syndrome (MS) rats. MAIN METHODS Spontaneous hypertensive rats were induced by fructose to establish MS model. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured after 7 weeks of continuous administration with taxifolin. Kidney injury indices and histopathological evaluation were done. The apoptosis rate of primary kidney cells was detected by flow cytometry. Insulin signaling pathway related proteins and renal glucose transport-related proteins were detected by western blotting. We assessed the effects of taxifolin on sodium water retention and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in MS rats. We examined not only changes in urine volume, osmotic pressure, urinary sodium and urinary chloride excretion, but also the effects on NA+/K+-ATPase and RAAS indicators. We also detected changes in inflammatory factors by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence. In vitro experiment, high glucose and salt stimulated NRK-52E cells. By adding the PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) to inhibit the PI3K, the effects of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway on glucose metabolism, water-sodium retention and inflammatory response were discussed. KEY FINDINGS Taxifolin effectively reversed SBP, HOMA-IR, the kidney indices and abnormal histopathological changes induced by MS. Besides, taxifolin called back the protein associated with the downstream glucose metabolism pathway of PI3K/AKT. It also inhibited overactivation of RAAS and inflammatory response. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in this process. SIGNIFICANCE Taxifolin can improve homeostasis of glucose, inhibit overactivation of RAAS and reduce inflammatory response by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yaxin Wei
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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4
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Yari Z, Cheraghpour M, Aghamohammadi V, Alipour M, Ghanei N, Hekmatdoost A. Energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks and risk of non-alcoholic fattyliver disease: a case-control study in Iran. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:221. [PMID: 32299509 PMCID: PMC7164180 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine the association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults. For this purpose, a total of 143 cases with a newly confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD and 471 controls free of the disease were studied. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS The percentage of calories from total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks was 6.08% and 5.04%, in patients and controls, respectively (P = 0.036). Compared with subjects in the lowest quartile of total energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake, the risk of NAFLD for those in the top quartile of consumption increased by about two times, in both crude (OR: 1.94; 95% CIs 1.16-3.26; P for trend = 0.015) and adjusted (OR: 2.27; 95%CIs 1.19-4.31; P for trend = 0.001) models. The relative odds of NAFLD increased significantly in the fourth quartile of dietary cake and biscuit (OR: 1.21, P for trend = 0.037) and soft drinks (OR: 1.64, P for trend = 0.005) intake compared with the lowest corresponding quartiles, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, energy intake. Our results indicate that there might be a moderate positive association between energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks intake and risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | - Meysam Alipour
- Alimentary Tract Research Center, Imam khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nila Ghanei
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Tasker JG, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Teruyama R, Lemos JR, Amstrong WE. Advances in the neurophysiology of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12826. [PMID: 31917875 PMCID: PMC7192795 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells have unique electrical properties and a remarkable capacity for morphological and synaptic plasticity. Their large somatic size, their relatively uniform and dense clustering in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and their large axon terminals in the neurohypophysis make them an attractive target for direct electrophysiological interrogation. Here, we provide a brief review of significant recent findings in the neuroplasticity and neurophysiological properties of these neurones that were presented at the symposium "Electrophysiology of Magnocellular Neurons" during the 13th World Congress on Neurohypophysial Hormones in Ein Gedi, Israel in April 2019. Magnocellular vasopressin (VP) neurones respond directly to hypertonic stimulation with membrane depolarisation, which is triggered by cell shrinkage-induced opening of an N-terminal-truncated variant of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels. New findings indicate that this mechanotransduction depends on actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks, and that direct coupling of the TRPV1 channels to microtubules is responsible for mechanical gating of the channels. Vasopressin neurones also respond to osmostimulation by activation of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). It was shown recently that changes in ENaC activity modulate magnocellular neurone basal firing by generating tonic changes in membrane potential. Both oxytocin and VP neurones also undergo robust excitatory synapse plasticity during chronic osmotic stimulation. Recent findings indicate that new glutamate synapses induced during chronic salt loading express highly labile Ca2+ -permeable GluA1 receptors requiring continuous dendritic protein synthesis for synapse maintenance. Finally, recordings from the uniquely tractable neurohypophysial terminals recently revealed an unexpected property of activity-dependent neuropeptide release. A significant fraction of the voltage-dependent neurohypophysial neurosecretion was found to be independent of Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Together, these findings provide a snapshot of significant new advances in the electrophysiological signalling mechanisms and neuroplasticity of the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system, a system that continues to make important contributions to the field of neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Correspondence: Jeffrey Tasker, PhD, Tulane University, Cell and Molecular Biology Dept, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; .; William Armstrong, PhD, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept and Neuroscience Institute, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | | | - Ryoichi Teruyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - José R. Lemos
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems & Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William E. Amstrong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Correspondence: Jeffrey Tasker, PhD, Tulane University, Cell and Molecular Biology Dept, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; .; William Armstrong, PhD, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept and Neuroscience Institute, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
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Albertoni Borghese MF, Ortiz MDC, Marinoni RC, Oronel LH, Palamidessi M, Yarza CA, Di Siervi N, Davio C, Majowicz MP. Inhibition of Endothelin system during the postnatal nephrogenic period in the rat. Its relationship with hypertension and renal disease in adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229756. [PMID: 32126132 PMCID: PMC7053749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of a high sodium (HS) diet on blood pressure and renal function in male adult rats that have been treated with a dual Endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) during their early postnatal period (day 1 to 20 of life). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in four groups: CNS: control rats with normosodic diet; ERANS: ERA-treated rats with normosodic diet; CHS: control rats with high sodium diet; ERAHS: ERA-treated rats with HS diet. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was recorded before and after the diet and 24-hour metabolic cage studies were performed. AQP2 and α-ENac expressions were measured by western blot and real time PCR in the renal medulla. Vasopressin (AVP) pathway was evaluated by measuring V2 receptor and adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) expression and cAMP production in the renal medulla. Pre-pro ET-1mRNA was also evaluated in the renal medulla. Only rats that had been treated with an ERA during their postnatal period increased their SBP after consumption of a HS diet, showing an impaired capacity to excrete sodium and water, i.e. developing salt sensitivity. This salt sensitivity would be mediated by an increase in renomedullary expression and activity of AQP2 and α-ENaC as a consequence of increased AC6 expression and cAMP production and/or a decreased ET-1 production in the renal medulla. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the perinatal programming of salt sensitive hypertension will allow the development of reprogramming strategies in order to avoid this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Albertoni Borghese
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Carmen Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío C. Marinoni
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas H. Oronel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milena Palamidessi
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina A. Yarza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Di Siervi
- CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica P. Majowicz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Leitolis A, Crestani S, Linder ÁE, da Silva-Santos JE. High-Salt Intake Reduces Apomorphine-Induced Penile Erection and Increases Neurally Mediated Contractile Responses of the Cavernosal Smooth Muscle in Rats. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:1206-1213. [PMID: 31584631 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate whether overconsumption of NaCl, a well-known risk factor for hypertension, leads to erectile dysfunction in rodents. METHODS Male Wistar rats received regular chow (control group) or 4% NaCl chow for 24 weeks and were subjected to blood pressure measurement and apomorphine-induced erection. Moreover, cavernosal strips from both the control and 4% NaCl groups were evaluated in organ baths. RESULTS Animals subjected to 4% NaCl chow did not develop hypertension but presented a significant reduction in the total number of erections following apomorphine administration as compared with the control group. The addition of high KCl or phenylephrine resulted in similar contractile responses in the corpus cavernosal strips from both the control and 4% NaCl groups. However, electrical field stimulation-induced contraction was significantly enhanced in cavernosal strips from animals exposed to 4% NaCl. Incubation of Y-27632, but not of atropine and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), entirely prevented the potentiation of the contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation. The enhanced contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation found in the high-salt group were also avoided in the absence of extracellular calcium. Concentration-response curves of CaCl2 revealed augmented contractility in response to extracellular calcium in cavernosal strips from the 4% NaCl-treated rats, compared with control samples. CONCLUSIONS A high-salt diet alone rendered the animals less responsive to apomorphine-induced penile erection and enhanced neurally mediated contractile responses in the corpus cavernosum, a clear indication that overconsumption of sodium can lead to erectile dysfunction even without the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leitolis
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandra Crestani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Áurea Elizabeth Linder
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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8
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Mun EG, Park JE, Cha YS. Effects of Doenjang, a Traditional Korean Soybean Paste, with High-Salt Diet on Blood Pressure in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112745. [PMID: 31726743 PMCID: PMC6893577 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods in Korea contain a lot of salt. Although salt is reported to exacerbate health trouble, fermented foods have beneficial effects. We hypothesized that doenjang could reduce blood pressure in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-salt diet. Eighteen SD rats were divided into three groups: normal-salt (NS) group, high-salt (HS) group, and high-salt with doenjang (HSD) group. The salinity of doenjang and saltwater was adjusted to 8% using Mohr's method. Blood pressure was significantly reduced in the HSD group compared with the HS group. Water intake and urine excretion volume has significantly increased in the HS group compared with the HSD group. The excreted concentrations of urine sodium, urine potassium, and feces potassium significantly increased in the HSD group compared with the HS and NS groups. Renin level was significantly decreased in the HSD group compared to the other groups. These results indicate that eating traditional salty fermented food is not a direct cause of hypertension, and the intake of doenjang in normal healthy animals improved blood pressure.
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Effects of High Salt-Low Potassium Diet on Blood Pressure and Vascular Reactivity in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:340-346. [PMID: 29554004 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium (Na) intake increases vascular reactivity. Whether low potassium (K) intake affects vascular reactivity-associated blood pressure (BP) changes is uncertain. This study aimed to determine whether Na-induced increases in BP and vascular reactivity are altered by low K intake. Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to 3 dietary groups for 6 weeks: a standard Na-K diet (control, n = 12), a high Na-normal K diet (HS-NormK, n = 12), and a high Na-low K diet (HS-LowK, n = 12). BP was measured at baseline and after the dietary intervention. Na and K excretions and vascular reactivity were measured after the dietary intervention. The Na/K ratio was significantly higher in the HS-LowK compared with the other groups. Systolic and diastolic BPs increased significantly in the HS-NormK and HS-LowK groups. In mesenteric arteries, the dose-response curves for phenylephrine-induced contractions shifted to the left and the EC50 (mean ± SD) was significantly lower in the HS-NormK (0.51 ± 0.17 μM, P = 0.003) and HS-LowK (0.69 ± 0.14 μM, P = 0.005) groups compared with the control (3.24 ± 0.79 μM). Systolic (r = -0.58 P = 0.002) and diastolic (r = -0.61 P = 0.001) BPs were associated with the EC50 of phenylephrine-induced contraction in mesenteric arteries. High Na intake induces increased alpha-1 receptor responsiveness in mesenteric arteries, which may be responsible for the increase in BP and is not affected by low dietary K intake.
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Jung SM, Kim Y, Kim J, Jung H, Yi H, Rim YA, Park N, Kwok SK, Park SH, Ju JH. Sodium Chloride Aggravates Arthritis via Th17 Polarization. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:88-97. [PMID: 30554495 PMCID: PMC6298894 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium chloride (NaCl) has been proposed as a driving factor in autoimmune diseases through the induction of pathogenic CD4+ T helper cells that produce interleukin-17 (Th17 cells). This study investigated the effects of NaCl on inflammatory arthritis in mice and humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were fed a normal or high-salt diet ad libitum, and clinical and histologic features of arthritis were evaluated. The proportion of Th17 cells in the spleens of CIA mice fed a normal or high-salt diet was evaluated by flow cytometry, and the expression of IL-17 in joints and intestines was determined by immunohistochemical staining. We also analyzed the effect of NaCl on Th17 differentiation from peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and evaluated the contents of sodium and IL-17 in the synovial fluid of RA and OA patients. RESULTS NaCl increased murine and human Th17 cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical and histological arthritis was more severe in the high-salt-fed CIA mice, compared to control CIA mice. The proportion of Th17 cells among splenocytes was higher in CIA mice fed a high-salt diet. Expression of synovial and intestinal IL-17 was also higher in high-salt-fed CIA mice. Comparison of synovial fluid between RA patients and OA patients revealed that Na+ and IL-17 were more abundant in RA synovial fluid. CONCLUSION This study suggests that NaCl can aggravate arthritis by affecting Th17 differentiation. Accordingly, limiting salt intake may be helpful for treating inflammatory arthritis, such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juryun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoju Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Narae Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Takagi Y, Kadowaki H, Kobayashi I, Ito K, Ito K, Shirai M, Asai F. Effects of high-sodium intake on systemic blood pressure and vascular responses in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob-Lepr fa/fa rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:305-312. [PMID: 27862163 PMCID: PMC5299487 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension has markedly increased worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a high‐salt intake on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular responses in WBN/Kob‐Leprfa/fa (WBKDF) rats, a new spontaneous animal model of T2DM. Male WBKDF rats and age‐matched Wistar rats at 6 weeks of age were each divided into two groups and fed either a normal‐sodium (NS, 0.26%) diet or high‐sodium (HS, 8%) diet for 14 weeks: (i) Wistar rats on NS diet (Wistar‐NS); (ii) Wistar rats on HS diet (Wistar‐HS); (iii) WBKDF rats on NS diet (WBKDF‐NS); (iv) WBKDF rats on HS diets (WBKDF‐HS). Neither WBKDF‐NS nor Wistar‐NS rats showed significant changes in SBP throughout the experiment, but both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS exhibited significant elevation of SBP, which was more prominent (P<.01) in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. Phenylephrine‐induced contractions of isolated thoracic aortic rings were significantly (P<.01) enhanced in WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS compared with the respective strain of rats on the NS diet. In contrast, acetylcholine‐ and nitroprusside‐induced relaxation were significantly (P<.01) diminished in both WBKDF‐HS and Wistar‐HS, and these HS diet‐induced changes were more profound (P<.01) in WBKDF rats than in Wistar rats. Significantly (P<.05) higher plasma concentrations of 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2α and sodium ions were observed in WBKDF‐HS than in Wistar‐HS. The current study demonstrated that WBKDF‐HS rats developed salt‐sensitive hypertension associated with vascular dysfunction. The WBKDF rat may be a useful model for investigating the etiology of hypertension with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruno Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Clinical Nutrition, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyuki Shirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Amara VR, Surapaneni SK, Tikoo K. Dysregulation of microRNAs and renin-angiotensin system in high salt diet-induced cardiac dysfunction in uninephrectomized rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180490. [PMID: 28727756 PMCID: PMC5519030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uninephrectomy is not associated with major adverse events in cardiovascular and renal functions of live kidney donors. The effect of high salt diet on the quality of life of live kidney donors is largely unknown. Hence in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of high salt diet on the alterations of renin-angiotensin system and microRNAs leading to CV and renal dysfunction in uninephrectomized rats. In order to mimic clinical scenario, uninephrectomized male Sprague Dawley rats were fed initially with normal pellet diet for 12 weeks and then for 20 weeks with high salt (10% w/w NaCl) diet. At the end of the study, biochemical, functional, histological and molecular parameters were measured. High salt diet feeding resulted in renal dysfunction & fibrosis, decreased baroreflex sensitivity, increased in vivo cardiovascular reactivity to angiotensin II owing to upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors and L-type calcium channels leading to cardiovascular dysfunction in uninephrectomized rats (UNX+HSD) worse than that of normal (binephric) rats fed with high salt diet (HSD). Protein expression of functional and hypertrophic protein markers revealed decreased SERCA, p-AMPK and increased p-AKT. Interestingly, levels of miR-25, miR-451 and miR-155 increased and miR-99 decreased in heart of uninephrectomized rats fed with high salt. However, circulating miR-25 and miR-451 levels decreased and miR-99b increased in these animals. Our study points out that since tissue and circulating levels of miRNAs are not similar, caution must be exercised during the usage of miRs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. To our knowledge, we are the first to show that epigenetic alterations result in cardiac dysfunction in uninephrectomized rats fed with high salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara Rao Amara
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Surapaneni
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
- * E-mail:
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Crestani S, Webb RC, da Silva-Santos JE. High-Salt Intake Augments the Activity of the RhoA/ROCK Pathway and Reduces Intracellular Calcium in Arteries From Rats. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:389-399. [PMID: 28164209 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the influence of salt overconsumption on the functionality of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway and calcium regulation in arteries. METHODS The aorta and small mesenteric arteries from rats fed a chow containing 2%, 4%, or 8% NaCl were evaluated in organ baths for the activity of the RhoA/ROCK pathway and intracellular calcium mobilization. Components of these pathways and intracellular calcium levels were also assessed in samples from 4% NaCl group. RESULTS In arteries from animals fed regular chow, the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 reduced the responses to phenylephrine, even when the smallest concentrations (1 and 3 μM) were tested. However, only higher concentrations of Y-27632 (10 and 50 μM) reduced phenylephrine-induced contraction in vessels from high-salt groups. Immunoblotting revealed augmented phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 and increased amounts of RhoA in the membrane fraction of aorta homogenates from the 4% NaCl group. Under calcium-free solution, vessels from NaCl groups presented reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and caffeine, compared with the regular chow group. Moreover, decreased intracellular calcium at rest and after stimulation with ATP were found in aortic smooth muscle cells from 4% NaCl-fed rats, which also showed diminished levels of SERCA2 and SERCA3, but not of IP3 and ryanodine receptors, or STIM1 and Orai1 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Arteries from rats subjected to high-salt intake are unable to properly regulate intracellular calcium levels and present augmented activity of the calcium sensitization pathway RhoA/ROCK. These changes may precede the development of vascular diseases induced by high-salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Crestani
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Da Silva RDCVA, de Souza P, da Silva-Santos JE. Increased diuresis, renal vascular reactivity, and blood pressure levels in young rats fed high sodium, moderately high fructose, or their association: a comparative evaluation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1233-1239. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive intakes of sodium or fructose have been described as risk factors for hypertension. We hypothesized that even a moderately high fructose diet (6% fructose), either alone or in combination with high sodium (4% NaCl), may impair diuresis and renal and systemic vascular reactivity, contributing to the onset of high blood pressure in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed chow containing 4% NaCl (HS), 6% fructose (MHF), or both 4% NaCl and 6% fructose (HSMHF) for 6 weeks and had their diuresis, plasma creatinine, vascular reactivity of perfused kidneys and systemic arterial pressure evaluated. We found no differences in augmented diuresis among animals given HS, MHF, or HSMHF diets. After 6 weeks both the HS and HSMHF groups had increased weight in their left kidneys, but only the HSMHF group showed augmented plasma creatinine. The effects of phenylephrine on renal vascular perfusion pressure were similarly enhanced in kidneys from the HS, MHF, and HSMHF groups, but not on the systemic arterial pressure. Although when evaluated in anesthetized rats, only the HSMHF group presented augmented blood pressure, evaluation in conscious animals revealed that both the MHF and HSMHF diets, but not the HS alone, were able to induce tachycardia and hypertension. In conclusion, a MHF diet containing 6% fructose was enough to render the renal vascular bed hyperreactive to phenylephrine and to induce both hypertension and tachycardia. The combination of 6% fructose with 4% NaCl led to plasma accumulation of creatinine and accelerated the development of tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Vilhena A.F. Da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Baldo MP, Rodrigues SL, Mill JG. High salt intake as a multifaceted cardiovascular disease: new support from cellular and molecular evidence. Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:461-74. [PMID: 25725616 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scientists worldwide have disseminated the idea that increased dietary salt increases blood pressure. Currently, salt intake in the general population is ten times higher than that consumed in the past and at least two times higher than the current recommendation. Indeed, a salt-rich diet increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For a long time, however, the deleterious effects associated with high salt consumption were only related to the effect of salt on blood pressure. Currently, several other effects have been reported. In some cases, the deleterious effects of high salt consumption are independently associated with other common risk factors. In this article, we gather data on the effects of increased salt intake on the cardiovascular system, from infancy to adulthood, to describe the route by which increased salt intake leads to cardiovascular diseases. We have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which a high intake of salt acts on the cardiovascular system to lead to the progressive failure of a healthy heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, Vitória, ES, 29042-755, Brazil,
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16
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Huh JH, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Lee MY, Park HJ, Kim MY, Kim JW, Chung CH, Shin JY, Kim HS, Kwon SO, Baik SK. High Dietary Sodium Intake Assessed by Estimated 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with NAFLD and Hepatic Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143222. [PMID: 26571018 PMCID: PMC4646649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although high sodium intake is associated with obesity and hypertension, few studies have investigated the relationship between sodium intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated the association between sodium intake assessed by estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion and NAFLD in healthy Koreans. METHODS We analyzed data from 27,433 participants in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008-2010). The total amount of sodium excretion in 24-h urine was estimated using Tanaka's equations from spot urine specimens. Subjects were defined as having NAFLD when they had high scores in previously validated NAFLD prediction models such as the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and fatty liver index (FLI). BARD scores and FIB-4 were used to define advanced fibrosis in subjects with NAFLD. RESULTS The participants were classified into three groups according to estimated 24-h urinary excretion tertiles. The prevalence of NAFLD as assessed by both FLI and HSI was significantly higher in the highest estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion tertile group. Even after adjustment for confounding factors including body fat and hypertension, the association between higher estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion and NAFLD remained significant (Odds ratios (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.55, in HSI; OR 1.75, CI 1.39-2.20, in FLI, both P < 0.001). Further, subjects with hepatic fibrosis as assessed by BARD score and FIB-4 in NAFLD patients had higher estimated 24-h urinary sodium values. CONCLUSIONS High sodium intake was independently associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Huh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Kyong Joo Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Hong Jun Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Jang Yel Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Sang Ok Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju City, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Huh JH, Lim JS, Lee MY, Chung CH, Shin JY. Gender-specific association between urinary sodium excretion and body composition: Analysis of the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Metabolism 2015; 64:837-44. [PMID: 25873364 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have reported the relationship between sarcopenia and the estimated amount of sodium excreted in 24 h, as measured by the spot urine test (E24UNA), in a community-dwelling cohort. We investigated the gender specific association between E24UNA values and body composition indices. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from a total of 7162 participants (3545 men and 3617 postmenopausal women) aged 45 years or older were obtained from multiple Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008-2010) and analyzed. The total amount of sodium excreted in the urine in a 24-h period was estimated with spot urine specimens. Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight (ASM/Wt) that was less than 1 standard deviation below the sex-specific mean for young adults. RESULTS E24UNA values were positively correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, total fat mass, and blood pressure; in contrast, E24UNA values were negatively correlated with ASM/Wt in both sexes. Compared with those in the lowest E24UNA tertile, participants in the highest E24UNA tertile were at higher risk for sarcopenia (men: odds ratio (OR)=1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07-1.59]; women: OR=1.41 [95% CI=1.16-1.73]). Further classification of subjects with sarcopenia into sarcopenic obese and sarcopenic nonobese groups revealed that the highest E24UNA values were found in the sarcopenic obese group; this difference was statistically significant. The next highest levels were found in the sarcopenic nonobese group, followed by the nonsarcopenic group. This trend was observed in both sexes. CONCLUSION High E24UNA values were independently associated with both sarcopenia and obesity in Korean individuals older than 45 years. These results suggest that high salt intake may have a deleterious effect on body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Yel Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Roszkowska-Chojecka MM, Walkowska A, Gawryś O, Baranowska I, Kalisz M, Litwiniuk A, Martyńska L, Kompanowska-Jezierska E. Effects of chymostatin, a chymase inhibitor, on blood pressure, plasma and tissue angiotensin II, renal haemodynamics and renal excretion in two models of hypertension in the rat. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1093-105. [PMID: 26011164 DOI: 10.1113/ep085325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We examined, in hypertensive rats, whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme-independent enzymes generating angiotensin II in the tissues modulate blood pressure, peripheral circulation and renal function. What is the main finding and its importance? The results suggest that chymostatin-sensitive enzymes diminish vascular tone in renal and extrarenal vascular beds. Chymase or similar chymostatin-sensitive enzymes have a significant role in the synthesis of angiotensin II in different tissues but do not control blood pressure in the short term, similarly in salt-dependent or Goldblatt-type rat hypertension. In salt-dependent hypertension, chymase blockade protected renal outer medullary perfusion, probably by reducing the angiotensin II content in the kidney. Chymase is presumed to be a crucial enzyme of the non-angiotensin-converting enzyme pathway of angiotensin II (Ang II) generation in tissues, a process involved in vascular remodelling and development of hypertension. We examined the role of chymase in hypertension induced by exposure of uninephrectomized rats to high dietary salt intake (UNX HS) and in the Goldblatt renal artery stenosis (two-kidney, one-clip) model. In acute experiments with anaesthetized rats of either model, chymostatin at 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1) or 0.05% DMSO solvent was infused i.v. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, iliac blood flow (a measure of hindlimb perfusion), total renal blood flow and intrarenal regional perfusion (laser-Doppler technique) were measured continuously, along with the glomerular filtration rate and renal excretion. In both models, chymase blockade distinctly decreased plasma and tissue Ang II without lowering mean blood pressure or consistently altering the other functional parameters measured. Unexpectedly, in Goldblatt hypertensive rats the blockade increased the renal and hindlimb vascular resistances by 51 and 33%, respectively (P < 0.05). In UNX HS hypertensive rats, chymase blockade abolished the solvent-induced decrease in outer medullary blood flow. We conclude that chymase or similar chymostatin-sensitive enzyme(s) has a significant role in the synthesis of Ang II in different tissues but does not participate in short-term control of blood pressure in salt-dependent or Goldblatt-type rat hypertension. In the Goldblatt model, chymase appeared to reduce the renal and hindlimb vascular resistances by an unknown mechanism. In salt-dependent hypertension, chymase blockade protected renal outer medullary perfusion, probably by reducing Ang II content in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Walkowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Gawryś
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kalisz
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Martyńska
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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