1
|
Qi W, Geng C, Zhu F, Zhang C, Du B, Ji Y, Wang F, Zhang S, Liu J. Complementary vitrification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash from grate furnaces and fluidised bed incinerators via a co-reduction process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 184:92-100. [PMID: 38805759 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The increasing application of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) emphasises the need for MSWI fly ash (FA) safe treatment. Based on the compositional complementarity of FA from grate furnaces (G-FA) and fluidised bed incinerators (F-FA), we proposed a co-reduction process to treat G-FA and F-FA together for producing vitrified slag and ferroalloys. The clean vitrified slag and Fe-Cr-Ni-Cu alloy were obtained with the mass ratios of 1:9 ∼ 6:4 (G-FA:F-FA) at 1300℃, which is about 300℃ lower than the conventional G-FA vitrification. The metals Zn, Cd, and Pb were mostly volatilised into the flue gas for potential recovery from the secondary FA. The thermodynamic SiO2-Al2O3-CaO ternary system demonstrated that an optimal mass ratio of the two complementary FA types contributes to the system shifting to the low-temperature melting zone. The co-reduction process of G-FA and F-FA could be a promising option for FA beneficial reutilization with environmental advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Qi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chao Geng
- School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Du
- Beijing Capital Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., First Branch, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Shizhao Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waqas M, Nizami AS, Aburiazaiza AS, Jabeen F, Arikan OA, Anees A, Hussain F, Javed MH, Rehan M. Unlocking integrated waste biorefinery approach by predicting calorific value of waste biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116943. [PMID: 37619627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study analyzed the high heating values (HHVs) of various waste biomass materials intending to the effective management and more sustainable consumption of waste as clean energy source. Various biomass waste samples including date leaves, date branches, coconut leaves, grass, cooked macaroni, salad, fruit and vegetable peels, vegetable scraps, cooked food waste, paper waste, tea waste, and cardboard were characterized for proximate analysis. The results revealed that all the waste biomass were rich in organic matter (OM). The total OM for all waste biomass ranged from 79.39% to 98.17%. Likewise, the results showed that all the waste biomass resulted in lower ash content and high fixed carbon content associated with high fuel quality. Based on proximate analysis, various empirical equations (HHV=28.296-0.2887(A)-656.2/VM, HHV=18.297-0.4128(A)+35.8/FC and HHV=22.3418-0.1136(FC)-0.3983(A)) have been tested to predict HHVs. It was observed that the heterogeneous nature of various biomass waste considerably affects the HHVs and hence has different fuel characteristics. Similarly, the HHVs of waste biomass were also determined experimentally using the bomb calorimeter, and it was observed that among all the selected waste biomass, the highest HHVs (21.19 MJ kg-1) resulted in cooked food waste followed by cooked macaroni (20.25 MJ kg-1). The comparison revealed that experimental HHVs for the selected waste biomass were slightly deviated from the predicted HHVs. Based on HHVs, various thermochemical and biochemical technologies were critically overviewed to assess the suitability of waste biomass to energy products. It has been emphasized that valorizing waste-to-energy technologies provides the dual benefits of sustainable management and production of cleaner energy to reduce fossil fuels dependency. However, the key bottleneck in commercializing waste-to-energy systems requires proper waste collection, sorting, and continuous feedstock supply. Moreover, related stakeholders should be involved in designing and executing the decision-making process to facilitate the global recognition of waste biorefinery concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Waqas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - A S Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - A S Aburiazaiza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Jabeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - O A Arikan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Anees
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - F Hussain
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M H Javed
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Li J, Liu Q, Luo H, Li B, Cheng J, Huang Y. Emission characteristics and impact factors of air pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration in Shanghai, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114732. [PMID: 35228164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emission of air pollutants from the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is one of the major concerns in air pollution. The up-to-date emission situation for Chinese MSW incineration is largely unknown. The emission factors (EFs) are the key parameters to estimate the emissions from MSW incineration. The localized EFs from MSW incineration in Shanghai, China were established using continuous emission monitoring system data from 2017 to 2019. Our results showed that the EFs were 9.80 g t-1 of PM, 46.62 g t-1 of SO2, 812.68 g t-1 of NOx, 25.84 g t-1 of CO, and 17.49 g t-1 of HCl for the period 2017-2019, nearly 1.7-24.2 times lower than those in 2010, implying that the current EFs should be updated to avoid overestimation of MSW emissions in China. Compared with 2010, the emissions of PM, SO2, CO, and HCl in 2019 were significantly reduced by 84%, 69%, 47%, and 72%, respectively, except for NOx with a 106% increase, although the corresponding MSW incineration amount increased by 356%. The current levels of air pollutants from MSW incineration have already met the current national emission standard as well as the stricter standard of the European Union (98.87%-99.91%). Our findings suggest that China should update the current standards of MSW incineration, which can be a benefit for the prevention and control of MSW incineration in the future. It is still challenging to control NOx emissions from MSW incineration for Shanghai and even greater China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Junxiang Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Huan Luo
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuandong Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panzone L, Ulph A, Areal F, Grippo V. A ridge regression approach to estimate the relationship between landfill taxation and waste collection and disposal in England. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 129:95-110. [PMID: 34051583 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of household waste is characterised by externalities and market failure, where the decision to consume does not consider the environmental impact of consequent waste generated. Policy interventions in the UK have focused primarily on pricing the disposal of waste through a landfill tax. This article tests the effectiveness of landfill taxation on household waste collection and disposal. Using a ridge regression with correction for fixed effects on a panel dataset of English local authorities, we estimate the landfill tax elasticity of waste for a range of waste disposal and collection streams. Results indicate that the landfill tax is elastic at disposal and effective in shifting waste from landfills to incineration. The tax is inelastic at collection, and encourages recycling. Our results indicate that landfill taxation is an important tool to change how waste is disposed by households and local authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panzone
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University UK
| | - Alistair Ulph
- Sustainable Consumption Institute, and Economics, University of Manchester UK
| | - Francisco Areal
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University UK
| | - Valeria Grippo
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang P, Hu Y, Cheng H. Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash as an important source of heavy metal pollution in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:461-475. [PMID: 31158674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Incineration has overtaken landfilling as the most important option for disposal of the increasing volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in China. Accordingly, disposal of the incineration fly ash, which is enriched with a range of heavy metals, has become a key challenge for the industry. This review analyzes the temporal and spatial trends in the distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg in MSW incineration fly ash between 2003 and 2017, and estimates the inventories of heavy metals associated with the fly ash and the average levels of heavy metals in Chinese MSW based on their mass flow during MSW incineration. It was estimated that MSW incinerators in China released approximately 1.12 × 102, 2.96 × 103, 1.82 × 102, 3.64 × 104, 1.00 × 102, 7.32 × 103, 2.42 × 102, and 1.47 × 101 tonnes of Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, As, and Hg, respectively, with the fly ash in 2016. Due to the much greater fly ash generation rate, the incinerators based on circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) technology released more heavy metals during incineration of MSW compared to those based on grate furnace combustor (GFC) technology. Results of mass-flow modeling indicate that the geometric mean contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, As, and Hg in Chinese MSW were 3.0, 109, 101, 877, 34, 241, 21, and 1.7 mg/kg, respectively, which are comparable to those in the MSW from other countries. To protect the environment from the significant potential ecological risk posed by heavy metals in the mismanaged fly ash, strict regulation enforcement and compliance monitoring are necessary to reduce the heavy metal pollution brought by improper disposal of MSW incineration fly ash, and more research and development efforts on advanced technologies for stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash and its environmentally sound reuse can help mitigate its environmental risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waste-to-Energy Conversion in Havana: Technical and Economic Analysis. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Havana has the highest population and consequently generation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Cuba. In Havana, the final deposition method for MSW is mainly landfills. However, in most cases, they exceed their lifetime of operation becoming in reality dumpsites without energy recovery from wastes. In this regard, waste-to-energy is a well-established technology for MSW treatment. The aim of this work was to carry out a techno-economic assessment for a proposed waste-to-energy plant in the city of Havana. A step-wise methodology based on two process analysis tools (i.e., Excel and Aspen Plus models) was used for the technical evaluation. Simulation results are in agreement with data from real plants, showing that it is possible to produce 227.1 GWh of electricity per year, representing 6% of the current demand in Havana. The economic analysis showed the feasibility of the project with a net present value of 35,483,853 USD. Results from the sensitivity analyses show the effect of the economy of scale when changes in low heating value were considered. Finally, a hypothetical best scenario was studied considering the net effect on the average Cuban salary.
Collapse
|
7
|
Thanos Bourtsalas AC, Seo Y, Tanvir Alam M, Seo YC. The status of waste management and waste to energy for district heating in South Korea. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:304-316. [PMID: 30803585 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on waste management and waste to energy (WTE) for district heating in S. Korea. The chemical formula for the materials disposed of in volume base waste fee (VBWF) bags that are processed in WTE plants was calculated as: C6H9.9O2.3, with a heat of formation of 27.6 MJ/kg. The average heating value for the 35 WTE plants was 9.7 MJ/kg, and the average amount of energy recovered was calculated at 1.5 MWh/ton waste processed. 22 of the 35 WTE plants comply with the limits of the R1 formula for energy recovery plants (R1 > 0.61), as introduced by the EU. It was estimated that 8% of the district heating demand is provided by WTE in S. Korea. WTE plants can contribute to about 0.6% to the total electricity demand of S. Korea and aid the efforts of the nation to phase out the dependence on fossil fuels. The average dioxin emissions of all WTE plants were 0.005 ng TEQ/Nm3 (limit:0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3), and most of the other pollutants examined indicated a ten-fold to hundred-fold lower emissions than the national and the EU standards. S. Korea indicated an improved performance in sustainable waste management, with combined recycling/ composting and WTE rates of about 80%, as compared to the average of the EU-28 with 65%, and the US with 36.5%, even if the EU and the US had higher GDP/capita (PPP) than S. Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoonjung Seo
- Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Md Tanvir Alam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yong-Chil Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammadi M, Jämsä‐Jounela S, Harjunkoski I. Sustainable supply chain network design for the optimal utilization of municipal solid waste. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohammadi
- Dept. of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI‐00076, Espoo Finland
| | - Sirkka‐Liisa Jämsä‐Jounela
- Dept. of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI‐00076, Espoo Finland
| | - Iiro Harjunkoski
- Dept. of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University FI‐00076, Espoo Finland
- ABB Corporate Research Center 68526, Ladenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Röder M, Thornley P. Waste wood as bioenergy feedstock. Climate change impacts and related emission uncertainties from waste wood based energy systems in the UK. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 74:241-252. [PMID: 29203077 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the urgent need to shift to low carbon energy carriers, waste wood resources could provide an alternative energy feedstock and at the same time reduce emissions from landfill. This research examines the climate change impacts and related emission uncertainties of waste wood based energy. For this, different grades of waste wood and energy application have been investigated using lifecycle assessment. Sensitivity analysis has then been applied for supply chain processes and feedstock properties for the main emission contributing categories: transport, processing, pelletizing, urea resin fraction and related N2O formation. The results show, depending on the waste wood grade, the conversion option, scale and the related reference case, that emission reductions of up to 91% are possible for non-treated wood waste. Compared to this, energy from treated wood waste with low contamination can achieve up to 83% emission savings, similar to untreated waste wood pellets, but in some cases emissions from waste wood based energy can exceed the ones of the fossil fuel reference - in the worst case by 126%. Emission reductions from highly contaminated feedstocks are largest when replacing electricity from large-scale coal and landfill. The highest emission uncertainties are related to the wood's resin fraction and N2O formation during combustion and, pelletizing. Comparing wood processing with diesel and electricity powered equipment also generated high variations in the results, while emission variations related to transport are relatively small. Using treated waste wood as a bioenergy feedstock can be a valid option to reduce emissions from energy production but this is only realisable if coal and landfill gas are replaced. To achieve meaningful emission reduction in line with national and international climate change targets, pre-treatment of waste wood would be required to reduce components that form N2O during the energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Röder
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Patricia Thornley
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu JW, Zhang S, Hai J, Lei M. Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China: A comparison with developed regions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:170-186. [PMID: 28408280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, the applicability, technical status, and future improvement of MSW incineration attract much attention in China. This paper aims to be a sensible response, with the aid of a comparison between China and some representative developed regions including the EU, the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan area. A large number of up-to-date data and information are collected to quantitatively and impartially support the comparison, which covers a wider range of key points including spatial distribution, temporal evolution, technologies, emissions, and perspectives. Analysis results show that MSW incineration is not an outdated choice; however, policy making should prevent the potentially insufficient utilization of MSW incinerators. The structure of MSW incineration technologies is changing in China. The ratio of plants using fluidized bed is decreasing due to various realistic reasons. Decision-makers would select suitable combustion technologies by comprehensive assessments, rather than just by costs. Air pollution control systems are improved with the implementation of China's new emission standard. However, MSW incineration in China is currently blamed for substandard emissions. The reasons include the particular elemental compositions of Chinese MSW, the lack of operating experience, deficient fund for compliance with the emission standard, and the lack of reliable supervisory measures. Some perspectives and suggestions from both technical and managerial aspects are given for the compliance with the emission standard. This paper can provide strategic enlightenments for MSW management in China and other developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Sukun Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing Hai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar A, Samadder SR. A review on technological options of waste to energy for effective management of municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:407-422. [PMID: 28886975 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Approximately one-fourth population across the world rely on traditional fuels (kerosene, natural gas, biomass residue, firewood, coal, animal dung, etc.) for domestic use despite significant socioeconomic and technological development. Fossil fuel reserves are being exploited at a very fast rate to meet the increasing energy demands, so there is a need to find alternative sources of energy before all the fossil fuel reserves are depleted. Waste to energy (WTE) can be considered as a potential alternative source of energy, which is economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The present study reviewed the current global scenario of WTE technological options (incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling with gas recovery) for effective energy recovery and the challenges faced by developed and developing countries. This review will provide a framework for evaluating WTE technological options based on case studies of developed and developing countries. Unsanitary landfilling is the most commonly practiced waste disposal option in the developing countries. However, developed countries have realised the potential of WTE technologies for effective municipal solid waste management (MSWM). This review will help the policy makers and the implementing authorities involved in MSWM to understand the current status, challenges and barriers for effective management of municipal solid waste. This review concluded WTE as a potential renewable source of energy, which will partly meet the energy demand and ensure effective MSWM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - S R Samadder
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Douglas P, Freni-Sterrantino A, Leal Sanchez M, Ashworth DC, Ghosh RE, Fecht D, Font A, Blangiardo M, Gulliver J, Toledano MB, Elliott P, de Hoogh K, Fuller GW, Hansell AL. Estimating Particulate Exposure from Modern Municipal Waste Incinerators in Great Britain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7511-7519. [PMID: 28621543 PMCID: PMC6117747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) is regulated through the European Union Directive on Industrial Emissions (IED), but there is ongoing public concern regarding potential hazards to health. Using dispersion modeling, we estimated spatial variability in PM10 concentrations arising from MWIs at postcodes (average 12 households) within 10 km of MWIs in Great Britain (GB) in 2003-2010. We also investigated change points in PM10 emissions in relation to introduction of EU Waste Incineration Directive (EU-WID) (subsequently transposed into IED) and correlations of PM10 with SO2, NOx, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furan (PCDD/F), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions. Yearly average modeled PM10 concentrations were 1.00 × 10-5 to 5.53 × 10-2 μg m-3, a small contribution to ambient background levels which were typically 6.59-2.68 × 101 μg m-3, 3-5 orders of magnitude higher. While low, concentration surfaces are likely to represent a spatial proxy of other relevant pollutants. There were statistically significant correlations between PM10 and heavy metal compounds (other heavy metals (r = 0.43, p = <0.001)), PAHs (r = 0.20, p = 0.050), and PCBs (r = 0.19, p = 0.022). No clear change points were detected following EU-WID implementation, possibly as incinerators were operating to EU-WID standards before the implementation date. Results will be used in an epidemiological analysis examining potential associations between MWIs and health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Douglas
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Freni-Sterrantino
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Leal Sanchez
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle C. Ashworth
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Ghosh
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Fecht
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Font
- Environment
Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - John Gulliver
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Mireille B. Toledano
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Swiss Tropical and
Public Health Institute, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland
- University of
Basel, Basel, CH-4001, Switzerland
| | - Gary W. Fuller
- Environment
Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Hansell
- UK
Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment
and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Directorate
of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial
College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Phone: +44 (0)20 7594 3344. E-mail: . Corresponding
author address: UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), Department
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, Imperial
College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2
1PG, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He X, Mitrano DM, Nowack B, Bahk YK, Figi R, Schreiner C, Bürki M, Wang J. Agglomeration potential of TiO 2 in synthetic leachates made from the fly ash of different incinerated wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:616-623. [PMID: 28159397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Material flow studies have shown that a large fraction of the engineered nanoparticles used in products end up in municipal waste. In many countries, this municipal waste is incinerated before landfilling. However, the behavior of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the leachates of incinerated wastes has not been investigated so far. In this study, TiO2 ENPs were spiked into synthetic landfill leachates made from different types of fly ash from three waste incineration plants. The synthetic leachates were prepared by standard protocols and two types of modified procedures with much higher dilution ratios that resulted in reduced ionic strength. The pH of the synthetic leachates was adjusted in a wide range (i.e. pH 3 to 11) to understand the effects of pH on agglomeration. The experimental results indicated that agglomeration of TiO2 in the synthetic landfill leachate simultaneously depend on ionic strength, ionic composition and pH. However, when the ionic strength was high, the effects of the other two factors were masked. The zeta potential of the particles was directly related to the size of the TiO2 agglomerates formed. The samples with an absolute zeta potential value < 10 mV were less stable, with the size of TiO2 agglomerates in excess of 1500 nm. It can be deduced from this study that TiO2 ENPs deposited in the landfill may be favored to form agglomerates and ultimately settle from the water percolating through the landfill and thus remain in the landfill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Technology and Society Laboratory, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yeon Kyoung Bahk
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Renato Figi
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schreiner
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Bürki
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 6, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hafeez S, Mahmood A, Syed JH, Li J, Ali U, Malik RN, Zhang G. Waste dumping sites as a potential source of POPs and associated health risks in perspective of current waste management practices in Lahore city, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:953-961. [PMID: 27153484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechloran plus (DP) were analyzed in air, dust, soil and water samples from waste dump site, Lahore, Pakistan. It was revealed that PCB levels were detected higher in all matrices than PBDEs and DPs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed higher usage of BDE-47, -99 and di-CBs, tri-CBs, tetra-CBs and penta-CBs. Health risk assessment of PCBs and PBDEs from soil and dust indicated low to moderate risk to the local population via different exposure pathways. It is recommended to improve current waste management practices in order to avoid emissions of contaminants and open dumping grounds should be modified into sanitary landfill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Hafeez
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Uren V, Wright D, Scott J, He Y, Saif H. Social media and sentiment in bioenergy consultation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/ijesm-11-2014-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– This paper aims to address the following challenge: the push to widen participation in public consultation suggests social media as an additional mechanism through which to engage the public. Bioenergy companies need to build their capacity to communicate in these new media and to monitor the attitudes of the public and opposition organizations towards energy development projects.
Design/methodology/approach
– This short paper outlines the planning issues bioenergy developments face and the main methods of communication used in the public consultation process in the UK. The potential role of social media in communication with stakeholders is identified. The capacity of sentiment analysis to mine opinions from social media is summarised and illustrated using a sample of tweets containing the term “bioenergy”.
Findings
– Social media have the potential to improve information flows between stakeholders and developers. Sentiment analysis is a viable methodology, which bioenergy companies should be using to measure public opinion in the consultation process. Preliminary analysis shows promising results.
Research limitations/implications
– Analysis is preliminary and based on a small dataset. It is intended only to illustrate the potential of sentiment analysis and not to draw general conclusions about the bioenergy sector.
Social implications
– Social media have the potential to open access to the consultation process and help bioenergy companies to make use of waste for energy developments.
Originality/value
– Opinion mining, though established in marketing and political analysis, is not yet systematically applied as a planning consultation tool. This is a missed opportunity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jeswani HK, Azapagic A. Assessing the environmental sustainability of energy recovery from municipal solid waste in the UK. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 50:346-363. [PMID: 26906085 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Even though landfilling of waste is the least favourable option in the waste management hierarchy, the majority of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many countries is still landfilled. This represents waste of valuable resources and could lead to higher environmental impacts compared to energy recovered by incineration, even if the landfill gas is recovered. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) as a tool, this paper aims to find out which of the following two options for MSW disposal is more environmentally sustainable: incineration or recovery of biogas from landfills, each producing either electricity or co-generating heat and electricity. The systems are compared on a life cycle basis for two functional units: 'disposal of 1 tonne of MSW' and 'generation of 1 kWh of electricity'. The results indicate that, if both systems are credited for their respective recovered energy and recyclable materials, energy from incineration has much lower impacts than from landfill biogas across all impact categories, except for human toxicity. The impacts of incineration co-generating heat and electricity are negative for nine out of 11 categories as the avoided impacts for the recovered energy and materials are higher than those caused by incineration. By improving the recovery rate of biogas, some impacts of landfilling, such as global warming, depletion of fossil resources, acidification and photochemical smog, would be significantly reduced. However, most impacts of the landfill gas would still be higher than the impacts of incineration, except for global warming and human toxicity. The analysis on the basis of net electricity produced shows that the LCA impacts of electricity from incineration are several times lower in comparison to the impacts of electricity from landfill biogas. Electricity from incineration has significantly lower global warming and several other impacts than electricity from coal and oil but has higher impacts than electricity from natural gas or UK grid. At the UK level, diverting all MSW currently landfilled to incineration with energy recovery would not only avoid the environmental impacts associated with landfilling but, under the current assumptions, would also meet 2.3% of UK's electricity demand and save 2-2.6 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Jeswani
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, C16, The Mill, Sackville Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Azapagic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, C16, The Mill, Sackville Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yap HY, Nixon JD. A multi-criteria analysis of options for energy recovery from municipal solid waste in India and the UK. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 46:265-77. [PMID: 26275797 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Energy recovery from municipal solid waste plays a key role in sustainable waste management and energy security. However, there are numerous technologies that vary in suitability for different economic and social climates. This study sets out to develop and apply a multi-criteria decision making methodology that can be used to evaluate the trade-offs between the benefits, opportunities, costs and risks of alternative energy from waste technologies in both developed and developing countries. The technologies considered are mass burn incineration, refuse derived fuel incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery. By incorporating qualitative and quantitative assessments, a preference ranking of the alternative technologies is produced. The effect of variations in decision criteria weightings are analysed in a sensitivity analysis. The methodology is applied principally to compare and assess energy recovery from waste options in the UK and India. These two countries have been selected as they could both benefit from further development of their waste-to-energy strategies, but have different technical and socio-economic challenges to consider. It is concluded that gasification is the preferred technology for the UK, whereas anaerobic digestion is the preferred technology for India. We believe that the presented methodology will be of particular value for waste-to-energy decision-makers in both developed and developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Y Yap
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Roehampton Vale Campus, London SW15 3DW, UK
| | - J D Nixon
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Roehampton Vale Campus, London SW15 3DW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bourtsalas A, Vandeperre LJ, Grimes SM, Themelis N, Cheeseman CR. Production of pyroxene ceramics from the fine fraction of incinerator bottom ash. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:217-225. [PMID: 25743204 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) is normally processed to extract metals and the coarse mineral fraction is used as secondary aggregate. This leaves significant quantities of fine material, typically less than 4mm, that is problematic as reuse options are limited. This work demonstrates that fine IBA can be mixed with glass and transformed by milling, calcining, pressing and sintering into high density ceramics. The addition of glass aids liquid phase sintering, milling increases sintering reactivity and calcining reduces volatile loss during firing. Calcining also changes the crystalline phases present from quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and hematite (Fe2O3) to diopside (CaMgSi2O6), clinoenstatite (MgSiO3) and andradite (Ca3Fe2Si3O12). Calcined powders fired at 1080°C have high green density, low shrinkage (<7%) and produce dense (2.78 g/cm(3)) ceramics that have negligible water absorption. The transformation of the problematic fraction of IBA into a raw material suitable for the manufacture of ceramic tiles for use in urban paving and other applications is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bourtsalas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - L J Vandeperre
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S M Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - N Themelis
- Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - C R Cheeseman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bourtsalas A, Vandeperre L, Grimes S, Themelis N, Koralewska R, Cheeseman C. Properties of ceramics prepared using dry discharged waste to energy bottom ash dust. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:794-804. [PMID: 26060195 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15584846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fine dust of incinerator bottom ash generated from dry discharge systems can be transformed into an inert material suitable for the production of hard, dense ceramics. Processing involves the addition of glass, ball milling and calcining to remove volatile components from the incinerator bottom ash. This transforms the major crystalline phases present in fine incinerator bottom ash dust from quartz (SiO(2)), calcite (CaCO(3)), gehlenite (Ca(2)Al(2)SiO(7)) and hematite (Fe(2)O(3)), to the pyroxene group minerals diopside (CaMgSi(2)O(6)), clinoenstatite (MgSi(2)O(6)), wollastonite (CaSiO(3)) together with some albite (NaAlSi(3)O(8)) and andradite (Ca(3)Fe(2)Si(3)O(12)). Processed powders show minimal leaching and can be pressed and sintered to form dense (>2.5 g cm(-3)), hard ceramics that exhibit low firing shrinkage (<7%) and zero water absorption. The research demonstrates the potential to beneficially up-cycle the fine incinerator bottom ash dust from dry discharge technology into a raw material suitable for the production of ceramic tiles that have potential for use in a range of industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Bourtsalas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc Vandeperre
- Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sue Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Themelis
- Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Chris Cheeseman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Knight L, Pfeiffer A, Scott J. Supply market uncertainty: Exploring consequences and responses within sustainability transitions. JOURNAL OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pursup.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Farmer TD, Shaw PJ, Williams ID. Destined for indecision? A critical analysis of waste management practices in England from 1996 to 2013. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 39:266-276. [PMID: 25771762 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
European nations are compelled to reduce reliance on landfill as a destination for household waste, and should, in principle, achieve this goal with due recognition of the aims and principles of the waste hierarchy. Past research has predominantly focused on recycling, whilst interactions between changing waste destinies, causes and drivers of household waste management change, and potential consequences for the goal of the waste hierarchy are less well understood. This study analysed Local Authority Collected Waste (LACW) for England, at national, regional and sub-regional level, in terms of the destination of household waste to landfill, incineration and recycling. Information about waste partnerships, waste management infrastructure and collection systems was collected to help identify and explain changes in waste destinies. Since 1996, the proportion of waste landfilled in England has decreased, in tandem with increases in recycling and incineration. At the regional and sub-regional (Local Authority; LA) level, there have been large variations in the relative proportions of waste landfilled, incinerated and recycled or composted. Annual increases in the proportion of household waste incinerated were typically larger than increases in the proportion recycled. The observed changes took place in the context of legal and financial drivers, and the circumstances of individual LAs (e.g. landfill capacity) also explained the changes seen. Where observed, shifts from landfill towards incineration constitute an approach whereby waste management moves up the waste hierarchy as opposed to an attempt to reach the most preferred option(s); in terms of resource efficiency, this practice is sub-optimal. The requirement to supply incinerators with a feedstock over their lifespan reduces the benefits of developing of recycling and waste reduction, although access to incineration infrastructure permits short-term and marked decreases in the proportion of LACW landfilled. We conclude that there is a need for clearer national strategy and co-ordination to inform and guide policy, practice, planning and investment in infrastructure such that waste management can be better aligned with the principles of the circular economy and resource efficiency. If the ongoing stand-off between national political figures and the waste sector continues, England's waste policy remains destined for indecision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Farmer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - I D Williams
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lombardi L, Carnevale E, Corti A. A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 37:26-44. [PMID: 25535103 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to identify the current level of energy recovery through waste thermal treatment. The state of the art in energy recovery from waste was investigated, highlighting the differences for different types of thermal treatment, considering combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. Also different types of wastes - Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or Solid Refuse Fuels (SRF) and some typologies of Industrial Waste (IW) (sludge, plastic scraps, etc.) - were included in the analysis. The investigation was carried out mainly reviewing papers, published in scientific journals and conferences, but also considering technical reports, to gather more information. In particular the goal of this review work was to synthesize studies in order to compare the values of energy conversion efficiencies measured or calculated for different types of thermal processes and different types of waste. It emerged that the dominant type of thermal treatment is incineration associated to energy recovery in a steam cycle. When waste gasification is applied, the produced syngas is generally combusted in a boiler to generate steam for energy recovery in a steam cycle. For both the possibilities--incineration or gasification--co-generation is the mean to improve energy recovery, especially for small scale plants. In the case of only electricity production, the achievable values are strongly dependent on the plant size: for large plant size, where advanced technical solutions can be applied and sustained from an economic point of view, net electric efficiency may reach values up to 30-31%. In small-medium plants, net electric efficiency is constrained by scale effect and remains at values around 20-24%. Other types of technical solutions--gasification with syngas use in internally fired devices, pyrolysis and plasma gasification--are less common or studied at pilot or demonstrative scale and, in any case, offer at present similar or lower levels of energy efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lombardi
- Niccolò Cusano University, via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ennio Carnevale
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence, via Santa Marta, 3, 50129 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Corti
- Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, via Roma, 56, 53100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|