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Cela-Dablanca R, Barreiro A, Rodríguez-López L, Arias-Estévez M, Fernández-Sanjurjo M, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Núñez-Delgado A. Azithromycin removal using pine bark, oak ash and mussel shell. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119048. [PMID: 38697595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption is considered an interesting option for removing antibiotics from the environment because of its simple design, low cost, and potential efficiency. In this work we evaluated three by-products (pine bark, oak ash, and mussel shell) as bio-adsorbents for the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM). Furthermore, they were added at doses of 48 t ha-1 to four different soils, then comparing AZM removal for soils with and without bio-adsorbents. Batch-type experiments were used, adding AZM concentrations between 2.5 and 600 μmol L-1 to the different bio-adsorbents and soil + bio-adsorbent mixtures. Regarding the bio-adsorbents, oak ash showed the best adsorption scores (9600 μmol kg-1, meaning >80% retention), followed by pine bark (8280 μmol kg-1, 69%) and mussel shell (between 3000 and 6000 μmol kg-1, 25-50% retention). Adsorption data were adjusted to different models (Linear, Freundlich and Langmuir), showing that just mussel shell presented an acceptable fitting to the Freundlich equation, while pine bark and oak ash did not present a good adjustment to any of the three models. Regarding desorption, the values were always below the detection limit, indicating a rather irreversible adsorption of AZM onto these three by-products. Furthermore, the results showed that when the lowest concentrations of AZM were added to the not amended soils they adsorbed 100% of the antibiotic, whereas when the highest concentrations of AZM were spread, the adsorption decreased to 55%. However, when any of the three bio-adsorbents was added to the soils, AZM adsorption reached 100% for all the antibiotic concentrations used. Desorption was null in all cases for both soils with and without bio-adsorbents. These results, corresponding to an investigation carried out for the first time for the antibiotic AZM, can be seen as relevant in the search of low-cost alternative treatments to face environmental pollution caused by this emerging contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cela-Dablanca
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Barreiro
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Rodríguez-López
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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2
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Chen X, Gong Y, Li Z, Guo Y, Zhang H, Hu B, Yang W, Cao Y, Mu R. Key function of Kouleothrix in stable formation of filamentous aerobic granular sludge at low superficial gas velocity with polymeric substrates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 397:130466. [PMID: 38373501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Forming and maintaining stable aerobic granular sludge (AGS) at a low superficial gas velocity (SGV) is challenging, particularly with polymeric substrates. This study cultivated filamentous aerobic granular sludge (FAGS) with filamentous Kouleothrix (Type 1851) at low SGV (0.15 cm/s) utilizing mixed acetate-soluble starch. Within approximately 260 days, notable increases in the relative abundance of Kouleothrix (from 4 % to 10 %) and Ca. Competibacter (from 1 % to 26 %) were observed through 16S rRNA gene analysis. Metagenomic analysis revealed increased expression of functional genes involved in volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (e.g., ackA and pta) and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis (e.g., phbB and phbC). Kouleothrix acted as a skeleton for bacterial attachment and was the key fermenting bacteria promoting granulation and maintaining granule stability. This study provides insight into the formation of FAGS with low-energy and non-VFA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Yanzhe Gong
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yingming Guo
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Hongjiang Zhang
- North China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Yinhuan Cao
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Ruihua Mu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
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3
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Gallardo-Altamirano MJ, González-López J, González-Martínez A. Anticancer drugs drive changes in the performance, abundance, diversity, and composition of eukaryotic communities of an aerobic granular sludge system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140374. [PMID: 37844701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs are emerging contaminants that are being increasingly detected in urban wastewater. However, there is limited knowledge on the use of biological wastewater treatments, such as granular sludge systems (AGSs), to remove these substances and on their impacts on the general performance of the system and the eukaryotic communities in the granules. We investigated the impacts of three anticancer drugs commonly found in wastewater treatment plants and applied at three different concentrations on the removal efficiency of anticancer drugs, physicochemical parameters, and the eukaryotic microbiome of an AGS operated in a sequential batch reactor (SBR). Anticancer drugs applied at medium and high concentrations significantly decreased the removal efficiency of total nitrogen, the granular biomass concentration, and the size and setting velocity of granules. However, these effects disappeared after not adding the drugs for about a month thus showing the plasticity of the system to return to original levels. Regardless of the concentration of anticancer drugs tested, the AGS technology was effective in removing these substances, with removal rates in the range of 68.5%-100%. The presence of anticancer drugs at medium and high concentrations significantly decreased the abundance of total fungi, an effect that was linked to changes in the physicochemical parameters. Anticancer drugs also induced decreases in the diversity of the eukaryotic community, altered the community composition, and reduced the network complexity when applied at medium and high concentrations. Taxa responsive to the presence of anticancer drugs were identified. The diversity and composition of the eukaryotic microbiome returned to original diversity levels after not adding the drugs for about a month. Overall, this study increases our understanding of the impacts of anticancer drugs on the performance and eukaryotic microbiome of an AGS and highlights the need for monitoring these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús González-López
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramon y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
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4
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Ekholm J, de Blois M, Persson F, Gustavsson DJI, Bengtsson S, van Erp T, Wilén BM. Case study of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge-Energy usage, footprint, and nutrient removal. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10914. [PMID: 37494966 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a comparison of energy usage, land footprint, and volumetric requirements of municipal wastewater treatment with aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant characterized by large fluctuations in nutrient loadings and temperature. The concentration of organic matter in the influent to the AGS was increased by means of hydrolysis and bypassing the pre-settler. Both treatment lines produced effluent concentrations below 5 mg BOD7 L-1 , 10 mg TN L-1 , and 1 mg TP L-1 , by enhanced biological nitrogen- and phosphorus removal. In this case study, the averages of volumetric energy usage over 1 year were 0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.07 kWh m-3 for the AGS and CAS, respectively. A larger difference was observed for the energy usage per reduced population equivalents (P.E.), which was on average 0.19 ± 0.08 kWh P.E.-1 for the AGS and 0.30 ± 0.08 kWh P.E.-1 for the CAS. However, both processes had the potential for decreased energy usage. Over 1 year, both processes showed similar fluctuations in energy usage, related to variations in loading, temperature, and DO. The AGS had a lower specific area, 0.3 m2 m-3 d-1 , compared to 0.6 m2 m-3 d-1 of the CAS, and also a lower specific volume, 1.3 m3 m-3 d-1 compared to 2.0 m3 m-3 d-1 . This study confirms that AGS at full-scale can be compact and still have comparable energy usage as CAS. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Full-scale case study comparison of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS), operated in parallel. AGS had 50 % lower footprint compared to CAS. Energy usage was lower in the AGS, but both processes had potential to improve the energy usage efficiency. Both processes showed low average effluent concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ekholm
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Persson
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Dan Q, Li J, Du R, Sun T, Li X, Zhang Q, Peng Y. Highly Enriched Anammox Bacteria with a Novel Granulation Model Regulated by Epistylis spp. in Domestic Wastewater Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3571-3580. [PMID: 36811889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anammox granulation is an efficient solution proffered to enrich slow-growing anammox bacteria (AnAOB), but the lack of effective granulation strategies for low-strength domestic wastewater impedes its application. In this study, a novel granulation model regulated by Epistylis spp. for highly enriched AnAOB was revealed for the first time. Notably, anammox granulation was achieved within 65 d of domestic wastewater treatment. The stalks of Epistylis spp. were found to act as the skeleton of granules and provide attachment points for bacterial colonization, and the expanded biomass layer in turn provided more area for the unstalked free-swimming zooids. Additionally, Epistylis spp. exerted much less predation stress on AnAOB than on nitrifying bacteria, and AnAOB tended to grow in aggregates in the interior of granules, thus favoring the growth and retention of AnAOB. Ultimately, the relative abundance of AnAOB reached up to a maximum of 8.2% in granules (doubling time of 9.9 d) compared to 1.1% in flocs (doubling time of 23.1 d), representing the most substantial disparity between granules and flocs. Overall, our findings advance the current understanding of interactions involved in granulation between protozoa and microbial communities and offer new insight into the specific enrichment of AnAOB under the novel granulation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongpeng Dan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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6
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Poelmans S, Dockx L, Seguel Suazo K, Goettert D, Dries J. Implementation of an anaerobic selector step for the densification of activated sludge treating high-salinity petrochemical wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:823-833. [PMID: 36853764 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sludge bulking is a common challenge in industrial biological wastewater treatment. Leading to difficulties such as bad sludge settling and washout, which is a problem also encountered in the petrochemical industry. Anaerobic feeding strategies can be used to induce the growth of storage-capable organisms, such as glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO), leading to denser sludge flocs and better settling. In this study, the implementation of an anaerobic feeding strategy was investigated for high-salinity petrochemical wastewater (±35 g salts·L-1), using a sequencing batch reactor. Influent, effluent and sludge characteristics were analyzed throughout the operational period, which can be divided into three stages: I (normal operation), II (increased influent volume) and III (longer anaerobic mixing). Good effluent quality was observed during all stages with effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) < 100 mgO2·L-1 and removal efficiencies of 95%. After 140 days, the sludge volume index decreased below 100 mL·g-1 reaching the threshold of good settling sludge. Sludge morphology clearly improved, with dense sludge flocs and less filaments being present. A maximum anaerobic dissolved oxygen carbon (DOC) uptake was achieved on day 80 with 74% during stage III. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed the presence of GAOs, with increasing relative read abundance over time from 1 to 3.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Poelmans
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, Research Group Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Lennert Dockx
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, Research Group Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Karina Seguel Suazo
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, Research Group Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Dorothee Goettert
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, Research Group Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Jan Dries
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, Research Group Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering (BioWAVE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium E-mail:
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7
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Ji Y, Cao R, Zhou J, Li M, Zhu L, Xu X. Understanding the N-acylated homoserine lactones(AHLs)-based quorum sensing for the stability of aerobic granular sludge in the aspect of substrate hydrolysis enhancement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159581. [PMID: 36397605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient substrate metabolism is the premise for stable operation of aerobic granular sludge and can be regulated by quorum sensing (QS). In this study, starch and acetate were selected to represent complex and simple substrates to provide comparable amount of metabolic energy for granules cultivation. Starch-fed granules were larger in size and contained higher EPS content than acetate-fed granules, though both granules exhibited similar substrate-degradation rates during sequencing batch reactor (SBR) cycle. Three N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs), including C8-HSL, 3OHC8-HSL and 3OHC12-HSL, were detected as dominant autoinducers in granules. They accumulated more in starch-fed granules than acetate-fed granules. The batch experiments were implemented to investigate QS regulation for granular stability in terms of substrate hydrolysis and transformation. The addition of three AHLs increased the activity of α-amylase, the main starch hydrolase, 4-6 times, significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the control treatment without AHLs amendment. While activity of dehydrogenase, the main simple substrate degradation enzyme, was increased only 1-2 times. Higher enzyme activity, especially α-amylase, significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the substrate-degradation rate (65 % than control group) and EPS yield in starch-fed system. Overall, QS can facilitate complex substrate uptake via hydrolysis enhancement and EPS secretion, which together promote sludge granulation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yatong Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Runjuan Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark 07102, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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He Y, Mao H, Makinia J, Drewnowski J, Wu B, Xu J, Xie L, Lu X. Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance, microbial community and N 2O production. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:146-155. [PMID: 36182125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated. The results of the long-term experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity, to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency. Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal, accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% of the TN removal, respectively. Anammox bacteria could remain active with high abundance of anammox genes to maintain its dominance. Candidatus Kuenenia and Thauera were the predominant genera in the presence of organic matter. Compared with sCOD, batch experiments showed that the introduction of pCOD had a negative effect on nitrogen removal. The contribution of denitrification to nitrogen removal decreased from approximately 14% to 3% with increasing percentage of pCOD. In addition, the analysis result of the process data using an optimized ASM1 model indicated that high percentage of pCOD resulted in serious N2O emission (the peak value up to 0.25 mg N/L), which was likely due to limited mass diffusion and insufficient available carbon sources for denitrification. However, a high sCOD/N ratio was beneficial for alleviating N2O accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Jakub Drewnowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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9
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Ji Y, Cao R, Wang C, Xu X, Zhu L. Effect of flow regime on mass transfer diffusion and stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in view of interfacial thermodynamic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116293. [PMID: 36261993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has been widely studied as "The Next Generation Wastewater Treatment technology". The effect of hydraulic conditions on the structural stability of AGS has been widely studied. However, the function of flow regime on the AGS stability, especially dissolved oxygen (DO) mass transfer, is still unknown. In this study, we used the Reynolds number (Re) to quantify the flow regime and selected different stages of AGS as experimental subjects. Results showed that the relatively suitable Re (Re = 150) could create lower DO mass transfer limitation (Lc = 27.4 μm) and increase protein (PN) contents and the abundance of hydrophobic functional groups in AGS. At this condition (Re = 150), the interfacial Gibbs free energy of sludge-water (ΔGLSa) was at a lower state (-129.75 ± 2.15 mJ·m-2), which favored the stability of AGS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis indicated that the response of ΔGLSa was affected by Lc, PN, and hydrophobic groups. In addition, results obtained for unstable AGS further verified that suitable Re regulates the structural stability of AGS. This study deepens the understanding of Re as an important hydraulic parameter for structural stability of AGS, which is also of great significance for energy saving of sequential batch reactors (SBRs) with agitation in practical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatong Ji
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Runjuan Cao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water Pollution Control, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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10
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Wan C, Fu L, Li Z, Liu X, Lin L, Wu C. Formation, application, and storage-reactivation of aerobic granular sludge: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116302. [PMID: 36150350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It was an important discovery in wastewater treatment that the microorganisms in the traditional activated sludge can form aerobic granular sludge (AGS) by self-aggregation under appropriate water quality and operation conditions. With a typical three-dimensional spherical structure, AGS has high sludge-water separation efficiency, great treatment capacity, and strong tolerance to toxic and harmful substances, so it has been considered to be one of the most promising wastewater treatment technologies. This paper comprehensively reviewed AGS from multiple perspectives over the past two decades, including the culture conditions, granulation mechanisms, metabolic and structural stability, storage, and its diverse applications. Some important issues, such as the reproducibility of culture conditions and the structural and functional stability during application and storage, were also summarized, and the research prospects were put forward. The aggregation behavior of microorganisms in AGS was explained from the perspectives of physiology and ecology of complex populations. The storage of AGS is considered to have large commercial potential value with the increase of large-scale applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the systematic and in-depth study on the sludge aerobic granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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11
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Liang Y, Pan Z, Guo T, Feng H, Yan A, Ni Y, Li J. Filamentous Bacteria and Stalked Ciliates for the Stable Structure of Aerobic Granular Sludge Treating Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15747. [PMID: 36497821 PMCID: PMC9735926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. AGS formation belongs to microbial self-aggregation. Investigation of the formation and stability of AGS is widely paid attention to, in particular the structure stability of large size granules. Two types of AGS were developed in two sequencing batch reactors fed by two different wastewaters, respectively. Through confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the structure and composition of granules were analyzed. Filamentous bacteria were observed in granules from synthetic wastewater reactor, while filamentous bacteria and stalked ciliates (Epistylis sp.) were simultaneously found in granules from domestic wastewater reactor. The analytic results show that filamentous bacteria and stalked ciliates acting as skeletons play important roles in the formation and stability of granules. With the bonding of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), the filamentous bacteria and stalked ciliates could build bridges and frames to promote the aggregation of bacteria; these microorganisms could create a space grid structure around the surface layer of granules to enhance the strength of granules, and the remnants of the stalks could serve as supports to fix the steadiness of granules.
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Kosar S, Isik O, Cicekalan B, Gulhan H, Sagir Kurt E, Atli E, Basa S, Ozgun H, Koyuncu I, van Loosdrecht MCM, Ersahin ME. Impact of primary sedimentation on granulation and treatment performance of municipal wastewater by aerobic granular sludge process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115191. [PMID: 35526399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granules contain microorganisms that are responsible for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process in which aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic layers (from surface to core) occur in a single granule. Optimizing the aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process for granulation and efficient nutrient removal can be challenging. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of settling prior to AGS process on granulation and treatment performance of the process. For this purpose, synthetic wastewater mimicking municipal wastewater was fed directly (Stage 1), and after primary sedimentation (Stage 2) to a laboratory-scale AGS system. In full-scale wastewater treatment plants, primary sedimentation is used to remove particulate organic matter and produce primary sludge which is sent to anaerobic digesters to produce biogas. Performances obtained in both stages were compared in terms of treatment efficiency, granule settling behavior, and granule morphology. Granulation was achieved in both stages with more than 92% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies in each stage. High nutrient removal was obtained in Stage 1 since anaerobic phase was long enough (i.e., 50 min) to hydrolyze particulate matter to become available for PAOs. Primary sedimentation caused a decrease in influent organic load and COD/N ratio, as a result, low nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were observed in Stage 2 compared to Stage 1. With this study, the effect of the primary sedimentation on the biological removal performance of AGS process was revealed. COD requirement for nutrient removal in AGS systems should be assessed by considering energy generation via biogas production from primary sedimentation sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiye Kosar
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Onur Isik
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Cicekalan
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hazal Gulhan
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Sagir Kurt
- ISKI, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Eyup, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Atli
- ISKI, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Eyup, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safak Basa
- ISKI, Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Eyup, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Ozgun
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Evren Ersahin
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey; National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Derlon N, Garcia Villodres M, Kovács R, Brison A, Layer M, Takács I, Morgenroth E. Modelling of aerobic granular sludge reactors: the importance of hydrodynamic regimes, selective sludge removal and gradients. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:410-431. [PMID: 35960827 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic selection is a key feature of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems but existing aerobic granular sludge (AGS) models neglect those mechanisms: gradients over reactor height (Hreactor), selective removal of slow settling sludge, etc. This study aimed at evaluating to what extent integration of those additional processes into AGS models is needed, i.e., at demonstrating that model predictions (biomass inventory, microbial activities and effluent quality) are affected by such additional model complexity. We therefore developed a new AGS model that includes key features of full-scale AGS systems: fill-draw operation, selective sludge removal, distinct settling models for flocs/granules. We then compared predictions of our model to those of a fully mixed AGS model. Our results demonstrate that hydraulic selection can be predicted with an assembly of four continuous stirred tank reactors in series together with a correction code for plug-flow. Concentration gradients over the reactor height during settling/plug-flow feeding strongly impact the predictions of aerobic granular sludge models in terms of microbial selection, microbial activities and ultimately effluent quality. Hydraulic selection is a key to predict selection of storing microorganisms (phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO)) and in turn effluent quality in terms of total phosphorus, and for predicting effluent solid concentration and dynamic during plug-flow feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland E-mail:
| | - Mercedes Garcia Villodres
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland E-mail: ; WABAG Water Technology Ltd, Bürglistrasse 31, CH-8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Róbert Kovács
- Dynamita, 7 Eoupe, La Redoute, Nyons 26110, France; Nonlineum, 37 Perjes str., Budapest 1165, Hungary
| | - Antoine Brison
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland E-mail:
| | - Manuel Layer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland E-mail:
| | - Imre Takács
- Dynamita, 7 Eoupe, La Redoute, Nyons 26110, France
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland E-mail: ; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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14
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Liu W, Wang J, Shen Y, Ji X, Yang D. Response of nitritation granules to anaerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater at low temperatures in a continuous-flow reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133831. [PMID: 35120951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving mainstream nitritation with aerobic granules is attractive based on increasing evidence but generally treating artificial low-ammonium wastewater. Real municipal wastewater is much more complex in composition, the behavior of the nitritation granules would be different when treating real municipal wastewater. Herein, the response of nitritation granules to influent shift from artificial low-ammonium (35-40 mg/L) wastewater to anaerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater (MWWpre-treated) was investigated at low temperatures. Results showed that MWWpre-treated caused the outgrowth of filamentous bacteria on the granule surface and developed into finger-like structures, which in turn resulted in the decrease of the overall granular sludge settleability. Batch-tests and microbial analysis indicated the functional and microbial differentiation between the newly formed fluffy exterior and the original compact granule. The fluffy exterior was dominated by genus Flavobacterium (66.6%) and primarily functioned as COD removal, whereas the nitrifiers (mainly Nitrosomonas) were still located in the compact core and performed nitritation. Moreover, the heterotrophs-dominated fluffy exterior hindered the oxygen transfer towards nitrifiers located in the compact granule and thereby facilitated the stable NOB repression in the granule particularly at low temperatures (<10 °C). Finally, gradual recovery of the granular sludge morphology and settleability occurred after the influent reverted to synthetic low-ammonium wastewater. Overall, this work demonstrated that the feeding of MWWpre-treated only caused morphological changes of the nitritation granules, but its structural and functional stability could be maintained stably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Jianfang Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yaoliang Shen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dianhai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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15
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Reproducibility of Aerobic Granules in Treating Low-Strength and Low-C/N-Ratio Wastewater and Associated Microbial Community Structure. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term stability of the aerobic granular sludge system is essentially based on the microbial community structure of the biomass. In this study, the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of sludge and wastewater treatment performance were investigated regarding formation, maturation, and long-term maintenance of granules in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBR), R1 and R2, under identical conditions. The aim was to explore the linkage between microbial community structure of the aerobic granules, their long-term stability, as well as the reproducibility of granulation and long-term stability. The two reactors were operated with a COD concentration of 400 mg/L and a chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen (COD/N) ratio of 4:1 under anoxic–oxic conditions. It was found that although SVI30, sludge size, and distributions in R1 and R2 were different, aerobic granules were formed, and they maintained long-term stability in both reactors for 320 days, implying that a certain level of randomness of granulation does not affect the long-term stability and performance for COD and N removal. In addition, a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of microbial production was observed after the sludge was converted from inoculum or flocs to granules, but this did not negatively affect the performance of wastewater treatment. Among the predominant microbial species in aerobic granules, Zoogloea was identified as the most important bacteria present during the whole operation with the highest abundance, while Thauera was the important genus in the formation and maturation of the aerobic granules, but it cannot be maintained long-term due to the low food-to-microorganisms ratio (F/M) in the system. In addition, some species from Ohtaekwangia, Chryseobacterium, Taibaiella, and Tahibacter were found to proliferate strongly during long-term maintenance of aerobic granules. They may play an important role in the long-term stability of aerobic granules. These results demonstrate the reproducibility of granulation, the small influence of granulation on long-term stability, and the robustness of aerobic granulation for the removal of COD and N. Overall, our study contributes significantly to the understanding of microbial community structure for the long-term stability of aerobic granular sludge in the treatment of low-COD and low-COD/N-ratio wastewater in practice.
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16
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De Vleeschauwer F, Caluwé M, Dobbeleers T, Stes H, Dockx L, Kiekens F, Copot C, Dries J. A dynamically controlled anaerobic/aerobic granular sludge reactor efficiently treats brewery/bottling wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3515-3527. [PMID: 34928823 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of a dynamic control strategy in an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactor treating real variable brewery/bottling wastewater. For 482 days, the anaerobic and aerobic reaction steps in a lab-scale AGS system were controlled dynamically. A pH-based control was used for the anaerobic step, and an oxygen uptake rate (OUR) based control for the aerobic step. Additionally, the effect of an elongated aerobic step, and the effect of the removal of the suspended solids from the influent, on AGS formation were also investigated. In comparison to a static operation, the dynamic operation resulted in similar reactor performance, related to effluent quality and the anaerobic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake efficiency, while the organic loading rate was significantly higher. The removal of suspended solids from the influent by chemical coagulation with FeCl3 turned hybrid floccular-granular sludge into fully granular sludge. The granulation coincided with a significant increase in the abundance of the glycogen-accumulating Candidatus Competibacter and an increase in the content of gel-forming EPS to respectively around 14% and 30%. In conclusion, this study showed the successful application of a dynamic control strategy based on common and low-cost sensors for AGS treatment of industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flinn De Vleeschauwer
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Michel Caluwé
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Thomas Dobbeleers
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Hannah Stes
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail: ; Pantarein Water BVBA, Egide Walschaersstraat 22 L, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Lennert Dockx
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cosmin Copot
- Research group Op3Mech, Optical Metrology, 3D Design and Mechanics, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Dries
- Research Group BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorisation and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium E-mail:
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17
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Wang J, Sun Z. Successful application of municipal domestic wastewater as a co-substrate in 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130707. [PMID: 33971410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater containing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is highly toxic and causes harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, wastewater containing high levels of 2,4,6-TCP was successfully co-metabolized by introducing municipal domestic wastewater (MDW) as the co-catabolic carbon source. The concentration of degraded 2,4,6-TCP increased from 0 to 208.71 mg/L by adjusting the influent MDW volume during a 150-day-long operation. An MDW dose of 500 mL was found optimal, with an average concentration of 250 mgCOD/L. Unlike the long-term experiment, changing the MDW adding mode in a typical cycle further increased the concentration of 2,4,6-TCP removed to 317 mg/L. The main MDW components, such as the sugars, VFAs, and slowly biodegradable organic substances, improved 2,4,6-TCP degradation, achieving a TOC removal efficiency of 90.98% and a dechlorination efficiency of 100%. The MDW level did not change the 2,4,6-TCP degradation rate (μTCP) in a typical cycle compared to the single carbon source, and the μTCP remained at a high level of 50 mg 2,4,6-TCP/h. Macrogenetic analysis demonstrated that MDW addition promoted the growth of 43 bacterial genera (41.49%) responsible for 2,4,6-TCP degradation and intermediates' metabolism. The key genes for 2,4,6-TCP metabolism (pcpA, chqB, mal-r, pcaI, pcaF, and fadA) were detected in the activated sludge, which were distributed among the 43 genera. To conclude, this study proposes a new carbon source for co-metabolism to treat 2,4,6-TCP-polluted wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China.
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18
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Dockx L, Caluwé M, De Vleeschauwer F, Dobbeleers T, Dries J. Impact of the substrate composition on enhanced biological phosphorus removal during formation of aerobic granular sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125482. [PMID: 34320762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Performance of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is often investigated with simple synthetic wastewater containing volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In this study, various (fermentable) substrates, individually and in mixtures, were examined during the application of a granulation strategy. In addition, the microbial community and N2O formation were monitored. Sludge densification was observed in all systems. Stable EBPR, associated with the presence of Accumulibacter and an anaerobic P-release up to 21.9 mgPO43--P.gVSS-1, was only obtained when VFAs were present as sole substrate or in mixture. Systems fed with VFAs were strongly related to the formation of N2O (maximum of 6.25% relative to the total available nitrogen). A moderate anaerobic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake was observed when amino acids (64.27 ± 3.08%) and glucose (75.39 ± 5.79%) as sole carbon source were applied. The substrate/species-specific enrichment of Burkholderiaceae and Saccharimonadaceae respectively, resulted in unstable EBPR in those systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Dockx
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michel Caluwé
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Flinn De Vleeschauwer
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dobbeleers
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jan Dries
- BioWAVE, Biochemical Wastewater Valorization and Engineering, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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19
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Effect of an Increased Particulate COD Load on the Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: A Full Scale Study. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of particulate COD (pCOD) in the influent of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems are often associated to small granule diameter and a large fraction of flocculent sludge. At high particulate concentrations even granule stability and process performance might be compromised. However, pilot- or full-scale studies focusing on the effect of real wastewater particulates on AGS are scarce. This study describes a 3-month period of increased particulate loading at a municipal AGS wastewater treatment plant. The pCOD concentration of the influent increased from 0.5 g COD/L to 1.3 g COD/L, by adding an untreated slaughterhouse wastewater source to the influent. Sludge concentration, waste sludge production and COD and nutrient removal performance were monitored. Furthermore, to investigate how the sludge acclimatises to a higher influent particulate content, lipase and protease hydrolytic activities were studied, as well as the microbial community composition of the sludge. The composition of the granule bed and nutrient removal efficiency did not change considerably by the increased pCOD. Interestingly, the biomass-specific hydrolytic activities of the sludge did not increase during the test period either. However, already during normal operation the aerobic granules and flocs exhibited a hydrolytic potential that exceeded the influent concentrations of proteins and lipids. Microbial community analysis also revealed a high proportion of putative hydrolysing and fermenting organisms in the sludge, both during normal operation and during the test period. The results of this study highlight the robustness of the full-scale AGS process, which can bear a substantial increase in the influent pCOD concentration during an extended period.
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20
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Tavares Ferreira TJ, Luiz de Sousa Rollemberg S, Nascimento de Barros A, Machado de Lima JP, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Integrated review of resource recovery on aerobic granular sludge systems: Possibilities and challenges for the application of the biorefinery concept. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112718. [PMID: 33962280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) is a biological treatment technology that has been extensively studied in the last decade. The possibility of resource recovery has always been highlighted in these systems, but real-scale applications are still scarce. Therefore, this paper aimed to present a systematic review of resources recovery such as water, energy, chemicals, raw materials, and nutrients from AGS systems, also analyzing aspects of engineering and economic viability. In the solid phase, sludge application in agriculture is an interesting possibility. However, the biosolids' metal concentration (the granules have high adsorption capacity due to the high concentration of extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) may be an issue. Another possibility is the recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Alginate-like exopolymers (bio-ALE) in the solid phase, emphasizing the last one, which has already been made in some Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), named and patented as Kaumera® process. The Operational Expenditure (OPEX) can be reduced by 50% in the WWTP when recovery of ALE is made. The ALE recovery reduced sludge yield by up to 35%, less CO2 emissions, and energy saving. Finally, the discharged sludge can also be evaluated to be used for energetic purposes via anaerobic digestion (AD) or combustion. However, the AD route has faced difficulties due to the low biodegradability of aerobic granules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Nascimento de Barros
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Machado de Lima
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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21
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Shi L, Li X, Zhang Q, Peng Y. Effectively stimulating partial denitrification to utilize dissolved slowly-biodegradable organic matter by introducing in-situ biosorption and hydrolytic acidification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125175. [PMID: 33895667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, partial denitrification (PD, nitrate → nitrite) using dissolved slowly-biodegradable organic matter (DSBOM) was effectively established by introducing biosorption and hydrolytic acidification (HA) as a pretreatment for carbon capture and conversion. After 119 days of optimized operation, an efficient nitrate to nitrite transformation of 80% was achieved, with an influent nitrate level of 40 mg/L and DSBOM level of 183.8 mg/L. There was a significant shift from exogenous PD to endogenous PD, with energy supplied by HA products of captured DSBOM, i.e., acetate, saccharide and intracellular poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), jointly facilitating nitrite production. This was well explained by that genera Dechloromonas (26.7%), possibly responsible for carbon HA and nitrite production, were enriched; while abundant enzymes for glycolysis, acetate fermentation and PHAs storage, and 2.6 times more nitrate reductases than nitrite reductases were identified. These results highlight a novel carbon capture reuse and PD-based anammox strategy to cost-effectively treat nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
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22
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Anaerobic hydrolysis of complex substrates in full-scale aerobic granular sludge: enzymatic activity determined in different sludge fractions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6073-6086. [PMID: 34302200 PMCID: PMC8390406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Complex substrates, like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, are major components of domestic wastewater, and yet their degradation in biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies, such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS), is not well understood. Hydrolysis is considered the rate-limiting step in the bioconversion of complex substrates, and as such, it will impact the utilization of a large wastewater COD (chemical oxygen demand) fraction by the biofilms or granules. To study the hydrolysis of complex substrates within these types of biomass, this paper investigates the anaerobic activity of major hydrolytic enzymes in the different sludge fractions of a full-scale AGS reactor. Chromogenic substrates were used under fully mixed anaerobic conditions to determine lipase, protease, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase activities in large granules (>1 mm in diameter), small granules (0.2–1 mm), flocculent sludge (0.045–0.2 mm), and bulk liquid. Furthermore, composition and hydrolytic activity of influent wastewater samples were determined. Our results showed an overcapacity of the sludge to hydrolyze wastewater soluble and colloidal polymeric substrates. The highest specific hydrolytic activity was associated with the flocculent sludge fraction (1.5–7.5 times that of large and smaller granules), in agreement with its large available surface area. However, the biomass in the full-scale reactor consisted of 84% large granules, making the large granules account for 55–68% of the total hydrolytic activity potential in the reactor. These observations shine a new light on the contribution of large granules to the conversion of polymeric COD and suggest that large granules can hydrolyze a significant amount of this influent fraction. The anaerobic removal of polymeric soluble and colloidal substrates could clarify the stable granule formation that is observed in full-scale installations, even when those are fed with complex wastewaters. Key points • Large and small granules contain >70% of the hydrolysis potential in an AGS reactor. • Flocculent sludge has high hydrolytic activity but constitutes <10% VS in AGS. • AGS has an overcapacity to hydrolyze complex substrates in domestic wastewater. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11443-3.
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Barrios-Hernández ML, Bettinelli C, Mora-Cabrera K, Vanegas-Camero MC, Garcia H, van de Vossenberg J, Prats D, Brdjanovic D, van Loosdrecht MCM, Hooijmans CM. Unravelling the removal mechanisms of bacterial and viral surrogates in aerobic granular sludge systems. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 195:116992. [PMID: 33714012 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process is an effective wastewater treatment technology for organic matter and nutrient removal that has been introduced in the market rapidly. Until now, limited information is available on AGS regarding the removal of bacterial and viral pathogenic organisms present in sewage. This study focussed on determining the relation between reactor operational conditions (plug flow feeding, turbulent aeration and settling) and physical and biological mechanisms on removing two faecal surrogates, Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophages. Two AGS laboratory-scale systems were separately fed with influent spiked with 1.0 × 106 CFU/100 mL of E. coli and 1.3 × 108 PFU/100 mL of MS2 bacteriophages and followed during the different operational phases. The reactors contained only granular sludge and no flocculent sludge. Both systems showed reductions in the liquid phase of 0.3 Log10 during anaerobic feeding caused by a dilution factor and attachment of the organisms on the granules. Higher removal efficiencies were achieved during aeration, approximately 1 Log10 for E. coli and 0.6 Log10 for the MS2 bacteriophages caused mainly by predation. The 18S sequencing analysis revealed high operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of free-living protozoa genera Rhogostoma and Telotrochidium concerning the whole eukaryotic community. Attached ciliates propagated after the addition of the E. coli, an active contribution of the genera Epistylis, Vorticella, and Pseudovorticella was found when the reactor reached stability. In contrast, no significant growth of predators occurred when spiking the system with MS2 bacteriophages, indicating a low contribution of protozoa on the phage removal. Settling did not contribute to the removal of the studied bacterial and viral surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Luz Barrios-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Escuela de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, 159-7050, Costa Rica.
| | - Carolina Bettinelli
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Mora-Cabrera
- Institute of the Water and the Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria-Clara Vanegas-Camero
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hector Garcia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jack van de Vossenberg
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Prats
- Institute of the Water and the Environmental Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Damir Brdjanovic
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Hooijmans
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
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24
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Initialization, enhancement and mechanisms of aerobic granulation in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chan SH, Ismail MH, Tan CH, Rice SA, McDougald D. Microbial predation accelerates granulation and modulates microbial community composition. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:91. [PMID: 33773594 PMCID: PMC8004422 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial communities are responsible for biological nutrient removal and flocculation in engineered systems such as activated floccular sludge. Predators such as bacteriophage and protozoa exert significant predation pressure and cause bacterial mortality within these communities. However, the roles of bacteriophage and protozoan predation in impacting granulation process remain limited. Recent studies hypothesised that protozoa, particularly sessile ciliates, could have an important role in granulation as these ciliates were often observed in high abundance on surfaces of granules. Bacteriophages were hypothesized to contribute to granular stability through bacteriophage-mediated extracellular DNA release by lysing bacterial cells. This current study investigated the bacteriophage and protozoan communities throughout the granulation process. In addition, the importance of protozoan predation during granulation was also determined through chemical killing of protozoa in the floccular sludge. RESULTS Four independent bioreactors seeded with activated floccular sludge were operated for aerobic granulation for 11 weeks. Changes in the phage, protozoa and bacterial communities were characterized throughout the granulation process. The filamentous phage, Inoviridae, increased in abundance at the initiation phase of granulation. However, the abundance shifted towards lytic phages during the maturation phase. In contrast, the abundance and diversity of protozoa decreased initially, possibly due to the reduction in settling time and subsequent washout. Upon the formation of granules, ciliated protozoa from the class Oligohymenophorea were the dominant group of protozoa based on metacommunity analysis. These protozoa had a strong, positive-correlation with the initial formation of compact aggregates prior to granule development. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of these ciliates in the floccular sludge delayed the initiation of granule formation. Analysis of the bacterial communities in the thiram treated sludge demonstrated that the recovery of 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' was positively correlated with the formation of compact aggregates and granules. CONCLUSION Predation by bacteriophage and protozoa were positively correlated with the formation of aerobic granules. Increases in Inoviridae abundance suggested that filamentous phages may promote the structural formation of granules. Initiation of granules formation was delayed due to an absence of protozoa after chemical treatment. The presence of 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' was necessary for the formation of granules in the absence of protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Herng Chan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Ismail
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Hao Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Diane McDougald
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Paulo AMS, Amorim CL, Costa J, Mesquita DP, Ferreira EC, Castro PML. Long-term stability of a non-adapted aerobic granular sludge process treating fish canning wastewater associated to EPS producers in the core microbiome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144007. [PMID: 33250239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) to variable wastewater composition is perceived as one of its greatest advantages compared to other aerobic processes. However, research studies select optimal operational conditions for evaluating AGS performance, such as the use of pre-adapted biomass and the control of wastewater composition. In this study, non-adapted granular sludge was used to treat fish canning wastewater presenting highly variable organic, nutrient and salt levels over a period of ca. 8 months. Despite salt levels up to 14 g NaCl L-1, the organic loading rate (OLR) was found to be the main factor driving AGS performance. Throughout the first months of operation, the OLR was generally lower than 1.2 kg COD m-3 day-1, resulting in stable nitrification and low COD and phosphorous levels at the outlet. An increase in OLR up to 2.3 kg COD m-3 day-1 disturbed nitrification and COD and phosphate removal, but a decrease to average values between 1 and 1.6 kg COD m-3 day-1 led to resuming of those processes. Most of the bacteria present in the AGS core microbiome were associated to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, such as Thauera and Paracoccus, which increased during the higher OLR period. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) species were detected in AGS biomass; while AOB were identified throughout the operation, NOB were no further identified after the period of increased OLR. Different polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) were detected along the process: CandidatusAccumulibacter, Tetrasphaera and Gemmatimonas. A non-adapted granular sludge was able to treat the fish canning wastewater and to tolerate salinity fluctuations up to 14 g L-1. Overall, a high microbial diversity associated to EPS producers allowed to preserve bacterial groups responsible for nutrients removal, contributing to the adaptation and long-term stability of the AGS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M S Paulo
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina L Amorim
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Daniela P Mesquita
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Paula M L Castro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Haaksman VA, Mirghorayshi M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Pronk M. Impact of aerobic availability of readily biodegradable COD on morphological stability of aerobic granular sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116402. [PMID: 32956938 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Operational disturbances in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems can result in aerobic availability of readily biodegradable COD (rbCOD). Different from activated sludge, morphological consequences on the short and long term are not well described in literature. This study investigated the effect of incomplete anaerobic uptake of acetate on the morphological and process stability of AGS using a lab-scale reactor. A fraction of the total acetate load was dosed aerobically, which was increased stepwise while monitoring granular morphology. A good granular morphology and an SVI of 40 ml/g were obtained during initial enrichment and maintained for ≤20% aerobic acetate load dosed at 4 mg COD/g VSS/h. Biological phosphorus removal efficiency was initially unaffected, but the aerobic acetate dosage rate did decrease the aerobic phosphate uptake rate. This led to loss of phosphorus removal for >20% aerobic acetate load dosed at 8 mg COD/g VSS/h over the course of 12 days. Subsequently, significant outgrowth formed on the granular surfaces and developed over time into finger-like structures. Under these high aerobic acetate loads the SVI increased to 80 ml/g and resulted in significant biomass washout due to deteriorating settling properties of the sludge. The sludge settleability and biological phosphorus removal recovered 10 days after aerobic feeding of acetate was stopped. Aerobic presence of rbCOD can be tolerated if mostly anaerobic acetate uptake is maintained, thereby ensuring stable granular morphology and good settleability. The high enrichment of phosphate accumulating organisms in the granular sludge through bottom-feeding and selective wasting of flocs makes aerobic granular sludge resilient to morphological deterioration in aerobic presence of rbCOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Haaksman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands.
| | - M Mirghorayshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands; Environment Research Center (ERC), Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - M Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, Netherlands; Royal HaskoningDHV, Laan 1914 35, Amersfoort 3800 AL, Netherlands
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28
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Shi L, Du R, Peng Y, Li Y. Simultaneous carbon reutilization for primary sludge and stable nitrite production in a hydrolytic acidification coupled with partial denitrification system to treat nitrate contaminant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124062. [PMID: 32916459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification (PD, nitrate → nitrite) is a promising process for the hazardous nitrate removal by producing nitrite for Anammox. In this study, the startup and performance of PD using slowly biodegradable organic matter in primary sludge was explored by combining with in-situ hydrolytic acidification (HA). Results showed that efficient PD was established with 61.3% nitrite production at an influent nitrate level of 50 mg/L, with a simultaneous 23.1% reduction in volatile sludge mass. Efficient electron donors including acetate (13.2%), dissolved saccharide (11.9%), and intracellular poly-hydroxyalkanoates (22.5%) were generated from sludge HA, jointly promoting desirable nitrite production. Microbial analysis revealed that adding primary sludge significantly increased community diversity; however, the specific genera Dechloromonas (11.9%) and Thauera (10.5%) remained stably enriched to facilitate the efficient sludge reduction and nitrite production. These findings provide a novel strategy for simultaneously treating primary sludge, nitrate contaminant, and domestic wastewater using a HAPD and Anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Yanan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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29
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Layer M, Bock K, Ranzinger F, Horn H, Morgenroth E, Derlon N. Particulate substrate retention in plug-flow and fully-mixed conditions during operation of aerobic granular sludge systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 9:100075. [PMID: 33196033 PMCID: PMC7645637 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate substrate (XB) is the major organic substrate fraction in most municipal wastewaters. However, the impact of XB on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems is not fully understood. This study evaluated the physical retention of XB in AGS sequencing batch reactor (SBR) during anaerobic plug-flow and then aerobic fully-mixed conditions. The influence of different sludge types and operational variables on the extent and mechanisms of XB retention in AGS SBR were evaluated. XB mass-balancing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied. During the anaerobic plug-flow feeding, most XB was retained in the first few cm of the settled sludge bed within the interstitial voids, where XB settled and accumulated ultimately resulting in the formation of a filter-cake. Sedimentation and surface filtration were thus the dominant XB retention mechanisms during plug-flow conditions, indicating that contact and attachment of XB to the biomass was limited. XB retention was variable and influenced by the XB influent concentration, sludge bed composition and upflow feeding velocity (vww). XB retention increased with larger XB influent concentrations and lower vww, which demonstrated the importance of sedimentation on XB retention during plug-flow conditions. Hence, large fractions of influent XB likely re-suspended during aerobic fully-mixed conditions, where XB then preferentially and rapidly attached to the flocs. During fully-mixed conditions, increasing floc fractions, longer mixing times and larger XB concentrations increased XB retention. Elevated XB retention was observed after short mixing times < 60 min when flocs were present, and the contribution of flocs towards XB retention was even more pronounced for short mixing times < 5 min. Overall, our results suggest that flocs occupy an environmental niche that results from the availability of XB during aerobic fully-mixed conditions of AGS SBR. Therefore, a complete wash-out of flocs is not desirable in AGS systems treating municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Layer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. Bock
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - F. Ranzinger
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H. Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E. Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N. Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Wang BB, Luo Q, Li HJ, Yao Q, Zhang L, Zou JT, He F. Characterization of aerobic granules formed in an aspartic acid fed sequencing batch reactor under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127600. [PMID: 32758769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Granules initiation and development is the backbone of aerobic granular sludge technology. Feed composition can notably affect initiation and development of aerobic granules, and yield aerobic granules with distinct microbial community, morphology and structure. This paper reports an unexpected formation of aerobic granules in an aspartic acid fed SBR under unfavorable hydrodynamic selection conditions. Detailed characteristics of these aerobic granules were investigated in terms of morphology, structure, bioactivity and EPS. The results showed that due to the absence of favorable hydrodynamic selection pressure, the formed aerobic granules had an irregular shape with a rough outline and loose internal structure, which was quite different from mature aerobic granules. Bacteria in these aerobic granules were mainly presented in the form of microcolony with calcium and β-polysaccharides responsible for its mechanical stability. The high N/C ratio of aspartic acid enabled the enrichment of significant amount of nitrifiers within aerobic granules and thus resulted in high nitrification activity of these aerobic granules. The negatively charged and hydrophilic aspartic acid also induced the bacteria to secrete more exopolysaccharides for contributing to more neutral and hydrophilic surface of the aerobic granules, which was beneficial for aspartic acid capture. As a result, polysaccharides, rather than proteins, became the major components of EPS in these aerobic granules. This paper provides us a foundation to better understand the granulation potential of proteinaceous substrates that is frequently encountered in industrial wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Qin Luo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Qian Yao
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Environmental Education and Communications, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jin-Te Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
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Adler A, Holliger C. Multistability and Reversibility of Aerobic Granular Sludge Microbial Communities Upon Changes From Simple to Complex Synthetic Wastewater and Back. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574361. [PMID: 33324361 PMCID: PMC7726351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising alternative wastewater treatment to the conventional activated sludge system allowing space and energy saving. Basic understanding of AGS has mainly been obtained using simple wastewater containing acetate and propionate as carbon source. Yet, the aspect and performances of AGS grown in such model systems are different from those obtained in reactor treating real wastewater. The impact of fermentable and hydrolyzable compounds on already formed AGS was assessed separately by changing the composition of the influent from simple wastewater containing volatile fatty acids to complex monomeric wastewater containing amino acids and glucose, and then to complex polymeric wastewater containing also starch and peptone. The reversibility of the observed changes was assessed by changing the composition of the wastewater from complex monomeric back to simple. The introduction of fermentable compounds in the influent left the settling properties and nutrient removal performance unchanged, but had a significant impact on the bacterial community. The proportion of Gammaproteobacteria diminished to the benefit of Actinobacteria and the Saccharibateria phylum. On the other hand, the introduction of polymeric compounds altered the settling properties and denitrification efficiency, but induced smaller changes in the bacterial community. The changes induced by the wastewater transition were only partly reversed. Seven distinct stables states of the bacterial community were detected during the 921 days of experiment, four of them observed with the complex monomeric wastewater. The transitions between these states were not only caused by wastewater changes but also by operation failures and other incidences. However, the nutrient removal performance and settling properties of the AGS were globally maintained due to the functional redundancy of its bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Adler
- Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, School for Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Barrios-Hernández ML, Buenaño-Vargas C, García H, Brdjanovic D, van Loosdrecht MCM, Hooijmans CM. Effect of the co-treatment of synthetic faecal sludge and wastewater in an aerobic granular sludge system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140480. [PMID: 32886969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The co-treatment of two synthetic faecal sludges (FS-1 and FS-2) with municipal synthetic wastewater (WW) was evaluated in an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactor. After characterisation, FS-1 showed the following concentrations, representative for medium-strength FS: 12,180 mg TSS L-1, 24,300 mg total COD L-1, 93.8 mg PO3-P L-1, and 325 mg NH4-N L-1. The NO3-N concentration was relatively high (300 mg L-1). For FS-2, the main difference with FS-1 was a lower nitrate concentration (18 mg L-1). The recipes were added consecutively, together with the WW, to an AGS reactor. In the case of FS-1, the system was fed with 7.2 kg total COD m-3d-1 and 0.5 kg Nitrogen m-3d-1. Undesired denitrification occurred during feeding and settling resulting in floating sludge and wash-out. In the case of FS-2, the system was fed with 8.0 kg total COD m-3d-1 and 0.3 kg Nitrogen m-3d-1. The lower NO3-N concentration in FS-2 resulted in less floating sludge, a more stabilised granular bed and better effluent concentrations. To enhance the hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable particulates from the synthetic FS, an anaerobic stand-by period was added and the aeration period was increased. Overall, when compared to a control AGS reactor, a lower COD consumption (from 87 to 35 mg g-1 VSS h-1), P-uptake rates (from 6.0 to 2.0 mg P g VSS-1 h-1) and NH4-N removal (from 2.5 to 1.4 mg NH4-N g VSS-1 h-1) were registered after introducing the synthetic FS. Approximately 40% of the granular bed became flocculent at the end of the study, and a reduction of the granular size accompanied by higher solids accumulation in the reactor was observed. A considerable protozoa Vorticella spp. bloom attached to the granules and the accumulated particles occurred; potentially contributing to the removal of the suspended solids which were part of the FS recipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Luz Barrios-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica.
| | - Claribel Buenaño-Vargas
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hector García
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Damir Brdjanovic
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Hooijmans
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
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Sabri NA, van Holst S, Schmitt H, van der Zaan BM, Gerritsen HW, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM. Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes during conventional and additional treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140199. [PMID: 32615424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Information on the removal of antibiotics and ARGs in full-scale WWTPs (with or without additional treatment technology) is limited. However, it is important to understand the efficiency of full-scale treatment technologies in removing antibiotics and ARGs under a variety of conditions relevant for practice to reduce their environmental spreading. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the removal of antibiotics and ARGs in a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP A) and two full-scale combined with additional treatment technologies. WWTP B, a conventional activated sludge treatment followed by an activated carbon filtration step (1-STEP® filter) as a final treatment step. WWTP C, a treatment plant using aerobic granular sludge (NEREDA®) as an alternative to activated sludge treatment. Water and sludge were collected and analysed for 52 antibiotics from four target antibiotic groups (macrolides, sulfonamides, quinolones, tetracyclines) and four target ARGs (ermB, sul 1, sul 2 and tetW) and integrase gene class 1 (intI1). Despite the high removal percentages (79-88%) of the total load of antibiotics in all WWTPs, some antibiotics were detected in the various effluents. Additional treatment technology (WWTP C) showed antibiotics removal up to 99% (tetracyclines). For ARGs, WWTP C reduced 2.3 log followed by WWTP A with 2.0 log, and WWTP B with 1.3 log. This shows that full-scale WWTP with an additional treatment technology are promising solutions for reducing emissions of antibiotics and ARGs from wastewater treatment plants. However, total removal of the antibiotics and ARGS cannot be achieved for all types of antibiotics and ARGs. In addition, the ARGs were more abundant in the sludge compared to the wastewater effluent suggesting that sludge is an important reservoir representing a source for later ARG emissions upon reuse, i.e. as fertilizer in agriculture or as resource for bioplastics or bioflocculants. These aspects require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Sabri
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S van Holst
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Schmitt
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B M van der Zaan
- Deltares, Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 KB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H W Gerritsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Shi L, Du R, Peng Y, Li Y. Successful establishment of partial denitrification by introducing hydrolytic acidification of slowly biodegradable organic matter. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123887. [PMID: 32736319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification (PD, nitrate → nitrite) was successfully established in this study by introducing hydrolytic acidification (HA) of slowly biodegradable organic matter (SBOM). A high selectivity for the nitrate over nitrite as electron acceptors was obtained during a 178-day long-term operation, with the nitrate to nitrite transformation ratio climbing to 81.3% at an influent SBOM of 286 mg/L and low-strength nitrate of 40 mg/L. Acetate (33.9%) and dissolved saccharide (19.3%), as the major SBOM HA products, indeed facilitated high-efficiency nitrite production by serving as favorable electron donors. This was well explained by the metagenomic analysis that the dominant Dechloromonas and Thauera denitrifying genera, which hold 3.9 times higher abundance of nitrate reductase than nitrite reductase, also played a key role in carbon glycolysis and acidification. This study provides new insight into PD development in multiple types of wastewater for the versatile carbon/nitrogen metabolism of functional bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Yanan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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35
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The impact of particulate and soluble organic matter on physicochemical properties of extracellular polymeric substances in a microalga Neocystis mucosa SX. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Czarnota J, Tomaszek JA, Masłoń A, Piech A, Łagód G. Powdered Ceramsite and Powdered Limestone Use in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173894. [PMID: 32899252 PMCID: PMC7504032 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two powdered mineral materials (powdered ceramsite and powdered limestone) on aerobic granulation of sludge were evaluated. The experiment was conducted on a laboratory scale bioreactors treating wastewater for 89 days. Three granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) were operated at the lowest optimal organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.55 g COD/(L∙d). In the control reactor (R1), the mean diameter (d) of the biomass ranged from 124.0 to 210.0 µm, and complete granulation was not achieved. However, complete granulation did occur in reactors to which either ceramsite (251.9 µm < d < 783.1 µm) or limestone (246.0 µm < d < 518.9 µm) was added. Both powdered materials served as a ballast for the sludge flocs making up the seed sludge. Ceramsite particles also acted as microcarriers of granule-forming biomass. The granules in the reactors with added powdered materials had nonfibrous and smoother surfaces. The reactor with ceramsite exhibited the highest average efficiencies for COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus removal (85.4 ± 5.4%, 56.6 ± 10.2%, and 56.8 ± 9.9%, respectively). By contrast, the average nitrification efficiency was 95.1 ± 12.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czarnota
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Av, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.A.T.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (G.Ł.); Tel.: +48-17-865-1278 (J.C.); +48-81-538-4322 (G.Ł.)
| | - Janusz A. Tomaszek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Av, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Adam Masłoń
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Av, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (J.A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Adam Piech
- Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Av, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (G.Ł.); Tel.: +48-17-865-1278 (J.C.); +48-81-538-4322 (G.Ł.)
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37
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Luiz de Sousa Rollemberg S, Queiroz de Oliveira L, Nascimento de Barros A, Igor Milen Firmino P, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Pilot-scale aerobic granular sludge in the treatment of municipal wastewater: Optimizations in the start-up, methodology of sludge discharge, and evaluation of resource recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123467. [PMID: 32388453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the formation, maintenance, performance, and microbiology of a pilot-scale aerobic granular sludge reactor treating low-strength municipal wastewater under tropical climate conditions. Additionally, different resource recovery possibilities (phosphorous, tryptophan, and alginate-like exopolysaccharides) were investigated from the produced sludge. Granulation occurred after 35 days without external carbon source supplementation (CODinf ≈ 461 mg/L; COD/DBO5 ≈ 3.2). Some protocols were implemented: (i) fat separation to decrease granule flotation; (ii) high exchange rates (60%) during rainy periods to increase the organic load; (iii) selective sludge discharge methodology. After granules formation, optimizations were done to improve reactor performance (COD, BOD, NH4+, and PO43- removals close to 90%), and energy demand reduced from 0.43 (start-up) to 0.25 kWh/m3 (after optimizations). The produced sludge had a high concentration of phosphorus (0.020 g P/g VSS), tryptophan (0.048 g tryptophan/g VSS), and alginate-like exopolysaccharides (0.219 g ALE/g VSS), indicating a good resource recovery possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorayne Queiroz de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nascimento de Barros
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Igor Milen Firmino
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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38
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Ashrafi E, Allahyari E, Torresi E, Andersen HR. Effect of slow biodegradable substrate addition on biofilm structure and reactor performance in two MBBRs filled with different support media. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2750-2759. [PMID: 30734662 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1581261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBR1 and MBBR2) filled with different size of carrier media (Kaldnes K1 and Kaldnes K1 micro, respectively) were subjected to soluble (sugar and sodium acetate (Ac)) substrate and mixture of soluble and particulate (particulate potato starch (PS)) substrate in a very high organic loading rate (12 kgCOD/m3·d) at different temperatures (26 and 15°C, in MBBR1 and MBBR2, respectively). The effects of carrier type and substrate on biofilm structure and reactor performance have been studied. Starch was removed by adsorption at the biofilm surface and hydrolyzed which caused substrate gradient in MBBR1, however, hydrolyzed uniformly within biofilm in MBBR2. The biofilm of MBBR1 was irregular due to filamentous structure growth due to the substrate gradient, while, it was regular in MBBR2 due to uniform distribution of substrate. The performance of both MBBRs in ammonium, COD and TN removal decreased significantly when the amount of small particles in the reactor increased owing to feeding by starch, which led to biomass density decline. The type of media affected the quantity and distribution of attached biomass, which in turn influenced the activity of specific microbial functional groups in the biofilm. The biofilm in MBBR2 was thicker and consequently nitrogen removal by denitrification was much higher. The lower temperature did not affect negatively the reactor performance in MBBR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ashrafi
- Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Research Center (BBRC), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Water Lab, Sanitary Section, Department of Civil Engineering and Geoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Edris Allahyari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Torresi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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van den Berg L, Kirkland CM, Seymour JD, Codd SL, van Loosdrecht MCM, de Kreuk MK. Heterogeneous diffusion in aerobic granular sludge. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3809-3819. [PMID: 32725888 PMCID: PMC7818175 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology allows simultaneous nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon removal in compact wastewater treatment processes. To operate, design, and model AGS reactors, it is essential to properly understand the diffusive transport within the granules. In this study, diffusive mass transfer within full‐scale and lab‐scale AGS was characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Self‐diffusion coefficients of water inside the granules were determined with pulsed‐field gradient NMR, while the granule structure was visualized with NMR imaging. A reaction‐diffusion granule‐scale model was set up to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous diffusion on granule performance. The self‐diffusion coefficient of water in AGS was ∼70% of the self‐diffusion coefficient of free water. There was no significant difference between self‐diffusion in AGS from full‐scale treatment plants and from lab‐scale reactors. The results of the model showed that diffusional heterogeneity did not lead to a major change of flux into the granule (<1%). This study shows that differences between granular sludges and heterogeneity within granules have little impact on the kinetic properties of AGS. Thus, a relatively simple approach is sufficient to describe mass transport by diffusion into the granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenno van den Berg
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M Kirkland
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Joseph D Seymour
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Sarah L Codd
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | | | - Merle K de Kreuk
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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40
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Dasgupta S, Podder A, Goel R. Response of an aerobic granular and conventional flocculated reactors against changing feed composition from simple composition to more complex. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126694. [PMID: 32298910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research evaluated the effect of changing feed composition on the performances of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) and an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactor operated simultaneously. Both reactors were initially fed with 100% synthetic feed. In a stepwise manner, the feed composition was slowly changed to real primary effluent collected from a local wastewater treatment plant. After an initial stabilization period, both reactors could achieve more than 90% NH4+-N removal. However, PO43--P removal eventually reached to a maximum of 92% in the AGS and 88% in the CAS. COD removal in both reactors was least affected, with the lowest percent removal of 81 ± 3% achieved in AGS and 62 ± 4% in CAS respectively when fed with 100% real wastewater. Despite granule breakage the AGS reactor was able to remove the pollutants (COD, N, P). The abundance of Candidatus Accumulibacter, a polyphosphate accumulating organism, in the AGS system increased over the operational phases: II (6.2%), III (10.32%), and IV (11.9%). While in CAS, it increased from phase I to phase II (12.6%), but decreased in phase III to 9.9%. Genus-based classification revealed a successive increase in the relative abundance of Nitrospira to 11.05% during Phase III and 10.3% during Phase IV in the AGS. In contrast with its presence in the CAS, which was, 3.4% during Phase III and 9.5% during Phase IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayna Dasgupta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 S Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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41
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Guimarães LB, Wagner J, Akaboci TRV, Daudt GC, Nielsen PH, van Loosdrecht MCM, Weissbrodt DG, da Costa RHR. Elucidating performance failures in use of granular sludge for nutrient removal from domestic wastewater in a warm coastal climate region. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1896-1911. [PMID: 30465694 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1551938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of domestic wastewater and a coastal warm climate on granular sludge and biological nutrient removal were evaluated using a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The reactor operation employed two different operational strategies (OS) based on up-flow feeding regimes, defined as fast (OS1, flow rate = 18.0 L min-1 and flow velocity = 22.0 m h-1) and slow (OS2, flow rate = 3.5 L min-1 and flow velocity = 4.3 m h-1). Under slow feeding, larger (OS1: 290 µm; OS2: 450 µm) and faster settling granules were obtained (OS1: 109; OS2: 74 mL g-1 TSS). The slow feeding regime was also advantageous for the hydrolysis of particulate organic matter (OS1: 1.3; OS2: 3.1 g CODtot g-1 VSS d-1) and for phosphorus removal (OS1: <33%; OS2: >97.5%). Neither strategy resulted in substantial biomass accumulation in the reactor (OS1: 0.7; OS2: 1.5 g VSS L-1), and high concentrations of nitrite were observed in the effluent (9-27 mg [Formula: see text] L-1). Ordinary heterotrophic organisms dominated the granular sludge developed under both feeding regimes (OS1: 30% of Thauera; OS2: 56% of Comamonas), while polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) were only detected during OS2 (2.3-3.4% of total bacteria). A successful granular sludge process should be able to cope with high fluctuations in wastewater loads caused by rain events (82-182 mm month-1 in Florianopolis, Brazil). In order to achieve higher water quality, strategies identified for an efficient granular sludge SBR operation included (i) management of an anaerobic phase for PAO selection, and (ii) aeration control for successful nitrification/denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena B Guimarães
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Centre for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jamile Wagner
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago R V Akaboci
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gilberto C Daudt
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Per H Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Centre for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - David G Weissbrodt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Centre for Microbial Communities, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rejane H R da Costa
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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42
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Ranzinger F, Matern M, Layer M, Guthausen G, Wagner M, Derlon N, Horn H. Transport and retention of artificial and real wastewater particles inside a bed of settled aerobic granular sludge assessed applying magnetic resonance imaging. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 7:100050. [PMID: 32309797 PMCID: PMC7155223 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal or degradation of particulate organic matter is a crucial part in biological wastewater treatment. This is even more valid with respect to aerobic granular sludge and the impact of particulate organic matter on the formation and stability of the entire granulation process. Before the organic part of the particulate matter can be hydrolyzed and finally degraded by the microorganism, the particles have to be transported towards and retained within the granulated biomass. The understanding of these processes is currently very limited. Thus, the present study aimed at visualizing the transport of particulate organic matter into and through an aerobic granular sludge bed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was successfully applied to resolve the different fractions of a granular sludge bed over time and space. Quantification and merging of 3D data sets allowed for a clear determination of the particle distribution within the granular sludge bed. Dextran coated super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, d p = 38 ± 10 nm) served as model particles for colloidal particles. Microcrystalline cellulose particles ( d p = 1-20 μm) tagged with paramagnetic iron oxide were applied as a reference for toilet paper, which is a major fraction of particulate matter in domestic wastewater. The results were supplemented by the use of real wastewater particles with a size fraction between 28 and 100 μm. Colloidal SPIONs distributed evenly over the granular sludge bed penetrating the granules up to 300 μm. Rinsing the granular sludge bed proved their immobilization. Microcrystalline cellulose and real wastewater particles in the micrometer range accumulated in the void space between settled granules. An almost full retention of the wastewater particles was observed within the first 20 mm of the granular sludge bed. Moreover, the formation of particle layers indicates that most of the micrometer-sized particles are not attached to the biomass and remain mobile. Consequently, these particles are released into the bulk phase when the granulated sludge bed is resuspended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ranzinger
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximilian Matern
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuel Layer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Process Engineering, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Process Engineering, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Harald Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- DVGW Research Laboratories, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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43
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Chen W, Lu Y, Jin Q, Zhang M, Wu J. A novel feedforward control strategy for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in aerobic granular sludge sequential batch reactor (AGS-SBR). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110103. [PMID: 31941634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen removal in the aerobic granular sludge sequential batch reactor (AGS-SBR) can be achieved by the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) mode, or by the separated nitrification and denitrification stages. The SND offers a simpler operation structure than the separated nitrification and denitrification. Based on the mathematical simulation, a novel control strategy was put forward to adjust the DO (dissolved oxygen) concentration to achieve the SND under dynamic fluctuated influent conditions in AGS-SBR. The control strategy aimed to achieve a small accumulation of NH4+ at the end of the aeration cycle (NH4+ setpoint value), as previous research has indicated that keeping the small NH4+ setpoint value would guarantee the optimal condition for total nitrogen (TN) removal. The SBR aeration cycle was divided into several equal control intervals. The DO was adjusted in every control interval to reach the NH4+ set point. The results revealed that the control strategy was able to maintain the NH4+ setpoint value and achieve satisfactory TN removal. The control interval should be less than 30 min to prevent deviation of NH4+ concentration from its setpoint value. A minimum aeration duration of 3 h was required to achieve satisfactory SND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Quan Jin
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Yangzhou University, 196 West Huayang Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China.
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44
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Guo H, van Lier JB, de Kreuk M. Digestibility of waste aerobic granular sludge from a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment system. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115617. [PMID: 32070832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Full-scale aerobic granular sludge technology under the trade name Nereda® has been implemented for municipal, as well as industrial wastewater treatment. Owing to the operational reactor procedures, two types of waste aerobic granular sludge can be clearly distinguished: 1) aerobic granular sludge selection discharge (AGS-SD) and 2) aerobic granular sludge mixture (AGS-RTC). This study systematically compared the anaerobic biodegradability of AGS-SD and AGS-RTC under mesophilic conditions. Results were further compared with the anaerobic conversion of waste activated sludge (WAS) as well as primary sludge (PS) from full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Analysis showed similar chemical characteristics for AGS-SD and PS, which were both characterized by a high carbohydrate content (429 ± 21 and 464 ± 15 mg glucose/g VS sludge, respectively), mainly cellulosic fibres. Concurrently, AGS-RTC exhibited chemical properties close to WAS, both characterized by a relatively high protein content, which were individually 498 ± 14 and 389 ± 15 mg/g VS sludge. AGS-SD was characterized by a high biochemical methane potential (BMP) (296 ± 15 mL CH4/g VS substrate), which was similar to that of PS, and remarkably higher than that of AGS-RTC and WAS. Strikingly, the BMP of AGS-RTC (194 ± 10 mL CH4/g VS substrate) was significantly lower than that of WAS (232 ± 11 mL CH4/g VS substrate). Mechanically destroying the compact structure of AGS-RTC only accelerated the methane production rate but did not significantly affect the BMP value. Results indicated that compared to WAS, the proteins and carbohydrates in AGS-RTC were both more resistant to anaerobic bio-degradation, which might be related to the presence of refractory microbial metabolic products in AGS-RTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Guo
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Merle de Kreuk
- Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, The Netherlands
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45
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Hassard F, Biddle J, Cartmell E, Coulon F, Stephenson T. Biosolids recycling impact on biofilm extracellular enzyme activity and performance of hybrid rotating biological reactors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135865. [PMID: 31846875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological processes for wastewater treatment is limited by extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) of the biofilm on polymeric substrates. The efficiency of biodegradation / biosorption mechanisms causing EEA and organic load removal in biofilms remains unknown. Our hypothesis was that the limiting step of biological process can be overcome by biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation of the return sludge in hybrid biofilm reactors, which leads to competition between suspended and attached bacteria and lower effective substrate to microrganism ratio. Therefore, we considered more active biosolids to perform best at enhancing reactor removal rate. To test this, the efficacy of recycling distinct bio-solids types considered to have different bacterial activity such as final effluent (FE), humus solids (HS) and recycle activated sludge (RAS) on performance improvements of rotating biofilm reactors (RBRs). These bio-solids were investigated under high organic loading rates (OLR) and solids loading rates (SLR) using pilot scale reactors receiving real municipal wastewaters. Controlled overloading of RBRs revealed that EEA improved with increasing OLR/SLR. High SLR (>3.3 kg Total Suspended Solids m-2 d-1) delayed and decreased the reduction of organic and inorganic removal rates in the biological processes which commonly occurs under high OLRs. This effect was more pronounced in the highest activity solids (RAS > HS > FE) suggesting the activity and function of bio-solids was critical to improve performance of RBRs. High OLR and SLR induced efficient denitrification and organics removal within the biofilm reactor at residence times of <5 min. Recycling active solids permitted EEA despite overloading which was critical to the performance of the RBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Biddle
- Bluewater Bio, Winchester House, Old Marylebone Rd, Marylebone, London, NW1 5JB, UK
| | - Elise Cartmell
- Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; Scottish Water, KY11 8GG, UK
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46
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Liu J, Li J, Xu D, Sellamuthu B. Improving aerobic sludge granulation in sequential batch reactor by natural drying: Effluent sludge recovery and feeding back into reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125159. [PMID: 31677513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the main problems in treating high volumes of wastewater is the long startup time required aerobic granular sludge (AGS), and this issue significantly limits the broad application of advanced AGS technology. To promote rapid AGS formation in the startup phase, a method was developed involving the recovery and natural drying of effluent sludge prior to feeding it back into the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). An analysis of the process shows that supplemented naturally dried sludge swiftly promoted sludge aggregation and granular sludge formation in the reactor, and feeding the SBR with naturally dried sludge aggregates (1.75 ± 0.05 g/L seven times) significantly shortened the granulation time in the startup phase by 14 days. In addition, MLSS, SVI30, SVI30/SVI5, and the average granule size of AGS in the reactor were maintained at 4.66 g/L, 47.4 mL/g, 0.93, and 2.8 mm, respectively. When fed back into the bioreactor, the aggregates acted as nuclei/carriers in the rapid granulation and played a significant role in rendering the SBR operation stable. This approach could be used to eliminate the random granules aggregation-disintegration mechanism that occurs in the initial stage of AGS formation. The study results reveal that the removal rate of COD and NH4+-N were above 95% and 96%, respectively. Furthermore, this approach requires less energy and significantly reduces the amount of sludge produced (as the effluent sludge is reused).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji University Zhejiang College, Jiaxing, 314051, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Dong Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Geomatics & Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources & Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Balasubramanian Sellamuthu
- Department de Radiologie, Radio-Ooncologie et Medicine Nuclearize, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
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47
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Li S, Fei X, Cao L, Chi Y. Insights into the effects of carbon source on sequencing batch reactors: Performance, quorum sensing and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:799-809. [PMID: 31326803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of carbon source on the performance, quorum sensing (QS) and microbial communities in the sequencing batch reactors were investigated in this work. Among the chosen carbon source, sodium acetate (R1), glucose (R2), starch (R3) and Tween 80 (R4), sodium acetate was the best carbon source for nutrient removal, while starch was favorable for inducing the sludge bulking, and Tween 80 was beneficial to the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and proliferation of Microthrix parvicella. Additionally, the R2 value of linear correlation between sludge settleability and particle size in four reactors followed an order of R1 > R2 > R3 > R4. Moreover, Person correlation analysis showed that various significant correlations were observed in reactors fed with different carbon sources and the QS mainly mediated the production and component of EPS. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the carbon source affected microbial communities and the Canonical correspondence analysis results indicated that QS related to microbial communities. It was inferred that the interactions between microbial communities and QS affected system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songya Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuening Fei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Lingyun Cao
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongzhi Chi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
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48
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Yuan Q, Gong H, Xi H, Xu H, Jin Z, Ali N, Wang K. Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:144-154. [PMID: 31284906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A systemic strategy was proposed to improve aerobic granular sludge (AGS) stability and nitrogen (N) removal efficiency by optimizing feeding mode and substrate aiming at complicated wastewater characteristics. Key functional groups at the genus level identified by high-throughput sequencing were evaluated as well. The results showed that anaerobic feeding mode and acetate promoted the compact AGS formation with excellent total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency (averaging 91.7% ± 4.1%) at various dissolved oxygen conditions. While the aerobic feeding mode led to a loose AGS structure with a vulnerable anaerobic core and poor TN removal efficiency (averaging 58.8% ± 7.4%). Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process played the dominant role in N removal in compact AGS over the alternating nitrification and denitrification process. High-concentration glucose undermined feast-famine condition with filamentous bacteria growth out of granule and decreased TN removal efficiency to 67.3% ± 15.2%. Lower food to microorganism ratio may result in a lower N removal rate attributed to the sharply increased biomass concentration fed by glucose. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms enriched during AGS granulation also contributed to the efficient N removal. The proposed strategy provided insights into the relationship between various factors and stable AGS formation, and systemic operation methods for various complicated wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China..
| | - Hao Xi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nasir Ali
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China..
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49
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Pishgar R, Dominic JA, Sheng Z, Tay JH. Influence of operation mode and wastewater strength on aerobic granulation at pilot scale: Startup period, granular sludge characteristics, and effluent quality. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:81-96. [PMID: 31132565 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study attempted to investigate the influence of operation mode and wastewater strength on startup period, aerobic granular sludge (AGS) characteristics, and system effluent quality at pilot scale. Granulation was monitored in three pilot-scale granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs). Comparative evaluation of AN/O/AX/O_SBR and O_SBR, fed with wastewater of the same composition but run with completely different SBR reaction phase arrangements (alternating vs. purely aerobic), revealed the effect of SBR operation mode. Comparative study of the GSBRs operated with alternating SBR reaction phases (AN/O/AX/O_SBR and AN/O_SBR) and fed with wastewater of different strength (high- vs. medium-strength) determined the effect of wastewater composition. Granulation time and granule size were regulated by wastewater strength and the resulting organic and sludge loading conditions. Whereas, AGS morphology, granule structure, and floccular proportion of AGS were attributed to SBR operation mode. Effluent clarity in terms of suspended solid concentration depended on wastewater strength. Subtle but distinct microbial selection strategies were in effect during granulation which were also imposed by wastewater strength. Due to strong correlation between the effluent and AGS microbial structures, demonstrated by biodiversity analysis, differences in the microbial composition of effluent biomass and washout patterns of the GSBRs could be explained by wastewater strength as well. Limited nutrient removal efficiencies, restricted by organic matter concentration, could be due to involvement of unorthodox nutrient removal pathways which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Pishgar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | | | - Zhiya Sheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joo Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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50
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Layer M, Adler A, Reynaert E, Hernandez A, Pagni M, Morgenroth E, Holliger C, Derlon N. Organic substrate diffusibility governs microbial community composition, nutrient removal performance and kinetics of granulation of aerobic granular sludge. WATER RESEARCH X 2019; 4:100033. [PMID: 31334496 PMCID: PMC6614711 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Basic understanding of formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has mainly been derived from lab-scale systems with simple influents containing only highly diffusible volatile fatty acids (VFA) as organic substrate. This study compares start-up of AGS systems fed by different synthetic and municipal wastewaters (WW), characterised by increasing complexity in terms of non-diffusible organic substrate. Four AGS reactors were started with the same inoculum activated sludge and operated for one year. The development of AGS, settling characteristics, nutrient and substrate removal performance as well as microbial community composition were monitored. Our results indicate that the higher the content of diffusible organic substrate in the WW, the faster the formation of AGS. The presence of non-diffusible organic substrate in the influent WW led to the formation of small granules and to the presence of 20-40% (% of total suspended solids) of flocs in the AGS. When AGS was fed with complex influent WW, the classical phosphorus and glycogen accumulating organisms (PAO, GAO) were outcompeted by their fermentative equivalents. Substrate and nutrient removal was observed in all reactors, despite the difference in physical and settling properties of the AGS, but the levels of P and N removal depended on the influent carbon composition. Mechanistically, our results indicate that increased levels of non-diffusible organic substrate in the influent lower the potential for microbial growth deep inside the granules. Additionally, non-diffusible organic substrates give a competitive advantage to the main opponents of AGS formation - ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHO). Both of these mechanisms are suspected to limit AGS formation. The presented study has relevant implications for both practice and research. Start-up duration of AGS systems treating high complexity WW were one order of magnitude higher than a typical lab-scale system treating VFA-rich synthetic WW, and biomass as flocs persisted as a significant fraction. Finally, the complex synthetic influent WW - composed of VFA, soluble fermentable and particulate substrate - tested here seems to be a more adequate surrogate of real municipal WW for laboratory studies than 100%-VFA WW.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Layer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Adler
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E. Reynaert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Hernandez
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Pagni
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E. Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C. Holliger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N. Derlon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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