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Chen X, Huang K, Gan P, Luo L, Yu K, Zhang Y, Pang Y, Xue P. Inactivation of Heterosigma akashiwo under UV/peroxydisulfate advanced disinfection system in marine waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140055. [PMID: 37704084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterosigma akashiwo (H. akashiwo) is recognized as a harmful algal bloom (HABs) species with a global distribution, capable of posing significant threats to marine ecosystems, particularly when spread through ship ballast water. This investigation focused on elucidating the inactivation kinetics and underlying mechanism of H. akashiwo through a combined ultraviolet irradiation and peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) process. The results demonstrated a strong synergistic effect within the UV/PDS system, resulting in an inactivation of 0.78-ln and 2.67-ln within 40 min of UV and UV/PDS processes. The principal agents accountable for inactivation were identified as sulfate radicals (•SO4-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH), which exhibited a synergistic effect in the UV/PDS process. Furthermore, the study observed a negatively impact of seawater pH and salinity on the efficiency of inactivation. UV/PDS caused oxidative stress on algal cells, initially involving the participation of antioxidant enzymes in counteracting cellular damage, but this protective mechanism diminished as the reaction duration extended. The UV/PDS treatment not only inflicted damage upon H. akashiwo's photosynthetic system but also caused the extracellular release of DNA and algal organic matter (AOM) due to damaged cell membranes. Transcriptome analysis provided a molecular biology perspective on the cellular inactivation process. Upregulation of genes linked to photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation suggested a potential elevation in energy metabolism. In contrast, genes associated with cellular and metabolic processes, including glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), exhibited downregulation. Moreover, this treatment exerted an inhibitory influence on RNA polymerase and protein synthesis, resulting in the reduced expression of genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kunling Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Pin Gan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lan Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China Globally Distributed
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China Globally Distributed.
| | - Yunfeng Pang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Pengfei Xue
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Yang M, Li J, Wu H. Toxicity evaluation of chlorinated natural water using Photobacterium phosphoreum: Implications for ballast water management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117471. [PMID: 36863148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination of ballast water could produce harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) and total residual oxidants. The International Maritime Organization calls for toxicity testing of discharged ballast water with fish, crustacea and algae to reduce the risk, but it is difficult to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water in a short time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the applicability of luminescent bacteria to the assessment of residual toxicity of chlorinated ballast water. The toxicity unit for all treated samples were higher for Photobacterium phosphoreum than for microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), after adding neutralizer, all samples showed little effect on the luminescent bacteria and microalgae. For the DBPs, except for 2,4,6-Tribromophenol, Photobacterium phosphoreum could produce more sensitive and rapid test results than other species, the results in Photobacterium phosphoreum showed that the toxicity of DBPs in order of: 2,4-Dibromophenol > 2,6-Dibromophenol > 2,4,6-Tribromophenol > Monobromoacetic acid > Dibromoacetic acid > Tribromoacetic acid, and most binary mixtures (aromatic DBPs and aliphatic DBPs) presented synergistic effects based on the CA model. The aromatic DBPs in ballast water deserve more attention. In general, for ballast water management, the use of luminescent bacteria to evaluate the toxicity of treated ballast water and DBPs is desirable, this study could provide beneficial information for enhancing ballast water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinjie Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Centre for Research on the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Rivas-Zaballos I, Romero-Martínez L, Ibáñez-López ME, García-Morales JL, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Semicontinuous and batch ozonation combined with peroxymonosulfate for inactivation of microalgae in ballast water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157559. [PMID: 35878852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits regarding the permissible number of viable organisms in discharged ballast water. Ozone as a ballast water treatment is interesting because it can be generated in-situ and has strong oxidant power. Additionally, some oxidants can be formed in reaction with seawater, especially brominated compounds, that assist in inactivating microorganisms. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of semicontinuous and batch ozonation as well as their combination with peroxymonosulfate salt (PMS) as methods to be used to ensure compliance with regulation D2 of the BWMC using Tetraselmis suecica as a standard microorganism. Growth modeling method was employed to determine the inactivation achieved by the treatments. The results show that ozone is an effective treatment for accomplishing the D2 of the BWMC. Batch ozonation is more efficient than semicontinuous ozonation probably because of the brominated compounds formed during the ozone saturation of the water. The oxidants that are developed during the ozonation of seawater prolong the residual effect of the treatment throughout the days of storage with practically no presence of them in the ballast tanks at 72 h. The addition of the PMS increases the inactivation in the semicontinuous ozonation, but a threshold concentration of ozone is needed to observe the synergistic effect of both oxidants. No increase is associated with the combination of O3 and PMS in the case of batch ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Eugenia Ibáñez-López
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, IVAGRO-Wine and Agrifood Research Institute, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - José L García-Morales
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, IVAGRO-Wine and Agrifood Research Institute, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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Li J, Feng C, Jin J, Yang W, Wang Z. Current understanding on antibacterial mechanisms and research progress of tea polyphenols as a supplementary disinfectant for drinking water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1611-1628. [PMID: 36448612 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated during the disinfection of drinking water have become an urgent problem. So, tea polyphenol, a natural green disinfectant, has attracted widespread attention in recent years. This review summarizes the antibacterial mechanism of tea polyphenols and the recent findings on tea polyphenols as disinfectants for drinking water. These studies show that tea polyphenol is an antibacterial agent that works through different mechanisms and can be used as a supplementary disinfectant because of its higher lasting effect and economical cost. The dosage of tea polyphenols as a disinfectant of ultrafiltration effluent is the lowest among all the tea polyphenols disinfection methods, which can ensure the microbial safety of drinking water. This application of tea polyphenols is deemed a practical solution to solving the issue of disinfecting drinking water and reducing DBPs. However, it is necessary to further explore the influence of factors such as pipeline materials on the disinfection process and efficacy to expand the application scope of tea polyphenols. The large-scale application of tea polyphenols still needs to be fine-tuned but with new developments in tea polyphenol purification technology and the long-term need for drinking water that is safe for human consumption, tea polyphenols have good prospects for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Cuimin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiyue Jin
- Beijing Waterworks Group, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Weiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China E-mail: ; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Water Environment Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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Mensah AT, Berne F, Allard S, Soreau S, Gallard H. Kinetic modelling of the bromine-ammonia system: Formation and decomposition of bromamines. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119058. [PMID: 36096028 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromamines i.e. monobromamine (NH2Br), dibromamine (NHBr2), and tribromamine (NBr3) can be formed during oxidative treatment of waters containing bromide and ammonia. The formation and decomposition of bromamines in aqueous solution was investigated and a comprehensive kinetic model of the bromine-ammonia system was developed at 23 ± 1 °C. Determination of rate constants and model validation were primarily performed at pH 8.0 - 8.3 for subsequent application to seawater disinfection. The rate constant of NHBr2 self-decomposition was determined by second-order rate law linearization with k9 = 5.5 (± 0.8) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constant of NBr3 self-decomposition increased proportionately to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) according to the equation k10 = 4.4 (± 0.1) × 107. [OH-] over the pH range 6.0 - 8.5, which gave k10 = 56 (± 1) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constants of NHBr2 and NBr3 formation were obtained by fitting model-predicted data to the experimental results and were found to be k3 = 2.3 (± 0.2) × 104M-1s-1 and k5 = 4.0 (± 0.6) × 103M-1s-1, respectively at pH 8.10. NBr3 was also found to react with NHBr2 with k11 = 3.4 (± 0.2) × 103M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. A kinetic model was proposed based on these experimental rate constants and literature values, which provided a good prediction of bromamines formation and decomposition for various initial bromine and ammonia concentrations. The kinetic model was also used to accurately predict the total oxidant concentration and the speciation of bromamines during breakpoint bromination. This study provides kinetic data to model more complex oxidative systems such as seawater chlorination in the presence of ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, underwood Ave, Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Nitrophenolic byproducts formation during sulfate radical oxidation and their fate in simulated drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119054. [PMID: 36088770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite can be transformed to nitrophenolic byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). These nitrophenols are highly mobile in subsurface and can potentially contaminate drinking water sources. However, their fate in a drinking water treatment remains ambiguous. Herein, the removal and transformation of four nitrophenolic byproducts formed during a heat activated peroxydisulfate oxidation process, i.e., 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, in a simulated drinking water treatment train were comprehensively examined. The removal of these nitrophenolic compounds in coagulation by either aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride ranged from 3.8% to 13.4%. In the chlorination process, 4-nitrophenol was removed only by 45.4% in 24 h at a chlorine dose of 5.0 mg/L. The removal of the other three nitrophenolic byproducts were less than 20%. Reaction between nitrophenolic byproducts and chlorine via electrophilic substitution gave rise to their chlorinated derivatives. Chlorinated nitrophenolic byproducts were more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds, but still a tiny fraction of them could undergo further oxidation to form trichloronitromethane. This work implied that once nitrophenolic byproducts enter water source, they can penetrate the drinking water treatment train and react with the residual chlorine in distribution pipelines to form more hazardous byproducts. The findings raised additional concerns to the potential risk of the nitrophenolic byproducts formed in SR-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Mensah AT, Allard S, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Brominated trihalamines in chlorinated seawaters: Quantification of tribromamine and identification of bromochloramines by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154667. [PMID: 35314219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of seawater, the presence of bromide and ammonia alters the speciation of the oxidant and lead to the formation of chlorinated and brominated amines. This can affect the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment and the formation of disinfection by-products released to the environment. In this study, a Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) analytical method was developed to differentiate brominated trihalamines (i.e. tribromamine NBr3, dibromochloramine NBr2Cl and bromodichloramine NBrCl2) in synthetic and natural chlorinated seawater. A mass-to-charge ratio of m/z = 253 corresponding to the parent ion was used for the quantification of NBr3 in absence of organic matter and the signal of the fragment at m/z = 177 was chosen in presence of high concentration of organic matter. Limits of detection were 0.23 μM (49 μg Cl2/L) and 0.18 μM (38 μg Cl2/L) for m/z 253 and m/z 177, respectively. Both NBr2Cl and NBrCl2 were monitored in chlorinated seawaters with their respective parent ion at m/z = 207 and m/z = 163 but were not quantified. MIMS results also showed that reaction of brominated trihalamines with natural organic matter (NOM) was a minor pathway for 1-2 mg C/L compared to their auto-decomposition in natural or synthetic seawater. Overall, MIMS was able to unambiguously differentiate and monitor brominated trihalamines for the first time in chlorinated seawater, which was not possible by using UV measurement, titration and colorimetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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Grote M, Boudenne JL, Croué JP, Escher BI, von Gunten U, Hahn J, Höfer T, Jenner H, Jiang J, Karanfil T, Khalanski M, Kim D, Linders J, Manasfi T, Polman H, Quack B, Tegtmeier S, Werschkun B, Zhang X, Ziegler G. Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118383. [PMID: 35460978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470-800 × 109 m3, 46 × 109 m3 and 3.5 × 109 m3, respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5-21.8 × 106 kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8-20.1 × 106 kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 106 kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 106 kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2-6% of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385-870 × 106 kg/a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grote
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods and Chemical Exposure, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86000, France
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Hahn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | | | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | | | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Jan Linders
- Member of GESAMP, GESAMP-BWWG, Retired, Formerly RIVM, De Waag 24, Amersfoort 3823 GE, the Netherland
| | - Tarek Manasfi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Harry Polman
- H20 Biofouling Solutions, Bemmel, the Netherland
| | - Birgit Quack
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Tegtmeier
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Barbara Werschkun
- Wissenschaftsbüro Dr. Barbara Werschkun, Monumentenstraße31a, Berlin D-10829, Germany
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kurniawan SB, Pambudi DSA, Ahmad MM, Alfanda BD, Imron MF, Abdullah SRS. Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09107. [PMID: 35309395 PMCID: PMC8927920 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as the result of the chemical treatment. This review paper aims to summarize the history of ballast water management (BWM) and the currently used on-dock technology. Chlorination, oxidation, and ozonation are highlighted as the most currently applied methods to treat ballast water on-dock. This paper then focuses on the potential release of toxic DBPs as the result of the selected corresponding treatment methods. Tri-halo methane, haloacetic acid, and several acetic acid-related compounds are emphasized as toxic DBPs with concentrations reaching more than 10 μg/L. The potential toxicities of DBPs, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, to aquatic organisms, are then discussed in detail. Future research directions related to the advanced treatment of DBPs before final discharge and analysis of DBPs in coastal sediments, which are barely studied at present, are suggested to enhance the current knowledge on the fate and the ecological impact of BWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dwi Sasmita Aji Pambudi
- Study Program of Marine Electrical Engineering, Department of Marine Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Mahasin Maulana Ahmad
- Study Program of Piping Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Benedicta Dian Alfanda
- Study Program of Marine Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Fauzul Imron
- Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Sayinli B, Dong Y, Park Y, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Recent progress and challenges facing ballast water treatment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132776. [PMID: 34742764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transoceanic movement of non-indigenous microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants through the transfer of ballast water of ocean-going vessels can be considered highly likely. The introduction of contaminants and non-indigenous microorganisms can cause changes in indigenous microorganisms, marine species, and biota, which can create problems for the ecology, economy, environment, and human health. This paper compiles and presents ballast water treatment system concepts, principles of inactivation mechanisms used, and the advantages and challenges of the treatment technologies. In addition, the paper aims to draw attention to the relationship between various organisms and the individual mechanism to be inactivated, including the effect of external factors (e.g., pH, salinity, turbidity) on inactivation efficiency. This review can assist in the choice of a suitable ballast water treatment system, taking into account the water conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, salinity) and indigenous species of the maritime areas where the ships intend to operate. This review also provides information describing the responses of the various organisms to different treatment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sayinli
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Box 111, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Institute of Environmental Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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11
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Rivas-Zaballos I, Romero-Martínez L, Moreno-Garrido I, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Evaluation of three photosynthetic species smaller than ten microns as possible standard test organisms of ultraviolet-based ballast water treatment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112643. [PMID: 34175694 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits for viable organisms in discharged ballast water. However, organisms smaller than 10 μm are not considered in this regulation although they represent, in some regions, the majority of the phytoplankton organisms in marine water. The objective in this study is to assess three photosynthetic species smaller than 10 μm as potential standard test organism (STO) in experimentation focused on the inactivating efficacy of ultraviolet treatments (UV). A growth modelling method was employed to determine the reduction of the viable cell concentration under either light or dark post-treatment conditions to evaluate the importance of the photoreactivation. In spite of its moderate growth rate, the high UV resistance in combination with the abundance and worldwide distribution of Synechococcus sp. and the environmental importance of this species constitute important reasons for considering Synechococcus sp. as a valuable STO for ballast water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rivas-Zaballos
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain..
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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12
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Ma Y, Wisuthiphaet N, Nitin N, Sun G. A Novel N-Halamine Biocidal Nanofibrous Membrane for Chlorine Rechargeable Rapid Water Disinfection Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41056-41065. [PMID: 34412464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfecting pathogenic contaminated water rapidly and effectively on sites is one of the critical challenges at point-of-use (POU) situations. Currently available technologies are still suffering from irreversible depletion of disinfectants, generation of toxic by-products, and potential biofouling problems. Herein, we developed a chlorine rechargeable biocidal nanofibrous membrane, poly(acrylonitrile-co-5-methyl-5-(4'-vinylphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione) (P(AN-VAPH)), via a combination of a free radical copolymerization reaction and electrospun technology. The copolymer exhibits good electrospinnability and desirable mechanical properties. Also, the 5-methyl-5-(4'-vinylphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (VAPH) moieties containing unique hydantoin structures are able to be chlorinated and converted to halamine structures, enabling the P(AN-VAPH) nanofibrous membrane with rapid and durable biocidal activity. The chlorinated P(AN-VAPH) nanofibrous membranes showed intriguing features of unique 3D morphological structures with large specific surface area, good mechanical performance, rechargeable chlorination capacity (>5000 ppm), long-term durability, and desirable biocidal activity against both bacteria and viruses (>99.9999% within 2 min of contact). With these attributes, the chlorinated P(AN-VAPH) membranes demonstrated promising disinfecting efficiency against concentrated bacteria-contaminated water during direct filtration applications with superior killing capacity and high flowing flux (5000 L m-2 h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicharee Wisuthiphaet
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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13
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Zhu Y, Ling Y, Peng Z, Zhang N. Formation of emerging iodinated disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment based on ozonation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140805. [PMID: 32758847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment pose a potential threat to marine environment which aroused widespread concern. In recent years, emerging iodinated DBPs have attracted widespread attention because of their stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than brominated/chlorinated DBPs. In this study, the effects of different natural organic matter species, total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations, storage time, temperature, pH, bromide and iodide concentrations on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during ozonation process of ballast water were investigated. The results showed that bromochloroiodomethane and diiodochloromethane (DICM) were not detected under all conditions during ozonation of humaic acid (HA). Different kinds of precursors had a significantly effect on the formation of I-THMs. For algal cells as precursor, DICM were detected (1.22 μg/L), while DICM were not detected from oxidation of 1,3-etonedicarboxylic acid, fulvic acid (FA), phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and HA as precursors. The yields of I-THMs from oxidation of algal cells, FA and phenol were higher than other precursors. Linear relationships were observed between the formation of I-THMs and TRO concentrations. The yields of I-THMs reached a peak at 48 h (180 μg/L) after ozonation treatment of ballast water, and then decreased with storage time extension. An increase in temperature enhanced the formation of dibromoiodomethane and bromodiiodomethane, while wakened the formation of iodoform and dichloroiodomethane. The formation of I-THMs was complicatedly affected by different pH values in the range from 4 to 9. The more bromide concentrations, the more brominated I-THMs were formed. The concentrations of I-THMs increased with increasing iodide concentrations, and low concentrations of iodide had greater effect on the production of I-THMs than high concentrations of iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ziran Peng
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Nahui Zhang
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
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14
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Zhang B, Kotsalis G, Khan J, Xiong Z, Igou T, Lan G, Chen Y. Backwash sequence optimization of a pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane system using data-driven modeling for parameter forecasting. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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15
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Lu P, Lin K, Gan J. Enhanced ozonation of ciprofloxacin in the presence of bromide: Kinetics, products, pathways, and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116105. [PMID: 32650298 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the ozonation of common antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), in water has been well studied, the influence of bromide that is present at high levels in seawater, is essentially unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of bromide on the reaction kinetics, formation of transformation products (TPs), reaction pathways, and toxicity in the ozonation of CIP. Bromide significantly accelerated the transformation of CIP by ozone, likely due to the formation of reactive bromine species. Based on time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry and suspect screening, a total of 26 TPs, including 13 previously unknown products, were identified in artificial seawater, while only 9 of them were found in pure water without bromide. The transformation of CIP in artificial seawater was found to involve four major processes: oxidation at the piperazinyl moiety with the addition of hydroxyl group(s) to the ring and ring cleavage, oxidation at the quinolone moiety, and bromination. In contrast, the ozonation of CIP in pure water occurred only at the piperazinyl moiety. In addition, bromide also enhanced the removal of toxicity towards Escherichia coli. This study suggests that careful consideration should be taken when using ozone to treat antibiotics contaminated water in the presence of bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peining Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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16
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Jia S, Jia R, Zhang K, Sun S, Lu N, Wang M, Zhao Q. Disinfection characteristics of Pseudomonas peli, a chlorine-resistant bacterium isolated from a water supply network. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109417. [PMID: 32247906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lack of microbial contamination is crucial for drinking water quality and safety. Chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water distribution systems pose a threat to drinking water quality. A bacterium was isolated from an urban water supply network in northern China and identified as Pseudomonas peli by 16S rDNA gene analysis. This P. peli strain had high chlorine tolerance. The CT value (the product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) to achieve 3 lg unit (i.e. 99.9%)-inactivation of this P. peli isolate was 51.26-90.36 mg min/L, inversely proportional to the free chlorine concentration. Chlorine dioxide could inactivate the bacterium faster and more efficiently than free chlorine, as shown by flow cytometry. Thiazole orange plus propidium iodide staining indicated that free chlorine and chlorine dioxide inactivated P. peli primarily by disrupting the integrity and permeability of the cell membrane. The P. peli was also sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation; a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2 achieved 4 lg unit (99.99%)-inactivation. The Hom model was more suitable for analyzing the disinfection kinetics of P. peli than the Chick and Chick-Watson models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China.
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Nannan Lu
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250000, China
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17
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Dock A, Linders J, David M, Gollasch S, David J, Ziegler G. Are workers on board vessels involved with chemicals from treated ballast water sufficiently protected? - A decadal perspective and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125824. [PMID: 31927228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ballast Water Managements Systems (BWMS) installed on vessels may use Active Substances (AS) to inactivate organisms. This paper provides new insights in the global issue of noxious Disinfection By-Products (DBP) produced with primarily oxidant-based BWMS, and the risk assessment for workers, including port State control officers, while performing tasks on a vessel that involve exposure to treated ballast water. The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection - Ballast Water Working Group (GESAMP-BWWG) plays a role in the certification process of BWMS that make use of AS evaluating potential negative effects. All BWMS that passed GESAMP-BWWG Final Approval until mid 2019 were analyzed providing an overview of chemicals in the treated ballast water before and after neutralization. The ballast tank cleaning scenario, the sampling scenario, and the ballast tank inspection scenario all showed elevated human health risks using the Derived Minimal Effect Levels approach. The most critical exposure occurs in the ballast tank cleaning scenario through the inhalation of volatile DBP, such as tribromomethane. This substance may cause acute effects such as headache, dizziness and also has carcinogenic properties. The two risk reducing options available in the GESAMP-BWWG Tier 2 calculations were compared, one being mitigation measures such as protective gloves and coveralls, the other option is taking into account a time correction factor. The results showed that the trihalomethanes in air are most problematic, however, there is a possibility that the calculated values may be overestimated as generally worst case assumptions were used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Linders
- De Waag 24, 3823, GE Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Studentska 4, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | | | - Jan David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland, WREC, Queenstown, Maryland, 21658, United States.
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18
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Olsen RO, Lindivat M, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Hoell IA. Incubation in light versus dark affects the vitality of UV-irradiated Tetraselmis suecica differently: A flow cytometric study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110528. [PMID: 31470209 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used flow cytometry to examine how incubation in dark versus light affects the vitality and viability of UV-irradiated Tetraselmis suecica. High UV doses (300 and 400 mJ/cm2) affected the esterase activity, membrane permeability, and chlorophyll content more when the subsequent incubation took place in light. For non- or low UV dose (100 and 200 mJ/cm2)-treated cells, incubation in light resulted in cell regrowth as compared to incubation in dark. Damaged cells (enzymatically active but with permeable membranes) did not recover when incubated under light or dark conditions. Exposure to light reduces the evaluation time of any given ballast water treatment, as viable cells will be detected at an earlier stage and the vitality is more affected. When evaluating the performance of UV-based ballast water treatment systems (BWTS), these results can be useful for type approval using T. suecica as a test organism in the test regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranveig O Olsen
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
| | - Mathilde Lindivat
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Western Norway University of Applied Science, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
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19
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Zhang X, Tian Y, Zhang X, Bai M, Zhang Z. Use of multiple regression models for predicting the formation of bromoform and dibromochloromethane during ballast water treatment based on an advanced oxidation process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113028. [PMID: 31421575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment have become a concern worldwide because of their potential threat to the marine environment. Predicting the relative DBP concentrations after disinfection could enable better control of DBP formation. However, there is no appropriate method of evaluating DBP formation in a full-scale ballast water treatment system (BWTS). In this study, multiple regression models were developed for predicting the dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM) concentrations produced by an emergency BWTS using field experimental data from ballast water treatments conducted at Dalian Port, China. Six combinations of independent variables [including several water parameters and/or the total residual oxidant (TRO) concentration] were evaluated to construct mathematical prediction formulas based on a polynomial linear model and logarithmic regression model. Further, statistical analyses were performed to verify and determine the appropriate mathematical models for DBCM and TBM formation, which were ultimately validated using additional field experimental data. The polynomial linear model with four variables (temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and TRO) and the logarithmic regression model with seven variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, chlorophyll, and TRO) exhibited good reproducibility and could be used to predict the DBCM and TBM concentrations, respectively. The validation results indicated that the developed models could accurately predict DBP concentrations, with no significant statistical difference from the measured values. The results of this work could provide a theoretical basis and data reference for ballast water treatment control in engineering applications of emergency BWTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yiping Tian
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Mindong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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20
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Moreno-Andrés J, Peperzak L. Operational and environmental factors affecting disinfection byproducts formation in ballast water treatment systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:496-505. [PMID: 31170652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the worldwide spread of invasive aquatic species, the ballast water of ships may be disinfected with either physical or chemical treatment systems. Excess chemicals, such as chlorine, are neutralized before the ballast water can be discharged. Unfortunately, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during treatment are not neutralized and remain potentially toxic. In this study, DBPs obtained from land-based tests of seven different ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) have been statistically analyzed. Effect of operational factors (treatment type, holding time, source of carbon and active substance dosages) and environmental variables (salinity, pH, temperature, organic matter) were related to the formation of DBPs, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and aldehydes. THMs and HAAs were the groups with major occurrences and concentrations detected in all BWTSs. Treatment type and source of carbon were the operational factors with major significance on DBP production, especially in chlorination systems. Salinity is the main variable determining DBP composition, as it differs between brominated-DBPs and chlorinated-DBPs. Concentration and type of organic matter (dissolved and particulate) have also a significant influence on the formation of total DBPs. According to the specific group of DBPs, some factors get significance. For instance, THMs are significantly affected by pH, and the production of aldehydes correlates positively with oxidant dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies. INMAR-Marine Research Institute. University of Cádiz. Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real. Cádiz, Spain; NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS) and Control Union Water (CUW), P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Texel, the Netherlands.
| | - Louis Peperzak
- NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS) and Control Union Water (CUW), P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Texel, the Netherlands
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21
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Ziegler G, Gonsior M, Fisher DJ, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Tamburri MN. Formation of Brominated Organic Compounds and Molecular Transformations in Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) after Ballast Water Treatment with Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Dihydrate (DICD). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8006-8016. [PMID: 31194530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine water treated with a ballast water management system (BWMS) using a solution of dissolved dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (DICD) resulted in the formation of newly described brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). Analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in untreated water with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) identified 3897 m/z ions and their exact molecular formulas. After DICD treatment, a total of 213 halogenated molecular ions with relative abundance of at least 1% were assigned and confirmed using isotope simulation. Halogenated ions were assigned in four DBP elemental groups including CHOBr (180), CHONBr (13), CHOCl (16), and CHOBrCl (4). Forty-nine of the 197 brominated formulas have not been previously reported. We also were able to tentatively assign possible structures to the formula C3HBr3N2 due to very limited isomeric possibilities. The tentatively assigned compound found at 6.4% relative abundance was identified as either tribromoimidazole or tribromopyrazole. Our results show the formation of complex halogenated DBPs that are formed in the treatment of water with a novel BWMS that employs granular DICD as a biocide. The toxicological and mutagenic properties as well as the fate of these newly identified brominated DBPs are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center , Queenstown , Maryland 21658 , United States
| | - Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , Solomons , Maryland 20688 , United States
| | - Daniel J Fisher
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center , Queenstown , Maryland 21658 , United States
- University of Maryland , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen , Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry , D-85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Technische Universität München , Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Mario N Tamburri
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , Solomons , Maryland 20688 , United States
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22
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Yang M, Zhang X, Liang Q, Yang B. Application of (LC/)MS/MS precursor ion scan for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:322-337. [PMID: 31051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection can result in the unintended formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have been the subject of intensive investigation over the past 40 years. Robust methods for evaluating and characterizing the formation of halogenated DBPs are prerequisites for ultimately controlling the formation of DBPs and ensuring quality and safe disinfected water. Only a fraction of the total organic halogen (TOX) formed during disinfection has been chemically identified or even well characterized by the classical (derivatization-)gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Such a method may not be amenable to the detection of polar halogenated DBPs, which constitute a major portion of the TOX that is still unaccounted for. Accordingly, a novel precursor ion scan (PIS) method using (liquid chromatography/) electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid selective detection of all polar halogenated DBPs-no matter whether the DBPs are known or unknown-in water. This article reviews recent literature on the application of the PIS method for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters. The challenges in developing the PIS method were briefly summarized. Application of the powerful method pinpointed >150 previously unknown DBPs and revealed the formation, speciation and transformation of halogenated DBPs in disinfected drinking water, wastewater effluents, and swimming pool water. For the same source water, positive correlations were found between the total ion intensity (TII) levels in the PIS spectra of m/z 35/79/126.9 and the total organic chlorine/bromine/iodine levels in the disinfected water sample, and a disinfected sample with a higher TII level generally showed a higher toxic potency. Accordingly, the TII value can be used as a surrogate to comparatively reflect the water quality and assess the efficiency of a DBP control approach. To achieve a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the DBP compositions in different waters and thus better control the DBP formation and reduce their overall toxicity, topics for future work were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qiuhong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Bai M, Zheng Q, Zheng W, Li H, Lin S, Huang L, Zhang Z. •OH Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Degradation of Toxins in Drinking Water Treatment System. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:144-152. [PMID: 30782556 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms continue to serve as one of the most serious global issues threatening water supply and human health. During cyanobacterial bloom season, a large •OH-yield equipment was developed and installed after coagulation settling in a 12000 ton/day drinking water treatment system in Xiamen, China. An •OH concentration of 7.76∼57.8 μmol/L was formed by using the oxygen activated species generated by strong ionisation discharge combining with the effect of water jet cavitation. •OH pre-treatment at a dose of 1.0 mg/L inactivated cyanobacterial blooms in the process of conveying bloom water within only 20s, which were then removed by sand filtration. Under SEM observation, dominant Microcystis sp. colonies connected by mucilage were dispersed into individuals that still retained the cell integrity, indicating no release of intracellular organic matter (IOM). According to a flow cytometry analysis, the main cause of •OH inactivation was the breakage of DNA strands. Meanwhile, the •OH-mineralized microcystin-LR was by breaking the C=C conjugated diene bond and crucial opening the persistent benzene ring to carboxylic acid m/z 158.0. During •OH pre-treatment of 1.0 mg/L and NaClO disinfection of 0.5 mg/L, all water quality indexes and disinfection by-product (DBP) contents complied with the Chinese Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water. Therefore, the •OH based on the strong ionisation discharge showed great prospect for large-scale drinking water treatment in the removal of cyanobacterial blooms while retaining cell integrity as well as the degradation of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qilin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shaoyun Lin
- Xiamen Water Group Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361008, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation, Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Hess-Erga OK, Moreno-Andrés J, Enger Ø, Vadstein O. Microorganisms in ballast water: Disinfection, community dynamics, and implications for management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:704-716. [PMID: 30677936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have accelerated the development of international regulations and methods for ballast water management to limit the introduction of non-indigenous species. The transport of microorganisms with ballast water has received scientific attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the importance of organisms smaller than 10 μm in diameter. In this work, we review the effects of ballast water transport, disinfection, and the release of microorganisms on ecosystem processes with a special focus on heterotrophic bacteria. It is important to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of ballast water treatment systems, such as the generation of easily degradable substrates and the subsequent regrowth of heterotrophic microorganisms in ballast tanks. Disinfection of water can alter the composition of bacterial communities through selective recolonization in the ballast water or the recipient water, and thereby affects bacterial driven functions that are important for the marine food web. Dissolved organic matter quality and quantity and the ecosystem status of the treated water can also be affected by the disinfection method used. These side effects of disinfection should be further investigated in a broader context and in different scales (laboratory studies, large-scale facilities, and on the ships).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Kristian Hess-Erga
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cádiz, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Camepus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Øivind Enger
- Sarsia Seed AS, Postboks 7150, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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25
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Castro MCTD, Veldhuis MJW, Fileman TW, Hall-Spencer JM. Different approaches and limitations for testing phytoplankton viability in natural assemblies and treated ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:172-179. [PMID: 30503423 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is recognised as an unintentional efficient pathway for spreading non-native species, harmful organisms and pathogens. In 2004, a unique IMO Convention was adopted to control and minimize this transfer in ship's ballast water. This Convention entered into force on 8th September 2017. However, unlikely the majority of IMO Conventions, the Ballast Water Management Convention requires ships to comply with biological standards (e.g. concentration of organisms per unit of volume in ballast water discharges). This study aimed to apply different techniques developed to measure concentrations of viable phytoplankton in natural and treated ballast water samples and compare them with the established flow cytometry method and vital staining microscopy. Samples were collected in the English Channel over one year and on-board during ballast water shipboard efficacy tests. Natural abundance of live phytoplankton varied from 23% to 89% of the total, while for cells larger than 10 μm (a size defined by the BWM Convention) the percentage varied from 3% to 60%. An overall good correlation was seen between the measurements taken with the two fluorometers and in comparison with the flow cytometry analysis, as found in previous studies. Analysis of treated ballast water samples showed a large variation in the number of viable cells, however indicating a low level of risk on all occasions for regulatory purposes. One of the key aspects to bear in mind when sampling and analysing for compliance is to be aware of the limitations of each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia T de Castro
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Directorate of Ports and Coasts, Navy of Brazil, Rua Teófilo Otoni, 4, CEP 20090-070 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Timothy W Fileman
- PML Applications Ltd, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Shimoda Marine Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda City, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
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26
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Liu J, Ling L, Li Y, Wang C, Shang C. A modified method of high molecular weight adsorbable organic chlorine measurement in saline water: Dialysis pretreatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:258-262. [PMID: 29787909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adsorbable organic halogen is a mean to quantify total organic halogen, which is an important toxicity indicator in disinfection byproduct studies. However, quantification of low concentrations of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) formation in seawater chlorination using the USEPA Method 9020B was found inaccurate due to the presence of high concentrations of chloride. In this study, a dialysis-based pretreatment technique was proposed, optimized and adopted to eliminate the interference of chloride in quantifying low concentrations of AOCl in seawater. A volumetric ratio of dialysis samples to continuous-flow deionized water at 1:1200 was found sufficient to remove over 99% of chloride. As a result, chloride to AOCl ratios can be reduced to less than 20,000, and the interference from chloride can thus be eliminated. The detainment of AOCl by the dialysis pretreatment depends on the molecular weight cutoff of the cellulose seamless dialysis membrane currently used, which was determined to be around 320 to 500 Da. The dialysis pretreatment can be used to measure AOCl concentrations in chlorinated seawater samples at pH 6.5 to 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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27
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Liu ZQ, Shah AD, Salhi E, Bolotin J, von Gunten U. Formation of brominated trihalomethanes during chlorination or ozonation of natural organic matter extracts and model compounds in saline water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:492-502. [PMID: 29986257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation experiments (chlorine, ozone and bromine) were carried out with synthetic saline waters containing natural organic matter (NOM) extracts and model compounds to evaluate the potential of these surrogates to mimic the formation of brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMs) in natural saline waters. Synthetic saline water with Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA) showed comparable results to natural brackish and sea water for Br-THMs formation during chlorination and ozonation for typical ballast water treatment conditions ([Cl2]0 ≥ 5 mg/L or [O3]0 ≥ 3 mg/L). The molar CHBr3 yield in synthetic saline waters is higher for chlorination than for ozonation, since ozone reacts slower with bromide and faster with THM precursors. For bromination, the molar yields of CHBr3 for the NOM model compounds phenol, resorcinol, 3-oxopentanedioic acid and hydroquinone are 28, 62, 91 and 11%, respectively. CHBr3 formation is low during chlorination or ozonation of resorcinol-containing synthetic saline waters due to the faster reaction of resorcinol with these oxidants compared to the bromine formation from bromide. Oxidation experiments with mixtures of hydroquinone and phenol (or resorcinol) were conducted to mimic various functional groups of NOM reacting with Cl2 (or O3) in saline water. With increasing hydroquinone concentrations, the CHBr3 formation increases during both chlorination and ozonation of the mixtures, except for chlorination of the mixture of hydroquinone and resorcinol. The formation of THMs during chlorination of the mixture of hydroquinone and resorcinol is similar to that of resorcinol alone due to the much faster reaction of HOX with resorcinol compared to hydroquinone. In general, PLFA seems to be a reasonable DOM surrogate to simulate CHBr3 formation for realistic ballast water treatment. During chlorination, CHBr3 formations from phenol- and PLFA-containing synthetic brackish waters are comparable, for similar phenol contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Amisha D Shah
- School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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28
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Gerhard WA, Gunsch CK. Analyzing trends in ballasting behavior of vessels arriving to the United States from 2004 to 2017. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:525-533. [PMID: 30301069 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maritime shipping transports over 90% of global goods. Ballast water, used to provide vessel stability, has been associated with the introduction of marine invasive species. Thus, understanding ballasting trends is imperative to protecting human and environmental health. This paper examines data from the National Ballast Information Clearinghouse to assess ballasting behavior and shipping trends in the United States. From 2005 to 2017, vessel arrivals have remained relatively constant (annual growth rate of 1.2% per year) while total ballast discharge per vessel has grown at an annual rate of 7.6%. Furthermore, from 2014 to 2016, alternative ballast water management methods have been on the rise, and these treatment options are likely to continue increasing in response to the International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention that entered into force in September 2017. It is critical that the shipping industry monitors potential cascading impacts on other ballasting behaviors stemming from this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Gerhard
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA.
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA.
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29
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Bai M, Tian Y, Yu Y, Zheng Q, Zhang X, Zheng W, Zhang Z. Application of a hydroxyl-radical-based disinfection system for ballast water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:541-549. [PMID: 29890492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A hydroxyl radical (OH) ballast water treatment system (BWTS) was developed and applied to inactivate entrained organisms in a 10,000-ton oceanic ship, where OH was produced by a strong ionization discharge combined with a water jet cavitation effect. The calculated OH generation rate was 1373.4 μM min-1 in ballast water, which is much higher than that in other advanced oxidative processes such as photocatalysis. As a result, non-indigenous red tide algae were inactivated to meet the ballast water discharge standards (<10 cells mL-1) of the International Maritime Organization. The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) for algal chlorophyll rapidly decreased to zero within a contact time of only 6 s, indicating complete inactivation of algae. Observation under a scanning electron microscope showed no cellular materials were released by algal cells upon OH inactivation. A risk assessment of the OH treatment system was conducted, and the ratios of predicted environmental concentrations to predicted no effect concentrations of all detected disinfection byproducts were less than 1, even at a worst-case oxidant concentration of 2.41 mg L-1. Ship ballast water treated using OH inactivation is safe for marine environments. Finally, the energy consumption and operational costs of the OH BWTS were found to be 0.033 kWh m-3 and CNY 0.03 m-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Bai
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Yiping Tian
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Yixuan Yu
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Qilin Zheng
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning 116026, China
| | - Wu Zheng
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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30
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Moreno-Andrés J, Ambauen N, Vadstein O, Hallé C, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E, Meyn T. Inactivation of marine heterotrophic bacteria in ballast water by an Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:377-386. [PMID: 29753242 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seawater treatment is increasingly required due to industrial activities that use substantial volumes of seawater in their processes. The shipping industry and the associated management of a ship's ballast water are currently considered a global challenge for the seas. Related to that, the suitability of an Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process (EAOP) with Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes has been assessed on a laboratory scale for the disinfection of seawater. This technology can produce both reactive oxygen species and chlorine species (especially in seawater) that are responsible for inactivation. The EAOP was applied in a continuous-flow regime with real seawater. Natural marine heterotrophic bacteria (MHB) were used as an indicator of disinfection efficiency. A biphasic inactivation kinetic model was fitted on experimental points, achieving 4-Log reductions at 0.019 Ah L-1. By assessing regrowth after treatment, results suggest that higher bacterial damages result from the EAOP when it is compared to chlorination. Furthermore, several issues lacking fundamental understanding were investigated such as recolonization capacity or bacterial community dynamics. It was concluded that, despite disinfection processes being effective, there is not only a possibility for regrowth after treatment but also a change on bacterial population diversity produced by the treatment. Finally, energy consumption was estimated and indicated that 0.264 kWh·m-3 are needed for 4.8-Log reductions of MHB; otherwise, with 0.035 kWh·m-3, less disinfection efficiency can be obtained (2.2-Log red). However, with a residual oxidant in the solution, total inactivation can be achieved in three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Noëmi Ambauen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cynthia Hallé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Meyn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Aguilar S, Rosado D, Moreno-Andrés J, Cartuche L, Cruz D, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. Inactivation of a wild isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae by photo-chemical processes: UV-C, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/H2O2/Fe3+. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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David M, Linders J, Gollasch S, David J. Is the aquatic environment sufficiently protected from chemicals discharged with treated ballast water from vessels worldwide? - A decadal environmental perspective and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:590-600. [PMID: 29843036 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water managements systems (BWMS) installed on vessels may use active substances to inactivate or kill organisms in the ballast water. This paper provides new insights in this global issue - discharge of hazardous disinfection by-products with ballast water and related risk assessment for the environment. Considering the possible extent of this issue, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) engaged the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)-Ballast Water Working Group (BWWG) to oversee the evaluation process of BWMS that make use of active substances to prevent negative effects. We analysed all BWMS that received IMO final approval over a decade until 2017 and provide an overview of active substances used for ballast water treatment and disinfection by-products in the discharged ballast water. A risk assessment was conducted using the GESAMP-BWWG methodology for two very different commercial ports (Koper, Slovenia and Hamburg, Germany). Some relevant chemicals (chloropicrin, monochloroacetic acid, and dibromoacetonitrile) and other chemicals (isocyanuric acid and sodium thiosulphate) reached levels of concern, indicating a risk for aquatic organisms after discharge of that ballast water. From this analysis, it became clear GESAMP-BWWG worst-case scenario assumptions do not fully account for the potential environmental risks. We provide recommendations how to make this risk assessment more robust, recommend further research, and urge for policy as well as regulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia; Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Jan Linders
- De Waag 24, Amersfoort, 3823 GE, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Jan David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
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33
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Ziegler G, Tamburri MN, Fisher DJ. Long-term algal toxicity of oxidant treated ballast water. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:18-29. [PMID: 30041305 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
National and international regulations require that ships' ballast water is treated to minimize the risk of introducing potentially invasive species. A common approach employed by commercial ballast water management systems is chlorination. This study presents the algal toxicity findings for three chlorination-based BWMS and their implications to environmental safety of port waters receiving treated ballast water from ships. Discharged treated ballast water from all three BWMS was toxic to algae with IC25s (25% growth inhibition) ranging from 9.9% to 17.9%, despite having total residual oxidant concentrations below 0.02 mg/l, based on Whole Effluent Toxicity assays. When held at 4 °C, some of the ballast water samples continued to exhibit toxic effects with no observed effect concentrations as low as 18% after a 134 day holding time. Thirteen individual disinfection by-products were measured above the detected limit at the time of discharge. No correlation between DBPs and algal toxicity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA.
| | - Mario N Tamburri
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Fisher
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA
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Du Q, Wang Y, Li A, Yang H. Scale-inhibition and flocculation dual-functionality of poly(acrylic acid) grafted starch. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 210:273-279. [PMID: 29353116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural-polymer based water treatment agents have recently received much more attention due to their environmental friendliness, widespread availability, and prominent structural features. Starch-graft-poly(acrylic acid) (St-g-PAA) is a simple natural-polymer based material that can be obtained easily by a one-step graft copolymerization. When used as a water treatment agent, St-g-PAA exhibits both effective scale-inhibition performance and high turbidity removal efficiency. The scale-inhibition efficiency of St-g-PAA against calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is approximately 94% at the optimal dose in a static test of approximately 40 mg/L. Dispersion, crystal lattice distortion, and chelating effects all play important roles in the scale inhibition. When St-g-PAA is used as a coagulant aid for polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in the flocculation of a real hairwork wastewater, the highest reduction of the optimal PAC dose is more than 30% while the turbidity reduction is about 97% at the same time, both floc size and compactness increase, and the final settling efficiency also improves evidently. The efficient bridging flocculation effects account for the effective turbidity removal. The prominent scale-inhibition and flocculation dual-functionality of St-g-PAA is intrinsically ascribed to its distinct anionic linear branched-chain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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35
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Chlorine Tolerance and Inactivation of Escherichia coli recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Si Y, Li J, Zhao C, Deng Y, Ma Y, Wang D, Sun G. Biocidal and Rechargeable N-Halamine Nanofibrous Membranes for Highly Efficient Water Disinfection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:854-862. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
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Owoseni M, Okoh A. Assessment of chlorine tolerance profile of Citrobacter species recovered from wastewater treatment plants in Eastern Cape, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:201. [PMID: 28364327 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This present study assessed the chlorine tolerance of some Citrobacter species recovered from secondary effluents from the clarifiers of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The bacterial survival, chlorine lethal dose and inactivation kinetics at lethal doses were examined. Inactivation of the test bacteria (n = 20) at the recommended dose of 0.5 mg/l for 30 min exposure showed a progressive reduction in bacterial population from 4 to 5 log reduction and residuals ranged between 0.12 and 0.46 mg/l. The bactericidal activity of chlorine increased at higher dosages with a substantial reduction in viability of the bacteria and complete inactivation of the bacterial population at a lethal dose of 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l in 30 min. For the inactivation kinetics, bactericidal activity of chlorine increased with time showing a 3.67-5.4 log reduction in 10 min, 4.0-5.6 log reduction in 20 min and above 6.3 log reductions to complete sterilization of bacterial population over 30 min for all the entire test Citrobacter isolates used in this study. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation (R 2 > 0.84) between bacteria inactivation and increase in contact time. This study appears to have provided support for laboratory evidence of bacterial tolerance to chlorine disinfection at current recommended dose (0.5 mg/l for 30 min), and chlorine concentration between 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l was found to have a better disinfecting capacity to check tolerance of Citrobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Owoseni
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Moreno-Andrés J, Romero-Martínez L, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E. UV-based technologies for marine water disinfection and the application to ballast water: Does salinity interfere with disinfection processes? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:144-152. [PMID: 28011021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water contained on ships is employed in the majority of activities on a vessel; therefore, it is necessary to correctly manage through marine water treatments. Among the main water streams generated on vessels, ballast water appears to be an emerging global challenge (especially on cargo ships) due to the transport of invasive species and the significant impact that the ballast water discharge could have on ecosystems and human activities. To avoid this problem, ballast water treatment must be implemented prior to water discharge in accordance with the upcoming Ballast Water Management Convention. Different UV-based treatments (photolytic: UV-C and UV/H2O2, photocatalytic: UV/TiO2), have been compared for seawater disinfection. E. faecalis is proposed as a biodosimeter organism for UV-based treatments and demonstrates good properties for being considered as a Standard Test Organism for seawater. Inactivation rates by means of the UV-based treatments were obtained using a flow-through UV-reactor. Based on the two variables responses that were studied (kinetic rate constant and UV-Dose reductions), both advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2 and photocatalysis) were more effective than UV-C treatment. Evaluation of salinity on the processes suggests different responses according to the treatments: major interference on photocatalysis treatment and minimal impact on UV/H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CACYTMAR, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CACYTMAR, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CACYTMAR, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CACYTMAR, University of Cádiz, Campus Universitario Puerto Real, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Dang TLT, Imai T, Le TV, Nguyen DMK, Higuchi T, Kanno A, Yamamoto K, Sekine M. Synergistic effect of pressurized carbon dioxide and sodium hypochlorite on the inactivation of Enterococcus sp. in seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:204-213. [PMID: 27721172 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of combined treatments using pressurized carbon dioxide (PCD) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the inactivation of Enterococcus sp. in artificial seawater. Bacterial inactivation was conducted in a liquid-film-forming apparatus with various pressure conditions, CO2 supply rates, and chlorine dosages. Combined PCD/chlorine treatments resulted in greater disinfection efficiency than those for the two individual treatments. Synergy values were correlated with pressure and CO2 concentrations (p < 0.001). Combination of 0.9 MPa PCD (various CO2 supply rates: 25% CO2 + 75% N2, 50% CO2 + 50% N2, and 100% CO2) and chlorine (0.20 mg L-1) yielded average synergy values of 4.9, 5.2, and 4.4 log, respectively, within 3 min. Combined treatment with PCD (100% CO2, 0.3 MPa, and 20 °C) and chlorine (0.20-0.22 mg L-1) achieved an average synergy value of 4.6 log and complete inactivation (5.2-5.5 log reductions) of Enterococcus sp. within 4 min. In contrast, when the two individual treatments (PCD and chlorine) were used, only 3.7 and 1.8-2.3 log reductions, respectively, were achieved after 25 min. These findings suggest that the combined PCD/chlorine treatment has synergistic benefits and provides a promising method for the disinfection of ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Loc Thi Dang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan; Department of Environmental Science, College of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 470000, Viet Nam
| | - Tsuyoshi Imai
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Tuan Van Le
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 470000, Viet Nam
| | - Diem-Mai Kim Nguyen
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Takaya Higuchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ariyo Kanno
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sekine
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
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Bruguera-Casamada C, Sirés I, Prieto MJ, Brillas E, Araujo RM. The ability of electrochemical oxidation with a BDD anode to inactivate Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in low conductivity sulfate medium. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:516-524. [PMID: 27567151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of 100 mL of synthetic water containing 7 mM Na2SO4 with 10(6) CFU mL(-1) of either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria has been studied by electrochemical oxidation. The electrolytic cell was a stirred tank reactor equipped with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode and the trials were performed at acidic and neutral pH, at 33.3 mA cm(-2) and 25 °C. Reactive oxygen species, pre-eminently hydroxyl radicals, were efficiently produced in both media from water oxidation at the BDD anode and the bacteria concentration was reduced by ≥ 5 log units after 60 min of electrolysis, thus constituting a good chlorine-free disinfection treatment. All the inactivation kinetics were described by a logistic model, with no significant statistical differences between acidic and neutral suspensions. The electrochemical disinfection with BDD was very effective for Gram-negative bacilli like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive ones like Bacillus atrophaeus, whereas the Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus hirae were more resistant. Thus, the latter organisms are a better choice than E. coli as process indicators. Scanning electron microscopy highlighted a transition from initial cells with standard morphology supported on clean filters to inactivated cells with a highly altered morphology lying on dirty filters with plenty of cellular debris. Larger damage was observed for Gram-negative cells compared to Gram-positive ones. The inactivation effect could then be related to the chemical composition of the outer layers of the cell structure along with the modification of the transmembrane potentials upon current passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Bruguera-Casamada
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María J Prieto
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Araujo
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Dang LTT, Imai T, Le TV, Nishihara S, Higuchi T, Nguyen MKD, Kanno A, Yamamoto K, Sekine M. Effects of pressure and pressure cycling on disinfection of Enterococcus sp. in seawater using pressurized carbon dioxide with different content rates. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:930-937. [PMID: 27294417 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest is growing in a disinfection technique for water treatment without disinfection byproducts. This study presents the result of using a liquid-film-forming apparatus at less than 1.0 MPa for disinfection of seawater. The sensitivity of Enterococcus sp. (ATCC 202155) to the pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) was examined under various conditions of pressure cycling, pressure, working volume ratio (WVR), and CO2 content rate. The key influences on frequency and magnitude of pressure cycling in enhancing Enterococcus sp. inactivation are elucidated. The results reveal strong correlation between pressure cycling and inactivation efficiency (P-value < 0.001). The outcome of linear regression model analysis suggests that the model can explain 93%, 85%, and 89% of the inactivation efficiency of (25% CO2 + 75% N2), (50% CO2 + 50% N2), and 100% CO2, respectively. The predicted value was fit with experimental results (p-value <0.05). Under identical treatment conditions (pressure = 0.9 MPa, ΔP = 0.14 MPa, 70% WVR, and 20 ± 1°C), treatment with pressurized CO2 (100% purity) resulted in complete inactivation 5.2 log of Enterococcus sp. after 70 cycles within 20 min. The Enterococcus sp. inactivation of pressurized CO2 followed first-order reaction kinetics. The smallest D-value (largest k-value) was induced by pressurized CO2 (100% purity) at 0.9 MPa, which was obtained at 3.85 min (0.5988 min(-1), R(2) ≥ 0.95). The findings could provide an effective method for enhanced bactericidal performance of pressurized CO2, to address recently emerging problems in water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc T T Dang
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
- b Department of Environmental Science , Hue University of Sciences, Hue University , Hue , Vietnam
| | - Tsuyoshi Imai
- c Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Tuan V Le
- b Department of Environmental Science , Hue University of Sciences, Hue University , Hue , Vietnam
| | - Satoshi Nishihara
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Takaya Higuchi
- c Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Mai K D Nguyen
- a Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Ariyo Kanno
- c Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- c Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
| | - Masahiko Sekine
- c Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
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Bai M, Zheng Q, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Chen C, Cheng C, Meng X. Inactivation of invasive marine species in the process of conveying ballast water using OH based on a strong ionization discharge. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:217-224. [PMID: 27058879 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, invasive marine species in medium-salinity ballast water were inactivated using OH generated from a strong ionization discharge. The OH is determined by the concentration of oxygen active species combined with the effects of water jet cavitation. The results indicated that the OH concentration reached 7.62 μM, within 1 s, which is faster and higher than in conventional AOP methods. In a pilot-scale OH ballast water system with a capacity of 10 m(3)/h, algae were inactivated when CT value was 0.1 mg min/L with a contact time only 6 s. The viable and nonviable cells were determined using SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain and Flow cytometry. As a result, the OH treatment could be completed during the process of conveying the ballast water. In addition, the concentrations of relevant disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and bromate, were less than that required by the World Health Organization's drinking water standards, which suggest that the discharged ballast water posed no risks to the oceanic environment. Nevertheless, for conventional ozonation and electrolysis methods, the ballast water should be treated only in the treated tanks during the ship's voyage and form higher level DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Bai
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Qilin Zheng
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yiping Tian
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China.
| | - Cao Chen
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
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Zhang N, Wang Y, Xue J, Yuan L, Wang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Hu K. Risk assessment of human health from exposure to the discharged ballast water after full-scale electrolysis treatment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olsen RO, Hoffmann F, Hess-Erga OK, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Hoell IA. Ultraviolet radiation as a ballast water treatment strategy: Inactivation of phytoplankton measured with flow cytometry. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:270-275. [PMID: 26719070 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates different UV doses (mJ/cm(2)) and the effect of dark incubation on the survival of the algae Tetraselmis suecica, to simulate ballast water treatment and subsequent transport. Samples were UV irradiated and analyzed by flow cytometry and standard culturing methods. Doses of ≥400 mJ/cm(2) rendered inactivation after 1 day as measured by all analytical methods, and are recommended for ballast water treatment if immediate impairment is required. Irradiation with lower UV doses (100-200 mJ/cm(2)) gave considerable differences of inactivation between experiments and analytical methods. Nevertheless, inactivation increased with increasing doses and incubation time. We argue that UV doses ≥100 mJ/cm(2) and ≤200 mJ/cm(2) can be sufficient if the water is treated at intake and left in dark ballast tanks. The variable results demonstrate the challenge of giving unambiguous recommendations on duration of dark incubation needed for inactivation when algae are treated with low UV doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Hoffmann
- University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49b, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Klingenbergvegen 8, 5414 Stord, Norway.
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Yang M, Liu J, Zhang X, Richardson SD. Comparative Toxicity of Chlorinated Saline and Freshwater Wastewater Effluents to Marine Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14475-14483. [PMID: 26505276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toilet flushing with seawater results in saline wastewater, which may contain approximately 33-50% seawater. Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), especially brominated and iodinated DBPs, have recently been found in chlorinated saline wastewater effluents. With the occurrence of brominated and iodinated DBPs, the adverse effects of chlorinated saline wastewater effluents to marine ecology have been uncertain. By evaluating the developmental effects in the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii directly exposed to chlorinated saline/freshwater wastewater effluents, we found surprisingly that chlorinated saline wastewater effluents were less toxic than a chlorinated freshwater wastewater effluent. This was also witnessed by the marine alga Tetraselmis marina. The toxicity of a chlorinated wastewater effluent to the marine species was dominated by its relatively low salinity compared to the salinity in seawater. The organic matter content in a chlorinated wastewater effluent might be partially responsible for the toxicity. The adverse effects of halogenated DBPs on the marine species were observed pronouncedly only in the "concentrated" chlorinated wastewater effluents. pH and ammonia content in a wastewater effluent caused no adverse effects on the marine species. The results suggest that using seawater to replace freshwater for toilet flushing might mitigate the "direct" acute detrimental effect of wastewater to the marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Michałowicz J, Wróblewski W, Mokra K, Maćczak A, Kwiatkowska M. Comparative study of the effect of chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, and dibromoacetic acid on necrotic, apoptotic and morphological changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1416-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Olsen RO, Hess-Erga OK, Larsen A, Thuestad G, Tobiesen A, Hoell IA. Flow cytometric applicability to evaluate UV inactivation of phytoplankton in marine water samples. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:279-285. [PMID: 25960276 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of microbes is of importance to prevent the spread of pathogens and non-indigenous species in the environment. Here we test the applicability of using flow cytometry (FCM) to evaluate inactivation of the phytoplankter Tetraselmis suecica after UV irradiation and labeling with the esterase substrate 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM). Non-irradiated and UV irradiated samples were analyzed with the plate count technique and FCM for 24 days. The numbers of colony forming units were used as a standard to develop a FCM protocol. Our protocol readily distinguishes live and dead cells, but challenges were encountered when determining whether UV damaged cells are dying or repairable. As damaged cells can represent a risk to aquatic organisms and/or humans, this was taken into account when developing the FCM protocol. In spite of the above mentioned challenges we argue that FCM represents an accurate and rapid method to analyze T. suecica samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aud Larsen
- Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49 B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Thuestad
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
| | - August Tobiesen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Alne Hoell
- Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
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48
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Zhang N, Zhang Y, Bai M, Zhang Z, Chen C, Meng X. Risk assessment of marine environments from ballast water discharges with laboratory-scale hydroxyl radicals treatment in Tianjin Harbor, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 145:122-128. [PMID: 25016101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For the majority of ballast water treatment system (BWTS) that employ active substances (e.g., oxidative compounds), relevant chemicals (RCs) formation is an issue owing to their potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Accordingly, BWTS must be approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the approval procedure requires environmental risk assessment. The most commonly employed harbor used to calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for RCs in treated ballast water is the GESAMP-BWWG (Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection-Ballast Water Working Group) model harbor. However, there is very little assessment data available regarding the associated environmental impacts in ports and harbors of China. Therefore, in this study the concentration of fifteen RCs from the existing laboratory-scale BWTS using hydroxyl radicals was obtained and input into the MAMPEC (Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations) model to compute PECs in Tianjin Harbor, China. The potential risks to the aquatic environment posed by treated ballast water in Tianjin Harbor were further assessed based on the calculated ratio of PECs and predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Only monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid were found to have potential risks, and the ratios of PECs and PNECs to the other measured RCs were less than 1, indicating that the environmental risk posed by treated ballast water discharged into Tianjin Harbor is of little concern. The concentration of total residual oxidant recommended by the IMO (<0.2 mg/L) in treated ballast water at discharge was found to be at levels that may pose a risk to the aquatic environment in Tianjin Harbor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahui Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mindong Bai
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Cao Chen
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China
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49
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Werschkun B, Banerji S, Basurko OC, David M, Fuhr F, Gollasch S, Grummt T, Haarich M, Jha AN, Kacan S, Kehrer A, Linders J, Mesbahi E, Pughiuc D, Richardson SD, Schwarz-Schulz B, Shah A, Theobald N, von Gunten U, Wieck S, Höfer T. Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: the run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:256-66. [PMID: 25048914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and discharge of ballast water by ocean-going ships contribute to the worldwide spread of aquatic invasive species, with negative impacts on the environment, economies, and public health. The International Ballast Water Management Convention aims at a global answer. The agreed standards for ballast water discharge will require ballast water treatment. Systems based on various physical and/or chemical methods were developed for on-board installation and approved by the International Maritime Organization. Most common are combinations of high-performance filters with oxidizing chemicals or UV radiation. A well-known problem of oxidative water treatment is the formation of disinfection by-products, many of which show genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term toxicity. In natural biota, genetic damages can affect reproductive success and ultimately impact biodiversity. The future exposure towards chemicals from ballast water treatment can only be estimated, based on land-based testing of treatment systems, mathematical models, and exposure scenarios. Systematic studies on the chemistry of oxidants in seawater are lacking, as are data about the background levels of disinfection by-products in the oceans and strategies for monitoring future developments. The international approval procedure of ballast water treatment systems compares the estimated exposure levels of individual substances with their experimental toxicity. While well established in many substance regulations, this approach is also criticised for its simplification, which may disregard critical aspects such as multiple exposures and long-term sub-lethal effects. Moreover, a truly holistic sustainability assessment would need to take into account factors beyond chemical hazards, e.g. energy consumption, air pollution or waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Werschkun
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Banerji
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane C Basurko
- Marine Division, AZTI-Tecnalia, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, SI 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Frank Fuhr
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Grummt
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster Branch, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, D-08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Michael Haarich
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stefan Kacan
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kehrer
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jan Linders
- Pastoor Pieckweg 8, NL-3828 PR Hoogland, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Mesbahi
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dandu Pughiuc
- Marine Environment Division, International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Amisha Shah
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wieck
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Fisher D, Yonkos L, Ziegler G, Friedel E, Burton D. Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Isochrysis galbana. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 55:233-244. [PMID: 24607524 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water treatment has become a major issue in the last decade due to the problem of invasive species transported and released by the uptake and discharge of ballast water for shipping operations. One of the important issues considering ballast water treatment is to determine whether treated ballast water, once discharged, is safe to the aquatic environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) has determined that prior to approval of a ballast water management system, aquatic toxicity data must be available for both the active substance and relevant byproducts. Many proposed ballast water treatment systems use chlorine as the active ingredient. Although there are sufficient toxicity data concerning active substances such as chlorine, there are limited toxicity data concerning disinfection (halogenated) byproducts including dibromochloromethane, four haloacetic acids and sodium bromate. Acute and chronic toxicity were determined for these disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Acute toxicity values ranged from 96-h LC50s of 46.8 mg/l for Daphnia magna for both dibromochloromethane and sodium bromate to a 96-h LC50 of 376.4 mg/l for Cyprinodon variegatus for tribromoacetic acid. Acute Isochrysis galbana population growth effect values ranged from a 72-h EC10 of 39.9 mg/l for dichloroacetic acid to a 72-h EC50 of 15,954 mg/l for sodium bromate. Chronic toxicity mortality/reproduction effects values for D. magna ranged from a 21-d IC25 of 160.9 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid to a 21-d LOEC of 493.0 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid. Chronic toxicity mortality/growth values for C. variegatus ranged from a 32-d IC25 of 246.8 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to a 32-d LOEC of 908.1 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. I. galbana 96-h chronic population growth effects values ranged from an EC10 of 38.5 mg/l for trichloroacetic acid to an LOEC of 500.0 mg/l for tribromoacetic acid. Acute to chronic ratios for all of these DBPs ranged from 0.8 to 3.0. Based on toxicity/ecorisk categories generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, these disinfection byproducts would be considered either slightly toxic or practically nontoxic to the aquatic organisms tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fisher
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Lance Yonkos
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College Park, MD, USA; University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Ziegler
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Friedel
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA
| | - Dennis Burton
- University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, USA
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