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Wang X, Ju Y, Wu T, Kong L, Yuan M, Liu H, Chen X, Chu Z. The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs directly suppresses rice immunity by interacting with OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2186-2200. [PMID: 38587024 PMCID: PMC11258985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The clade III subfamily of OsSWEETs includes transmembrane proteins necessary for susceptibility to bacterial blight (BB). These genes are targeted by the specific transcription activator-like effector (TALE) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and mediate sucrose efflux for bacterial proliferation. However, the mechanism through which OsSWEETs regulate rice immunity has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13 is required for complementing susceptibility to PXO99 in IRBB13 (xa13/xa13). Interestingly, the C-terminus of ZmXa13, the maize homologue of OsSWEET11a/Xa13, could perfectly substitute for the C-terminus of OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Furthermore, OsSWEET11a/Xa13 interacted with the high-mobility group B1 (OsHMGB1) protein and the small heat shock-like protein OsHsp20L through the same regions in the C-terminus. Consistent with the physical interactions, knockdown or knockout of either OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L caused an enhanced PXO99-resistant phenotype similar to that of OsSWEET11a/OsXa13. Surprisingly, the plants in which OsHMGB1 or OsHsp20L was repressed developed increased resistance to PXO86, PXO61 and YN24, which carry TALEs targeting OsSWEET14/Xa41 or OsSWEET11a/Xa13. Additionally, OsHsp20L can interact with all six members of clade III OsSWEETs, whereas OsHMGB1 can interact with five other members in addition to OsSWEET12. Overall, we revealed that OsHMGB1 and OsHsp20L mediate conserved BB susceptibility by interacting with clade III OsSWEETs, which are candidates for breeding broad-spectrum disease-resistant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanhu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesLiaocheng UniversityLiaochengChina
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Xiangsong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Roeschlin RA, Azad SM, Grove RP, Chuan A, García L, Niñoles R, Uviedo F, Villalobos L, Massimino ME, Marano MR, Boch J, Gadea J. Designer TALEs enable discovery of cell death-inducer genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2985-2996. [PMID: 38723194 PMCID: PMC11288752 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) in plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria activate expression of plant genes and support infection or cause a resistance response. PthA4AT is a TALE with a particularly short DNA-binding domain harboring only 7.5 repeats which triggers cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana; however, the genetic basis for this remains unknown. To identify possible target genes of PthA4AT that mediate cell death in N. benthamiana, we exploited the modularity of TALEs to stepwise enhance their specificity and reduce potential target sites. Substitutions of individual repeats suggested that PthA4AT-dependent cell death is sequence specific. Stepwise addition of repeats to the C-terminal or N-terminal end of the repeat region narrowed the sequence requirements in promoters of target genes. Transcriptome profiling and in silico target prediction allowed the isolation of two cell death inducer genes, which encode a patatin-like protein and a bifunctional monodehydroascorbate reductase/carbonic anhydrase protein. These two proteins are not linked to known TALE-dependent resistance genes. Our results show that the aberrant expression of different endogenous plant genes can cause a cell death reaction, which supports the hypothesis that TALE-dependent executor resistance genes can originate from various plant processes. Our strategy further demonstrates the use of TALEs to scan genomes for genes triggering cell death and other relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana A Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/n, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sepideh M Azad
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio S/N., 46022, Valencia, España
| | - René P Grove
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ana Chuan
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio S/N., 46022, Valencia, España
| | - Lucila García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/n, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Regina Niñoles
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio S/N., 46022, Valencia, España
| | - Facundo Uviedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/n, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Liara Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/n, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria E Massimino
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio S/N., 46022, Valencia, España
| | - María R Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda S/n, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 590, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Ingeniero Fausto Elio S/N., 46022, Valencia, España
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Miller SA, Testen AL, Jacobs JM, Ivey MLL. Mitigating Emerging and Reemerging Diseases of Fruit and Vegetable Crops in a Changing Climate. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:917-929. [PMID: 38170665 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0393-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable crops are important sources of nutrition and income globally. Producing these high-value crops requires significant investment of often scarce resources, and, therefore, the risks associated with climate change and accompanying disease pressures are especially important. Climate change influences the occurrence and pressure of plant diseases, enabling new pathogens to emerge and old enemies to reemerge. Specific environmental changes attributed to climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations and intense rainfall events, greatly alter fruit and vegetable disease incidence and severity. In turn, fruit and vegetable microbiomes, and subsequently overall plant health, are also affected by climate change. Changing disease pressures cause growers and researchers to reassess disease management and climate change adaptation strategies. Approaches such as climate smart integrated pest management, smart sprayer technology, protected culture cultivation, advanced diagnostics, and new soilborne disease management strategies are providing new tools for specialty crops growers. Researchers and educators need to work closely with growers to establish fruit and vegetable production systems that are resilient and responsive to changing climates. This review explores the effects of climate change on specialty food crops, pathogens, insect vectors, and pathosystems, as well as adaptations needed to ensure optimal plant health and environmental and economic sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anna L Testen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Liu M, Zhang F, Lu H, Xue H, Dong X, Li Z, Xu J, Wang W, Wei C. PPanG: a precision pangenome browser enabling nucleotide-level analysis of genomic variations in individual genomes and their graph-based pangenome. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:405. [PMID: 38658835 PMCID: PMC11044437 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Graph-based pangenome is gaining more popularity than linear pangenome because it stores more comprehensive information of variations. However, traditional linear genome browser has its own advantages, especially the tremendous resources accumulated historically. With the fast-growing number of individual genomes and their annotations available, the demand for a genome browser to visualize genome annotation for many individuals together with a graph-based pangenome is getting higher and higher. Here we report a new pangenome browser PPanG, a precise pangenome browser enabling nucleotide-level comparison of individual genome annotations together with a graph-based pangenome. Nine rice genomes with annotations were provided by default as potential references, and any individual genome can be selected as the reference. Our pangenome browser provides unprecedented insights on genome variations at different levels from base to gene, and reveals how the structures of a gene could differ for individuals. PPanG can be applied to any species with multiple individual genomes available and it is available at https://cgm.sjtu.edu.cn/PPanG .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongzhang Xue
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Chaochun Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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5
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He L, Liu P, Mei L, Luo H, Ban T, Chen X, Ma B. Disease resistance features of the executor R gene Xa7 reveal novel insights into the interaction between rice and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365989. [PMID: 38633460 PMCID: PMC11021754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a widespread and destructive disease in rice production. Previously, we cloned an executor R gene, Xa7, which confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to BB. Here, we further confirmed that the transcription activator-like effector (TALE) AvrXa7 in Xoo strains could directly bind to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the promoter of the Xa7 gene. Other executor R genes (Xa7, Xa10, Xa23, and Xa27) driven by the promoter of the Xa7 gene could be activated by AvrXa7 and trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves. When the expression of the Xa23 gene was driven by the Xa7 promoter, the transgenic rice plants displayed a similar resistance spectrum as the Xa7 gene, demonstrating that the disease resistance characteristics of executor R genes are mainly determined by their induction patterns. Xa7 gene is induced locally by Xoo in the infected leaves, and its induction not only inhibited the growth of incompatible strains but also enhanced the resistance of rice plants to compatible strains, which overcame the shortcomings of its race-specific resistance. Transcriptome analysis of the Xa7 gene constitutive expression in rice plants displayed that Xa7-mediated disease resistance was related to the biosynthesis of lignin and thus enhanced resistance to Xoo. Overall, our results provided novel insights and important resources for further clarifying the molecular mechanisms of the executor R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xifeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Bojun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Liu S, Luo S, Yang D, Huang J, Jiang X, Yu S, Fu J, Zhou D, Chen X, He H, Fu H. Alternative polyadenylation profiles of susceptible and resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to bacterial leaf blight using RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:145. [PMID: 38413866 PMCID: PMC10900630 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important pattern of post-transcriptional regulation of genes widely existing in eukaryotes, involving plant physiological and pathological processes. However, there is a dearth of studies investigating the role of APA profile in rice leaf blight. RESULTS In this study, we compared the APA profile of leaf blight-susceptible varieties (CT 9737-613P-M) and resistant varieties (NSIC RC154) following bacterial blight infection. Through gene enrichment analysis, we found that the genes of two varieties typically exhibited distal poly(A) (PA) sites that play different roles in two kinds of rice, indicating differential APA regulatory mechanisms. In this process, many disease-resistance genes displayed multiple transcripts via APA. Moreover, we also found five polyadenylation factors of similar expression patterns of rice, highlighting the critical roles of these five factors in rice response to leaf blight about PA locus diversity. CONCLUSION Notably, the present study provides the first dynamic changes of APA in rice in early response to biotic stresses and proposes a possible functional conjecture of APA in plant immune response, which lays the theoretical foundation for in-depth determination of the role of APA events in plant stress response and other life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shuqi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Dewei Yang
- Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xinlei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shangwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Junru Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Dahu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Haihui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Xu Z, Xu X, Li Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Cheng G, Zou L, Zhu B, Chen G. Tal6b/AvrXa27A, a hidden TALE targeting the susceptibility gene OsSWEET11a and the resistance gene Xa27 in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100721. [PMID: 37735868 PMCID: PMC10873877 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) secretes transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) to activate rice susceptibility (S) genes, causing bacterial blight (BB), as well as resistance (R) genes, leading to defense against BB. This activation follows a gene-for-gene paradigm that results in an arms race between the TALE of the pathogen and effector-binding elements (EBEs) in the promoters of host genes. In this study, we characterized a novel TALE, designated Tal6b/AvrXa27A, that activates the rice S gene OsSWEET11a and the rice R gene Xa27. Tal6b/AvrXa27A is a member of the AvrXa27/TalAO class and contains 16 repeat variable diresidues (RVDs); one RVD is altered and one is deleted in Tal6b/AvrXa27A compared with AvrXa27, a known avirulence (avr) effector of Xa27. Tal6b/AvrXa27A can transcriptionally activate the expression of Xa27 and OsSWEET11a via EBEs in their corresponding promoters, leading to effector-triggered immunity and susceptibility, respectively. The 16 RVDs in Tal6b/AvrXa27A have no obvious similarity to the 24 RVDs in the effector PthXo1, but EBETal6b and EBEPthXo1 are overlapped in the OsSWEET11a promoter. Tal6b/AvrXa27A is prevalent among Asian Xoo isolates, but PthXo1 has only been reported in the Philippine strain PXO99A. Genome editing of EBETal6b in the OsSWEET11a promoter further confirmed the requirement for OsSWEET11a expression in Tal6b/AvrXa27A-dependent susceptibility to Xoo. Moreover, Tal6b/AvrXa27A resulted in higher transcription of Xa27 than of OsSWEET11a, which led to a strong, rapid resistance response that blocked disease development. These findings suggest that Tal6b/AvrXa27A has a dual function: triggering resistance by activating Xa27 gene expression as an avirulence factor and inducing transcription of the S gene OsSWEET11a, resulting in virulence. Intriguingly, Tal6b/AvrXa27A, but not AvrXa27, can bind to the promoter of OsSWEET11a. The underlying recognition mechanism for this binding remains unclear but appears to deviate from the currently accepted TALE code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiameng Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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8
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Tian D, Teo J, Yin Z. Ectopic Expression of the Executor-Type R Gene Paralog Xa27B in Rice Leads to Spontaneous Lesions and Enhanced Disease Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:143-154. [PMID: 38381127 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0153-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance (R) gene-mediated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is usually associated with hypersensitive response (HR) and provides robust and race-specific disease resistance against pathogenic infection. The activation of ETI and HR in plants is strictly regulated, and improper activation will lead to cell death. Xa27 is an executor-type R gene in rice induced by the TAL effector AvrXa27 and confers disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Here we reported the characterization of a transgenic line with lesion mimic phenotype, designated as Spotted leaf and resistance 1 (Slr1), which was derived from rice transformation with a genomic subclone located 5,125 bp downstream of the Xa27 gene. Slr1 develops spontaneous lesions on its leaves caused by cell death and confers disease resistance to both Xoo and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Further investigation revealed that the Slr1 phenotype resulted from the ectopic expression of an Xa27 paralog gene, designated as Xa27B, in the inserted DNA fragment at the Slr1 locus driven by a truncated CaMV35Sx2 promoter in reverse orientation. Disease evaluation of IRBB27, IR24, and Xa27B mutants with Xoo strains expressing dTALE-Xa27B confirmed that Xa27B is a functional executor-type R gene. The functional XA27B-GFP protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and apoplast. The identification of Xa27B as a new functional executor-type R gene provides additional genetic resources for studying the mechanism of executor-type R protein-mediated ETI and developing enhanced and broad-spectrum disease resistance to Xoo through promoter engineering. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Tian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joanne Teo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhongchao Yin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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Fakhar AZ, Liu J, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Mukhtar MS. The ORFans' tale: new insights in plant biology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1379-1390. [PMID: 37453923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Orphan genes (OGs) are protein-coding genes without a significant sequence similarity in closely related species. Despite their functional importance, very little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms by which OGs participate in diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss the evolutionary mechanisms of OGs' emergence with relevance to species-specific adaptations. We also provide a mechanistic view of the involvement of OGs in multiple processes, including growth, development, reproduction, and carbon-metabolism-mediated immunity. We highlight the interconnection between OGs and the sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs)-target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling axis for phytohormone signaling, nutrient metabolism, and stress responses. Finally, we propose a high-throughput pipeline for OGs' interspecies and intraspecies gene transfer through a transgenic approach for future biotechnological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeeshan Fakhar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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10
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Yıldırım K, Miladinović D, Sweet J, Akin M, Galović V, Kavas M, Zlatković M, de Andrade E. Genome editing for healthy crops: traits, tools and impacts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1231013. [PMID: 37965029 PMCID: PMC10641503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1231013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop cultivars in commercial use have often been selected because they show high levels of resistance to pathogens. However, widespread cultivation of these crops for many years in the environments favorable to a pathogen requires durable forms of resistance to maintain "healthy crops". Breeding of new varieties tolerant/resistant to biotic stresses by incorporating genetic components related to durable resistance, developing new breeding methods and new active molecules, and improving the Integrated Pest Management strategies have been of great value, but their effectiveness is being challenged by the newly emerging diseases and the rapid change of pathogens due to climatic changes. Genome editing has provided new tools and methods to characterize defense-related genes in crops and improve crop resilience to disease pathogens providing improved food security and future sustainable agricultural systems. In this review, we discuss the principal traits, tools and impacts of utilizing genome editing techniques for achieving of durable resilience and a "healthy plants" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jeremy Sweet
- Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meleksen Akin
- Department of Horticulture, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Türkiye
| | - Vladislava Galović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Milica Zlatković
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eugenia de Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Fakhar AZ, Liu J, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM, Mukhtar MS. The Lost and Found: Unraveling the Functions of Orphan Genes. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:27. [PMID: 37367481 PMCID: PMC10299390 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orphan Genes (OGs) are a mysterious class of genes that have recently gained significant attention. Despite lacking a clear evolutionary history, they are found in nearly all living organisms, from bacteria to humans, and they play important roles in diverse biological processes. The discovery of OGs was first made through comparative genomics followed by the identification of unique genes across different species. OGs tend to be more prevalent in species with larger genomes, such as plants and animals, and their evolutionary origins remain unclear but potentially arise from gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), or de novo origination. Although their precise function is not well understood, OGs have been implicated in crucial biological processes such as development, metabolism, and stress responses. To better understand their significance, researchers are using a variety of approaches, including transcriptomics, functional genomics, and molecular biology. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of OGs in all domains of life, highlighting the possible role of dark transcriptomics in their evolution. More research is needed to fully comprehend the role of OGs in biology and their impact on various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Teper D, White FF, Wang N. The Dynamic Transcription Activator-Like Effector Family of Xanthomonas. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:651-666. [PMID: 36449529 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0365-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are bacterial proteins that are injected into the eukaryotic nucleus to act as transcriptional factors and function as key virulence factors of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. TALEs are translocated into plant host cells via the type III secretion system and induce the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes to facilitate disease. The unique modular DNA binding domains of TALEs comprise an array of nearly identical direct repeats that enable binding to DNA targets based on the recognition of a single nucleotide target per repeat. The very nature of TALE structure and function permits the proliferation of TALE genes and evolutionary adaptations in the host to counter TALE function, making the TALE-host interaction the most dynamic story in effector biology. The TALE genes appear to be a relatively young effector gene family, with a presence in all virulent members of some species and absent in others. Genome sequencing has revealed many TALE genes throughout the xanthomonads, and relatively few have been associated with a cognate S gene. Several species, including Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. citri pv. citri, have near absolute requirement for TALE gene function, while the genes appear to be just now entering the disease interactions with new fitness contributions to the pathogens of tomato and pepper among others. Deciphering the simple and effective DNA binding mechanism also has led to the development of DNA manipulation tools in fields of gene editing and transgenic research. In the three decades since their discovery, TALE research remains at the forefront of the study of bacterial evolution, plant-pathogen interactions, and synthetic biology. We also discuss critical questions that remain to be addressed regarding TALEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Teper
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, U.S.A
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14
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Sharma A, Gupta AK, Devi B. Current trends in management of bacterial pathogens infecting plants. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:303-326. [PMID: 36683073 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously challenged by different pathogenic microbes that reduce the quality and quantity of produce and therefore pose a serious threat to food security. Among them bacterial pathogens are known to cause disease outbreaks with devastating economic losses in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Bacteria are structurally simple prokaryotic microorganisms and are diverse from a metabolic standpoint. Bacterial infection process mainly involves successful attachment or penetration by using extracellular enzymes, type secretion systems, toxins, growth regulators and by exploiting different molecules that modulate plant defence resulting in successful colonization. Theses bacterial pathogens are extremely difficult to control as they develop resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, attempts are made to search for innovative methods of disease management by the targeting bacterial virulence and manipulating the genes in host plants by exploiting genome editing methods. Here, we review the recent developments in bacterial disease management including the bioactive antimicrobial compounds, bacteriophage therapy, quorum-quenching mediated control, nanoparticles and CRISPR/Cas based genome editing techniques for bacterial disease management. Future research should focus on implementation of smart delivery systems and consumer acceptance of these innovative methods for sustainable disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag- Mandi, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India.
| | - A K Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
| | - Banita Devi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 230, India
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15
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Lu Y, Zhong Q, Xiao S, Wang B, Ke X, Zhang Y, Yin F, Zhang D, Jiang C, Liu L, Li J, Yu T, Wang L, Cheng Z, Chen L. A new NLR disease resistance gene Xa47 confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037901. [PMID: 36507384 PMCID: PMC9730417 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight (BB) induced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a devastating bacterial disease in rice. The use of disease resistance (R) genes is the most efficient method to control BB. Members of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) family have significant roles in plant defense. In this study, Xa47, a new bacterial blight R gene encoding a typical NLR, was isolated from G252 rice material, and XA47 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Among 180 rice materials tested, Xa47 was discovered in certain BB-resistant materials. Compared with the wild-type G252, the knockout mutants of Xa47 was more susceptible to Xoo. By contrast, overexpression of Xa47 in the susceptible rice material JG30 increased BB resistance. The findings indicate that Xa47 positively regulates the Xoo stress response. Consequently, Xa47 may have application potential in the genetic improvement of plant disease resistance. The molecular mechanism of Xa47 regulation merits additional examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Lu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiaofang Zhong
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Suqin Xiao
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Ke
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Fuyou Yin
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Dunyu Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Li Liu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinlu Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Tengqiong Yu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Lingxian Wang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Zaiquan Cheng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming, China
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16
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Ectopic Expression of Executor Gene Xa23 Enhances Resistance to Both Bacterial and Fungal Diseases in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126545. [PMID: 35742990 PMCID: PMC9224217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), respectively, are the most serious bacterial diseases of rice, while blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is the most devastating fungal disease in rice. Generating broad-spectrum resistance to these diseases is one of the key approaches for the sustainable production of rice. Executor (E) genes are a unique type of plant resistance (R) genes, which can specifically trap transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) of pathogens and trigger an intense defense reaction characterized by a hypersensitive response in the host. This strong resistance is a result of programed cell death induced by the E gene expression that is only activated upon the binding of a TALE to the effector-binding element (EBE) located in the E gene promoter during the pathogen infection. Our previous studies revealed that the E gene Xa23 has the broadest and highest resistance to BB. To investigate whether the Xa23-mediated resistance is efficient against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the causal agent of BLS, we generated a new version of Xa23, designated as Xa23p1.0, to specifically trap the conserved TALEs from multiple Xoc strains. The results showed that the Xa23p1.0 confers broad resistance against both BB and BLS in rice. Moreover, our further experiment on the Xa23p1.0 transgenic plants firstly demonstrated that the E-gene-mediated defensive reaction is also effective against M. oryzae, the causal agent of the most devastating fungal disease in rice. Our current work provides a new strategy to exploit the full potential of the E-gene-mediated disease resistance in rice.
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17
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Nowack MK, Holmes DR, Lahaye T. TALE-induced cell death executors: an origin outside immunity? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:536-548. [PMID: 34924289 PMCID: PMC7612725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria inject effector proteins into plant host cells to promote disease. Plant resistance (R) genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins mediate the recognition of functionally and structurally diverse microbial effectors, including transcription-activator like effectors (TALEs) from the bacterial genus Xanthomonas. TALEs bind to plant promoters and transcriptionally activate either disease-promoting host susceptibility (S) genes or cell death-inducing executor-type R genes. It is perplexing that plants contain TALE-perceiving executor-type R genes in addition to NLRs that also mediate the recognition of TALE-containing xanthomonads. We present recent findings on the evolvability of TALEs, which suggest that the native function of executors is not in plant immunity, but possibly in the regulation of developmentally controlled programmed cell death (PCD) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Danalyn R Holmes
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP - General Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP - General Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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18
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Zhang B, Han X, Yuan W, Zhang H. TALEs as double-edged swords in plant-pathogen interactions: Progress, challenges, and perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100318. [PMID: 35576155 PMCID: PMC9251431 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas species colonize many host plants and cause huge losses worldwide. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are secreted by Xanthomonas and translocated into host cells to manipulate the expression of target genes, especially by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, which cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak, respectively, in rice. In this review, we summarize the progress of studies on the interaction between Xanthomonas and hosts, covering both rice and other plants. TALEs are not only key factors that make plants susceptible but are also essential components of plant resistance. Characterization of TALEs and TALE-like proteins has improved our understanding of TALE evolution and promoted the development of gene editing tools. In addition, the interactions between TALEs and hosts have also provided strategies and possibilities for genetic engineering in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wenya Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Haitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Lachaux M, Thomas E, Bogdanove AJ, Szurek B, Hutin M. TAL Effectors with Avirulence Activity in African Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 35119567 PMCID: PMC8816977 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight, a devastating disease of rice. Among the type-3 effectors secreted by Xoo to support pathogen virulence, the Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) family plays a critical role. Some TALEs are major virulence factors that activate susceptibility (S) genes, overexpression of which contributes to disease development. Host incompatibility can result from TALE-induced expression of so-called executor (E) genes leading to a strong and rapid resistance response that blocks disease development. In that context, the TALE functions as an avirulence (Avr) factor. To date no such avirulence factors have been identified in African strains of Xoo. RESULTS With respect to the importance of TALEs in the Rice-Xoo pathosystem, we aimed at identifying those that may act as Avr factor within African Xoo. We screened 86 rice accessions, and identified 12 that were resistant to two African strains while being susceptible to a well-studied Asian strain. In a gain of function approach based on the introduction of each of the nine tal genes of the avirulent African strain MAI1 into the virulent Asian strain PXO99A, four were found to trigger resistance on specific rice accessions. Loss-of-function mutational analysis further demonstrated the avr activity of two of them, talD and talI, on the rice varieties IR64 and CT13432 respectively. Further analysis of TalI demonstrated the requirement of its activation domain for triggering resistance in CT13432. Resistance in 9 of the 12 rice accessions that were resistant against African Xoo specifically, including CT13432, could be suppressed or largely suppressed by trans-expression of the truncTALE tal2h, similarly to resistance conferred by the Xa1 gene which recognizes TALEs generally independently of their activation domain. CONCLUSION We identified and characterized TalD and TalI as two African Xoo TALEs with avirulence activity on IR64 and CT13432 respectively. Resistance of CT13432 against African Xoo results from the combination of two mechanisms, one relying on the TalI-mediated induction of an unknown executor gene and the other on an Xa1-like gene or allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Lachaux
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Adam J Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Boris Szurek
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mathilde Hutin
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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20
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Xu Z, Xu X, Wang Y, Liu L, Li Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Zou L, Chen G. A varied AvrXa23-like TALE enables the bacterial blight pathogen to avoid being trapped by Xa23 resistance gene in rice. J Adv Res 2022; 42:263-272. [PMID: 36513417 PMCID: PMC9788936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xa23 as an executor mediates broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which contains a matching avirulence gene avrXa23, in rice for bacterial leaf blight (BLB). avrXa23 encodes a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein which binds to the EBE (effector-binding element) of the Xa23 promoter. It is unclear whether the considerable pressure of Xa23 leads to an emerging Xoo strain that overcomes Xa23 resistance. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to uncover new Xoo isolate(s) that overcome Xa23-mediated resistance and to investigate how the pathogen evades the resistance. METHODS Totally 185 Xoo isolates were used to screen possibly compatible strain(s) with Xa23-containing rice CBB23 by pathogenicity test. Genome Sequencing, Southern blot, tal gene cloning, Western blot, qRT-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were conducted to determine the mechanism of one Xoo isolate being compatible with Xa23-containing rice. RESULTS One isolate AH28 from Anhui province is compatible with CBB23. AH28 strain contains an ortholog of avrXa23, tal7b and has 17 tal genes. The 4th RVD (repeat-variable diresidue) in Tal7b are missed and the 5th and 8th RVDs changed from NG and NS to NS and S*, respectively. These alternations made Tal7b unable to bind to the EBE of Xa23 promoter to activate the expression of Xa23 in rice. The ectopic expression of tal7b in a tal-free mutant PH of PXO99A did not alter the virulence of the strain PH, whereas avrXa23 made AH28 from compatibility to incompatibility with Xa23 rice. CONCLUSION Best to our knowledge, this is the first insight of a naturally-emerging Xoo isolate that overcomes the broad-spectrum resistance of Xa23 by the variable AvrXa23-like TALE Tal7b. The RVD alteration in AvrXa23 may be a common strategy for the pathogen evolution to avoid being "trapped" by the executor R gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiameng Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,Corresponding author.
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Ji Z, Guo W, Chen X, Wang C, Zhao K. Plant Executor Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1524. [PMID: 35163443 PMCID: PMC8835739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Executor (E) genes comprise a new type of plant resistance (R) genes, identified from host-Xanthomonas interactions. The Xanthomonas-secreted transcription activation-like effectors (TALEs) usually function as major virulence factors, which activate the expression of the so-called "susceptibility" (S) genes for disease development. This activation is achieved via the binding of the TALEs to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the S gene promoter. However, host plants have evolved EBEs in the promoters of some otherwise silent R genes, whose expression directly causes a host cell death that is characterized by a hypersensitive response (HR). Such R genes are called E genes because they trap the pathogen TALEs in order to activate expression, and the resulting HR prevents pathogen growth and disease development. Currently, deploying E gene resistance is becoming a major component in disease resistance breeding, especially for rice bacterial blight resistance. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms, or the working pathways of the E proteins, are still fuzzy. There is no significant nucleotide sequence homology among E genes, although E proteins share some structural motifs that are probably associated with the signal transduction in the effector-triggered immunity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding TALE-type avirulence proteins, E gene activation, the E protein structural traits, and the classification of E genes, in order to sharpen our understanding of the plant E genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ji
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Xifeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Chunlian Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Kaijun Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
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22
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Haq F, Xu X, Ma W, Shah SMA, Liu L, Zhu B, Zou L, Chen G. A Xanthomonas transcription activator-like effector is trapped in nonhost plants for immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100249. [PMID: 35059629 PMCID: PMC8760140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight in rice, delivers transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins into host cells to activate susceptibility or resistance (R) genes that promote disease or immunity, respectively. Nonhost plants serve as potential reservoirs of R genes; consequently, nonhost R genes may trap TALEs to trigger an immune response. In this study, we screened 17 Xoo TALEs for their ability to induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb); only AvrXa10 elicited an HR when transiently expressed in Nb. The HR generated by AvrXa10 required both the central repeat region and the activation domain, suggesting a specific interaction between AvrXa10 and a potential R-like gene in nonhost plants. Evans blue staining and ion leakage measurements confirmed that the AvrXa10-triggered HR was a form of cell death, and the transient expression of AvrXa10 in Nb induced immune responses. Genes targeted by AvrXa10 in the Nb genome were identified by transcriptome profiling and prediction of effector binding sites. Using several approaches (in vivo reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, targeted designer TALEs, and on-spot gene silencing), we confirmed that AvrXa10 targets NbZnFP1, a C2H2-type zinc finger protein that resides in the nucleus. Functional analysis indicated that overexpression of NbZnFP1 and its rice orthologs triggered cell death in rice protoplasts. An NbZnFP1 ortholog was also identified in tomato and was specifically activated by AvrXa10. These results demonstrate that NbZnFP1 is a nonhost R gene that traps AvrXa10 to promote plant immunity in Nb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Haq
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiameng Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Syed Mashab Ali Shah
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Corresponding author
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23
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Wang W, Gao L, Cui X. A New Year's spotlight on two years of publication. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100274. [PMID: 35059635 PMCID: PMC8760135 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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24
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Yu S, Ali J, Zhou S, Ren G, Xie H, Xu J, Yu X, Zhou F, Peng S, Ma L, Yuan D, Li Z, Chen D, Zheng R, Zhao Z, Chu C, You A, Wei Y, Zhu S, Gu Q, He G, Li S, Liu G, Liu C, Zhang C, Xiao J, Luo L, Li Z, Zhang Q. From Green Super Rice to green agriculture: Reaping the promise of functional genomics research. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:9-26. [PMID: 34883279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Producing sufficient food with finite resources to feed the growing global population while having a smaller impact on the environment has always been a great challenge. Here, we review the concept and practices of Green Super Rice (GSR) that have led to a paradigm shift in goals for crop genetic improvement and models of food production for promoting sustainable agriculture. The momentous achievements and global deliveries of GSR have been fueled by the integration of abundant genetic resources, functional gene discoveries, and innovative breeding techniques with precise gene and whole-genome selection and efficient agronomic management to promote resource-saving, environmentally friendly crop production systems. We also provide perspectives on new horizons in genomic breeding technologies geared toward delivering green and nutritious crop varieties to further enhance the development of green agriculture and better nourish the world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jauhar Ali
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Shaochuan Zhou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjun Ren
- Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqiao Yu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fasong Zhou
- China National Seed Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangyong Ma
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zefu Li
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Dazhou Chen
- Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | | | | | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Susong Zhu
- Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiongyao Gu
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Shigui Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changhua Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaopu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qifa Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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25
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Gui Y, Tian D, Ong KH, Teo JCY, Yin Z. TAL effector-dependent Bax gene expression in transgenic rice confers disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Transgenic Res 2021; 31:119-130. [PMID: 34748132 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a form of programmed cell death of plant cells occurring in the local region surrounding pathogen infection site to prevent the spread of infection by pathogens. Bax, a mammalian pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family, triggers HR-like cell death when expressed in plants. However, constitutive expression of the Bax gene negatively affects plant growth and development. The Xa10 gene in rice (Oryza sativa) is an executor resistance (R) gene that confers race-specific disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains harboring TAL effector gene AvrXa10. In this study, the Xa10 promoter was used to regulate heterologous expression of the Bax gene from mouse (Mus musculus) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. Cell death was induced in N. benthamiana after co-infiltration with the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene and the PPR1:AvrXa10:TNos gene. Transgenic rice plants carrying the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene conferred specific disease resistance to Xa10-incompatible X. oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO99A(pHM1AvrXa10), but not to the Xa10-compatible strain PXO99A(pHM1). The resistance specificity was confirmed by the AvrXa10-dependent induction of the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene in transgenic rice. Our results demonstrated that the inducible expression of the Bax gene in transgenic rice was achieved through the control of the executor R gene promoter and the heterologous expression of the pro-apoptosis regulator gene in rice conferred disease resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Gui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongsheng Tian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joanne Chin Yi Teo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhongchao Yin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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26
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Krönauer C, Lahaye T. The flavin monooxygenase Bs3 triggers cell death in plants, impairs growth in yeast and produces H2O2 in vitro. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256217. [PMID: 34411175 PMCID: PMC8375990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pepper resistance gene Bs3 triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) upon transcriptional activation by the corresponding effector protein AvrBs3 from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas. Expression of Bs3 in yeast inhibited proliferation, demonstrating that Bs3 function is not restricted to the plant kingdom. The Bs3 sequence shows striking similarity to flavin monooxygenases (FMOs), an FAD- and NADPH-containing enzyme class that is known for the oxygenation of a wide range of substrates and their potential to produce H2O2. Since H2O2 is a hallmark metabolite in plant immunity, we analyzed the role of H2O2 during Bs3 HR. We purified recombinant Bs3 protein from E. coli and confirmed the FMO function of Bs3 with FAD binding and NADPH oxidase activity in vitro. Translational fusion of Bs3 to the redox reporter roGFP2 indicated that the Bs3-dependent HR induces an increase of the intracellular oxidation state in planta. To test if the NADPH oxidation and putative H2O2 production of Bs3 is sufficient to induce HR, we adapted previous studies which have uncovered mutations in the NADPH binding site of FMOs that result in higher NADPH oxidase activity. In vitro studies demonstrated that recombinant Bs3S211A protein has twofold higher NADPH oxidase activity than wildtype Bs3. Translational fusions to roGFP2 showed that Bs3S211A also increased the intracellular oxidation state in planta. Interestingly, while the mutant derivative Bs3S211A had an increase in NADPH oxidase capacity, it did not trigger HR in planta, ultimately revealing that H2O2 produced by Bs3 on its own is not sufficient to trigger HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Krönauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP–General Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
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27
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Wang C, Chen S, Feng A, Su J, Wang W, Feng J, Chen B, Zhang M, Yang J, Zeng L, Zhu X. Xa7, a Small Orphan Gene Harboring Promoter Trap for AvrXa7, Leads to the Durable Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae Pv. oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 34056673 PMCID: PMC8165051 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rice (Oryza sativa) gene Xa7 has been hypothesized to be a typical executor resistance gene against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), and has conferred durable resistance in the field for decades. Its identity and the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance remain elusive. RESULTS Here, we filled in gaps of genome in Xa7 mapping locus via BAC library construction, revealing the presence of a 100-kb non-collinear sequence in the line IRBB7 compared with Nipponbare reference genomes. Complementary transformation with sequentially overlapping subclones of the BACs demonstrated that Xa7 is an orphan gene, encoding a small novel protein distinct from any other resistance proteins reported. A 27-bp effector binding element (EBE) in the Xa7 promoter is essential for AvrXa7-inducing expression model. XA7 is anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and triggers programmed cell death in rice and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The Xa7 gene is absent in most cultivars, landraces, and wild rice accessions, but highly homologs of XA7 were identified in Leersia perrieri, the nearest outgroup of the genus Oryza. CONCLUSIONS Xa7 acts as a trap to perceive AvrXa7 via EBEAvrXa7 in its promoter, leading to the initiation of resistant reaction. Since EBEAvrXa7 is ubiquitous in promoter of rice susceptible gene SWEET14, the elevated expression of which is conducive to the proliferation of Xoo, that lends a great benefit for the Xoo strains retaining AvrXa7. As a result, varieties harboring Xa7 would show more durable resistance in the field. Xa7 alleles analysis suggests that the discovery of new resistance genes could be extended beyond wild rice, to include wild grasses such as Leersia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Aiqing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinqi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Liexian Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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28
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Jiang N, Fu J, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li Z, Xiao Y, He Z, Wu Y, Long Y, Wang K, Yang Y, Liu X, Peng J. Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak in rice. PLANTA 2021; 253:94. [PMID: 33830376 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using genome-wide SNP association mapping, a total of 77 and 7 loci were identified for rice bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak resistance, respectively, which may facilitate rice resistance improvement. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), respectively, are two economically important diseases negatively affecting rice production. To mine new sources of resistance, a set of rice germplasm collection consisting of 895 re-sequenced accessions from the 3000 Rice Genomes Project (3 K RGP) were screened for BB and BLS resistance under field conditions. Higher levels of BB resistance were observed in aus/boro subgroup, whereas the japonica, temperate japonica and tropical japonica subgroups possessed comparatively high levels of resistance to BLS. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) mined 77 genomic loci significantly associated with BB and 7 with BLS resistance. The phenotypic variance (R2) explained by these loci ranged from 0.4 to 30.2%. Among the loci, 7 for BB resistance were co-localized with known BB resistance genes and one for BLS resistance overlapped with a previously reported BLS resistance QTL. A search for the candidates in other novel loci revealed several defense-related genes that may be involved in resistance to BB and BLS. High levels of phenotypic resistance to BB or BLS could be attributed to the accumulation of the resistance (R) alleles at the associated loci, indicating their potential value in rice resistance breeding via gene pyramiding. The GWAS analysis validated the known genes underlying BB and BLS resistance and identified novel loci that could enrich the current resistance gene pool. The resources with strong resistance and significant SNPs identified in this study are potentially useful in breeding for BB and BLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Zhouwei Li
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Youlun Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhizhou He
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yuntian Wu
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yu Long
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xionglun Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
| | - Junhua Peng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China.
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29
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Zhao K, Zhang Q. A climate-resilient R gene in rice traps two pathogen effectors for broad and durable resistance to bacterial blight. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:366-368. [PMID: 33516968 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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