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Experimental evidence of parasite-induced behavioural alterations modulated by food availability in wild capuchin monkeys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3083. [PMID: 36813841 PMCID: PMC9947137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In disease dynamics, host behaviour can both determine the quantity of parasites a host is exposed to, and be a consequence of infection. Observational and experimental studies in non-human primates have consistently found that parasitic infections result in less movement and reduced foraging, which was interpreted as an adaptive response of the host to counter infection. Variation in host nutritional condition may add complexity to the infection-behaviour relationship, and its influence may shed light on its significance. To experimentally evaluate how host activity and social relationships are affected by the interaction of parasitism and nutrition, during two years we manipulated food availability by provisioning bananas, and helminth infections by applying antiparasitic drugs, in two groups of wild black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) in Iguazú National Park, Argentina. We collected faecal samples to determine the intensity of helminthic infections, as well as data on behaviour and social proximity. Individuals with unmanipulated helminth burdens foraged less than dewormed individuals only when food provisioning was low. Resting time was increased when capuchins were highly provisioned, but it did not vary according to the antiparasitic treatment. Proximity associations to other group members were not affected by the antiparasitic treatment. This is the first experimental evidence of a modulating effect of food availability on the influence of helminth infection on activity in wild primates. The findings are more consistent with an impact on host behaviour due to the debilitating effect caused by parasites than with an adaptive response to help fight infections.
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Wei J, Huang X, Zhang X, Chen G, Zhang C, Zhou X, Qi J, Zhang Y, Li X. Elevated fatty acid β-oxidation by leptin contributes to the proinflammatory characteristics of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from RA patients via LKB1-AMPK pathway. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 36759597 PMCID: PMC9911755 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) maintain chronic inflammation leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) regulates cell function. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of FAO enhanced by leptin on the characteristics of RA-FLS and elucidate the potential metabolic mechanism. Key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were detected with qPCR in HSF, MH7A cell line and isolated RA-FLS treated with RA or healthy control (HC) serum. In some experiments, FAO inhibitor, etomoxir (ETO) or anti-leptin antibody were added into serum-treated RA-FLS. In other experiments, RA-FLS were stimulated with leptin together with ETO or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C (CC) or silencing liver kinase B1 (LKB1). Cell proliferation, proinflammatory factor production, pro-angiogenesis, chemoattractive potential, FAO-related key enzymes, AMPK and LKB1 in FLS were analyzed. FAO-related key enzymes were evaluated in serum-treated RA-FLS with or without anti-leptin antibody. Related functions of leptin-stimulated RA-FLS were examined in the presence or absence of ETO. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in leptin-stimulated RA-FLS were tested with western blot. Activation of AMPK in leptin-stimulated RA-FLS was detected after silencing LKB1. We found that MH7A cell line and RA serum-treated FLS exhibited upregulated FAO, and ETO could inhibit the proinflammatory phenotypes of RA-FLS. The addition of anti-leptin antibody suppressed the elevation of FAO mediated by RA serum. More importantly, leptin promoted the proinflammatory characteristics of RA-FLS, which was reversed by ETO. Leptin activated AMPK by upregulating LKB1. CC impaired leptin-induced CPT-1A expression in RA-FLS. Our study uncovers that elevated FAO mediated by leptin drives abnormal function of RA-FLS and suggests leptin or FAO inhibition may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guanghong Chen
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyang Zhou
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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3
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Assis VR, Titon SCM, Titon B, Gomes FR. The Impacts of Transdermal Application of Corticosterone on Toad (Rhinella icterica) Immunity. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1640-1653. [PMID: 35902322 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that acute physiological increases in endogenous glucocorticoid levels have immunostimulatory effects. Although post-acute stress immunosuppressive effects have also been described, the difference between enhancing and suppressing the immune response seems mediated by the stressor's duration, intensity, and the immune component under analysis. To elicit physiologically relevant corticosterone levels that can be found in Rhinella icterica toads after stressful events (e.g., restraint or captivity) and understand how acute increased glucocorticoid levels of different intensities affect corticosterone and testosterone plasma levels and immune parameters (in vitro plasma bacterial killing ability, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and in vivo phagocytosis of peritoneal leukocytes), we submitted toads to the transdermal application of two corticosterone doses (1 and 10 μg). Corticosterone transdermal application increased corticosterone plasma levels with different intensities: 3 times for 1 μg and fourteen times for 10 μg, compared to the vehicle, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio increased regardless of the corticosterone dose. However, there was no effect on testosterone levels and bacterial killing ability. Interestingly, both corticosterone doses promoted immunosuppression, decreasing peritoneal leukocytes' phagocytosis activity by 60% for toads receiving the dose of 1µg and 40% for those receiving 10 μg. Our results show the complexity of the relationship between increased corticosterone levels and immunomodulation. The different corticosterone doses promoted increases of distinct magnitudes in corticosterone plasma levels, with the less intense increase in corticosterone levels generating greater cell-mediated immunosuppression. Future studies using different corticosterone doses to achieve and compare physiological vs. pharmacological hormone levels are imperative to understanding these interrelationships between corticosterone and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Regina Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Stefanny Christie Monteiro Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Braz Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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4
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Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Delaney KZ, Santosa S. Sex differences in regional adipose tissue depots pose different threats for the development of Type 2 diabetes in males and females. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13393. [PMID: 34985183 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects males and females disproportionately. In midlife, more males have T2DM than females. The sex difference in T2DM prevalence is, in part, explained by differences in regional adipose tissue characteristics. With obesity, changes to regional adipokine and cytokine release increases the risk of T2DM in both males and females with males having greater levels of TNFα and females having greater levels of leptin, CRP, and adiponectin. Regional immune cell infiltration appears to be pathogenic in both sexes via different routes as males with obesity have greater VAT ATM and a decrease in the protective Treg cells, whereas females have greater SAT ATM and T cells. Lastly, the ability of female adipose tissue to expand all regions through hyperplasia, rather than hypertrophy, protects them against the development of large insulin-resistant adipocytes that dominate male adipose tissue. The objective of this review is to discuss how sex may affect regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and how these differences may distinguish the development of T2DM in males and females. In doing so, we will show that the origins of T2DM development differ between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Z Delaney
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Metabolism, Obesity and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche - Axe maladies chroniques, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Metabolism, Obesity and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche - Axe maladies chroniques, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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6
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Husak JF, Lailvaux SP. Conserved and convergent mechanisms underlying performance-life-history trade-offs. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274252. [PMID: 35119073 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic trade-offs are inevitable in nature, but the mechanisms driving them are poorly understood. Movement and oxygen are essential to all animals, and as such, the common ancestor to all living animals passed on mechanisms to acquire oxygen and contract muscle, sometimes at the expense of other activities or expression of traits. Nevertheless, convergent pathways have also evolved to deal with critical trade-offs that are necessary to survive ubiquitous environmental challenges. We discuss how whole-animal performance traits, such as locomotion, are important to fitness, yet costly, resulting in trade-offs with other aspects of the phenotype via specific conserved and convergent mechanistic pathways across all animals. Specifically, we discuss conserved pathways involved in muscle structure and signaling, insulin/insulin-like signaling, sirtuins, mitochondria and hypoxia-inducible factors, as well as convergent pathways involved in energy regulation, development, reproductive investment and energy storage. The details of these mechanisms are only known from a few model systems, and more comparative studies are needed. We make two main recommendations as a framework for future studies of animal form and function. First, studies of performance should consider the broader life-history context of the organism, and vice versa, as performance expression can require a large portion of acquired resources. Second, studies of life histories or mechanistic pathways that measure performance should do so in meaningful and standardized ways. Understanding proximate mechanisms of phenotypic trade-offs will not only better explain the phenotypes of the organisms we study, but also allow predictions about phenotypic variation at the evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry F Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Simon P Lailvaux
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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7
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Reeve RE, Quale K, Curtis GH, Crespi EJ. Evolutionary conservation of leptin effects on wound healing in vertebrates: Implications for veterinary medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938296. [PMID: 36093099 PMCID: PMC9453652 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the cytokine hormone leptin promotes wound healing by increasing inflammation, cellular recruitment, angiogenic regrowth, and re-epithelialization; however, it is not known whether leptin has conserved actions on wound healing in other vertebrates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin promotes both the quality and speed of wound healing in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. First, fluorescent immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody specific to Xenopus leptin showed that in juvenile dorsal skin, leptin protein is expressed in the dorsal epidermal layer, as well in blood vessel endothelial cells and sensory nerves that run along the base of the dermis. Injection of recombinant Xenopus leptin (rXleptin) stimulates phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), indicative of leptin-activated JAK/STAT signaling in the epidermis. Similar to mammals, leptin protein expression increases at the wound site after injury of the epidermis. We then cultured "punch-in-a-punch" full-thickness dorsal skin explants in three doses of rXleptin (0, 10, and 100 ng/ml) and showed that leptin treatment doubled the rate of wound closure after 48 h relative to skin punches cultured without leptin. Food restriction prior to wound explant culture reduced the amount of wound closure, but leptin injection prior to euthanasia rescued closure to similar control levels. Leptin treatment also significantly reduced bacterial infection of these epidermal punches by 48 h in culture. This study shows that leptin is likely an endogenous promoter of wound healing in amphibians. Leptin-based therapies have the potential to expedite healing and reduce the incidence of secondary infections without toxicity issues, the threat of antibiotic resistance, or environmental antibiotic contamination. The conservation of leptin's actions on wound healing also suggests that it may have similar veterinary applications for other exotic species.
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8
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Giardullo L, Corrado A, Maruotti N, Cici D, Mansueto N, Cantatore FP. Adipokine role in physiopathology of inflammatory and degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211015034. [PMID: 33983056 PMCID: PMC8127732 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211015034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review to summarize the underlying pathogenic mechanisms by which adipokines influence rheumatological diseases and the resulting clinical manifestations. Increasing evidence display that numerous adipokines may significantly influence the development or clinical course of various rheumatological diseases. Despite the normal anti- or pro-inflammatory role of the cytokines, the serum level varies enormously in various rheumatological diseases. The expression of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as leptin or visfatin, respectively in systemic lupus erythematosus and in rheumatoid arthritis, represents a negative prognostic factor; other adipokines such as adiponectin, broadly known for their anti-inflammatory effects, showed a correlation with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. In the near future pro-inflammatory cytokines may represent a potential therapeutic target to restrain the severity of rheumatological diseases. Further studies on adipokines may provide important information on the pathogenesis of these diseases, which are not yet fully understood. The mechanisms by which adipokines induce, worsen, or suppress inflammatory and degenerative musculoskeletal pathologies and their clinical significance will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberato Giardullo
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Addolorata Corrado
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Maruotti
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cici
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Natalia Mansueto
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Rheumatology Clinic “Mario Carrozzo”, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, “Policlinico Riuniti” University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
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Martínez-Sánchez N. There and Back Again: Leptin Actions in White Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176039. [PMID: 32839413 PMCID: PMC7503240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone discovered almost 30 years ago with important implications in metabolism. It is primarily produced by white adipose tissue (WAT) in proportion to the amount of fat. The discovery of leptin was a turning point for two principle reasons: on one hand, it generated promising expectations for the treatment of the obesity, and on the other, it changed the classical concept that white adipose tissue was simply an inert storage organ. Thus, adipocytes in WAT produce the majority of leptin and, although its primary role is the regulation of fat stores by controlling lipolysis and lipogenesis, this hormone also has implications in other physiological processes within WAT, such as apoptosis, browning and inflammation. Although a massive number of questions related to leptin actions have been answered, the necessity for further clarification facilitates constantly renewing interest in this hormone and its pathways. In this review, leptin actions in white adipose tissue will be summarized in the context of obesity.
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10
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Association of miRNA-27a and leptin polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Egyptian women. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Bakshi A, Rai U. Reproductive phase-dependent variation, sexually dimorphic expression and sex steroids-mediated transcriptional regulation of lep and lepr in lymphoid organs of Channa punctata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:999. [PMID: 31969648 PMCID: PMC6976713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive phase-dependent and sex-related differential expression of leptin (lep) and its receptor (lepr) in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of a highly nutritive economically important Channa punctata preempts the involvement of sex steroids in modulating intra-immuno-leptin system. This hypothesis was strengthened when plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels in male and female fish of reproductively active spawning and quiescent phases were correlated with lep and lepr expression in their immune organs. Splenic lep and lepr showed a negative correlation with T in both male and female, while with E2 there was a positive correlation in male and negative in female C. punctata. In head kidney, a contrasting correlation was observed as compared to spleen. To validate the implication of sex steroids in regulating leptin system in immune organs, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed with DHT and E2. Upon administration, lep and lepr expression in tissues of either sex was downregulated. In addition, in vitro results with either of the sex steroids exemplified their direct involvement. Overall, this study, for the first time, reports correlation between sex steroids and transcript expression of leptin system in immune organs of a seasonally breeding vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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12
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Kim HS, Kim BG, Park S, Kim N, Jang AS, Seo YR, Park MK. Gene Expression Analysis to Investigate Biological Networks Underlying Nasal Inflammatory Dysfunctions Induced by Diesel Exhaust Particles Using an In Vivo System. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 129:245-255. [PMID: 31646875 DOI: 10.1177/0003489419883289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diesel exhaust particles (DEP)s are notorious ambient pollutants composed of a complex mixture of a carbon core and diverse chemical irritants. Several studies have demonstrated significant relationships between DEP exposure and serious nasal inflammatory response in vitro, but available information regarding underlying networks in terms of gene expression changes has not sufficiently explained potential mechanisms of DEP-induced nasal damage, especially in vivo. METHODS In the present study, we identified DEP-induced gene expression profiles under short-term and long-term exposure, and identified signaling pathways based on microarray data for understanding effects of DEP exposure in the mouse nasal cavity. RESULTS Alteration in gene expression due to DEP exposure provokes an imbalance of the immune system via dysregulated inflammatory markers, predicted to disrupt protective responses against harmful exogenous substances in the body. Several candidate markers were identified after validation using qRT-PCR, including S100A9, CAMP, IL20, and S100A8. CONCLUSIONS Although further mechanistic studies are required for verifying the utility of the potential biomarkers suggested by the present study, our in vivo results may provide meaningful suggestions for understanding the complex cellular signaling pathways involved in DEP-induced nasal damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang AZ, Husak JF, Lovern M. Leptin ameliorates the immunity, but not reproduction, trade-off with endurance in lizards. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:261-269. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Titon SCM, Titon Junior B, Assis VR, Kinker GS, Fernandes PACM, Gomes FR. Interplay among steroids, body condition and immunity in response to long-term captivity in toads. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17168. [PMID: 30464319 PMCID: PMC6249311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences can promote harmful effects on physiology and fitness. However, stress-mediated hormonal and immune changes are complex and may be highly dependent on body condition. Here, we investigated captivity-associated stress effects, over 7, 30, 60, and 90 days on plasma corticosterone (CORT) and testosterone (T) levels, body index, and innate immunity (bacterial killing ability and phagocytosis of peritoneal cells) in toads (Rhinella icterica). Toads in captivity exhibited elevated CORT and decreased T and immunity, without changes in body index. The inter-relationships between these variables were additionally contrasted with those obtained previously for R. schneideri, a related species that exhibited extreme loss of body mass under the same captive conditions. While T and phagocytosis were positively associated in both species, the relationship between CORT and bacterial killing ability was dependent on body index alterations. While CORT and bacterial killing ability were positively associated for toads that maintained body index, CORT was negatively associated with body index in toads that lost body mass over time in captivity. In these same toads, body index was positively associated with bacterial killing ability. These results demonstrate that steroids-immunity inter-relationships arising from prolonged exposure to a stressor in toads are highly dependent on body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Braz Titon Junior
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vania Regina Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sarti Kinker
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Obesity, Fat Mass and Immune System: Role for Leptin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29910742 PMCID: PMC5992476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with a dysfunctional fat mass. Adipose tissue is now considered an extremely active endocrine organ that secretes cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging metabolism to the immune system. Leptin is historically one of most relevant adipokines, with important physiological roles in the central control of energy metabolism and in the regulation of metabolism-immune system interplay, being a cornerstone of the emerging field of immunometabolism. Indeed, leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and leptin has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the latest data regarding the role of leptin as a mediator of immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Cabaleiro
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Servizo Galego de Saude, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Mahieu MA, Ahn GE, Chmiel JS, Dunlop DD, Helenowski IB, Semanik P, Song J, Yount S, Chang RW, Ramsey-Goldman R. Serum adipokine levels and associations with patient-reported fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1053-1061. [PMID: 29302804 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity ameliorates fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients by an unknown mechanism. Adipokines, which are influenced by adiposity and physical activity, may be associated with patient-reported fatigue. We describe cross-sectional associations between adipokines and fatigue, physical activity, and SLE disease activity. We measured adipokines, self-reported fatigue, and objective physical activity in 129 SLE patients. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®) Fatigue score. Disease activity was measured with the Safety of Estrogens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI). Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days to measure physical activity. Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin were measured in stored serum with a Luminex bead-based assay. Multivariable regression models assessed relationships between fatigue and adipokines, and Spearman correlation coefficients summarized associations between adipokines, physical activity, and SELENA-SLEDAI. Median adipokine levels were: leptin 30.5 ng/ml (Interquartile Range 14.0, 56.6), adiponectin 11.6 μg/ml (7.2, 16.8) and resistin 1.4 ng/ml (1.0, 2.2). Associations between adipokines and FSS or PROMIS fatigue were not significant. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 was associated with FSS and PROMIS fatigue in regression analyses (p < 0.05). Weak correlations between leptin, adiponectin, leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio, and physical activity and between adiponectin and SELENA-SLEDAI score were not significant after adjusting for BMI. Adipokines were not associated with fatigue in SLE. Adipokines were correlated with physical activity (leptin, adiponectin, L/A ratio) and SLE disease activity (adiponectin), but most of these associations were explained by BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Mahieu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Grace E Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, Wheaton, MD, USA
| | - Joan S Chmiel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorothy D Dunlop
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene B Helenowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pamela Semanik
- Department of Adult Health and Gerontological Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing Song
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Yount
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rowland W Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street M-300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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17
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Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Lago F, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:100-109. [PMID: 28053336 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the most relevant factors secreted by adipose tissue and the forerunner of a class of molecules collectively called adipokines. Initially discovered in 1994, its crucial role as a central regulator in energy homeostasis has been largely described during the past 20 years. Once secreted into the circulation, leptin reaches the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts by binding and activating the long form of leptin receptor (LEPR), regulating appetite and food intake, bone mass, basal metabolism, reproductive function and insulin secretion, among other processes. Research on the regulation of different adipose tissues has provided important insights into the intricate network that links nutrition, metabolism and immune homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bi-directionally through common ligands and receptors during stress responses and inflammation, and control cellular immune responses in several pathological situations including immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This Review discusses the latest findings regarding the role of leptin in the immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effect on autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, CIBERCV (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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18
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Ball HC, Londraville RL, Prokop JW, George JC, Suydam RS, Vinyard C, Thewissen JGM, Duff RJ. Beyond thermoregulation: metabolic function of cetacean blubber in migrating bowhead and beluga whales. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:235-252. [PMID: 27573204 PMCID: PMC5535305 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The processes of lipid deposition and utilization, via the gene leptin (Lep), are poorly understood in taxa with varying degrees of adipose storage. This study examines how these systems may have adapted in marine aquatic environments inhabited by cetaceans. Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are ideal study animals-they possess large subcutaneous adipose stores (blubber) and undergo bi-annual migrations concurrent with variations in food availability. To answer long-standing questions regarding how (or if) energy and lipid utilization adapted to aquatic stressors, we quantified variations in gene transcripts critical to lipid metabolism related to season, age, and blubber depth. We predicted leptin tertiary structure conservation and assessed inter-specific variations in Lep transcript numbers between bowheads and other mammals. Our study is the first to identify seasonal and age-related variations in Lep and lipolysis in these cetaceans. While Lep transcripts and protein oscillate with season in adult bowheads reminiscent of hibernating mammals, transcript levels reach up to 10 times higher in bowheads than any other mammal. Data from immature bowheads are consistent with the hypothesis that short baleen inhibits efficient feeding. Lipolysis transcripts also indicate young Fall bowheads and those sampled during Spring months limit energy utilization. These novel data from rarely examined species expand the existing knowledge and offer unique insight into how the regulation of Lep and lipolysis has adapted to permit seasonal deposition and maintain vital blubber stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Ball
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
| | - R L Londraville
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - J W Prokop
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - John C George
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA
| | - R S Suydam
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, AK, 99723, USA
| | - C Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - R J Duff
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 305 Buchtel Ave, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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19
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Abstract
Multidirectional interactions among the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems have been demonstrated in humans and non-human animal models for many decades by the biomedical community, but ecological and evolutionary perspectives are lacking. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions can be conceptualized using a series of feedback loops, which culminate into distinct neuroendocrine-immune phenotypes. Behavior can exert profound influences on these phenotypes, which can in turn reciprocally modulate behavior. For example, the behavioral aspects of reproduction, including courtship, aggression, mate selection and parental behaviors can impinge upon neuroendocrine-immune interactions. One classic example is the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH), which proposes that steroid hormones act as mediators of traits important for female choice while suppressing the immune system. Reciprocally, neuroendocrine-immune pathways can promote the development of altered behavioral states, such as sickness behavior. Understanding the energetic signals that mediate neuroendocrine-immune crosstalk is an active area of research. Although the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has begun to explore this crosstalk from a biomedical standpoint, the neuroendocrine-immune-behavior nexus has been relatively underappreciated in comparative species. The field of ecoimmunology, while traditionally emphasizing the study of non-model systems from an ecological evolutionary perspective, often under natural conditions, has focused less on the physiological mechanisms underlying behavioral responses. This review summarizes neuroendocrine-immune interactions using a comparative framework to understand the ecological and evolutionary forces that shape these complex physiological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Ashley
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior - Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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20
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Grzelak T, Dutkiewicz A, Paszynska E, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Slopien A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M. Neurobiochemical and psychological factors influencing the eating behaviors and attitudes in anorexia nervosa. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:297-305. [PMID: 27924450 PMCID: PMC5399064 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic features which contribute to inappropriate eating attitudes in people suffering from anorexia nervosa, based on an analysis of recent data. Factors influencing these attitudes have a genetic, neurobiological, biochemical, affective-motivational, cognitive, and behavioral background. Another important issue addressed in the paper is a description of the mechanism leading to continuous dietary restrictions. The altered activity of neurotransmitters modulating patients’ moods after the consumption of food and a disturbed responsiveness to enterohormones enhance affective-motivational and cognitive aspects which, in turn, impede the improvement of eating behaviors. An understanding of the mechanisms behind the factors affecting the maintenance of inappropriate eating attitudes may contribute to greater effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Grzelak
- Division of Biology of Civilization-Linked Diseases, Department of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego Str. 6, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Paszynska
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slopien
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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21
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Li KB, Yao XL, Sun PG, Wu ZY, Li XX, Liu JQ, Li YL. Serum leptin levels may be correlated with cerebral infarction. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:4. [PMID: 27904550 PMCID: PMC5122182 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.175160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relation between serum leptin levels and cerebral infarction (CI) by meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientific literature databases were searched for studies published in Chinese and English. After retrieving relevant articles through database searches and screening using predefined selection criteria, high-quality studies related to our research topic were selected for inclusion in this meta-analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 (CMA 2.0, Biostat Inc., Englewood, New Jersey, USA). RESULTS The study results revealed that serum leptin levels were significantly higher in CI patients as compared to normal controls. The outcomes of subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that the serum leptin levels in CI patients were significantly higher than normal controls in both Asian and Caucasian populations. Further, subgroup analysis based on the detection method indicated that the serum leptin levels in CI patients were significantly higher compared with normal controls when measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based measurements did not show such statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis results suggest that serum leptin levels in CI patients may be closely correlated with CI risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Bin Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Yao
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Ge Sun
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xing Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang CY, Wang SG, Wang JL, Zhou LY, Liu HJ, Wang YF. Effect of miRNA-27a and Leptin Polymorphisms on Risk of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3514-3522. [PMID: 27694792 PMCID: PMC5049305 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations of miRNA-27a and Leptin polymorphisms with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Material/Methods Between May 2013 and April 2015 at Shenzhen Longhua New District Central Hospital, we randomly recruited 138 RSA patients as the case group and another 142 normal pregnancy women as the control group. We used denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) to determine the genotypes and allele frequencies of miRNA-27a rs895819 A/G and Leptin rs7799039 G/A. Results The GG genotype and G allele frequencies of miRNA-27a rs895819 A/G were higher in the case group than in the control group, and the AA genotype and A allele frequencies of Leptin rs7799039 G/A were also higher in the case group than in the control group (all P<0.05). MiRNA-27a rs895819 A/G and Leptin rs7799039 G/A polymorphisms increased the risk of RSA (Exp (B)=2.732, 95% CI=1.625~4.596, P=0.000; Exp (B)=4.081, 95% CI=1.817~9.164, P=0.001). GG-AA or AG-AA carriers had a higher risk of RSA. The miRNA-27a expression of AA carriers of miRNA-27a rs895819 was lower than that of AG+GG carriers both in the case and control groups (all P=0.024). The plasma leptin concentration of GG carriers was lower than that of GA+AA carriers in the case group (P=0.026). Conclusions The polymorphisms of miRNA-27a rs895819 A/G and Leptin rs7799039 G/A may contribute to an increased risk of RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaozhuang Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jia-Li Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Longhua New District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Jun Liu
- Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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23
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van Niekerk G, Isaacs AW, Nell T, Engelbrecht AM. Sickness-Associated Anorexia: Mother Nature's Idea of Immunonutrition? Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8071539. [PMID: 27445441 PMCID: PMC4942670 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During an infection, expansion of immune cells, assembly of antibodies, and the induction of a febrile response collectively place continual metabolic strain on the host. These considerations also provide a rationale for nutritional support in critically ill patients. Yet, results from clinical and preclinical studies indicate that aggressive nutritional support does not always benefit patients and may occasionally be detrimental. Moreover, both vertebrates and invertebrates exhibit a decrease in appetite during an infection, indicating that such sickness-associated anorexia (SAA) is evolutionarily conserved. It also suggests that SAA performs a vital function during an infection. We review evidence signifying that SAA may present a mechanism by which autophagic flux is upregulated systemically. A decrease in serum amino acids during an infection promotes autophagy not only in immune cells, but also in nonimmune cells. Similarly, bile acids reabsorbed postprandially inhibit hepatic autophagy by binding to farnesoid X receptors, indicating that SAA may be an attempt to conserve autophagy. In addition, augmented autophagic responses may play a critical role in clearing pathogens (xenophagy), in the presentation of epitopes in nonprovisional antigen presenting cells and the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. Collectively, these observations suggest that some patients might benefit from permissive underfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Ashwin W. Isaacs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Theo Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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24
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Influence of a 10-Day Mimic of Our Ancient Lifestyle on Anthropometrics and Parameters of Metabolism and Inflammation: The "Study of Origin". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6935123. [PMID: 27366752 PMCID: PMC4913061 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6935123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are intimately related entities that are common to most, if not all, chronic diseases of affluence. We hypothesized that a short-term intervention based on “ancient stress factors” may improve anthropometrics and clinical chemical indices. We executed a pilot study of whether a 10-day mimic of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle favorably affects anthropometrics and clinical chemical indices. Fifty-five apparently healthy subjects, in 5 groups, engaged in a 10-day trip through the Pyrenees. They walked 14 km/day on average, carrying an 8-kilo backpack. Raw food was provided and self-prepared and water was obtained from waterholes. They slept outside in sleeping bags and were exposed to temperatures ranging from 12 to 42°C. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and the study end. We found important significant changes in most outcomes favoring better metabolic functioning and improved anthropometrics. Coping with “ancient mild stress factors,” including physical exercise, thirst, hunger, and climate, may influence immune status and improve anthropometrics and metabolic indices in healthy subjects and possibly patients suffering from metabolic and immunological disorders.
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25
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Rummel C, Bredehöft J, Damm J, Schweighöfer H, Peek V, Harden LM. Obesity Impacts Fever and Sickness Behavior During Acute Systemic Inflammation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:117-30. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00049.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is reaching dramatic proportions in humans and is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cognitive alterations, and a higher mortality during infection and inflammation. The focus of the present review is on the influence of obesity on the presentation of fever, sickness behavior, and inflammatory responses during acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Janne Bredehöft
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Jelena Damm
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Hanna Schweighöfer
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Verena Peek
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Lois M Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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26
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It takes two to tango: Phagocyte and lymphocyte numbers in a small mammalian hibernator. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 52:71-80. [PMID: 26431693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is energetically costly and competes for resources with other physiological body functions, which may result in trade-offs that impair fitness during demanding situations. Endocrine mediators, particularly stress hormones, play a central role in these relationships and directly impact leukocyte differentials. To determine the effects of external stressors, energetic restraints and competing physiological functions on immune parameters and their relevance for fitness, we investigated leukocyte profiles during the active season of a small obligate hibernator, the edible dormouse (Glis glis), in five different study sites in south-western Germany. The highly synchronized yearly cycle of this species and the close adaptation of its life history to the irregular abundance of food resources provide a natural experiment to elucidate mechanisms underlying variations in fitness parameters. In contrast to previous studies on hibernators, that showed an immediate recovery of all leukocyte subtypes upon emergence, our study revealed that hibernation results in depleted phagocyte (neutrophils and monocytes) stores that recovered only slowly. As the phenomenon of low phagocyte counts was even more pronounced at the beginning of a low food year and primarily immature neutrophils were present in the blood upon emergence, preparatory mechanisms seem to determine the regeneration of phagocytes before hibernation is terminated. Surprisingly, the recovery of phagocytes thereafter took several weeks, presumably due to energetic restrictions. This impaired first line of defense coincides with lowest survival probabilities during the annual cycle of our study species. Reduced survival could furthermore be linked to drastic increases in the P/L ratio (phagocytes/lymphocytes), an indicator of physiological stress, during reproduction. On the other hand, moderate augmentations in the P/L ratio occurred during periods of low food availability and were associated with increased survival, but reproductive failure. In this case, the stress response probably represents an adaptive reaction that contributes to survival by activating energy resources. In contrast to our expectation, we could not detect an amplification of stress through high population densities. Summarized, results of our study clearly reveal that the leukocyte picture of active edible dormice responds sensitively to physiological conditions associated with hibernation, reproductive activity and food availability and can be linked to fitness parameters such as survival. Thus edible dormice represent an excellent model organism to investigate regulatory mechanisms of the immune system under natural conditions.
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Stemer B, Melmer A, Fuchs D, Ebenbichler C, Kemmler G, Deisenhammer EA. Bright versus dim ambient light affects subjective well-being but not serotonin-related biological factors. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:1011-6. [PMID: 26260570 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Light falling on the retina is converted into an electrical signal which stimulates serotonin synthesis. Previous studies described an increase of plasma and CNS serotonin levels after bright light exposure. Ghrelin and leptin are peptide hormones which are involved in the regulation of hunger/satiety and are related to serotonin. Neopterin and kynurenine are immunological markers which are also linked to serotonin biosynthesis. In this study, 29 healthy male volunteers were exposed to bright (5000lx) and dim (50lx) light conditions for 120min in a cross-over manner. Subjective well-being and hunger as well as various serotonin associated plasma factors were assessed before and after light exposure. Subjective well-being showed a small increase under bright light and a small decrease under dim light, resulting in a significant interaction between light condition and time. Ghrelin concentrations increased significantly under both light conditions, but there was no interaction between light and time. Correspondingly, leptin decreased significantly under both light conditions. Hunger increased significantly with no light-time interaction. We also found a significant decrease of neopterin, tryptophan and tyrosine levels, but no interaction between light and time. In conclusion, ambient light was affecting subjective well-being rather than serotonin associated biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stemer
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria
| | - Eberhard A Deisenhammer
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria.
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Aubrecht TG, Weil ZM, Abi Salloum B, Ariza ME, Williams M, Reader B, Glaser R, Sheridan J, Nelson RJ. Chronic Physical Stress Does Not Interact with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Encoded Dutpase to Alter the Sickness Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:513-523. [PMID: 27175311 PMCID: PMC4862656 DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2015.511049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most adult humans have been infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is thought to contribute to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome. Stress is known to influence the immune system and can exacerbate the sickness response. Although a role for psychological stress in the sickness response, particularly in combination with EBV-encoded deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) has been established, and the role of physical stressors in these interactions remains unspecified. In this study, we seek to determine the interaction of chronic physical (swim) stress and EBV-encoded dUTPase injection. We hypothesize that a chronic physical stressor will exacerbate the sickness response following EBV-encoded dUTPase injection. To test this hypothesis mice receive daily injections of EBV-encoded dUTPase or vehicle and are subjected to 15 min of swim stress each day for 14 days or left unmanipulated. On the final evening of injections mice undergo behavioral testing. EBV-encoded dUTPase injection alone produces some sickness behaviors. The physical swimming stress does not alter the sickness response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn G Aubrecht
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bachir Abi Salloum
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marshall Williams
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brenda Reader
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ronald Glaser
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Sheridan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Molina N, Bolin A, Otton R. Green tea polyphenols change the profile of inflammatory cytokine release from lymphocytes of obese and lean rats and protect against oxidative damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:985-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Christensen A, Pike CJ. Menopause, obesity and inflammation: interactive risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217222 PMCID: PMC4493396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, the development of which is regulated by several environmental and genetic risk factors. Two factors theorized to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of AD pathogenesis are age-related increases in inflammation and obesity. These factors may be particularly problematic in women. The onset of menopause in mid-life elevates the vulnerability of women to AD, an increased risk that is likely associated with the depletion of estrogens. Menopause is also linked with an abundance of additional changes, including increased central adiposity and inflammation. Here, we review the current literature to explore the interactions between obesity, inflammation, menopause and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Christensen
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Perrotta C, De Palma C, Clementi E, Cervia D. Hormones and immunity in cancer: are thyroid hormones endocrine players in the microglia/glioma cross-talk? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:236. [PMID: 26157361 PMCID: PMC4477169 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocrine and immune systems engage in complex cross-talks in which a prominent role is played by thyroid hormones (THs). The increase of resident vs. monocyte recruited macrophages was shown to be an important effector of the TH 3,3′,5′-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-induced protection against inflammation and a key role of T3 in inhibiting the differentiation of peripheral monocytes into macrophages was observed. Herein, we report on the role of T3 as a modulator of microglia, the specialized macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Mounting evidence supports a role of microglia and macrophages in the growth and invasion of malignant glioma. In this respect, we unveil the putative involvement of T3 in the microglia/glioma cell communication. Since THs are known to cross the blood-brain barrier, we suggest that T3 not only exerts a direct modulation of brain cancer cell itself but also indirectly promotes glioma growth through a modulation of microglia. Our observations expand available information on the role of TH system in glioma and its microenvironment and highlight the endocrine modulation of microglia as an important target for future therapeutic development of glioma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano Milano, Italy ; Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco", Università di Milano Milano, Italy ; Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc Viterbo, Italy
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Gunawardana SC, Piston DW. Insulin-independent reversal of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice with brown adipose tissue transplant. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1043-55. [PMID: 25898954 PMCID: PMC4469812 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00570.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional therapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D) involve insulin replacement or islet/pancreas transplantation and have numerous limitations. Our previous work demonstrated the ability of embryonic brown adipose tissue (BAT) transplants to establish normoglycemia without insulin in chemically induced models of insulin-deficient diabetes. The current study sought to extend the technique to an autoimmune-mediated T1D model and document the underlying mechanisms. In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, BAT transplants result in complete reversal of T1D associated with rapid and long-lasting euglycemia. In addition, BAT transplants placed prior to the onset of diabetes on NOD mice can prevent or significantly delay the onset of diabetes. As with streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic models, euglycemia is independent of insulin and strongly correlates with decrease of inflammation and increase of adipokines. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is the first hormone to increase following BAT transplants. Adipose tissue of transplant recipients consistently express IGF-I compared with little or no expression in controls, and plasma IGF-I levels show a direct negative correlation with glucose, glucagon, and inflammatory cytokines. Adipogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of IGF-I may stimulate regeneration of new healthy white adipose tissue, which in turn secretes hypoglycemic adipokines that substitute for insulin. IGF-I can also directly decrease blood glucose through activating insulin receptor. These data demonstrate the potential for insulin-independent reversal of autoimmune-induced T1D with BAT transplants and implicate IGF-I as a likely mediator in the resulting equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra C Gunawardana
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Carlton ED, Demas GE. Body mass affects seasonal variation in sickness intensity in a seasonally breeding rodent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1667-76. [PMID: 25852068 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Species that display seasonal variation in sickness intensity show the most intense response in the season during which they have the highest body mass, suggesting that sickness intensity may be limited by an animal's energy stores. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) display lower body masses and less intense sickness when housed in short, winter-like days as opposed to long, summer-like days. To determine whether reduced sickness intensity displayed by short-day hamsters is a product of seasonal changes in body mass, we food restricted long-day hamsters so that they exhibited body mass loss that mimicked the natural photoperiod-induced loss of body mass in short-day hamsters. We then experimentally induced sickness with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared sickness responses among long-day food-restricted and long- and short-day ad libitum fed groups, predicting that long-day food-restricted hamsters would show sickness responses comparable to those of short-day ad libitum fed hamsters and attenuated in comparison to long-day ad libitum fed hamsters. We found that long-day food-restricted hamsters showed attenuated LPS-induced anorexia, loss of body mass and hypothermia compared with long-day ad libitum fed animals; however, anorexia remained elevated in long-day food-restricted animals compared with short-day ad libitum fed animals. Additionally, LPS-induced anhedonia and decreases in nest building were not influenced by body mass. Results of hormone assays suggest that cortisol levels could play a role in the attenuation of sickness in long-day food-restricted hamsters, indicating that future research should target the roles of glucocorticoids and natural variation in energy stores in seasonal sickness variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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van Niekerk G, Engelbrecht AM. On the evolutionary origin of the adaptive immune system—The adipocyte hypothesis. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Moon HS, Huh JY, Dincer F, Schneider BE, Hasselgren PO, Mantzoros CS. Identification and saturable nature of signaling pathways induced by metreleptin in humans: comparative evaluation of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro administration. Diabetes 2015; 64:828-39. [PMID: 25249580 PMCID: PMC4338590 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways activated by leptin in metabolically important organs have largely been studied only in animal and/or cell culture studies. In this study, we examined whether leptin has similar effects in human peripheral tissues in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro and whether the response would be different in lean and obese humans. For in vivo leptin signaling, metreleptin was administered and muscle, adipose tissue, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were taken for analysis of signal activation. Experiments were also done ex vivo and with primary cultured cells in vitro. The signal activation was compared between male versus female and obese versus lean humans. Acute in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro metreleptin administration similarly activated STAT3, AMPK, ERK1/2, Akt, mTOR, NF-κB, and/or IKKα/β without any differences between male versus female and obese versus lean subjects. All signaling pathways were saturable at ∼30-50 ng/mL, consistent with the clinical evidence showing no additional effect(s) in obese subjects who already have high levels of leptin. Our data provide novel information on downstream effectors of metreleptin action in humans that may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seuk Moon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joo Young Huh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin E Schneider
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Per-Olof Hasselgren
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Wolfs MGM, Gruben N, Rensen SS, Verdam FJ, Greve JW, Driessen A, Wijmenga C, Buurman WA, Franke L, Scheja L, Koonen DPY, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van Haeften TW, Hofker MH, Fu J. Determining the association between adipokine expression in multiple tissues and phenotypic features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e146. [PMID: 25664838 PMCID: PMC4338415 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-associated disease, and in obesity adipokines are believed to be involved in the development of NAFLD. However, it is still not clear whether adipokines in the liver and/or adipose tissues can be related to the development of specific characteristics of NAFLD, such as steatosis and inflammation. We aimed to address this question by simultaneously examining the adipokine expression in three tissue types in obese individuals. Methods: We enrolled 93 severely obese individuals with NAFLD, varying from simple steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Their expression of 48 adipokines in the liver, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was correlated to their phenotypic features of NAFLD. We further determined whether the correlations were tissue specific and/or independent of covariates, including age, sex, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Results: The expression of adipokines showed a liver- and adipose tissue-specific pattern. We identified that the expression of leptin, angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) and chemerin in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was associated with different NAFLD features, including steatosis, ballooning, portal and lobular inflammation. In addition, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C) (IGF1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) in the liver tissue and the expression of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) in both the liver and SAT were associated with NAFLD features. The correlations between ANGPT2 and CXCL10, and NAFLD features were dependent on insulin resistance and T2D, but for the other genes the correlation with at least one NAFLD feature remained significant after correcting for the covariates. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in obese individuals, VAT-derived leptin and chemerin, and hepatic expression of TNF, IGF1, IL1RN and PAI-1 are involved in the development of NAFLD features. Further, functional studies are warranted to establish a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G M Wolfs
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Gruben
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Rensen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F J Verdam
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Greve
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Driessen
- 1] Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands [2] Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - C Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W A Buurman
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Franke
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - L Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D P Y Koonen
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T W van Haeften
- 1] Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H Hofker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Demas GE, Carlton ED. Ecoimmunology for psychoneuroimmunologists: Considering context in neuroendocrine-immune-behavior interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:9-16. [PMID: 25218837 PMCID: PMC4275338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of immunity has become an important area of investigation for researchers in a wide range of areas outside the traditional discipline of immunology. For the last several decades, psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has strived to identify key interactions among the nervous, endocrine and immune systems and behavior. More recently, the field of ecological immunology (ecoimmunology) has been established within the perspectives of ecology and evolutionary biology, sharing with PNI an appreciation of the environmental influences on immune function. The primary goal of ecoimmunology is to understand immune function within a broadly integrative, organismal context, typically from an ultimate, evolutionary perspective. To accomplish this ecoimmunology, like PNI, has become a broadly integrative field of investigation, combining diverse approaches from evolution and ecology to endocrinology and neurobiology. The disciplines of PNI and ecoimmunology, with their unique yet complementary perspectives and methodologies, have much to offer one another. Researchers in both fields, however, remain largely unaware of each other's findings despite attempts at integration. The goal of this review is to share with psychoneuroimmunologists and other mechanistically-oriented researchers some of the core concepts and principles, as well as relevant recent findings, within ecoimmunology with the hope that this information will prove relevant to their own research programs. More broadly, our goal is to attempt to integrate both the proximate and ultimate perspectives offered by PNI and ecoimmunology respectively into a common theoretical framework for understanding neuro-endocrine-immune interactions and behavior in a larger ecological, evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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38
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La leptine : un modulateur de l’activité des cellules Natural Killer ? NUTR CLIN METAB 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shattuck EC, Muehlenbein MP. Human sickness behavior: Ultimate and proximate explanations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:1-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
| | - Michael P. Muehlenbein
- Evolutionary Physiology and Ecology Laboratory; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN
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40
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Carlton ED, Demas GE. Leptin mediates seasonal variation in some but not all symptoms of sickness in Siberian hamsters. Horm Behav 2014; 66:802-11. [PMID: 25461974 PMCID: PMC4262702 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many seasonally breeding species, including Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), exhibit seasonal variation in sickness responses. One hypothesis regarding the mechanism of this variation is that sickness intensity tracks an animal's energetic state, such that sickness is attenuated in the season that an animal has the lowest fat stores. Energetic state may be signaled via leptin, an adipose hormone that provides a signal of fat stores. Siberian hamsters respond to extended housing in short, winter-like days by reducing fat stores and leptin levels, relative to those housed in long, summer-like days. Sickness responses are also attenuated in short-day hamsters as compared to long-day hamsters. We hypothesized that leptin provides a physiological signal by which seasonally breeding animals modulate sickness responses, such that animals with higher leptin levels show increased sickness intensity. To test this, we provided short-day hamsters with a long-day-like leptin signal and assessed their responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a sickness-inducing antigen. We compared these responses to short-day vehicle-, long-day vehicle-, and long-day leptin-treated hamsters. Unexpectedly, LPS induced a hypothermic response (rather than fever) in all groups. Short-day vehicle-treated hamsters exhibited the greatest LPS-induced hypothermia, and leptin treatment attenuated this response, making hypothermia more long-day-like. Contrary to our hypothesis, short-day leptin-treated hamsters showed the least pronounced LPS-induced anorexia among all groups. These results suggest that leptin may mediate some but not all aspects of seasonal sickness variation in this species. Future studies should be targeted at determining roles of other energetic hormones in regulating seasonal sickness response variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Carlton ED, Cooper CL, Demas GE. Metabolic stressors and signals differentially affect energy allocation between reproduction and immune function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 208:21-9. [PMID: 25125082 PMCID: PMC4253682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Most free-living animals have finite energy stores that they must allocate to different physiological and behavioral processes. In times of energetic stress, trade-offs in energy allocation among these processes may occur. The manifestation of trade-offs may depend on the source (e.g., glucose, lipids) and severity of energy limitation. In this study, we investigated energetic trade-offs between the reproductive and immune systems by experimentally limiting energy availability to female Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) with 2-deoxy-d-glucose, a compound that disrupts cellular utilization of glucose. We observed how glucoprivation at two levels of severity affected allocation to reproduction and immunity. Additionally, we treated a subset of these hamsters with leptin, an adipose hormone that provides a direct signal of available fat stores, in order to determine how increasing this signal of fat stores influences glucoprivation-induced trade-offs. We observed trade-offs between the reproductive and immune systems and that these trade-offs depended on the severity of energy limitation and exogenous leptin signaling. The majority of the animals experiencing mild glucoprivation entered anestrus, whereas leptin treatment restored estrous cycling in these animals. Surprisingly, virtually all animals experiencing more severe glucoprivation maintained normal estrous cycling throughout the experiment; however, exogenous leptin resulted in lower antibody production in this group. These data suggest that variation in these trade-offs may be mediated by shifts between glucose and fatty acid utilization. Collectively, the results of the present study highlight the context-dependent nature of these trade-offs, as trade-offs induced by the same metabolic stressor can manifest differently depending on its intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Carlton
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Candace L Cooper
- Department of Biology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC 29115, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Estrogen signaling in metabolic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:615917. [PMID: 25400333 PMCID: PMC4226184 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interference of inflammatory activation with metabolism. Obesity, mainly visceral obesity, is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, triggered by metabolic surplus where specialized metabolic cells such as adipocytes activate cellular stress initiating and sustaining the inflammatory program. The increasing prevalence of obesity, resulting in increased cardiometabolic risk and precipitating illness such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, cirrhosis, and certain types of cancer, constitutes a good example of this association. The metabolic actions of estrogens have been studied extensively and there is also accumulating evidence that estrogens influence immune processes. However, the connection between these two fields of estrogen actions has been underacknowledged since little attention has been drawn towards the possible action of estrogens on the modulation of metabolism through their anti-inflammatory properties. In the present paper, we summarize knowledge on the modification inflammatory processes by estrogens with impact on metabolism and highlight major research questions on the field. Understanding the regulation of metabolic inflammation by estrogens may provide the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to the management of metabolic dysfunctions.
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Li Z, Yu X, Liang J, Wu WKK, Yu J, Shen J. Leptin downregulates aggrecan through the p38-ADAMST pathway in human nucleus pulposus cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109595. [PMID: 25299465 PMCID: PMC4192299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic basis of obesity-associated intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is unclear. Aberrant expression of aggrecan and its degrading enzymes ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 is implicated in the development of IDD. Here, we investigated the effect of leptin, a hormone with increased circulating levels in obesity, on the expression of aggrecan and ADAMTSs in primary human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Real-time PCR and Western blots showed that leptin increased the mRNA and protein expression of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 and reduced the level of aggrecan in NP cells, accompanied by a prominent induction of p38 phosphorylation. Treatment of NP cells with SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) abolished the regulation of aggrecan and ADAMTSs by leptin. Knockdown of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 by siRNAs also attenuated the degradation of aggrecan in leptin-stimulated NP cells. To conclude, we demonstrated that leptin induces p38 to upregulate ADAMTSs and thereby promoting aggrecan degradation in human NP cells. These results provide a novel mechanistic insight into the molecular pathogenesis of obesity-associated IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqian Liang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Placental miR-1301 is dysregulated in early-onset preeclampsia and inversely correlated with maternal circulating leptin. Placenta 2014; 35:709-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gunawardana SC. Benefits of healthy adipose tissue in the treatment of diabetes. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:420-430. [PMID: 25126390 PMCID: PMC4127579 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major malfunction in diabetes mellitus is severe perturbation of glucose homeostasis caused by deficiency of insulin. Insulin deficiency is either absolute due to destruction or failure of pancreatic β cells, or relative due to decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. The primary lesion being related to insulin, treatments for diabetes focus on insulin replacement and/or increasing sensitivity to insulin. These therapies have their own limitations and complications, some of which can be life-threatening. For example, exogenous insulin administration can lead to fatal hypoglycemic episodes; islet/pancreas transplantation requires life-long immunosuppressive therapy; and anti-diabetic drugs have dangerous side effects including edema, heart failure and lactic acidosis. Thus the need remains for better safer long term treatments for diabetes. The ultimate goal in treating diabetes is to re-establish glucose homeostasis, preferably through endogenously generated hormones. Recent studies increasingly show that extra-pancreatic hormones, particularly those arising from adipose tissue, can compensate for insulin, or entirely replace the function of insulin under appropriate circumstances. Adipose tissue is a versatile endocrine organ that secretes a variety of hormones with far-reaching effects on overall metabolism. While unhealthy adipose tissue can exacerbate diabetes through limiting circulation and secreting of pro-inflammatory cytokines, healthy uninflamed adipose tissue secretes beneficial adipokines with hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can complement and/or compensate for the function of insulin. Administration of specific adipokines is known to alleviate both type 1 and 2 diabetes, and leptin mono-therapy is reported to reverse type 1 diabetes independent of insulin. Although specific adipokines may correct diabetes, administration of individual adipokines still carries risks similar to those of insulin monotherapy. Thus a better approach is to achieve glucose homeostasis with endogenously-generated adipokines through transplantation or regeneration of healthy adipose tissue. Our recent studies on mouse models show that type 1 diabetes can be reversed without insulin through subcutaneous transplantation of embryonic brown adipose tissue, which leads to replenishment of recipients’ white adipose tissue; increase of a number of beneficial adipokines; and fast and long-lasting euglycemia. Insulin-independent glucose homeostasis is established through a combination of endogenously generated hormones arising from the transplant and/or newly-replenished white adipose tissue. Transplantation of healthy white adipose tissue is reported to alleviate type 2 diabetes in rodent models on several occasions, and increasing the content of endogenous brown adipose tissue is known to combat obesity and type 2 diabetes in both humans and animal models. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully documented, the beneficial effects of healthy adipose tissue in improving metabolism are increasingly reported, and are worthy of attention as a powerful tool in combating metabolic disease.
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Gupta S, Ahsan I, Mahfooz N, Abdelhamid N, Ramanathan M, Weinstock-Guttman B. Osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis: risk factors, pathophysiology, and therapeutic interventions. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:731-42. [PMID: 24871932 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the nervous system. There has been mounting evidence showing that MS is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. The development of osteoporosis in MS patients can be related to the cumulative effects of various factors. This review summarizes the common risk factors and physiologic pathways that play a role in development of osteoporosis in MS patients. Physical inactivity and reduced mechanical load on the bones (offsetting gravity) is likely the major contributing factor for osteoporosis in MS. Additional possible factors leading to reduced bone mass are low vitamin D levels, and use of medications such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants. The role of the inflammatory processes related to the underlying disease is considered in the context of the complex bone metabolism. The known effect of different MS disease-modifying therapies on bone health is limited. An algorithm for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in MS is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Gupta
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Londraville RL, Macotela Y, Duff RJ, Easterling MR, Liu Q, Crespi EJ. Comparative endocrinology of leptin: assessing function in a phylogenetic context. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:146-57. [PMID: 24525452 PMCID: PMC4128956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As we approach the end of two decades of leptin research, the comparative biology of leptin is just beginning. We now have several leptin orthologs described from nearly every major clade among vertebrates, and are moving beyond gene descriptions to functional studies. Even at this early stage, it is clear that non-mammals display clear functional similarities and differences with their better-studied mammalian counterparts. This review assesses what we know about leptin function in mammals and non-mammals, and gives examples of how these data can inform leptin biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Londraville
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Robert J Duff
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Marietta R Easterling
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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MacDonald LE, Alderman SL, Kramer S, Woo PTK, Bernier NJ. Hypoxemia-induced leptin secretion: a mechanism for the control of food intake in diseased fish. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:441-55. [PMID: 24741070 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a potent anorexigen, but little is known about the physiological conditions under which this cytokine regulates food intake in fish. In this study, we characterized the relationships between food intake, O2-carrying capacity, liver leptin-A1 (lep-a1) gene expression, and plasma leptin-A1 in rainbow trout infected with a pathogenic hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica. As lep gene expression is hypoxia-sensitive and Cryptobia-infected fish are anemic, we hypothesized that Cryptobia-induced anorexia is mediated by leptin. A 14-week time course experiment revealed that Cryptobia-infected fish experience a transient 75% reduction in food intake, a sharp initial drop in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels followed by a partial recovery, a transient 17-fold increase in lep-a1 gene expression, and a sustained increase in plasma leptin-A1 levels. In the hypothalamus, peak anorexia was associated with decreases in mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y (npy) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), and increases in agouti-related protein (agrp) and pro-opiomelanocortin A2 (pomc). In contrast, in non-infected fish pair-fed to infected animals, lep-a1 gene expression and plasma levels did not differ from those of non-infected satiated fish. Pair-fed fish were also characterized by increases in hypothalamic npy and agrp, no changes in pomc-a2, and a reduction in cart mRNA expression. Finally, peak infection was characterized by a significant positive correlation between O2-carrying capacity and food intake. These findings show that hypoxemia, and not feed restriction, stimulates leptin-A1 secretion in Cryptobia-infected rainbow trout and suggest that leptin contributes to anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic npy and stimulating pomc-a2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E MacDonald
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patrick T K Woo
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Systemic leptin dose-dependently increases STAT3 phosphorylation within hypothalamic and hindbrain nuclei. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R576-85. [PMID: 24523344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00017.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin released peripherally acts within the central nervous system (CNS) to modulate numerous physiological and behavioral functions. Histochemical identification of leptin-responsive CNS cells can reveal the specific cellular phenotypes and neural circuits through which leptin signaling modulates these functions. Leptin signaling elicits phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), making pSTAT3-immunoreactivity (ir) a useful proxy for identifying leptin-responsive cells. Relatively low systemic doses of leptin (i.e., 10-130 μg/kg body wt) are sufficient to decrease food intake, inhibit gastric emptying, and increase sympathetic activity, but there are no histological reports of central pSTAT3-ir following leptin doses within this range. Considering this, we quantified central pSTAT3-ir in rats after intraperitoneal injections of leptin at doses ranging from 50 to 800 μg/kg body wt. Tissue sections were processed to identify pSTAT3-ir alone or in combination with immunolabeling for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH). Leptin doses as low as 50, 100, and 200 μg/kg body wt significantly increased the number of pSTAT3-ir cells in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively, and also led to robust pSTAT3 labeling in neural processes. The differential dose-dependent increases in pSTAT3-ir across brain regions provide new information regarding central leptin sensitivity. Within the ARC, CART-ir and pSTAT3-ir were often colocalized, consistent with evidence of leptin sensitivity in this neural population. Conversely, within the NTS, pSTAT3 only rarely colocalized with PrRP and/or DβH, and never with GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Maniscalco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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50
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Arcego DM, Krolow R, Lampert C, Noschang C, Ferreira AG, Scherer E, Wyse AT, Dalmaz C. Isolation during the prepubertal period associated with chronic access to palatable diets: Effects on plasma lipid profile and liver oxidative stress. Physiol Behav 2014; 124:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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