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Martínez de la Escalera G, Macotela Y, Clapp C. A New Experimental Tool Toward Understanding the Regulation of Human Prolactin Secretion and Functions. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6539259. [PMID: 35225324 PMCID: PMC8920345 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM–Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO, 76230,Mexico
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM–Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO, 76230,Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM–Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO, 76230,Mexico
- Correspondence: Carmen Clapp, PhD, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO, 76230, Mexico.
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2
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Ramirez-Hernandez G, Adan-Castro E, Diaz-Lezama N, Ruiz-Herrera X, Martinez de la Escalera G, Macotela Y, Clapp C. Global Deletion of the Prolactin Receptor Aggravates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:619696. [PMID: 33746901 PMCID: PMC7973366 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.619696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) levels are reduced in the circulation of rats with diabetes or obesity, and lower circulating levels of PRL correlate with increased prevalence of diabetes and a higher risk of metabolic alterations in the clinic. Furthermore, PRL stimulates β-cell proliferation, survival, and insulin production and pregnant mice lacking PRL receptors in β-cells develop gestational diabetes. To investigate the protective effect of endogenous PRL against diabetes outside pregnancy, we compared the number of cases and severity of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia between C57BL/6 mice null for the PRL receptor gene (Prlr-/- ) and wild-type mice (Prlr+/+ ). STZ-treated diabetic Prlr-/- mice showed a higher number of cases and later recovery from hyperglycemia, exacerbated glucose levels, and glucose intolerance compared to the Prlr+/+ mice counterparts. Consistent with the worsening of hyperglycemia, pancreatic islet density, β-cell number, proliferation, and survival, as well as circulating insulin levels were reduced, whereas α-cell number and pancreatic inflammation were increased in the absence of PRL signaling. Deletion of the PRL receptor did not alter the metabolic parameters in vehicle-treated animals. We conclude that PRL protects whole body glucose homeostasis by reducing β-cell loss and pancreatic inflammation in STZ-induced diabetes. Medications elevating PRL circulating levels may prove to be beneficial in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Clapp
- *Correspondence: Carmen Clapp, ; Yazmin Macotela,
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3
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Ussar S, Lee KY, Dankel SN, Boucher J, Haering MF, Kleinridders A, Thomou T, Xue R, Macotela Y, Cypess AM, Tseng YH, Mellgren G, Kahn CR. ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are cell surface markers for white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:247ra103. [PMID: 25080478 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
White, beige, and brown adipocytes are developmentally and functionally distinct but often occur mixed together within individual depots. To target white, beige, and brown adipocytes for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, a better understanding of the cell surface properties of these cell types is essential. Using a combination of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods, we have identified three new cell surface markers of adipose cell types. The amino acid transporter ASC-1 is a white adipocyte-specific cell surface protein, with little or no expression in brown adipocytes, whereas the amino acid transporter PAT2 and the purinergic receptor P2RX5 are cell surface markers expressed in classical brown and beige adipocytes in mice. These markers also selectively mark brown/beige and white adipocytes in human tissue. Thus, ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are membrane surface proteins that may serve as tools to identify and target white and brown/beige adipocytes for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Ussar
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon N Dankel
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Max-Felix Haering
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Kleinridders
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Thomou
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway. Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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4
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Londraville RL, Macotela Y, Duff RJ, Easterling MR, Liu Q, Crespi EJ. Comparative endocrinology of leptin: assessing function in a phylogenetic context. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:146-57. [PMID: 24525452 PMCID: PMC4128956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As we approach the end of two decades of leptin research, the comparative biology of leptin is just beginning. We now have several leptin orthologs described from nearly every major clade among vertebrates, and are moving beyond gene descriptions to functional studies. Even at this early stage, it is clear that non-mammals display clear functional similarities and differences with their better-studied mammalian counterparts. This review assesses what we know about leptin function in mammals and non-mammals, and gives examples of how these data can inform leptin biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Londraville
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Robert J Duff
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Marietta R Easterling
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biology and Program in Integrated Biosciences, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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5
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Vernochet C, Mourier A, Bezy O, Macotela Y, Boucher J, Rardin MJ, An D, Lee KY, Ilkayeva OR, Zingaretti CM, Emanuelli B, Smyth G, Cinti S, Newgard CB, Gibson BW, Larsson NG, Kahn CR. Adipose-specific deletion of TFAM increases mitochondrial oxidation and protects mice against obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2012; 16:765-76. [PMID: 23168219 PMCID: PMC3529641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue, but the role for adipose tissue mitochondria in the development of these disorders is currently unknown. To understand the impact of adipose tissue mitochondria on whole-body metabolism, we have generated a mouse model with disruption of the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) specifically in fat. F-TFKO adipose tissue exhibit decreased mtDNA copy number, altered levels of proteins of the electron transport chain, and perturbed mitochondrial function with decreased complex I activity and greater oxygen consumption and uncoupling. As a result, F-TFKO mice exhibit higher energy expenditure and are protected from age- and diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis, despite a greater food intake. Thus, TFAM deletion in the adipose tissue increases mitochondrial oxidation that has positive metabolic effects, suggesting that regulation of adipose tissue mitochondria may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Vernochet
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier Bezy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Pfizer, Inc, Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew J. Rardin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Ding An
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin Y. Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olga R. Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Cristina M. Zingaretti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Diagnostic Electron Microscopy Unit University-United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona 60020 & Adipose Organ Lab IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Graham Smyth
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Diagnostic Electron Microscopy Unit University-United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona 60020 & Adipose Organ Lab IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Bradford W. Gibson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Mori MA, Raghavan P, Thomou T, Boucher J, Robida-Stubbs S, Macotela Y, Russell SJ, Kirkland JL, Blackwell TK, Kahn CR. Role of microRNA processing in adipose tissue in stress defense and longevity. Cell Metab 2012; 16:336-47. [PMID: 22958919 PMCID: PMC3461823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Excess adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disease and reduced life span, whereas caloric restriction decreases these risks. Here we show that as mice age, there is downregulation of Dicer and miRNA processing in adipose tissue resulting in decreases of multiple miRNAs. A similar decline of Dicer with age is observed in C. elegans. This is prevented in both species by caloric restriction. Decreased Dicer expression also occurs in preadipocytes from elderly humans and can be produced in cells by exposure to oxidative stress or UV radiation. Knockdown of Dicer in cells results in premature senescence, and fat-specific Dicer knockout renders mice hypersensitive to oxidative stress. Finally, Dicer loss-of-function mutations in worms reduce life span and stress tolerance, while intestinal overexpression of Dicer confers stress resistance. Thus, regulation of miRNA processing in adipose-related tissues plays an important role in longevity and the ability of an organism to respond to environmental stress and age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Mori
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Boucher J, Mori MA, Lee KY, Smyth G, Liew CW, Macotela Y, Rourk M, Bluher M, Russell SJ, Kahn CR. Impaired thermogenesis and adipose tissue development in mice with fat-specific disruption of insulin and IGF-1 signalling. Nat Commun 2012; 3:902. [PMID: 22692545 PMCID: PMC3529640 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have important roles in adipocyte differentiation, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Here to assess how these pathways can compensate for each other, we created mice with a double tissue-specific knockout of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to eliminate all insulin/IGF-1 signalling in fat. These FIGIRKO mice had markedly decreased white and brown fat mass and were completely resistant to high fat diet-induced obesity and age- and high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Energy expenditure was increased in FIGIRKO mice despite a >85% reduction in brown fat mass. However, FIGIRKO mice were unable to maintain body temperature when placed at 4 °C. Brown fat activity was markedly decreased in FIGIRKO mice but was responsive to β3-receptor stimulation. Thus, insulin/IGF-1 signalling has a crucial role in the control of brown and white fat development, and, when disrupted, leads to defective thermogenesis and a paradoxical increase in basal metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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8
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Macotela Y, Emanuelli B, Bång AM, Espinoza DO, Boucher J, Beebe K, Gall W, Kahn CR. Dietary leucine--an environmental modifier of insulin resistance acting on multiple levels of metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21187. [PMID: 21731668 PMCID: PMC3120846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as the macronutrient composition of the diet, can have a profound impact on risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In the present study we demonstrate how a single, simple dietary factor—leucine—can modify insulin resistance by acting on multiple tissues and at multiple levels of metabolism. Mice were placed on a normal or high fat diet (HFD). Dietary leucine was doubled by addition to the drinking water. mRNA, protein and complete metabolomic profiles were assessed in the major insulin sensitive tissues and serum, and correlated with changes in glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling. After 8 weeks on HFD, mice developed obesity, fatty liver, inflammatory changes in adipose tissue and insulin resistance at the level of IRS-1 phosphorylation, as well as alterations in metabolomic profile of amino acid metabolites, TCA cycle intermediates, glucose and cholesterol metabolites, and fatty acids in liver, muscle, fat and serum. Doubling dietary leucine reversed many of the metabolite abnormalities and caused a marked improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin signaling without altering food intake or weight gain. Increased dietary leucine was also associated with a decrease in hepatic steatosis and a decrease in inflammation in adipose tissue. These changes occurred despite an increase in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase indicating enhanced activation of mTOR, a phenomenon normally associated with insulin resistance. These data indicate that modest changes in a single environmental/nutrient factor can modify multiple metabolic and signaling pathways and modify HFD induced metabolic syndrome by acting at a systemic level on multiple tissues. These data also suggest that increasing dietary leucine may provide an adjunct in the management of obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Macotela
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anneli M. Bång
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Espinoza
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kirk Beebe
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Walter Gall
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Boucher J, Macotela Y, Bezy O, Mori MA, Kriauciunas K, Kahn CR. A kinase-independent role for unoccupied insulin and IGF-1 receptors in the control of apoptosis. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra87. [PMID: 21139139 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) act as antiapoptotic hormones. We found that, unexpectedly, double-knockout (DKO) cells that lacked both insulin and IGF-1 receptors (IR and IGF1R, respectively) were resistant to apoptosis induced through either the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway. This resistance to apoptosis was associated with decreased abundance of the proapoptotic protein Bax and increases in abundance of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, and Flip. These changes in protein abundance involved primarily posttranscriptional mechanisms. Restoration of IR or IGF1R to DKO cells also restored their sensitivity to apoptosis. Notably, expression of a catalytically inactive mutant form of the IR also restored susceptibility to apoptosis. Thus, IR and IGF1R have bidirectional roles in the control of cell survival and can be viewed as dependence receptors. Insulin and IGF-1 binding stimulates receptor tyrosine kinase activity and blocks apoptosis, whereas unliganded IR and IGF1R, acting through a mechanism independent of their catalytic activity, exert a permissive effect on cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Boucher
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism differ in adipocytes between different fat depots of male and female mice and how sex steroids contribute to these differences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adipocytes from intra-abdominal/perigonadal (PG) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue from normal, castrated, or steroid-implanted animals were isolated and analyzed for differences in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. RESULTS Adipocytes from both PG and SC depots of females have increased lipogenic rates compared with those from males. In females, intra-abdominal PG adipocytes are more insulin-sensitive than SC adipocytes and more insulin-sensitive than male adipocytes from either depot. When stimulated by low physiological concentrations of insulin, female PG adipocytes show a robust increase in Akt and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and lipogenesis, whereas male adipocytes show activation only at higher insulin concentrations. Adipocytes from females have higher mRNA/protein levels of several genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. After castration, adipocytes of male mice showed increased insulin sensitivity and increased lipogenic rates, whereas adipocytes of females demonstrate decreased lipid production. Increasing estrogen above physiological levels, however, also reduced lipid synthesis in females, whereas increasing dihydrotestosterone in males had no effect. CONCLUSIONS There are major sex differences in insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, particularly in the intra-abdominal depot, that are regulated by physiological levels of sex steroids. The increased sensitivity to insulin and lipogenesis observed in adipocytes from females may account for their lower level of insulin resistance and diabetes risk despite similar or higher fat content than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Macotela
- From Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- From Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thien T. Tran
- From Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- From Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: C. Ronald Kahn,
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11
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Emanuelli B, Macotela Y, Boucher J, Ronald Kahn C. SOCS-1 deficiency does not prevent diet-induced insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:447-452. [PMID: 18929539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammation and increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, which inhibit cytokine and insulin signaling. Thus, reducing SOCS expression could prevent the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Using SOCS-1 knockout mice, we investigated the contribution of SOCS-1 in the development of insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). SOCS-1 knockout mice on HFD gained 70% more weight, displayed a 2.3-fold increase in epididymal fat pads mass and increased hepatic lipid content. This was accompanied by increased mRNA expression of leptin and the macrophage marker CD68 in white adipose tissue and of SREBP1c and FAS in liver. HFD also induced hyperglycemia in SOCS-1 deficient mice with impairment of glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Thus, despite the role of SOCS proteins in obesity-related insulin resistance, SOCS-1 deficiency alone is not able to prevent insulin resistance induced by a diet rich in fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Emanuelli
- Hormone and Obesity Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Hormone and Obesity Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jérémie Boucher
- Hormone and Obesity Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Hormone and Obesity Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Zermeño C, Guzmán-Morales J, Macotela Y, Nava G, López-Barrera F, Kouri JB, Lavalle C, de la Escalera GM, Clapp C. Prolactin inhibits the apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by serum starvation. J Endocrinol 2006; 189:R1-8. [PMID: 16648286 DOI: 10.1677/joe.1.06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis of chondrocytes plays an important role in endochondral bone formation and in cartilage degradation during aging and disease. Prolactin (PRL) is produced in chondrocytes and is known to promote the survival of various cell types. Here we show that articular chondrocytes from rat postpubescent and adult cartilage express the long form of the PRL receptor as revealed by immunohistochemistry of cartilage sections and by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses of the isolated chondrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PRL inhibits the apoptosis of these same chondrocytes cultured in low-serum. Chondrocyte apoptosis was measured by hypodiploid DNA content determined by flow cytometry and by DNA fragmentation evaluated by the ELISA and the TUNEL methods. The anti-apoptotic effect of PRL was dose-dependent and was prevented by heat inactivation. These data demonstrate that PRL can act as a survival factor for chondrocytes and that it has potential preventive and therapeutic value in arthropathies characterized by cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zermeño
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
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13
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Corbacho AM, Macotela Y, Nava G, Eiserich JP, Cross CE, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Cytokine induction of prolactin receptors mediates prolactin inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in pulmonary fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:171-5. [PMID: 12782310 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has been implicated as a modulator of immune function, and some of its actions may be linked to NO synthesis. Because NO acts as a mediator of inflammation, we speculated that an inflammatory milieu could unmask pathways by which PRL could affect NO synthesis. Here, we show that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the expression of PRL receptors in pulmonary fibroblasts, allowing PRL to inhibit cytokine-induced NO production and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inhibition of iNOS expression by PRL correlates with the phosphorylation of STAT-5b (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b) and the suppression of expression of IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor 1), a transcription factor for iNOS. These results reveal previously unrecognized mechanisms by which PRL and PRL receptors may play significant modulatory roles during immune-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Corbacho
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Apartado Postal 1-1141, Juriquilla-Querétaro, Qro. 76001, Mexico
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14
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Macotela Y, Mendoza C, Corbacho AM, Cosío G, Eiserich JP, Zentella A, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. 16K prolactin induces NF-kappaB activation in pulmonary fibroblasts. J Endocrinol 2002; 175:R13-8. [PMID: 12475392 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.175r013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The amino-terminal 16 kDa fragment of prolactin (16K PRL) promotes the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) accompanied by the production of nitric oxide (NO) by rat pulmonary fibroblasts. The present study was designed to elucidate whether the mechanism by which 16K PRL promotes iNOS expression involves the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), a key transcription factor for iNOS induction. 16K PRL stimulated DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in pulmonary fibroblasts as demonstrated by gel shift assays. Likewise, fluorescence immunocytochemistry showed that 16K PRL promotes nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Finally, treatment with 16K PRL induced the degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitor kappaB-beta (IkappaB-beta), and such degradation was prevented by blocking IkappaB-beta phosphorylation. Altogether, these results show that 16K PRL activates NF-kappaB nuclear translocation via the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-beta. These findings are consistent with NF-kappaB being part of the signal transduction pathway activated by 16K PRL to induce iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Apartado postal 1-1141, Juriquilla-Querétaro, Qro, 76001 México
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15
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Corbacho AM, Macotela Y, Nava G, Torner L, Dueñas Z, Noris G, Morales MA, Martínez De La Escalera G, Clapp C. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells express multiple prolactin isoforms. J Endocrinol 2000; 166:53-62. [PMID: 10856883 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1660053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the prolactin (PRL) hormonal family have direct effects on endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Moreover, isoforms of PRL may function as autocrine regulators of endothelial cells. Bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCEC) express the PRL gene, while anti-PRL antibodies inhibit BBCEC proliferation. Here, we show the expression of the PRL gene into various PRL isoforms in endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of total RNA from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) detected the full-length PRL mRNA as well as a 100 bp smaller PRL transcript similar to the one previously reported in BBCEC. HUVEC were positive to PRL immunocytochemistry. In addition, various PRL immunoreactive proteins were detected in HUVEC extracts and HUVEC conditioned media by metabolic labelling immunoprecipitation analysis. These PRL immunorelated proteins had apparent molecular masses of 60, 23, 21, 16 and 14 kDa. In contrast to previous findings in BBCEC, HUVEC conditioned media contained very little PRL bioactivity as determined by the selective bioassay of Nb2 cell proliferation. Moreover, some polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies directed against PRL stimulated HUVEC proliferation, in contrast to the inhibitory effect seen in BBCEC. The present findings extend the previous observations about the expression of PRL gene in endothelial cells from bovine brain capillaries to human cells of the umbilical vein, implicating that endothelium from different types of vessels and species share the expression of PRL gene but may differ in the putative autocrine role of the PRL isoforms expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Corbacho
- Centro de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76001, Querétaro, Qro, México
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16
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Corbacho AM, Nava G, Eiserich JP, Noris G, Macotela Y, Struman I, Martinez De La Escalera G, Freeman BA, Clapp C. Proteolytic cleavage confers nitric oxide synthase inducing activity upon prolactin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13183-6. [PMID: 10788422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), originally associated with milk secretion, is now known to possess a wide variety of biological actions and diverse sites of production beyond the pituitary. Proteolytic cleavage is a common post-translational modification that can either activate precursor proteins or confer upon the peptide fragment unique biological actions not exerted by the parent molecule. Recent studies have demonstrated that the 16-kDa N-terminal proteolytic cleavage product of PRL (16K-PRL) acts as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Despite previous demonstrations of 16K-PRL production in vivo, biological functions beyond its antiangiogenic actions remain unknown. Here we show that 16K-PRL, but not full-length PRL, acts to promote the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (*NO) production by pulmonary fibroblasts and alveolar type II cells with potency comparable with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The differential effect of 16K-PRL versus PRL occurs through a receptor distinct from known PRL receptors. Additionally, pulmonary fibroblasts express the PRL gene and endogenously produce 16K-PRL, suggesting that this pathway may serve both autocrine and paracrine roles in the regulation of *NO production. These results reveal that proteolytic cleavage of PRL confers upon this classical hormone potent iNOS inducing activity, suggesting its role in inflammatory/immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Corbacho
- Centro de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76001 Querétaro, Qro, México
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17
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Clapp C, López-Gómez FJ, Nava G, Corbacho A, Torner L, Macotela Y, Dueñas Z, Ochoa A, Noris G, Acosta E, Garay E, Martínez de la Escalera G. Expression of prolactin mRNA and of prolactin-like proteins in endothelial cells: evidence for autocrine effects. J Endocrinol 1998; 158:137-44. [PMID: 9713335 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1580137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new capillary blood vessels, termed angiogenesis, is essential for the growth and development of tissues and underlies a variety of diseases including tumor growth. Members of the prolactin hormonal family bind to endothelial cell receptors and have direct effects on cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Because many angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors are produced by endothelial cells, we investigated whether endothelial cells expressed the prolactin gene. Here we show that bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCEC) in culture express the full-length prolactin messenger RNA, in addition to a novel prolactin transcript, lacking the third exon of the gene. In addition cultures of BBCEC synthesize and secrete prolactin-like immunoreactive proteins with apparent molecular masses of 23, 21 and 14 kDa. The prolactin-like nature of these proteins in supported by the observation that Nb2-cells, a prolactin-responsive cell line, were stimulated to proliferate when co-cultured with endothelial cells and this stimulation was neutralized with prolactin-directed antibodies. Finally, consistent with a possible autocrine effect of endothelial-derived prolactins, polyclonal and monoclonal prolactin antibodies specifically inhibited basal and basis fibroblast growth-factor-stimulated growth of endothelial cells. Taken together, the present findings support the hypothesis of the prolactin gene being expressed in endothelial cells as proteins that could act in an autocrine fashion to regulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Clapp
- Centro de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro, México
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18
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Dominguez V, Gevorkian G, Govezensky T, Rodriguez H, Viveros M, Cocho G, Macotela Y, Masso F, Pacheco M, Estrada JL, Lavalle C, Larralde C. Antigenic homology of HIV-1 GP41 and human platelet glycoprotein GPIIIa (integrin beta3). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17:385-90. [PMID: 9562039 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199804150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-eight of 89 serum samples (65.17%) from HIV-1-infected individuals at various disease stages contain antibodies that react with a platelet peptide located in the cytoplasmic domain of integrin beta3, glycoprotein GPIIIa (aa749-761; sequence DRKEFAKFEEERA). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the synthetic platelet peptide also react with the structurally homologous HIV-1 gp41-derived peptide (EKNEQELLELDKW(A)) and bind to a Western blot band with molecular weight corresponding to HIV-1 gp41. These findings point to molecular mimicry between HIV-1 and a human membrane protein found in platelets and other cells that could be of pathologic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dominguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, DF, Mexico
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