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Donadoni M, Cakir S, Bellizzi A, Swingler M, Sariyer IK. Modeling HIV-1 infection and NeuroHIV in hiPSCs-derived cerebral organoid cultures. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z. [PMID: 38600307 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is an ongoing global health problem affecting 38 million people worldwide with nearly 1.6 million new infections every year. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), a large percentage of people with HIV (PWH) still develop neurological deficits, grouped into the term of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Investigating the neuropathology of HIV is important for understanding mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment seen in PWH. The major obstacle for studying neuroHIV is the lack of suitable in vitro human culture models that could shed light into the HIV-CNS interactions. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture and 3D brain organoid systems have allowed the generation of 2D and 3D culture methods that possess a potential to serve as a model of neurotropic viral diseases, including HIV. In this study, we first generated and characterized several hiPSC lines from healthy human donor skin fibroblast cells. hiPSCs were then used for the generation of microglia-containing human cerebral organoids (hCOs). Once fully characterized, hCOs were infected with HIV-1 in the presence and absence of cART regimens and viral infection was studied by cellular, molecular/biochemical, and virological assays. Our results revealed that hCOs were productively infected with HIV-1 as evident by viral p24-ELISA in culture media, RT-qPCR and RNAscope analysis of viral RNA, as well as ddPCR analysis of proviral HIV-1 in genomic DNA samples. More interestingly, replication and gene expression of HIV-1 were also greatly suppressed by cART in hCOs as early as 7 days post-infections. Our results suggest that hCOs derived from hiPSCs support HIV-1 replication and gene expression and may serve as a unique platform to better understand neuropathology of HIV infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Mihailova V, Stoyanova II, Tonchev AB. Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2332. [PMID: 37760773 PMCID: PMC10525766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in glial cells in the central nervous system due to their important role in maintaining brain homeostasis under physiological conditions and after injury. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated regarding their capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects under different pathological conditions. In combination with their proliferative potential, they contribute not only to the limitation of brain damage and tissue remodeling but also to neuronal repair and synaptic recovery. Moreover, reactive glial cells can modulate the processes of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neurons in the existing neural circuits in the adult brain. By discovering precise signals within specific niches, the regulation of sequential processes in adult neurogenesis holds the potential to unlock strategies that can stimulate the generation of functional neurons, whether in response to injury or as a means of addressing degenerative neurological conditions. Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mihailova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (I.I.S.); (A.B.T.)
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3
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Maehara T, Yamazaki A, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Fukuoka K, Akazawa A, Okura N, Nishiyama M, Nassiri F, Wang JZ, Zadeh G, Kikuta K, Oka H, Hirato J, Yokoo H, Nobusawa S. Hyperplasia of Arachnoid Trabecular Cells: A Hitherto Undescribed Lesion Observed in the Setting of Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:819-825. [PMID: 37226836 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system manifestations, a variety of benign and malignant tumors as well as non-neoplastic abnormalities, are found in over 70% of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients. Herein, we report hitherto undescribed space-occupying lesions in the setting of NF1. We aimed to clarify their characteristics, especially whether they represent neoplastic or non-neoplastic (hyperplastic) lesions. All 3 cases were preoperatively assessed as non-neoplastic; 2 and 1 cases were suspected to be arachnoid cysts and dilation of subarachnoid space, respectively. However, all lesions were revealed to be whitish jelly-like masses by operation, and the histology composed of spindle cells resembling arachnoid trabecular cells with moderate cellularity and cellular uniformity gave an impression that these lesions may be neoplastic. In contrast, electron microscopic analysis showed that the characteristics of these cells were compatible with those of normal arachnoid trabecular cells. Furthermore, whole-exome sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization did not show any obvious alterations suggestive of their neoplastic nature. DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that these lesions were epigenetically distinct not only from meningiomas but also from normal healthy meninges. In conclusion, considering the clinicopathologic aspects of the present lesions and the results of the molecular analysis that failed to suggest their neoplastic nature, they may represent previously unrecognized rare hyperplasia of arachnoid trabecular cells, which may be associated with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Maehara
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ayako Yamazaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University
| | - Kohei Fukuoka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama
| | - Ayumi Akazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui
| | - Naoki Okura
- Department of Radiology, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, Narita
| | | | - Farshad Nassiri
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Z Wang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
- MacFeeters Hamilton Neuro-Oncology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenichiro Kikuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui
| | - Hidehiro Oka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitamoto
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, Public Tomioka General Hospital, Tomioka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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4
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Laso-García F, Casado-Fernández L, Piniella D, Gómez-de Frutos MC, Arizaga-Echebarria JK, Pérez-Mato M, Alonso-López E, Otero-Ortega L, Bravo SB, Chantada-Vázquez MDP, Avendaño-Ortiz J, López-Collazo E, Lumbreras-Herrera MI, Gámez-Pozo A, Fuentes B, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Alonso de Leciñana M. Circulating extracellular vesicles promote recovery in a preclinical model of intracerebral hemorrhage. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:247-262. [PMID: 37090418 PMCID: PMC10113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proposed to participate in enhancing pathways of recovery after stroke through paracrine signaling. To verify this hypothesis in a proof-of-concept study, blood-derived allogenic EVs from rats and xenogenic EVs from humans who experienced spontaneous good recovery after an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were administered intravenously to rats at 24 h after a subcortical ICH. At 28 days, both treatments improved the motor function assessment scales score, showed greater fiber preservation in the perilesional zone (diffusion tensor-fractional anisotropy MRI), increased immunofluorescence markers of myelin (MOG), and decreased astrocyte markers (GFAP) compared with controls. Comparison of the protein cargo of circulating EVs at 28 days from animals with good vs. poor recovery showed down-expression of immune system activation pathways (CO4, KLKB1, PROC, FA9, and C1QA) and of restorative processes such as axon guidance (RAC1), myelination (MBP), and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SYN1), which is in line with better tissue preservation. Up-expression of PCSK9 (neuron differentiation) in xenogenic EVs-treated animals suggests enhancement of repair pathways. In conclusion, the administration of blood-derived EVs improved recovery after ICH. These findings open a new and promising opportunity for further development of restorative therapies to improve the outcomes after an ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Laso-García
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Laura Casado-Fernández
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Piniella
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jone Karmele Arizaga-Echebarria
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Alonso-López
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Belén Bravo
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- TumorImmunology Laboratory and Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Lumbreras-Herrera
- Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-INGEMM, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angelo Gámez-Pozo
- Molecular Oncology and Pathology Lab, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-INGEMM, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author: María Gutiérrez-Fernández, Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Alonso de Leciñana
- Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research – IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author: María Alonso de Leciñana, Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Szu JI, Tsigelny IF, Wojcinski A, Kesari S. Biological functions of the Olig gene family in brain cancer and therapeutic targeting. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1129434. [PMID: 37274223 PMCID: PMC10232966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1129434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Olig genes encode members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Olig1, Olig2, and Olig3 are expressed in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) and regulate cellular specification and differentiation. Over the past decade extensive studies have established functional roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in development as well as in cancer. Olig2 overexpression drives glioma proliferation and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of the Olig family in brain cancer and how targeting Olig family genes may have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny I. Szu
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Igor F. Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- CureScience, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Wojcinski
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, United States
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6
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Expression Mapping and Functional Analysis of Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR158 in the Adult Mouse Brain Using a GPR158 Transgenic Mouse. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030479. [PMID: 36979415 PMCID: PMC10046084 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 158 (GPR158) has been reported to be inextricably linked to a variety of diseases affecting the central nervous system, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depression, intraocular pressure, and glioma, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive due to a lack of biological and pharmacological tools to elaborate its preferential cellular distribution and molecular interaction network. To assess the cellular localization, expression, and function of GPR158, we generated an epitope-tagged GPR158 mouse model (GPR158Tag) that exhibited normal motor, cognitive, and social behavior, no deficiencies in social memory, and no anxiety-like behavior compared to C57BL/6J control mice at P60. Using immunofluorescence, we found that GPR158+ cells were distributed in several brain regions including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and caudate putamen. Next, using the cerebral cortex of the adult GPR158Tag mice as a representative region, we found that GPR158 was only expressed in neurons, and not in microglia, oligodendrocytes, or astrocytes. Remarkably, the majority of GPR158 was enriched in Camk2a+ neurons whilst limited expression was found in PV+ interneurons. Concomitant 3D co-localization analysis revealed that GPR158 was mainly distributed in the postsynaptic membrane, but with a small portion in the presynaptic membrane. Lastly, via mass spectrometry analysis, we identified proteins that may interact with GPR158, and the relevant enrichment pathways were consistent with the immunofluorescence findings. RNA-seq analysis of the cerebral cortex of the GPR158−/− mice showed that GPR158 and its putative interacting proteins are involved in the chloride channel complex and synaptic vesicle membrane composition. Using these GPR158Tag mice, we were able to accurately label GPR158 and uncover its fundamental function in synaptic vesicle function and memory. Thus, this model will be a useful tool for subsequent biological, pharmacological, and electrophysiological studies related to GPR158.
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7
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Wiseman JA, Dragunow M, I-H Park T. Cell Type-Specific Nuclei Markers: The Need for Human Brain Research to Go Nuclear. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:41-61. [PMID: 34459315 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211037351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and interrogating cell type-specific populations within the heterogeneous milieu of the human brain is paramount to resolving the processes of normal brain homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. While brain cell type-specific markers are well established, most are localized on cellular membranes or within the cytoplasm, with limited literature describing those found in the nucleus. Due to the complex cytoarchitecture of the human brain, immunohistochemical studies require well-defined cell-specific nuclear markers for more precise and efficient quantification of the cellular populations. Furthermore, efficient nuclear markers are required for cell type-specific purification and transcriptomic interrogation of archived human brain tissue through nuclei isolation-based RNA sequencing. To sate the growing demand for robust cell type-specific nuclear markers, we thought it prudent to comprehensively review the current literature to identify and consolidate a novel series of robust cell type-specific nuclear markers that can assist researchers across a range of neuroscientific disciplines. The following review article collates and discusses several key and prospective cell type-specific nuclei markers for each of the major human brain cell types; it then concludes by discussing the potential applications of cell type-specific nuclear workflows and the power of nuclear-based neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wiseman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Neurosurgical Research Unit, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Hugh Green Biobank, The Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas I-H Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Bindu DS, Tan CX, Savage JT, Eroglu C. GEARBOCS: An Adeno Associated Virus Tool for In Vivo Gene Editing in Astrocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524433. [PMID: 36711516 PMCID: PMC9884502 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes are indispensable for brain development, function, and health. However, non-invasive tools to study astrocyte biology and function in vivo have been limited to genetically modified mice. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering enables rapid and precise gene manipulations in the CNS. Here, we developed a non-invasive astrocyte-specific method utilizing a single AAV vector, GEARBOCS (Gene Editing in AstRocytes Based On CRISPR/Cas9 System). We verified GEARBOCS' specificity to mouse cortical astrocytes and demonstrated its utility for three types of gene manipulations: knockout (KO); tagging (TagIN); and reporter gene knock-in (Gene-TRAP) strategies. We deployed GEARBOCS to determine whether cortical astrocytes express Vamp2 protein. The presence of Vamp2-positive vesicles in cultured astrocytes is well-established, however, Vamp2 protein expression in astrocytes in vivo has proven difficult to ascertain due to its overwhelming abundance in neurons. Using GEARBOCS, we delineated the in vivo astrocytic Vamp2 expression and found that it is required for maintaining excitatory and inhibitory synapse numbers in the visual cortex. GEARBOCS strategy provides fast and efficient means to study astrocyte biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christabel Xin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin T. Savage
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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9
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Wu M, Xiao K, Liu X, Yang Y, Song G, Xiao G, Liu Q, Yuan J, Liu B. Organic Small Molecule Contrast Agent for Targeted Photoacoustic Imaging of Patient-Derived Brain Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201640. [PMID: 36050894 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditional glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines do not maintain the heterogeneity of the original tumor, cell interactions, and therapy response, thus limiting their investigation in GBM theranostics. Herein, a kind of GBM tumor-targeting nanoparticles (NPs) TCFNP@iRGD are designed and constructed, which are generated by photoacoustic (PA) contrast agent 2-(3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-ylidene) malononitrile (TCF)-OH through facile nanoprecipitation and decorated with an active targeting ligand iRGD. Their potential in GBM detection via PA imaging on glioma patient-derived cells intracranial xenograft models is evaluated for the first time. Excellent tumor-specific PA mapping performance of GBM is realized by TCFNP@iRGD, demonstrating its promising potential in the clinical diagnosis of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yudan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gousheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
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10
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Lee J, Villarreal OD, Wang YC, Ragoussis J, Rivest S, Gosselin D, Richard S. PRMT1 is required for the generation of MHC-associated microglia and remyelination in the central nervous system. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201467. [PMID: 35705491 PMCID: PMC9201232 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMT1 regulates MHC-associated microglia cluster during de/remyelination. Remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis leads to progressive demyelination and inflammation, resulting in neurodegeneration and clinical decline. Microglia are innate immune cells that can acquire a regenerative phenotype to promote remyelination, yet little is known about the regulators controlling the regenerative microglia activation. Herein, using a cuprizone (CPZ)-diet induced de- and remyelination mice model, we identify PRMT1 as a driver for MHC-associated microglia population required for remyelination in the central nervous system. The loss of PRMT1, but not PRMT5, in microglia resulted in impairment of the remyelination with a reduction of oligoprogenitor cell number and prolonged microgliosis and astrogliosis. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found eight distinct microglial clusters during the CPZ diet, and PRMT1 depleted microglia hindered the formation of the MHC-associated cluster, expressing MHCII and CD11c. Mechanistically, PRMT1-KO microglia displayed reduced the H3K27ac peaks at the promoter regions of the MHC- and IFN-associated genes and further suppressed gene expression during CPZ diet. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PRMT1 is a critical regulator of the MHC- and IFN-associated microglia, necessary for central nervous system remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesan Lee
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oscar David Villarreal
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology and Departments of Biochemistry, Human Genetics, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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11
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Mo H, Magaki S, Deisch JK, Raghavan R. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations Are Associated with Different Expression and DNA Methylation Patterns of OLIG2 in Adult Gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:707-716. [PMID: 35856894 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas are associated with a better prognosis in comparison to adult IDH wild-type glioma and glioma-CpG island methylator phenotypes. Although OLIG2 is mainly expressed in oligodendrocytes in normal adult brain, it is expressed in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Utilizing the clinical, DNA methylation, and RNA-sequencing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma cohorts, we explored the association between IDH mutation status and OLIG2 expression on transcription, DNA methylation, and gene target levels. Compared to IDH wild-type gliomas, IDH mutant gliomas showed consistently higher expression of OLIG2 transcripts. OLIG2 overexpression is a good surrogate marker for IDH mutation with an AUC of 0.90. At the DNA methylation level, IDH-mutant gliomas showed hyper- and hypomethylation foci upstream of the OLIG2 transcription start site. Underexpressed OLIG2 target genes in IDH mutant glioma were enriched in cell cycle-related pathways. Thus, the differential expression of OLIG2 between IDH mutant and wild-type gliomas reflects involvement in multiple pathways in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Mo
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeremy K Deisch
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Ravi Raghavan
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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12
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Wang H, Devadoss D, Nair M, Chand HS, Lakshmana MK. Novel Alzheimer risk factor IQ motif containing protein K is abundantly expressed in the brain and is markedly increased in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:954071. [PMID: 35928571 PMCID: PMC9344928 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.954071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is complex and highly heterogeneous. Less than 10% of AD cases are early-onset (EOAD) caused by autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), or presenilin 2 (PS2), each of which can increase Aβ generation and, thus, amyloid plaques. The remaining 90% of cases of AD are late-onset (LOAD) or sporadic. Intense research efforts have led to identification of many genes that increase the risk of AD. An IQ motif containing protein K (IQCK) was recently identified by several investigators as an Alzheimer’s disease risk gene. However, how IQCK increases AD risk is completely unknown. Since IQCK is a novel gene, there is limited information on its physiological characterization. To understand its role in AD, it is first important to determine its subcellular localization, whether and where it is expressed in the brain, and what type of brain cells express the IQCK protein. Therefore, in this study, we show by immunocytochemical (ICC) staining that IQCK is expressed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as well as HeLa cells but not in either HMC3 microglial or CHO cells. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), we also show that IQCK is expressed in both mouse and human neurons, including neuronal processes in vivo in the mouse brain. IHC data also show that the IQCK protein is widely expressed throughout the mouse brain, although regional differences were noted. IQCK expression was highest in the brainstem (BS), followed by the cerebellum (CB) and the cortex (CX), and it was lowest in the hippocampus (HP). This finding was consistent with data from an immunoblot analysis of brain tissue homogenates. Interestingly, we found IQCK expression in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes using cell-specific antibodies, but IQCK was not detected in microglial cells, consistent with negative in vitro results in HMC3 cells. Most importantly, we found that actin-normalized IQCK protein levels were increased by 2 folds in AD brains relative to normal control (NC) brains. Furthermore, the IQCK protein was found in amyloid plaques, suggesting that IQCK may play a pathogenic role in either Aβ generation or amyloid plaque deposition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Institute for Human Health and Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hitendra S. Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Madepalli K. Lakshmana
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Madepalli K. Lakshmana,
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13
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Takeuchi Y, Arakawa Y, Yokoo H, Mikami Y, Terada Y, Yoshida K, Miyamoto S, Haga H. Intra-cerebellar schwannoma with various degenerative changes: a case report and a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:66. [PMID: 35209854 PMCID: PMC8867888 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-cranial schwannomas account for less than 8% of brain tumors, among which more than 80% arise from the vestibular nerve. Intra-cerebellar schwannomas are extremely rare. Several cases have been previously reported but without remarkable degenerative changes on histology. CASE PRESENTATION A 61-year-old man presented with worsening disorientation, and an imaging study revealed a cystic lesion (6.5 cm in the largest diameter) in the left hemisphere of the cerebellum accompanied by a mural nodule (2.5 cm) located just inside the skull with enhancement and focal calcification, in addition to hydrocephalus. The lesion was more than 5 mm from the left acoustic nerve. The patient underwent gross total resection. Pathological examination revealed remarkable degenerative changes with various morphological features. Tumor cells were pleomorphic with rich cytoplasm containing numerous eosinophilic granules. Blood vessels and extracellular matrix showed remarkable hyalinization. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein and negative for Olig2. The tumor was diagnosed as a schwannoma with marked degenerative changes. CONCLUSIONS The present case is discussed with reference to a systematic review of previous reports of intra-cerebellar schwannoma. Intra-cerebellar schwannoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions with heterogeneous histopathological morphology in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Gunma, 371-8511, Maebashi City, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, 860-8556, Kumamoto City, Japan
| | - Yukinori Terada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Go V, Sarikaya D, Zhou Y, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance myelin maintenance after cortical injury in aged rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 2021; 337:113540. [PMID: 33264634 PMCID: PMC7946396 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical injury, such as stroke, causes neurotoxic cascades that lead to rapid death and/or damage to neurons and glia. Axonal and myelin damage in particular, are critical factors that lead to neuronal dysfunction and impair recovery of function after injury. These factors can be exacerbated in the aged brain where white matter damage is prevalent. Therapies that can ameliorate myelin damage and promote repair by targeting oligodendroglia, the cells that produce and maintain myelin, may facilitate recovery after injury, especially in the aged brain where these processes are already compromised. We previously reported that a novel therapeutic, Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), administered intravenously at both 24 h and 14 days after cortical injury, reduced microgliosis (Go et al. 2019), reduced neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020), and improved motor recovery (Moore et al. 2019) in aged female rhesus monkeys. Here, we evaluated the effect of MSC-EV treatment on changes in oligodendrocyte maturation and associated myelin markers in the sublesional white matter using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, stereology, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. Compared to vehicle control monkeys, EV-treated monkeys showed a reduction in the density of damaged oligodendrocytes. Further, EV-treatment was associated with enhanced myelin maintenance, evidenced by upregulation of myelin-related genes and increases in actively myelinating oligodendrocytes in sublesional white matter. These changes in myelination correlate with the rate of motor recovery, suggesting that improved myelin maintenance facilitates this recovery. Overall, our results suggest that EVs act on oligodendrocytes to support myelination and improves functional recovery after injury in the aged brain. SIGNIFICANCE: We previously reported that EVs facilitate recovery of function after cortical injury in the aged monkey brain, while also reducing neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020) and microgliosis (Go et al. 2019). However, the effect of injury and EVs on oligodendrocytes and myelination has not been characterized in the primate brain (Dewar et al. 1999; Sozmen et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2013). In the present study, we assessed changes in myelination after cortical injury in aged monkeys. Our results show, for the first time, that MSC-EVs support recovery of function after cortical injury by enhancing myelin maintenance in the aged primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Go
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Deniz Sarikaya
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States; Department of Physics, Oakland University, United States
| | - Seth P Finklestein
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Stemetix, Inc., United States
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
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15
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Tomomasa R, Arai Y, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Fukuoka K, Nakano Y, Hama N, Nakata S, Suzuki N, Ishi Y, Tanaka S, Takahashi JA, Yuba Y, Shiota M, Natsume A, Kurimoto M, Shiba Y, Aoki M, Nabeshima K, Enomoto T, Inoue T, Fujimura J, Kondo A, Yao T, Okura N, Hirose T, Sasaki A, Nishiyama M, Ichimura K, Shibata T, Hirato J, Yokoo H, Nobusawa S. Ependymoma-like tumor with mesenchymal differentiation harboring C11orf95-NCOA1/2 or -RELA fusion: A hitherto unclassified tumor related to ependymoma. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12943. [PMID: 33576087 PMCID: PMC8412126 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent fusion genes involving C11orf95, C11orf95‐RELA, have been identified only in supratentorial ependymomas among primary CNS tumors. Here, we report hitherto histopathologically unclassifiable high‐grade tumors, under the tentative label of “ependymoma‐like tumors with mesenchymal differentiation (ELTMDs),” harboring C11orf95‐NCOA1/2 or ‐RELA fusion. We examined the clinicopathological and molecular features in five cases of ELTMDs. Except for one adult case (50 years old), all cases were in children ranging from 1 to 2.5 years old. All patients presented with a mass lesion in the cerebral hemisphere. Histologically, all cases demonstrated a similar histology with a mixture of components. The major components were embryonal‐appearing components forming well‐delineated tumor cell nests composed of small uniform cells with high proliferative activity, and spindle‐cell mesenchymal components with a low‐ to high‐grade sarcoma‐like appearance. The embryonal‐appearing components exhibited minimal ependymal differentiation including a characteristic EMA positivity and tubular structures, but histologically did not fit with ependymoma because they lacked perivascular pseudorosettes, a histological hallmark of ependymoma, formed well‐delineated nests, and had diffuse and strong staining for CAM5.2. Molecular analysis identified C11orf95‐NCOA1, ‐NCOA2, and ‐RELA in two, one, and two cases, respectively. t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis of DNA methylation data from two cases with C11orf95‐NCOA1 or ‐NCOA2 and a reference set of 380 CNS tumors revealed that these two cases were clustered together and were distinct from all subgroups of ependymomas. In conclusion, although ELTMDs exhibited morphological and genetic associations with supratentorial ependymoma with C11orf95‐RELA, they cannot be regarded as ependymoma. Further analyses of more cases are needed to clarify their differences and similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tomomasa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Fukuoka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakano
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Hama
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nozomi Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Kitami, Japan
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun A Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rakusai Shimizu Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yuba
- Department of Pathology, Kitano Hospital, the Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Shiota
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitano Hospital, the Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kurimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Enomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tooru Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Fujimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Okura
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Pathology for Regional Communication, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nishiyama
- Higashi Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Public Tomioka General Hospital, Tomioka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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16
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CNS Low-grade Diffusely Infiltrative Tumors With INI1 Deficiency, Possessing a High Propensity to Progress to Secondary INI1-deficient Rhabdoid Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1459-1468. [PMID: 33045149 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are highly malignant tumors of the central nervous system that predominantly occur in infants, and are characterized by the presence of rhabdoid cells and inactivation of INI1 or (rarely) BRG1. Most AT/RT are identified as primary tumors; however, rare AT/RT or INI1-deficient RTs arising from other primary tumors have been reported. Here, we report 3 cases of hitherto unclassifiable low-grade tumors with loss of INI1 nuclear expression, for which we propose the designation of central nervous system low-grade diffusely infiltrative tumors with INI1 deficiency (CNS LGDIT-INI1), 2 of which progressed to secondary RT. All 3 CNS LGDIT-INI1 exhibited a similar histology: diffusely distributed small tumor cells with round to oval or irregular nuclei and scant cytoplasm were admixed with degenerative neurons and large reactive astrocytes in an edematous, myxoid, or collagenous background. Mitotic figures were absent. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells in all 3 CNS LGDIT-INI1 and 2 RT were negative for INI1. Genetically, total or partial homozygous deletions of the INI1 gene were detected in all CNS LGDIT-INI1 and RT excluding 1 CNS LGDIT-INI1 without sufficient DNA quality and quantity. Despite the loss of INI1 expression, these low-grade lesions were clearly distinguishable from AT/RT by their low proliferative activity, diffusely infiltrative growth pattern, and lack of rhabdoid cells and polyphenotypic immunoreactivity. In conclusion, CNS LGDIT-INI1 may represent a rare group of tumors that are clinically indolent but have a high propensity to progress to RT.
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17
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QUAKING Regulates Microexon Alternative Splicing of the Rho GTPase Pathway and Controls Microglia Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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18
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Mellai M, Annovazzi L, Bisogno I, Corona C, Crociara P, Iulini B, Cassoni P, Casalone C, Boldorini R, Schiffer D. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan 4 (NG2/CSPG4) Localization in Low- and High-Grade Gliomas. Cells 2020; 9:E1538. [PMID: 32599896 PMCID: PMC7349878 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron glial antigen 2 or chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (NG2/CSPG4) is expressed by immature precursors/progenitor cells and is possibly involved in malignant cell transformation. The aim of this study was to investigate its role on the progression and survival of sixty-one adult gliomas and nine glioblastoma (GB)-derived cell lines. METHODS NG2/CSPG4 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Genetic and epigenetic alterations were detected by molecular genetic techniques. RESULTS NG2/CSPG4 was frequently expressed in IDH-mutant/1p19q-codel oligodendrogliomas (59.1%) and IDH-wild type GBs (40%) and rarely expressed in IDH-mutant or IDH-wild type astrocytomas (14.3%). Besides tumor cells, NG2/CSPG4 immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm and/or cell membranes of reactive astrocytes and vascular pericytes/endothelial cells. In GB-derived neurospheres, it was variably detected according to the number of passages of the in vitro culture. In GB-derived adherent cells, a diffuse positivity was found in most cells. NG2/CSPG4 expression was significantly associated with EGFR gene amplification (p = 0.0005) and poor prognosis (p = 0.016) in astrocytic tumors. CONCLUSION The immunoreactivity of NG2/CSPG4 provides information on the timing of the neoplastic transformation and could have prognostic and therapeutic relevance as a promising tumor-associated antigen for antibody-based immunotherapy in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mellai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (R.B.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Traslazionale sulle Malattie Autoimmuni e Allergiche (CAAD), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15A, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta—ONLUS, Via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Ilaria Bisogno
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Paola Crociara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino/Città della Salute e della Scienza, Via Santena 7, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (C.C.); (P.C.); (B.I.)
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (L.A.); (I.B.); (D.S.)
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19
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Fares M, Cochet-Bernoin M, Gonzalez G, Montero-Menei CN, Blanchet O, Benchoua A, Boissart C, Lecollinet S, Richardson J, Haddad N, Coulpier M. Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:76. [PMID: 32127025 PMCID: PMC7053149 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes several important human pathogens. It is responsible for neurological symptoms that may cause permanent disability or death, and, from a medical point of view, is the major arbovirus in Central/Northern Europe and North-Eastern Asia. TBEV tropism is critical for neuropathogenesis, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the susceptibility of human brain cells to the virus. In this study, we sought to establish and characterize a new in vitro model of TBEV infection in the human brain and to decipher cell type-specific innate immunity and its relation to TBEV tropism and neuropathogenesis. METHOD Human neuronal/glial cells were differentiated from neural progenitor cells and infected with the TBEV-Hypr strain. Kinetics of infection, cellular tropism, and cellular responses, including innate immune responses, were characterized by measuring viral genome and viral titer, performing immunofluorescence, enumerating the different cellular types, and determining their rate of infection and by performing PCR array and qRT-PCR. The specific response of neurons and astrocytes was analyzed using the same approaches after enrichment of the neuronal/glial cultures for each cellular subtype. RESULTS We showed that infection of human neuronal/glial cells mimicked three major hallmarks of TBEV infection in the human brain, namely, preferential neuronal tropism, neuronal death, and astrogliosis. We further showed that these cells conserved their capacity to mount an antiviral response against TBEV. TBEV-infected neuronal/glial cells, therefore, represented a highly relevant pathological model. By enriching the cultures for either neurons or astrocytes, we further demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differential innate immune responses in the two cell types that correlated with their particular susceptibility to TBEV. CONCLUSION Our results thus reveal that cell type-specific innate immunity is likely to contribute to shaping TBEV tropism for human brain cells. They describe a new in vitro model for in-depth study of TBEV-induced neuropathogenesis and improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses target and damage human brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazigh Fares
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Marielle Cochet-Bernoin
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudia N Montero-Menei
- CRCINA, UMR 1232, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, F-49933, Angers, France
| | - Odile Blanchet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, CHU Angers, BB-0033-00038, Angers, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- UMR BIPAR 956, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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20
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Iemolo A, Montilla-Perez P, Lai IC, Meng Y, Nolan S, Wen J, Rusu I, Dulcis D, Telese F. A cell type-specific expression map of NCoR1 and SMRT transcriptional co-repressors in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2218-2238. [PMID: 32072640 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly change gene expression patterns is essential for differentiation, development, and functioning of the brain. Throughout development, or in response to environmental stimuli, gene expression patterns are tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between transcription activators and repressors. Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) and silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) are the best characterized transcriptional co-repressors from a molecular point of view. They mediate epigenetic silencing of gene expression in a wide range of developmental and homeostatic processes in many tissues, including the brain. For instance, NCoR1 and SMRT regulate neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation during brain development and they have been implicated in learning and memory. However, we still have a limited understanding of their regional and cell type-specific expression in the brain. In this study, we used fluorescent immunohistochemistry to map their expression patterns throughout the adult mouse brain. Our findings reveal that NCoR1 and SMRT share an overall neuroanatomical distribution, and are detected in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. However, we observed striking differences in their cell type-specific expression in glial cells. Specifically, all oligodendrocytes express NCoR1, but only a subset express SMRT. In addition, NCoR1, but not SMRT, was detected in a subset of astrocytes and in the microglia. These novel observations are corroborated by single cell transcriptomics and emphasize how NCoR1 and SMRT may contribute to distinct biological functions, suggesting an exclusive role of NCoR1 in innate immune responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - I-Chi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yinuo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Syreeta Nolan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Junneng Wen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Iulia Rusu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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21
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Mendizabal I, Berto S, Usui N, Toriumi K, Chatterjee P, Douglas C, Huh I, Jeong H, Layman T, Tamminga CA, Preuss TM, Konopka G, Yi SV. Cell type-specific epigenetic links to schizophrenia risk in the brain. Genome Biol 2019; 20:135. [PMID: 31288836 PMCID: PMC6617737 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of cell type-specific epigenetic variation of non-coding regions in neuropsychiatric disorders is increasingly appreciated, yet data from disease brains are conspicuously lacking. We generate cell type-specific whole-genome methylomes (N = 95) and transcriptomes (N = 89) from neurons and oligodendrocytes obtained from brain tissue of patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. RESULTS The methylomes of the two cell types are highly distinct, with the majority of differential DNA methylation occurring in non-coding regions. DNA methylation differences between cases and controls are subtle compared to cell type differences, yet robust against permuted data and validated in targeted deep-sequencing analyses. Differential DNA methylation between control and schizophrenia tends to occur in cell type differentially methylated sites, highlighting the significance of cell type-specific epigenetic dysregulation in a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel and comprehensive methylome and transcriptome data from distinct cell populations within patient-derived brain tissues. This data clearly demonstrate that cell type epigenetic-differentiated sites are preferentially targeted by disease-associated epigenetic dysregulation. We further show reduced cell type epigenetic distinction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mendizabal
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Center for Medical Research and Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Toriumi
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Paramita Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Connor Douglas
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Iksoo Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas Layman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Department of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Soojin V Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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22
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Milbreta U, Lin J, Pinese C, Ong W, Chin JS, Shirahama H, Mi R, Williams A, Bechler ME, Wang J, Ffrench-Constant C, Hoke A, Chew SY. Scaffold-Mediated Sustained, Non-viral Delivery of miR-219/miR-338 Promotes CNS Remyelination. Mol Ther 2019; 27:411-423. [PMID: 30611662 PMCID: PMC6369635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and subsequently myelin sheaths following injuries or pathologies in the CNS leads to debilitating functional deficits. Unfortunately, effective methods of remyelination remain limited. Here, we present a scaffolding system that enables sustained non-viral delivery of microRNAs (miRs) to direct OL differentiation, maturation, and myelination. We show that miR-219/miR-338 promoted primary rat OL differentiation and myelination in vitro. Using spinal cord injury as a proof-of-concept, we further demonstrate that miR-219/miR-338 could also be delivered non-virally in vivo using an aligned fiber-hydrogel scaffold to enhance remyelination after a hemi-incision injury at C5 level of Sprague-Dawley rats. Specifically, miR-219/miR-338 mimics were incorporated as complexes with the carrier, TransIT-TKO (TKO), together with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) within hybrid scaffolds that comprised poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PCLEEP)-aligned fibers and collagen hydrogel. After 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-treatment, animals that received NT-3 and miR-219/miR-338 treatment preserved a higher number of Olig2+ oligodendroglial lineage cells as compared with those treated with NT-3 and negative scrambled miRs (Neg miRs; p < 0.001). Additionally, miR-219/miR-338 increased the rate and extent of differentiation of OLs. At the host-implant interface, more compact myelin sheaths were observed when animals received miR-219/miR-338. Similarly within the scaffolds, miR-219/miR-338 samples contained significantly more myelin basic protein (MBP) signals (p < 0.01) and higher myelination index (p < 0.05) than Neg miR samples. These findings highlight the potential of this platform to promote remyelination within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Coline Pinese
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; Artificial Biopolymers Department, Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM), UMR CNRS 5247, University of Montpellier, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier 34093, France
| | - William Ong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; NTU Institute for Health Technologies (Health Tech NTU), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637533, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; NTU Institute for Health Technologies (Health Tech NTU), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637533, Singapore
| | - Hitomi Shirahama
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Ruifa Mi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH164UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie E Bechler
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH164UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- China School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC-Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH164UU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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23
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Valério-Gomes B, Guimarães DM, Szczupak D, Lent R. The Absolute Number of Oligodendrocytes in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:90. [PMID: 30425626 PMCID: PMC6218541 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is a highly complex network composed of various cell types, each one with different subpopulations. Each cell type has distinct roles for the functional operation of circuits, and ultimately, for brain physiology in general. Since the absolute number of each cell type is considered a proxy of its functional complexity, one approach to better understand how the brain works is to unravel its absolute cellularity and the quantitative relations between cell populations; in other words, how one population of cells is quantitatively structured, in relation to another. Oligodendrocytes are one of these cell types - mainly, they provide electric insulation to axons, optimizing action potential conduction. Their function has recently been revisited and their role extended, one example being their capability of providing trophic support to long axons. To determine the absolute cellularity of oligodendroglia, we have developed a protocol of oligodendrocyte quantification using the isotropic fractionator with a pan-marker for this cell type. We report a detailed assessment of specificity and universality of the oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), through systematic confocal analyses of the C57BL/6 mouse brain. In addition, we have determined the absolute number (17.4 million) and proportion (about 20%) of this cell type in the brain (and in different brain regions), and tested if this population, at the intraspecific level, scales with the number of neurons in an allometric-based approach. Considering these numbers, oligodendrocytes proved to be the most numerous of glial cells in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Valério-Gomes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Guimarães
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Szczupak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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The Significance of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) in Human Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092724. [PMID: 30213051 PMCID: PMC6164575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) that occurs in developing and adult central nervous systems (CNSs) as a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) together with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). It behaves variably in different pathological conditions, and is possibly involved in the origin and progression of human gliomas. In the latter, NG2/CSPG4 induces cell proliferation and migration, is highly expressed in pericytes, and plays a role in neoangiogenesis. NG2/CSPG4 expression has been demonstrated in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas (GB), and it correlates with malignancy. In rat tumors transplacentally induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), NG2/CSPG4 expression correlates with PDGFRα, Olig2, Sox10, and Nkx2.2, and with new vessel formation. In this review, we attempt to summarize the normal and pathogenic functions of NG2/CSPG4, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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25
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Imai K, Kotani T, Tsuda H, Nakano T, Ushida T, Iwase A, Nagai T, Toyokuni S, Suzumura A, Kikkawa F. Administration of molecular hydrogen during pregnancy improves behavioral abnormalities of offspring in a maternal immune activation model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9221. [PMID: 29907804 PMCID: PMC6003913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate long-term outcomes of the offspring in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maternal immune activation (MIA) model and the effect of maternal molecular hydrogen (H2) administration. We have previously demonstrated in the MIA mouse model that maternal administration of H2 attenuates oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, including induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation, in the fetal brain. Short-term memory, sociability and social novelty, and sensorimotor gating were evaluated using the Y-maze, three-chamber, and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, respectively, at postnatal 3 or 4 weeks. The number of neurons and oligodendrocytes was also analyzed at postnatal 5 weeks by immunohistochemical analysis. Offspring of the LPS-exposed dams showed deficits in short-term memory and social interaction, following neuronal and oligodendrocytic loss in the amygdala and cortex. Maternal H2 administration markedly attenuated these LPS-induced abnormalities. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of H2 on LPS-induced astrocytic activation, both in vivo and in vitro. The number of activated astrocytes with hypertrophic morphology was increased in LPS-exposed offspring, but decreased in the offspring of H2-administered dams. In primary cultured astrocytes, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines were attenuated by H2 administration. Overall, these findings indicate that maternal H2 administration exerts neuroprotective effects and ameliorates MIA-induced neurodevelopmental deficits of offspring later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Imai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kotani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, 3-35, Michishita-Cho, Nakamura-Ku, Nagoya, 453-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ushida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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26
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Yoshida Y, Nobusawa S, Nakata S, Nakada M, Arakawa Y, Mineharu Y, Sugita Y, Yoshioka T, Araki A, Sato Y, Takeshima H, Okada M, Nishi A, Yamazaki T, Kohashi K, Oda Y, Hirato J, Yokoo H. CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication: a comparison with its counterparts in the kidney and soft tissue. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:710-720. [PMID: 29226988 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system high-grade neuroepithelial tumors with BCOR alteration (CNS HGNET-BCOR) are a recently reported rare entity, identified as a small fraction of tumors previously institutionally diagnosed as so-called CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Their genetic characteristic is a somatic internal tandem duplication in the 3' end of BCOR (BCOR ITD), which has also been found in clear cell sarcomas of the kidney (CCSK) and soft tissue undifferentiated round cell sarcomas/primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumors of infancy (URCS/PMMTI), and these BCOR ITD-positive tumors have been reported to share similar pathological features. In this study, we performed a clinicopathological and molecular analysis of six cases of CNS HGNET-BCOR, and compared them with their counterparts in the kidney and soft tissue. Although these tumors had histologically similar structural patterns and characteristic monotonous nuclei with fine chromatin, CNS HGNET-BCOR exhibited glial cell morphology, ependymoma-like perivascular pseudorosettes and palisading necrosis, whereas these features were not evident in CCSK or URCS/PMMTI. Immunohistochemically, diffuse staining of Olig2 with a mixture of varying degrees of intensity, and only focal staining of GFAP, S-100 protein and synaptophysin were observed in CNS HGNET-BCOR, whereas these common neuroepithelial markers were negative in CCSK and URCS/PMMTI. Therefore, although CNS HGNET-BCOR, CCSK and URCS/PMMTI may constitute a group of BCOR ITD-positive tumors, only CNS HGNET-BCOR has histological features suggestive of glial differentiation. In conclusion, we think CNS HGNET-BCOR are a certain type of neuroepithelial tumor relatively close to glioma, not CCSK or URCS/PMMTI occurring in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yoshida
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sugita
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Araki
- Department of Organ Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideo Takeshima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Nishi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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27
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Völker I, Schwarze I, Brezina TE, Köstlinger S, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Oligodendrogliom mit neuronaler Differenzierung bei einem 8 Monate alten Afrikanischen Weißbauchigel (Atelerix albiventris). TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 44:348-354. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEin 8 Monate alter, männlicher Afrikanischer Weißbauchigel zeigte klinisch einen schwankenden Gang, Anurie, Inappetenz und Apathie, woraufhin die Verdachtsdiagnose Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome gestellt wurde. Nach Exazerbation wurde der Igel euthanasiert. Der histologisch im Großhirn nachgewiesene Tumor bestand überwiegend aus mittelgroßen, ovoiden Zellen und einer in geringerer Zahl vorhandenen spindelzelligen Zellpopulation. Im Tumor fanden sich Neuropil-Inseln und extrazelluläres myxoides Material. Immunhistochemisch exprimierten die Tumorzellen sowohl oligodendrogliale (neuritic outgrowth inhibitor, Nogo-A; oligodendrocyte transcription factor, Olig-2) als auch neuronale (neuronenspezifische Enolase, NSE; microtubuleassociated protein-2a, MAP-2a; Synaptophysin) Zellmarker. Anhand der Befunde wurde die Diagnose eines Oligodendroglioms mit neuronaler Differenzierung gestellt, wobei es sich um einen bei Weißbauch - igeln bisher nicht beschriebenen Hirntumor handelt. Die bei der Obduktion festgestellte hochgradige Füllung und Dilatation der Harnblase wurde vermutlich durch eine tumorbedingte zentrale Blockade des Blasenentleerungszentrums hervorgerufen. Auch bei jungen Igeln sollte im Fall neurologischer Symptome an einen primären Gehirntumor gedacht werden. Differenzialdiagnostisch sind entzündlich-infektiöse (Tollwut, Herpes, Baylisaskariose), degenerative (Kardiomyopathie, Bandscheibenerkrankung), traumatische, alimentäre (Vitamin-B-Mangel) und metabolisch-toxische (Hitze-Kälte-Starre, hepatische Enzephalopathie) Noxen auszuschließen.
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28
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Schwab DE, Lepski G, Borchers C, Trautmann K, Paulsen F, Schittenhelm J. Immunohistochemical comparative analysis of GFAP, MAP - 2, NOGO - A, OLIG - 2 and WT - 1 expression in WHO 2016 classified neuroepithelial tumours and their prognostic value. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:15-24. [PMID: 29258767 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is routinely used in differential diagnosis of tumours of the central nervous system (CNS). The latest 2016 WHO 2016 revision now includes molecular data such as IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion thus restructuring glioma classification. Direct comparative information between commonly used immunohistochemical markers for glial tumours GFAP, MAP - 2, NOGO - A, OLIG - 2 and WT - 1 concerning quality and quantity of expression and their relation to the new molecular markers are lacking. We therefore compared the immunohistochemical staining results of all five antibodies in 34 oligodendrogliomas, 106 ependymomas and 423 astrocytic tumours. GFAP expression was reduced in cases with higher WHO grade, oligodendroglial differentiation and in IDH wildtype diffuse astrocytomas. By contrast MAP - 2 expression was significantly increased in diffuse astrocytomas with IDH mutation, while NOGO - A expression was not associated with any molecular marker. WT - 1 expression was significantly decreased in tumours with IDH mutation and ATRX loss. OLIG - 2 was increased in IDH-mutant grade II astrocytomas and in cases with higher proliferation rate. In univariate survival analysis high WT - 1 expression was significantly associated with worse outcome in diffuse astrocytic tumours (log rank p < 0.0001; n = 211; median time: 280 days vs 562 days). None of the markers was prognostic in multivariate survival analysis. Among the evaluated markers MAP - 2, OLIG - 2 and WT - 1 showed the best potential to separate between glioma entities and can be recommended for a standardized immunohistochemical panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emanuel Schwab
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen-Stuttgart, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Borchers
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Trautmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen-Stuttgart, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Paulsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen-Stuttgart, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen-Stuttgart, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
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29
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Mikheev AM, Mikheeva SA, Tokita M, Severs LJ, Rostomily RC. Twist1 mediated regulation of glioma tumorigenicity is dependent on mode of mouse neural progenitor transformation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107716-107729. [PMID: 29296200 PMCID: PMC5746102 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Twist1 is a master regulator of epithelial mesenchymal transition and carcinoma metastasis. Twist1 has also been associated with increased malignancy of human glioma. However, the impact of inhibiting Twist1 on tumorigenicity has not been characterized in glioma models in the context of different oncogenic transformation paradigms. Here we used an orthotopic mouse glioma model of transplanted transformed neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to demonstrate the effects of Twist1 loss of function on tumorigenicity. Decreased tumorigenicity was observed after shRNA mediated Twist knockdown in HPV E6/7 Ha-RasV12 transformed NPCs and Cre mediated Twist1 deletion in Twist1 fl/fl NPCs transformed by p53 knockdown and Ha-RasV12 expression. By contrast, Twist1 deletion had no effect on tumorigenicity of NPCs transformed by co-expression of Akt and Ha-RasV12. We demonstrated a dramatic off-target effect of Twist1 deletion with constitutive Cre expression, which was completely reversed when Twist1 deletion was achieved by transient administration of recombinant Cre protein. Together these findings demonstrate that the function of Twist1 in these models is highly dependent on specific oncogenic contexts of NPC transformation. Therefore, the driver mutational context in which Twist1 functions may need to be taken into account when evaluating mechanisms of action and developing therapeutic approaches to target Twist1 in human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei M. Mikheev
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Svetlana A. Mikheeva
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mari Tokita
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Liza J. Severs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert C. Rostomily
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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30
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Nakajima N, Nobusawa S, Nakata S, Nakada M, Yamazaki T, Matsumura N, Harada K, Matsuda H, Funata N, Nagai S, Nakamura H, Sasaki A, Akimoto J, Hirato J, Yokoo H. BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions are frequent in epithelioid glioblastomas: a histological and molecular analysis focusing on intratumoral heterogeneity. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:663-673. [PMID: 29105198 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid glioblastoma (E-GBM) is a rare aggressive variant of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma newly recognized in the 2016 World Health Organization classification, composed predominantly of monotonous, patternless sheets of round cells with laterally positioned nuclei and plump eosinophilic cytoplasm. Approximately 50% of E-GBM harbor BRAF V600E, which is much less frequently found in other types of glioblastomas. Most E-GBM are recognized as primary/de novo lesions; however, several E-GBM with co- or pre-existing lower-grade lesions have been reported. To better understand associations between E-GBM and the lower-grade lesions, we undertook a histological and molecular analysis of 14 E-GBM, 10 of which exhibited lower-grade glioma-like components (8 E-GBM with co-existing diffuse glioma-like components, 1 E-GBM with a co-existing PXA-like component and 1 E-GBM with a pre-existing PXA). Molecular results demonstrated that the prevalence of BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions in E-GBM were 13/14 (93%), 10/14 (71%) and 11/14 (79%), respectively, and concurrent BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions were observed in 7/14 (50%) of E-GBM. These alterations were also frequently seen in the lower-grade lesions irrespective of the histology. Genetic analysis including array comparative genomic hybridization performed for 5 E-GBM with co- and pre-existing lower-grade components revealed that all molecular changes found in the lower-grade components were also observed in the E-GBM components, and additional changes were detected in the E-GBM components. In conclusion, E-GBM frequently exhibit BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions and these alterations tend to coexist in E-GBM. Taken together with the facts that only one PXA preceded E-GBM among these lower-grade lesions, and that co-occurrence of BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions have been reported to be rare in conventional lower-grade diffuse gliomas, the diffuse glioma-like components may be distinct infiltrative components of E-GBM, reflecting intratumoral heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Nakajima
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsumura
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hadzki Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Funata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Nagai
- Department of Neurosurgery Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Jiro Akimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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31
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Transcriptional regulation of Nfix by NFIB drives astrocytic maturation within the developing spinal cord. Dev Biol 2017; 432:286-297. [PMID: 29106906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During mouse spinal cord development, ventricular zone progenitor cells transition from producing neurons to producing glia at approximately embryonic day 11.5, a process known as the gliogenic switch. The transcription factors Nuclear Factor I (NFI) A and B initiate this developmental transition, but the contribution of a third NFI member, NFIX, remains unknown. Here, we reveal that ventricular zone progenitor cells within the spinal cord express NFIX after the onset of NFIA and NFIB expression, and after the gliogenic switch has occurred. Mice lacking NFIX exhibit normal neurogenesis within the spinal cord, and, while early astrocytic differentiation proceeds normally, aspects of terminal astrocytic differentiation are impaired. Finally, we report that, in the absence of Nfia or Nfib, there is a marked reduction in the spinal cord expression of NFIX, and that NFIB can transcriptionally activate Nfix expression in vitro. These data demonstrate that NFIX is part of the downstream transcriptional program through which NFIA and NFIB coordinate gliogenesis within the spinal cord. This hierarchical organisation of NFI protein expression and function during spinal cord gliogenesis reveals a previously unrecognised auto-regulatory mechanism within this gene family.
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32
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Clinical, radiological, pathological and prognostic aspects of intraventricular oligodendroglioma: comparison with central neurocytoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 135:57-65. [PMID: 28900829 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing intraventricular oligodendroglioma (IVO) and central neurocytoma (CN) in terms of their clinical, radiological and pathological features are scarce. We, therefore, investigated the similarities and differences between these types of tumors to get a better understanding of how they may be more properly diagnosed and treated. The clinical manifestations, CT/MRI findings, pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of 8 cases of IVOs and 12 cases of CNs were analyzed retrospectively. Both IVO and CN occurred most commonly in young adults and manifested with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. However, they were radiologically different in location (p = 0.007), diffusion-weighted imaging (p = 0.001), "scalloping" appearance (p = 0.006), flow void sign (p = 0.006) and ventricular wall invasion (p = 0.000). Histologically, significant differences in mitotic count (p = 0.008) and parenchymal infiltration (p = 0.01) were noted. Immunohistochemically, significant differences in the expression of Olig2 (p = 0.000), Syn (p = 0.01) and NeuN (p = 0.000) were observed. In addition, MIB-1 labeling index (p = 0.035) and case fatality rate (p = 0.021) of IVO were much higher than those of CN, while survival rate of IVO was much lower than that of CN (p = 0.028). IVO and CN are similar in onset age and clinical manifestations, but have different imaging and pathological features. Patients with IVOs may have a relatively poorer prognosis compared to those with CNs.
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33
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Kuroki K, Kice N, Ota-Kuroki J. Retinal astrocytoma in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2017; 58:919-922. [PMID: 28878413 PMCID: PMC5556472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A miniature schnauzer dog presenting with hyphema and glaucoma of the right eye had a retinal neoplasm. Neoplastic cells stained positively for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and S-100 and largely negatively for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 by immunohistochemistry. The clinical and histopathological features of canine retinal astrocytomas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kuroki
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Keiichi Kuroki; e-mail:
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34
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Barrilleaux BL, McDonough A, Ariza J, Yuen BTK, Somanath P, Le CT, Steward C, Horton-Sparks K, Knoepfler PS. Behavior of Xeno-Transplanted Undifferentiated Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Impacted by Microenvironment Without Evidence of Tumors. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1409-1423. [PMID: 28693365 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great clinical potential through the use of their differentiated progeny, a population in which there is some concern over risks of tumorigenicity or other unwanted cellular behavior due to residual hPSC. Preclinical studies using human stem cells are most often performed within a xenotransplant context. In this study, we sought to measure how undifferentiated hPSC behave following xenotransplant. We directly transplanted undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC) and human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into the adult mouse brain ventricle and analyzed their fates. No tumors or precancerous lesions were present at more than one year after transplantation. This result differed with the tumorigenic capacity we observed after allotransplantation of mouse ESC into the mouse brain. A substantial population of cellular derivatives of undifferentiated hESC and hIPSC engrafted, survived, and migrated within the mouse brain parenchyma. Within brain structures, transplanted cell distribution followed a very specific pattern, suggesting the existence of distinct microenvironments that offer different degrees of permissibility for engraftment. Most of the transplanted hESC and hIPSC that developed into brain cells were NeuN+ neuronal cells, and no astrocytes were detected. Substantial cell and nuclear fusion occurred between host and transplanted cells, a phenomenon influenced by microenvironment. Overall, hIPSC appear to be largely functionally equivalent to hESC in vivo. Altogether, these data bring new insights into the behavior of stem cells without prior differentiation following xenotransplantation into the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martínez-Cerdeño
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Bonnie L Barrilleaux
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California.,4 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California
| | - Ashley McDonough
- 3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- 3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Benjamin T K Yuen
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California.,4 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California
| | - Priyanka Somanath
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California.,4 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California
| | - Catherine T Le
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California.,4 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California
| | - Craig Steward
- 3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Kayla Horton-Sparks
- 3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Paul S Knoepfler
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California.,3 Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine , Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California.,4 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine , Sacramento, California
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35
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Hossain MI, Horie M, Takebayashi H. Reduced Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Postnatal Brain of Dystonia Musculorum Mice. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:101-109. [PMID: 28664402 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) mice show sensory neurodegeneration and movement disorder, such as dystonia and cerebellar ataxia. The causative gene Dystonin (Dst) encodes a cytoskeleton linker protein. Although sensory neurodegeneration has been well studied, glial cell responses in the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated cell proliferation in the CNS of Dst Gt homozygous mice using newly generated in situ hybridization (ISH) probes-Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) probes-both of which effectively detect proliferating cells. We found that Ki-67-positive cells were significantly decreased in the corpus callosum and thalamus of dt brain at postnatal day 21 (P21). There is a similar but not significant tendency at postnatal day 14 (P14) in the dt brain. We also confirmed the reduced proliferation by PCNA ISH and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Double staining with cell-type-specific markers revealed that proliferating cells are oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in both wild-type and dt brain. We also observed a reduced number of Olig2-positive cells in the corpus callosum of Dst Gt homozygous mice at P21, indicating that reduced proliferation resulted in a reduced number of OPCs. Our data indicate that OPCs proliferation is reduced in the dt mouse brain at the postnatal stage and that it subsequently results in the reduced number of OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibrahim Hossain
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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36
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Lee SJ, Bui TT, Chen CHJ, Lagman C, Chung LK, Sidhu S, Seo DJ, Yong WH, Siegal TL, Kim M, Yang I. Central Neurocytoma: A Review of Clinical Management and Histopathologic Features. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2016; 4:49-57. [PMID: 27867912 PMCID: PMC5114192 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2016.4.2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare, benign brain tumor often located in the lateral ventricles. CN may cause obstructive hydrocephalus and manifest as signs of increased intracranial pressure. The goal of treatment for CN is a gross total resection (GTR), which often yields excellent prognosis with a very high rate of tumor control and survival. Adjuvant radiosurgery and radiotherapy may be considered to improve tumor control when GTR cannot be achieved. Chemotherapy is also not considered a primary treatment, but has been used as a salvage therapy. The radiological features of CN are indistinguishable from those of other brain tumors; therefore, many histological markers, such as synaptophysin, can be very useful for diagnosing CNs. Furthermore, the MIB-1 Labeling Index seems to be correlated with the prognosis of CN. We also discuss oncogenes associated with these elusive tumors. Further studies may improve our ability to accurately diagnose CNs and to design the optimal treatment regimens for patients with CNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung J Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy T Bui
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Hao Jacky Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlito Lagman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrance K Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sabrin Sidhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J Seo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd L Siegal
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Homma T, Seki T, Suzuki A, Ohta T, Maebayashi T, Yoshino A, Kusumi Y, Sugitani M. Cytopathological features of pilomyxoid astrocytoma: a case report. Cytopathology 2016; 28:74-77. [PMID: 27018339 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Homma
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Laboratory, Itabashi Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Seki
- Pathology Laboratory, Itabashi Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Suzuki
- Pathology Laboratory, Itabashi Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ohta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Maebayashi
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Yoshino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kusumi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Laboratory, Itabashi Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sugitani
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Laboratory, Itabashi Hospital, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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Halene TB, Kozlenkov A, Jiang Y, Mitchell A, Javidfar B, Dincer A, Park R, Wiseman J, Croxson P, Giannaris EL, Hof PR, Roussos P, Dracheva S, Hemby SE, Akbarian S. NeuN+ neuronal nuclei in non-human primate prefrontal cortex and subcortical white matter after clozapine exposure. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:235-44. [PMID: 26776227 PMCID: PMC4740223 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increased neuronal densities in subcortical white matter have been reported for some cases with schizophrenia. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. We exposed 26 young adult macaque monkeys for 6 months to either clozapine, haloperidol or placebo and measured by structural MRI frontal gray and white matter volumes before and after treatment, followed by observer-independent, flow-cytometry-based quantification of neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and molecular fingerprinting of cell-type specific transcripts. After clozapine exposure, the proportion of nuclei expressing the neuronal marker NeuN increased by approximately 50% in subcortical white matter, in conjunction with a more subtle and non-significant increase in overlying gray matter. Numbers and proportions of nuclei expressing the oligodendrocyte lineage marker, OLIG2, and cell-type specific RNA expression patterns, were maintained after antipsychotic drug exposure. Frontal lobe gray and white matter volumes remained indistinguishable between antipsychotic-drug-exposed and control groups. Chronic clozapine exposure increases the proportion of NeuN+ nuclei in frontal subcortical white matter, without alterations in frontal lobe volumes or cell type-specific gene expression. Further exploration of neurochemical plasticity in non-human primate brain exposed to antipsychotic drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias B. Halene
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: Tobias B. Halene, MD PhD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, 1470 Madison Ave, Hess 9-105, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 646 627 5529, Fax: 646-537-9583,
| | - Alexey Kozlenkov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Behnam Javidfar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aslihan Dincer
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Royce Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Wiseman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paula Croxson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eustathia Lela Giannaris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stella Dracheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott E. Hemby
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Takayama Y, Matsumura N, Nobusawa S, Ikota H, Minegishi T, Yokoo H. Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma. Virchows Arch 2015; 468:337-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kuroda JI, Nobusawa S, Nakamura H, Yokoo H, Ueda R, Makino K, Yano S, Kuratsu JI. A case of an epithelioid glioblastoma with the BRAF V600E mutation colocalized with BRAF intact low-grade diffuse astrocytoma. Neuropathology 2015; 36:181-6. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology; Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine; Gunma Japan
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology; Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine; Gunma Japan
| | - Ryuta Ueda
- Tokuda Neurosurgical Hospital; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Keishi Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Yano
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kuratsu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Medicine; Kumamoto Japan
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Chen Y, Huang WC, Séjourné J, Clipperton-Allen AE, Page DT. Pten Mutations Alter Brain Growth Trajectory and Allocation of Cell Types through Elevated β-Catenin Signaling. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10252-67. [PMID: 26180201 PMCID: PMC6605343 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5272-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal patterns of head and brain growth are a replicated finding in a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is not known whether risk factors associated with ASD and abnormal brain growth (both overgrowth and undergrowth) converge on common biological pathways and cellular mechanisms in the developing brain. Heterozygous mutations in PTEN (PTEN(+/-)), which encodes a negative regulator of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, are a risk factor for ASD and macrocephaly. Here we use the developing cerebral cortex of Pten(+/-) mice to investigate the trajectory of brain overgrowth and underlying cellular mechanisms. We find that overgrowth is detectable from birth to adulthood, is driven by hyperplasia, and coincides with excess neurons at birth and excess glia in adulthood. β-Catenin signaling is elevated in the developing Pten(+/-) cortex, and a heterozygous mutation in Ctnnb1 (encoding β-catenin), itself a candidate gene for ASD and microcephaly, can suppress Pten(+/-) cortical overgrowth. Thus, a balance of Pten and β-catenin signaling regulates normal brain growth trajectory by controlling cell number, and imbalance in this relationship can result in abnormal brain growth. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that Pten haploinsufficiency leads to a dynamic trajectory of brain overgrowth during development and altered scaling of neuronal and glial cell populations. β-catenin signaling is elevated in the developing cerebral cortex of Pten haploinsufficient mice, and a heterozygous mutation in β-catenin, itself a candidate gene for ASD and microcephaly, suppresses Pten(+/-) cortical overgrowth. This leads to the new insight that Pten and β-catenin signaling act in a common pathway to regulate normal brain growth trajectory by controlling cell number, and disruption of this pathway can result in abnormal brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Julien Séjourné
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | | | - Damon T Page
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Matsumoto H, Yoshida Y. Primary intraventricular oligodendroglioma: A case report of the usefulness of Olig2 immunohistochemistry for diagnosis. Neuropathology 2015; 35:553-60. [PMID: 26079719 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary intraventricular oligodendroglioma (IVO) is a rare form of clear cell neoplasm and diagnosis is challenging because other clear cell neoplasms such as central neurocytoma must be ruled out. We report a case of primary IVO in which Olig2 immunohistochemistry was useful for the diagnosis. A 33-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with severe headaches due to an intraventricular mass lesion and underwent total resection of the mass lesion. The histological diagnosis was oligodendroglioma because the tumor was negative for synaptophysin and positive for Olig2. IVO is rare and differential diagnoses must be considered. The correct pathologic diagnosis is essential for anticipating the prognosis and selecting adjuvant therapy. In this case, Olig2 was useful for the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhisa Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eisyokai Yoshida Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Nagaishi M, Yokoo H, Nobusawa S, Fujii Y, Sugiura Y, Suzuki R, Tanaka Y, Suzuki K, Hyodo A. Localized overexpression of alpha-internexin within nodules in multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors. Neuropathology 2015; 35:561-8. [PMID: 26073706 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MVNT) have been recently referred to as a distinctive neuronal tumor entity based on histopathological findings. They are characterized by multiple tumor nodules, vacuolar alteration and widespread immunolabeling for human neuronal protein HuC/HuD. Only 13 cases have been reported in the literature to date and little is known about the histopathology of these tumors. Herein, we report a case of MVNT with additional confirmation of immunohistochemical features. A 22-year-old woman presented with a continuous headache. MRI showed a subcortical white matter lesion with multiple satellite nodules in the frontal lobe appearing as T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensities. Histological examination of the resected lesion revealed well-defined multiple nodules composed of predominant vacuolating tumor cells. The tumor cells exhibited consistent immunolabeling for doublecortin, as well as HuC/HuD, both representative neuronal biomarkers associated with earlier stages of neuronal development. Immunopositivity for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) and S100 was also detected in tumor cells. Additionally, significant overexpression of alpha-internexin was observed in the background neuropil limited to tumor nodules. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), synaptophysin and neurofilament, markers for mature neurons, were either negative or weakly positive. The expression profile of neuronal biomarkers can be distinguished from that of classic neuronal tumors and is the immunohistochemical hallmark of MVNT. In summary, we identified the characteristic tumoral expression of HuC/HuD and doublecortin and the presence of abundant neuropil localized in MVNT tumor nodules, which exhibited widespread alpha-internexin expression. These results supported the presumption that MVNT is a distinct histopathological entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nagaishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Yoshiki Sugiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Ryotaro Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Kensuke Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
| | - Akio Hyodo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, 2-1-50 Minami-Koshigaya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8555
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Liyanage VRB, Zachariah RM, Davie JR, Rastegar M. Ethanol deregulates Mecp2/MeCP2 in differentiating neural stem cells via interplay between 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the Mecp2 regulatory elements. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:102-17. [PMID: 25620416 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) is an important epigenetic factor in the brain. MeCP2 expression is affected by different environmental insults including alcohol exposure. Accumulating evidence supports the role of aberrant MeCP2 expression in ethanol exposure-induced neurological symptoms. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of ethanol-induced MeCP2 deregulation remain elusive. To study the effect of ethanol on Mecp2/MeCP2 expression during neurodifferentiation, we established an in vitro model of ethanol exposure, using differentiating embryonic brain-derived neural stem cells (NSC). Previously, we demonstrated the impact of DNA methylation at the Mecp2 regulatory elements (REs) on Mecp2/MeCP2 expression in vitro and in vivo. Here, we studied whether altered DNA methylation at these REs is associated with the Mecp2/MeCP2 misexpression induced by ethanol. Binge-like and continuous ethanol exposure upregulated Mecp2/MeCP2, while ethanol withdrawal downregulated its expression. DNA methylation analysis by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation indicated that increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and decreased 5-methylcytosine (5mC) enrichment at specific REs were associated with upregulated Mecp2/MeCP2 following continuous ethanol exposure. The reduced Mecp2/MeCP2 expression upon ethanol withdrawal was associated with reduced 5hmC and increased 5mC enrichment at these REs. Moreover, ethanol altered global DNA methylation (5mC and 5hmC). Under the tested conditions, ethanol had minimal effects on NSC cell fate commitment, but caused changes in neuronal morphology and glial cell size. Taken together, our data represent an epigenetic mechanism for ethanol-mediated misexpression of Mecp2/MeCP2 in differentiating embryonic brain cells. We also show the potential role of DNA methylation and MeCP2 in alcohol-related neurological disorders, specifically Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichithra Rasangi Batuwita Liyanage
- Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Robby Mathew Zachariah
- Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - James Ronald Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Abstract
The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is essentially a lineage-oriented classification based on a presumable developmental tree of CNS. A four-tiered WHO grading scheme has been successfully applied to a spectrum of diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas, but it is not fully applicable to other gliomas, including oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas. Recent genetic studies have revealed that the major categories of gliomas, such as circumscribe astrocytomas, infiltrating astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas, and glioblastoma, roughly correspond to major genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) 1/2 mutations, TP53 mutations, co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and BRAF mutation/fusion. These genetic alterations are clinically significant in terms of the response to treatment(s) and/or the prognosis. It is, thus, rational that future classification of gliomas should be based on genotypes, rather than phenotypes, although the genetic features of each tumor are not sufficiently understood at present to draw a complete map of the gliomas, and genetic testing is not yet available worldwide, particularly in Asian and African countries. This review summarizes the current concepts of the WHO classification, as well as the current understanding of the major genetic alterations in glioma and the potential use of these alterations as diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Neuropathology), Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital
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Trépant AL, Bouchart C, Rorive S, Sauvage S, Decaestecker C, Demetter P, Salmon I. Identification of OLIG2 as the most specific glioblastoma stem cell marker starting from comparative analysis of data from similar DNA chip microarray platforms. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1943-53. [PMID: 25384509 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical and adjuvant treatments, overall survival of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains poor. The cancer stem cell concept suggests that a rare stem cell population, called glioma stem cells (GSCs), has high ability to self-renewal leading to recurrence in GBM. The identification of specific markers of GSCs would provide a powerful tool to detect and to characterise them in order to develop targeted therapies. We carried out a comparative analysis based on the identification of inter-study concordances to identify the genes that exhibit at best differential levels of expression between GSC-enriched cell cultures and differentiated tumour cell cultures from independent studies using DNA chip microarray technologies. We finally studied the protein expression of the marker we considered the most specific by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative analysis on a retrospective series of 18 GBMs. Of the selected studies, 32 genes were retained. Among them, eight genes were identified to be overexpressed in GSC-enriched cultures compared to differentiated tumour cell cultures. Finally, among the eight genes, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) was characterised by the most different expression level in the "GSC model" compared to the "differentiated tumour cells model". Our approach suggests that OLIG2 is the most specific GSC marker; additional investigations with careful considerations about methodology and strategies of validation are, however, mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Trépant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Olig2 labeling index is correlated with histological and molecular classifications in low-grade diffuse gliomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:283-91. [PMID: 25085214 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of low-grade diffuse gliomas based on morphology is highly subjective and, therefore, is often difficult, with significant intra- and interobserver variability. Here, we investigated WHO grade II diffuse astrocytomas, oligoastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas for immunohistochemical expression of Olig2, measuring its labeling index (LI), and evaluated the significance of Olig2 LI in the histological and molecular classifications. The means of Olig2 LI in glioma cells were 43.7 % in diffuse astrocytomas, 59.3 % in oligoastrocytomas and 76.1 % in oligodendrogliomas. There was a statistically significant difference between all pairs of histological types. The mean of Olig2 LI of gliomas with 1p/19q loss ± IDH1/2 mutation, the majority of them being oligodendrogliomas, was significantly higher than the means of those with TP53 mutation ± IDH1/2 mutation and IDH1/2 mutation only, the majority of which were diffuse astrocytomas (70.1 vs. 47.2 and 46.5 %, respectively). When categorized according to the classification of Jiao et al., Olig2 LI of I-CF gliomas (cases with IDH and one or more of CIC, FUBP1 or combined 1p/19q loss; mean 71.0 %) was significantly higher than that of I-A gliomas (cases with IDH and ATRX alterations; mean 45.3 %). These molecular classifications were reported to correlate well with clinical outcome. However, borderlines of Olig2 LI were broad and could not clearly distinguish genotypes in the molecular classifications. In conclusion, Olig2 LI cannot be taken as a complete surrogate marker for molecular genotype, but could possibly provide some ancillary information when molecular assay is not availabe.
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Magalhães AC, Rivera C. Superior performance of decloaking chamber-based heat-induced epitope retrieval method improves the quantification of Olig2 cells in paraffin-embedded section of embryonic mouse brain. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:226-33. [PMID: 25020254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies in paraffin-embedded sections can be challenging due to epitope masking. To counteract this problem the microwave oven is widely used for heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER). However, with this method important parameters cannot be specifically controlled, such as the intensity and duration of heating. NEW METHOD We describe here a consistent and sensitive HIER method that uses a device for epitope retrieval in tissue sections, the decloaking chamber NxGen. With this method, heat temperature and time can be accurately set. Both qualitative (sensitivity and specificity of positive immunostaining) and quantitative (amount of positive-stained cells) analyses were compared between the microwave oven approach and the decloaking chamber, in paraffin-embedded sections from embryonic mouse brain. RESULTS We found that the decloaking chamber-based HIER method was preferable to the commonly used microwave oven for the immunodetection and discrimination in mouse brain sections of single Olig2-positive cells, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Both automated (ICY software) and manual counting (Adobe Photoshop software) showed a significant underestimation of Olig2-positive cells in microwave oven-treated sections compared to decloaking chamber-treatment. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Compared to other IHC procedures for cell automated quantification, the presently established protocol is easy to use, fast, and effective for the immunodetection and quantification of Olig2 in the developing mouse telencephalon. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the combination of decloaking chamber-based HIER method and spot detector in ICY software is a reliable and valuable tool, suited to basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cathia Magalhães
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Aix-Marseille University, UMR S901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; INSERM, INMED, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Suzuki S, Uchida K, Nakayama H. The effects of tumor location on diagnostic criteria for canine malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and the markers for distinction between canine MPNSTs and canine perivascular wall tumors. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:722-36. [PMID: 24009270 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813501336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Canine malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) occur not only in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but also in soft tissue and various organs (non-PNS). The most important diagnostic criterion is proof of peripheral nerve sheath origin. This is difficult in non-PNS MPNSTs, and its differential diagnosis is challenging. Canine perivascular wall tumors (PWTs) also commonly arise in soft tissue. Their histopathological features are quite similar to those of canine MPNSTs, making their differential diagnosis challenging. To elucidate whether the morphological features are applicable to diagnose non-PNS MPNSTs and to demonstrate useful markers for distinction between canine MPNSTs and PWTs, the authors examined 30 canine MPNSTs and 31 PWTs immunohistochemically for S100, nestin, NGFR, Olig2, claudin-1, CD57, PRX, α-SMA, desmin, and calponin. Among canine MPNSTs, the PNS tumors displayed significantly higher S100 and Olig2 expression than the non-PNS tumors. The expression levels of the other markers did not differ significantly, suggesting that the same morphological diagnostic criteria are applicable regardless of their location. The PWT cells displayed significantly weaker immunoreactivity than MPNSTs to markers used except α-SMA and desmin. Cluster analysis sorted most canine MPNSTs and PWTs into 2 distinctly different clusters, whereas 3 MPNSTs and 6 PWTs were assigned to the opposing cluster. These 3 MPNSTs were negative for almost all markers, while these 6 PWTs were positive for only neuronal markers. In particular, NGFR and Olig2 were almost negative in the rest of PWT cases. These findings suggest that NGFR and Olig2 are useful to distinguish these 2 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Nobusawa S, Hirato J, Kurihara H, Ogawa A, Okura N, Nagaishi M, Ikota H, Yokoo H, Nakazato Y. Intratumoral heterogeneity of genomic imbalance in a case of epithelioid glioblastoma with BRAF V600E mutation. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:239-46. [PMID: 24354918 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid glioblastoma is among the rarest variants of glioblastoma and is not formally recognized in the World Health Organization classification; it is composed of monotonous, discohesive sheets of small, round cells with eccentric nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm devoid of cytoplasmic stellate processes, showing the retention of nuclear staining of INI-1 protein. Here, we report a case involving a 22-year-old man with a right occipital lobe tumor, which comprised mainly epithelioid tumor cells with a small area of diffusely infiltrating less atypical astrocytoma cells showing a lower cell density. Array comparative genomic hybridization separately performed for each histologically distinct component demonstrated eight shared copy number alterations (CNAs) and three CNAs observed only in epithelioid cells; one of the latter was a homozygous deletion of a tumor suppressor gene, LSAMP, at 3q13.31. BRAF V600E mutation was observed both in epithelioid tumor cells and in diffusely infiltrating less atypical astrocytoma cells. Our findings suggest that the regional loss of LSAMP led to the aggressive nature of epithelioid cells in the present case of epithelioid glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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