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McCaffrey C, Jahangir C, Murphy C, Burke C, Gallagher WM, Rahman A. Artificial intelligence in digital histopathology for predicting patient prognosis and treatment efficacy in breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:363-377. [PMID: 38655907 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2346545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histological images contain phenotypic information predictive of patient outcomes. Due to the heavy workload of pathologists, the time-consuming nature of quantitatively assessing histological features, and human eye limitations to recognize spatial patterns, manually extracting prognostic information in routine pathological workflows remains challenging. Digital pathology has facilitated the mining and quantification of these features utilizing whole-slide image (WSI) scanners and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. AI algorithms to identify image-based biomarkers from the tumor microenvironment (TME) have the potential to revolutionize the field of oncology, reducing delays between diagnosis and prognosis determination, allowing for rapid stratification of patients and prescription of optimal treatment regimes, thereby improving patient outcomes. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss how AI algorithms and digital pathology can predict breast cancer patient prognosis and treatment outcomes using image-based biomarkers, along with the challenges of adopting this technology in clinical settings. EXPERT OPINION The integration of AI and digital pathology presents significant potential for analyzing the TME and its diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value in breast cancer patients. Widespread clinical adoption of AI faces ethical, regulatory, and technical challenges, although prospective trials may offer reassurance and promote uptake, ultimately improving patient outcomes by reducing diagnosis-to-prognosis delivery delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McCaffrey
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chowdhury Jahangir
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caoimbhe Burke
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arman Rahman
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Jin T, Ding L, Chen J, Zou X, Xu T, Xuan Z, Wang S, Chen J, Wang W, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Huang P, Pan Z, Ge M. BUB1/KIF14 complex promotes anaplastic thyroid carcinoma progression by inducing chromosome instability. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18182. [PMID: 38498903 PMCID: PMC10948175 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is a common contributor driving the formation and progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but its mechanism remains unclear. The BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase (BUB1) is responsible for the alignment of mitotic chromosomes, which has not been thoroughly studied in ATC. Our research demonstrated that BUB1 was remarkably upregulated and closely related to worse progression-free survival. Knockdown of BUB1 attenuated cell viability, invasion, migration and induced cell cycle arrests, whereas overexpression of BUB1 promoted the cell cycle progression of papillary thyroid cancer cells. BUB1 knockdown remarkably repressed tumour growth and tumour formation of nude mice with ATC xenografts and suppressed tumour metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Inhibition of BUB1 by its inhibitor BAY-1816032 also exhibited considerable anti-tumour activity. Further studies showed that enforced expression of BUB1 evoked CIN in ATC cells. BUB1 induced CIN through phosphorylation of KIF14 at serine1292 (Ser1292 ). Overexpression of the KIF14ΔSer1292 mutant was unable to facilitate the aggressiveness of ATC cells when compared with that of the wild type. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the BUB1/KIF14 complex drives the aggressiveness of ATC by inducing CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Jin
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck SurgeryZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Lingling Ding
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck SurgeryZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Jinming Chen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaozhou Zou
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Tong Xu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Zixue Xuan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine CenterZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Chaozhuang Zhu
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Zongfu Pan
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of PharmacyZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Minghua Ge
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck SurgeryZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Clinical Research Center for Cancer of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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Berfelde J, Hildebrand LS, Kuhlmann L, Fietkau R, Distel LV. FEN1 Inhibition as a Potential Novel Targeted Therapy against Breast Cancer and the Prognostic Relevance of FEN1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2110. [PMID: 38396787 PMCID: PMC10889347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To improve breast cancer treatment and to enable new strategies for therapeutic resistance, therapeutic targets are constantly being studied. Potential targets are proteins of DNA repair and replication and genomic integrity, such as Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1). This study investigated the effects of FEN1 inhibitor FEN1-IN-4 in combination with ionizing radiation on cell death, clonogenic survival, the cell cycle, senescence, doubling time, DNA double-strand breaks and micronuclei in breast cancer cells, breast cells and healthy skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, the variation in the baseline FEN1 level and its influence on treatment prognosis was investigated. The cell lines show specific response patterns in the aspects studied and have heterogeneous baseline FEN1 levels. FEN1-IN-4 has cytotoxic, cytostatic and radiosensitizing effects, expressed through increasing cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, G2M share, senescence, double-strand breaks and a reduced survival fraction. Nevertheless, some cells are less affected by the cytotoxicity and fibroblasts show a rather limited response. In vivo, high FEN1 mRNA expression worsens the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Due to the increased expression in breast cancer tissue, FEN1 could represent a new tumor and prognosis marker and FEN1-IN-4 may serve as a new potent agent in personalized medicine and targeted breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Berfelde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S. Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Kuhlmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Pons C, Mauvezin C. QATS: an ImageJ plugin for the quantification of toroidal nuclei in biological images. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae026. [PMID: 38244575 PMCID: PMC10822581 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The toroidal nucleus is a novel chromosomal instability (CIN) biomarker which complements the micronucleus. Understanding the specific biological stresses leading to the formation of each CIN-associated phenotype requires the evaluation of large panels of biological images collected from different genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions. However, the quantification of toroidal nuclei is currently a manual process which is unviable on a large scale. RESULTS Here, we present QATS (QuAntification of Toroidal nuclei in biological imageS), a tool that automates the identification of toroidal nuclei, minimizing false positives while highly agreeing with the manual quantifications. Additionally, QATS identifies micronuclei for a convenient comparison of both CIN biomarkers. QATS is an open-source ImageJ plugin with a user-friendly interface that enables a wide scientific community to easily assess the frequency of CIN biomarkers for the determination of CIN levels in cellular models. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION QATS is an ImageJ plugin freely available at http://www.toroidalnucleus.org/qats. The user manual and the images used for the evaluation of QATS are included in the website. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Pons
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Mauvezin
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Uno K, Rastegar B, Jansson C, Durand G, Valind A, Chattopadhyay S, Bertolotti A, Ciceri S, Spreafico F, Collini P, Perotti D, Mengelbier LH, Gisselsson D. A Gradual Transition Toward Anaplasia in Wilms Tumor Through Tolerance to Genetic Damage. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100382. [PMID: 37951357 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Wilms tumor (WT) in general have excellent survival, but the prognosis of patients belonging to the subgroup of WT with diffuse anaplasia (DA) is poor due to frequent resistance to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that DA WT cells might undergo changes, such as acquiring a persistent tolerance to DNA damage and copy number aberrations (CNAs), which could eventually lead to their resistance to chemotherapy treatment. Tissue sections from chemotherapy-treated DA WTs (n = 12) were compared with chemotherapy-treated nonanaplastic WTs (n = 15) in a tissue microarray system, enabling analysis of 769 tumor regions. All regions were scored for anaplastic features and immunohistochemistry was used to quantify p53 expression, proliferation index (Ki67), and DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX). CNAs were assessed by array-based genotyping and TP53 mutations using targeted sequencing. Proliferation index and the frequency of DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX dot expression) increased with higher anaplasia scores. Almost all (95.6%) areas with full-scale anaplasia had TP53 mutations or loss of heterozygosity, along with an increased amount of CNAs. Interestingly, areas with wild-type TP53 with loss of heterozygosity and only one feature of anaplasia (anaplasia score 1) also had significantly higher proliferation indices, more DNA double-strand breaks, and more CNAs than regions without any anaplastic features (score 0); such areas may be preanaplastic cell populations under selective pressure for TP53 mutations. In conclusion, we suggest that chemoresistance of DA WTs may be partly explained by a high proliferative capability of anaplastic cells, which also have a high burden of double-stranded DNA breaks and CNAs, and that there is a gradual emergence of anaplasia in WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Uno
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Bahar Rastegar
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Valind
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Now with Childhood Cancer Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Subhayan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessia Bertolotti
- Diagnostic and Molecular Research Lab, Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Spreafico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Collini
- Soft Tissue Tumor Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perotti
- Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Now with Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David Gisselsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Oncology-Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Division of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Skåne Healthcare Region, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Rosso I, Jones-Weinert C, Rossiello F, Cabrini M, Brambillasca S, Munoz-Sagredo L, Lavagnino Z, Martini E, Tedone E, Garre' M, Aguado J, Parazzoli D, Mione M, Shay JW, Mercurio C, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) cells viability is dependent on C-rich telomeric RNAs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7086. [PMID: 37925537 PMCID: PMC10625592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomere maintenance mechanism activated in ~10-15% of cancers, characterized by telomeric damage. Telomeric damage-induced long non-coding RNAs (dilncRNAs) are transcribed at dysfunctional telomeres and contribute to telomeric DNA damage response (DDR) activation and repair. Here we observed that telomeric dilncRNAs are preferentially elevated in ALT cells. Inhibition of C-rich (teloC) dilncRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides leads to DNA replication stress responses, increased genomic instability, and apoptosis induction selectively in ALT cells. Cell death is dependent on DNA replication and is increased by DNA replication stress. Mechanistically, teloC dilncRNA inhibition reduces RAD51 and 53BP1 recruitment to telomeres, boosts the engagement of BIR machinery, and increases C-circles and telomeric sister chromatid exchanges, without increasing telomeric non-S phase synthesis. These results indicate that teloC dilncRNA is necessary for a coordinated recruitment of DDR factors to ALT telomeres and it is essential for ALT cancer cells survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rosso
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Corey Jones-Weinert
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Matteo Cabrini
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brambillasca
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (Experimental Therapeutics Program), Milan, Italy
| | - Leonel Munoz-Sagredo
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Martini
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzo Tedone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Massimiliano Garre'
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- RCSI, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Chemistry, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julio Aguado
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mione
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ciro Mercurio
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (Experimental Therapeutics Program), Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia, Italy.
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Shafi S, Parwani AV. Artificial intelligence in diagnostic pathology. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:109. [PMID: 37784122 PMCID: PMC10546747 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital pathology (DP) is being increasingly employed in cancer diagnostics, providing additional tools for faster, higher-quality, accurate diagnosis. The practice of diagnostic pathology has gone through a staggering transformation wherein new tools such as digital imaging, advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, and computer-aided diagnostic techniques are being used for assisting, augmenting and empowering the computational histopathology and AI-enabled diagnostics. This is paving the way for advancement in precision medicine in cancer. Automated whole slide imaging (WSI) scanners are now rendering diagnostic quality, high-resolution images of entire glass slides and combining these images with innovative digital pathology tools is making it possible to integrate imaging into all aspects of pathology reporting including anatomical, clinical, and molecular pathology. The recent approvals of WSI scanners for primary diagnosis by the FDA as well as the approval of prostate AI algorithm has paved the way for starting to incorporate this exciting technology for use in primary diagnosis. AI tools can provide a unique platform for innovations and advances in anatomical and clinical pathology workflows. In this review, we describe the milestones and landmark trials in the use of AI in clinical pathology with emphasis on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shafi
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, E409 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, E409 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Chiu K, Berrada Y, Eskndir N, Song D, Fong C, Naughton S, Chen T, Moy S, Gyurmey S, James L, Ezeiruaku C, Capistran C, Lowey D, Diwanji V, Peterson S, Parakh H, Burgess AR, Probert C, Zhu A, Anderson B, Levi N, Gerlitz G, Packard MC, Dorfman KA, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. CTCF is essential for proper mitotic spindle structure and anaphase segregation. Chromosoma 2023:10.1007/s00412-023-00810-w. [PMID: 37728741 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process in which the duplicated genome is segregated equally into two daughter cells. CTCF has been reported to be present in mitosis and has a role in localizing CENP-E, but its importance for mitotic fidelity remains to be determined. To evaluate the importance of CTCF in mitosis, we tracked mitotic behaviors in wild-type and two different CTCF CRISPR-based genetic knockdowns. We find that knockdown of CTCF results in prolonged mitoses and failed anaphase segregation via time-lapse imaging of SiR-DNA. CTCF knockdown did not alter cell cycling or the mitotic checkpoint, which was activated upon nocodazole treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging of the mitotic spindle in CTCF knockdowns revealed disorganization via tri/tetrapolar spindles and chromosomes behind the spindle pole. Imaging of interphase nuclei showed that nuclear size increased drastically, consistent with failure to divide the duplicated genome in anaphase. Long-term inhibition of CNEP-E via GSK923295 recapitulates CTCF knockdown abnormal mitotic spindles with polar chromosomes and increased nuclear sizes. Population measurements of nuclear shape in CTCF knockdowns do not display decreased circularity or increased nuclear blebbing relative to wild-type. However, failed mitoses do display abnormal nuclear morphologies relative to successful mitoses, suggesting that population images do not capture individual behaviors. Thus, CTCF is important for both proper metaphase organization and anaphase segregation which impacts the size and shape of the interphase nucleus likely through its known role in recruiting CENP-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Dasol Song
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Claire Fong
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Naughton
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Savanna Moy
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Gyurmey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Liam James
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Chimere Ezeiruaku
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Caroline Capistran
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel Lowey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vedang Diwanji
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Samantha Peterson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Harshini Parakh
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ayanna R Burgess
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cassandra Probert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Annie Zhu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Bryn Anderson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nehora Levi
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mary C Packard
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Katherine A Dorfman
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael Seifu Bahiru
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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9
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Cimini D. Twenty years of merotelic kinetochore attachments: a historical perspective. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:18. [PMID: 37466740 PMCID: PMC10411636 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei, small DNA-containing structures separate from the main nucleus, were used for decades as an indicator of genotoxic damage. Micronuclei containing whole chromosomes were considered a biomarker of aneuploidy and were believed to form, upon mitotic exit, from chromosomes that lagged behind in anaphase as all other chromosomes segregated to the poles of the mitotic spindle. However, the mechanism responsible for inducing anaphase lagging chromosomes remained unknown until just over twenty years ago. Here, I summarize what preceded and what followed this discovery, highlighting some of the open questions and opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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10
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Dhillon VS, Deo P, Fenech M. The Relationship between Telomere Length and Nucleoplasmic Bridges and Severity of Disease in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3351. [PMID: 37444460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide (TTAGGG) sequences that stabilize the chromosome ends and play an important role in the prevention of cancer initiation and progression. Nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) are formed when chromatids remain joined together during mitotic anaphase either due to mis-repair of DNA breaks or due to chromatid end fusion as a result of telomere loss or telomere dysfunction. We tested the hypotheses that (i) telomere length (TL) is shorter in prostate cancer (PC) patients relative to healthy age-matched individuals, (ii) TL differs in different stages of PC and (iii) shorter TL is significantly correlated with NPBs formation in PC cases. TL was measured in whole blood by well-established quantitative PCR method and the frequency of NPBs was measured in lymphocytes using cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay. Our results indicate that TL is shorter and NPBs are increased in PC patients relative to age-matched healthy controls. Furthermore, TL was significantly shorter (p = 0.03) in patients with a Gleason score more than 7 and there was also a significant trend of decreasing TL across all three stages (p trend = 0.01; Gleason score <7, 7 and >7). Furthermore, TL was significantly inversely correlated with NPB frequency in PC patients (r = -0.316; p = 0.001) but not in controls (r = 0.163; p = 0.06) and their relationships became stronger with higher Gleason scores. More studies are required that can confirm our observations and explore mechanistic differences in the role of telomeres in NPB formation in PC cases relative to non-cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinderpal S Dhillon
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Permal Deo
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton 5048, Australia
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11
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Labrousse G, Vande Perre P, Parra G, Jaffrelot M, Leroy L, Chibon F, Escudie F, Selves J, Hoffmann JS, Guimbaud R, Lutzmann M. The hereditary N363K POLE exonuclease mutant extends PPAP tumor spectrum to glioblastomas by causing DNA damage and aneuploidy in addition to increased mismatch mutagenicity. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad011. [PMID: 36915289 PMCID: PMC10006997 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The exonuclease domain of DNA polymerases epsilon's catalytic subunit (POLE) removes misincorporated nucleotides, called proofreading. POLE-exonuclease mutations cause colorectal- and endometrial cancers with an extreme burden of single nucleotide substitutions. We recently reported that particularly the hereditary POLE exonuclease mutation N363K predisposes in addition to aggressive giant cell glioblastomas. We knocked-in this mutation homozygously into human cell lines and compared its properties to knock-ins of the likewise hereditary POLE L424V mutation and to a complete proofreading-inactivating mutation (exo-null). We found that N363K cells have higher mutation rates as both L424V- or exo-null mutant cells. In contrast to L424V cells, N363K cells expose a growth defect, replication stress and DNA damage. In non-transformed cells, these burdens lead to aneuploidy but macroscopically normal nuclei. In contrast, transformed N363K cells phenocopy the enlarged and disorganized nuclei of giant cell glioblastomas. Taken together, our data characterize a POLE exonuclease domain mutant that not only causes single nucleotide hypermutation, but in addition DNA damage and chromosome instability, leading to an extended tumor spectrum. Our results expand the understanding of the polymerase exonuclease domain and suggest that an assessment of both the mutational potential and the genetic instability might refine classification and treatment of POLE-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Labrousse
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Vande Perre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
- Oncogenetics Department, Institute Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Genis Parra
- Center for Genomic Analysis, CNAG, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Jaffrelot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
- Oncogenetics Department, Institute Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Department of Digestive Oncology, IUCT Rangueil-Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Leroy
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Chibon
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Escudie
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irene-Joliot-Curie, 31059Toulouse, France
| | - Janick Selves
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irene-Joliot-Curie, 31059Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Sebastien Hoffmann
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irene-Joliot-Curie, 31059Toulouse, France
| | - Rosine Guimbaud
- Oncogenetics Department, Institute Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Department of Digestive Oncology, IUCT Rangueil-Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Malik Lutzmann
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CRCT, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31000Toulouse, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, IGH, UMR 9002, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, 34396Montpellier, France
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12
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Wei J, Arber C, Wray S, Hardy J, Piers TM, Pocock JM. Human myeloid progenitor glucocorticoid receptor activation causes genomic instability, type 1 IFN- response pathway activation and senescence in differentiated microglia; an early life stress model. Glia 2023; 71:1036-1056. [PMID: 36571248 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One form of early life stress, prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), confers a higher risk of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in later life. Increasingly, the importance of microglia in these disorders is recognized. Studies on GCs exposure during microglial development have been limited, and there are few, if any, human studies. We established an in vitro model of ELS by continuous pre-exposure of human iPS-microglia to GCs during primitive hematopoiesis (the critical stage of iPS-microglial differentiation) and then examined how this exposure affected the microglial phenotype as they differentiated and matured to microglia, using RNA-seq analyses and functional assays. The iPS-microglia predominantly expressed glucocorticoid receptors over mineralocorticoid receptors, and in particular, the GR-α splice variant. Chronic GCs exposure during primitive hematopoiesis was able to recapitulate in vivo ELS effects. Thus, pre-exposure to prolonged GCs resulted in increased type I interferon signaling, the presence of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-positive (cGAS) micronuclei, cellular senescence and reduced proliferation in the matured iPS-microglia. The findings from this in vitro ELS model have ramifications for the responses of microglia in the pathogenesis of GC- mediated ELS-associated disorders such as schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhang Wei
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas M Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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13
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Molano-Fernández M, Hickson ID, Herranz H. Cyclin E overexpression in the Drosophila accessory gland induces tissue dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:992253. [PMID: 36704199 PMCID: PMC9871066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.992253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the cell division cycle is governed by a complex network of factors that together ensure that growing or proliferating cells maintain a stable genome. Defects in this system can lead to genomic instability that can affect tissue homeostasis and thus compromise human health. Variations in ploidy and cell heterogeneity are observed frequently in human cancers. Here, we examine the consequences of upregulating the cell cycle regulator Cyclin E in the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland. The accessory gland is the functional analog of the human prostate. This organ is composed of a postmitotic epithelium that is emerging as a powerful in vivo system for modelling different aspects of tumor initiation and progression. We show that Cyclin E upregulation in this model is sufficient to drive tissue dysplasia. Cyclin E overexpression drives endoreplication and affects DNA integrity, which results in heterogeneous nuclear and cellular composition and variable degrees of DNA damage. We present evidence showing that, despite the presence of genotoxic stress, those cells are resistant to apoptosis and thus defective cells are not eliminated from the tissue. We also show that Cyclin E-expressing cells in the accessory gland display mitochondrial DNA aggregates that colocalize with Cyclin E protein. Together, the findings presented here show that Cyclin E upregulation in postmitotic cells of the accessory gland organ causes cellular defects such as genomic instability and mitochondrial defects, eventually leading to tissue dysplasia. This study highlights novel mechanisms by which Cyclin E might contribute to disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D. Hickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Héctor Herranz,
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14
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Chiu K, Berrada Y, Eskndir N, Song D, Fong C, Naughton S, Chen T, Moy S, Gyurmey S, James L, Ezeiruaku C, Capistran C, Lowey D, Diwanji V, Peterson S, Parakh H, Burgess AR, Probert C, Zhu A, Anderson B, Levi N, Gerlitz G, Packard MC, Dorfman KA, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. CTCF is essential for proper mitotic spindle structure and anaphase segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523293. [PMID: 36712070 PMCID: PMC9881978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process in which the duplicated genome is segregated equally into two daughter cells. CTCF has been reported to be present in mitosis but its importance for mitotic fidelity remains to be determined. To evaluate the importance of CTCF in mitosis, we tracked mitotic behaviors in wild type and two different CTCF CRISPR-based genetic knockdowns. We find that knockdown of CTCF results in prolonged mitoses and failed anaphase segregation via time lapse imaging of SiR-DNA. CTCF knockdown did not alter cell cycling or the mitotic checkpoint, which was activated upon nocodazole treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging of the mitotic spindle in CTCF knockdowns revealed disorganization via tri/tetrapolar spindles and chromosomes behind the spindle pole. Imaging of interphase nuclei showed that nuclear size increased drastically, consistent with failure to divide the duplicated genome in anaphase. Population measurements of nuclear shape in CTCF knockdowns do not display decreased circularity or increased nuclear blebbing relative to wild type. However, failed mitoses do display abnormal nuclear morphologies relative to successful mitoses, suggesting population images do not capture individual behaviors. Thus, CTCF is important for both proper metaphase organization and anaphase segregation which impacts the size and shape of the interphase nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Dasol Song
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Claire Fong
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Naughton
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Savanna Moy
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Gyurmey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam James
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chimere Ezeiruaku
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Caroline Capistran
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Daniel Lowey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vedang Diwanji
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samantha Peterson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Harshini Parakh
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ayanna R. Burgess
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Cassandra Probert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Annie Zhu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bryn Anderson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nehora Levi
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mary C. Packard
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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15
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Lionetti MC, Fumagalli MR, La Porta CAM. Nuclear Biophysical Changes during Human Melanoma Plasticity. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:120-132. [PMID: 36509081 DOI: 10.1159/000528601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor plasticity is an emerging property of tumor cells which allows them to change their phenotype in dependence on the environment. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays a crucial role in helping cells acquire a more aggressive phenotype when they are in the mesenchymal state. Herein, we investigated the biophysical changes occurring during phenotypic switching in human melanoma cells, considering the blebbiness of the nuclei, their stiffness, and the involvement of polycombs with lamins. We show that the formation of cellular heterogeneity involves many crucial nuclear changes including the interaction between different types of polycombs with lamins and chromosome accessibility. Altogether, our results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of a heterogeneous cell population during phenotypic switching. In particular, our results show that phenotypic switching in melanoma involves chromatin remodeling changing the transcriptional activity of cells and consequently their phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Lionetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Fumagalli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Biophysics Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Complexity and Biosystems, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Biophysics Institute, Genoa, Italy
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16
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Khairwa A, Kotru M, Dewan P, Narang S. Morphological markers of chromosomal instability in bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy of acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:418-422. [PMID: 36258637 DOI: 10.1002/em.22513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of chromosomal instability (CI) in oncogenesis is very well described in solid tumours, but there are a lack of studies on haematology malignancy, especially with multiple morphological markers. The study aims to analyze seven morphological markers of CI- chromatin bridges (CB), multipolar mitosis (MPM), nuclear budding (NB), micronuclei (MN), nuclear heterogeneity (NH), laggards, chromatin strings (CS) in bone marrow aspirate (BMA) and biopsy of acute leukaemia (AL), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). It is a retrospective cross-sectional analytical study where BMA and biopsy were reviewed for CI markers. We compared CI markers in five categories. CI markers were further correlated with clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients. The study included 54 samples of 37 patients. Overall, the median (IQR) of markers were as follows: MN 3.5 (1,7), NB 5 (1,18), MPM 1 (0,4), CB 1(0,2), Laggards 0 (0,1), and CS 2.5 (0,6). NH was noted in 65.4% of samples. All CI markers except laggards were significantly increased in B-ALL, AML, and MDS compared to other categories. Many CI markers were significantly raised with a few clinical features. The MN, MPM, Laggard, and NH markers were significantly increased in the dead patients compared to those who survived. The study, one of the first to analyze multiple CI markers, revealed that the CI markers were significantly increased in AL and MDS patients and significantly associated with clinical manifestations and outcomes. Morphology markers of CI are valuable and cost-effective in diagnostic strategy, type of malignancies, and assessing prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Khairwa
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Kotru
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Dewan
- Department of Paediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Shiva Narang
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
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17
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Orsulic S, John J, Walts AE, Gertych A. Computational pathology in ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924945. [PMID: 35965569 PMCID: PMC9372445 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathologic evaluations of tissue sections are key to diagnosing and managing ovarian cancer. Pathologists empirically assess and integrate visual information, such as cellular density, nuclear atypia, mitotic figures, architectural growth patterns, and higher-order patterns, to determine the tumor type and grade, which guides oncologists in selecting appropriate treatment options. Latent data embedded in pathology slides can be extracted using computational imaging. Computers can analyze digital slide images to simultaneously quantify thousands of features, some of which are visible with a manual microscope, such as nuclear size and shape, while others, such as entropy, eccentricity, and fractal dimensions, are quantitatively beyond the grasp of the human mind. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to interpret digital image data provide new opportunities to explore and quantify the spatial organization of tissues, cells, and subcellular structures. In comparison to genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic patterns, morphologic and spatial patterns are expected to be more informative as quantitative biomarkers of complex and dynamic tumor biology. As computational pathology is not limited to visual data, nuanced subvisual alterations that occur in the seemingly “normal” pre-cancer microenvironment could facilitate research in early cancer detection and prevention. Currently, efforts to maximize the utility of computational pathology are focused on integrating image data with other -omics platforms that lack spatial information, thereby providing a new way to relate the molecular, spatial, and microenvironmental characteristics of cancer. Despite a dire need for improvements in ovarian cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment, the ovarian cancer field has lagged behind other cancers in the application of computational pathology. The intent of this review is to encourage ovarian cancer research teams to apply existing and/or develop additional tools in computational pathology for ovarian cancer and actively contribute to advancing this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orsulic
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sandra Orsulic,
| | - Joshi John
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann E. Walts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
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18
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Potievskii MB, Shegai PV, Kaprin AD. Prospects for the Application of Methods of Evolutionary Biology in Oncology. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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He Z, Ghorayeb R, Tan S, Chen K, Lorentzian AC, Bottyan J, Aalam SMM, Pujana MA, Lange PF, Kannan N, Eaves CJ, Maxwell CA. Pathogenic BRCA1 variants disrupt PLK1-regulation of mitotic spindle orientation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2200. [PMID: 35459234 PMCID: PMC9033786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Preneoplastic mammary tissues from human female BRCA1 mutation carriers, or Brca1-mutant mice, display unexplained abnormalities in luminal differentiation. We now study the division characteristics of human mammary cells purified from female BRCA1 mutation carriers or non-carrier donors. We show primary BRCA1 mutant/+ cells exhibit defective BRCA1 localization, high radiosensitivity and an accelerated entry into cell division, but fail to orient their cell division axis. We also analyse 15 genetically-edited BRCA1 mutant/+ human mammary cell-lines and find that cells carrying pathogenic BRCA1 mutations acquire an analogous defect in their division axis accompanied by deficient expression of features of mature luminal cells. Importantly, these alterations are independent of accumulated DNA damage, and specifically dependent on elevated PLK1 activity induced by reduced BRCA1 function. This essential PLK1-mediated role of BRCA1 in controlling the cell division axis provides insight into the phenotypes expressed during BRCA1 tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Ghorayeb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanna Tan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda C Lorentzian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Bottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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O'Neill RS, Rusan NM. Traip controls mushroom body size by suppressing mitotic defects. Development 2022; 149:dev199987. [PMID: 35297981 PMCID: PMC8995085 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a failure to develop proper brain size and neuron number. Mutations in diverse genes are linked to microcephaly, including several with DNA damage repair (DDR) functions; however, it is not well understood how these DDR gene mutations limit brain size. One such gene is TRAIP, which has multiple functions in DDR. We characterized the Drosophila TRAIP homolog nopo, hereafter traip, and found that traip mutants (traip-) have a brain-specific defect in the mushroom body (MB). traip- MBs were smaller and contained fewer neurons, but no neurodegeneration, consistent with human primary microcephaly. Reduced neuron numbers in traip- were explained by premature loss of MB neuroblasts (MB-NBs), in part via caspase-dependent cell death. Many traip- MB-NBs had prominent chromosome bridges in anaphase, along with polyploidy, aneuploidy or micronuclei. Traip localization during mitosis is sufficient for MB development, suggesting that Traip can repair chromosome bridges during mitosis if necessary. Our results suggest that proper brain size is ensured by the recently described role for TRAIP in unloading stalled replication forks in mitosis, which suppresses DNA bridges and premature neural stem cell loss to promote proper neuron number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. O'Neill
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Pons C, Almacellas E, Tauler A, Mauvezin C. Detection of Nuclear Biomarkers for Chromosomal Instability. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2445:117-125. [PMID: 34972989 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2071-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, which is characterized by the gain or loss of chromosomes as well as the rearrangement of the genetic material during cell division. Detection of mitotic errors such as misaligned chromosomes or chromosomal bridges (also known as lagging chromosomes) is challenging as it requires the analysis and manual discrimination of chromosomal aberrations in mitotic cells by molecular techniques. In interphase cells, more frequent in the cell population than mitotic cells, two distinct nuclear phenotypes are associated with CIN: the micronucleus and the toroidal nucleus. Several methods are available for the detection of micronuclei, but none for toroidal nuclei. Here, we provide a method to quantify the presence of both nuclear biomarkers for the evaluation of CIN status in non-mitotic cells particularly suited for genotoxicity screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Pons
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eugenia Almacellas
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Albert Tauler
- Department de Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Caroline Mauvezin
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Carrer Casanova, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Meléndez-Flórez MP, Valbuena DS, Cepeda S, Rangel N, Forero-Castro M, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Profile of Chromosomal Alterations, Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Colombian Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Front Genet 2022; 13:820209. [PMID: 35281828 PMCID: PMC8908452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of environmental pollutants widely used in agriculture to protect crops, and their indiscriminate use has led to a growing public awareness about the health hazards associated with exposure to these substances. In fact, exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increased risk of developing diseases, including cancer. In a study previously published by us, we observed the induction of specific chromosomal alterations and, in general, the deleterious effect of pesticides on the chromosomes of five individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the importance of our previous findings and their implications in the identification of cytogenetic biomarkers for the monitoring of exposed populations, we decided to conduct a new study with a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, the level of chromosomal instability and the clonal heterogeneity in a group of thirty-four farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in the town of Simijacá, Colombia, and in a control group of thirty-four unexposed individuals, by using Banding Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results showed that farmers exposed to pesticides had significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity when compared with controls. Our results confirm the results previously reported by us, and indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides induces not only chromosomal instability but also clonal heterogeneity in the somatic cells of people exposed to pesticides. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first study that reports clonal heterogeneity associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity, in addition to reflecting the instability of the system, could predispose cells to acquire additional instability and, therefore, to an increased risk of developing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvan Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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23
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Zeng Y, Ramani PD, Gao W, Zhao W. Revealing the heterogeneity in neuroblastoma cells via nanopillar-guided subnuclear deformation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2617-2627. [PMID: 35133394 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a hard-to-treat childhood cancer that is well known for the heterogeneity of its clinical phenotypes. Although the risk levels of neuroblastoma have been defined from a complex matrix of clinical and tumor biological factors to guide treatment, the accuracy in predicting cancer relapse and related fatality is still poor in many cases, where heterogeneity with subpopulations in highly malignant or drug-resistant tumors is believed to be underestimated by the current analysis methods. Therefore, new technologies to probe neuroblastoma heterogeneity are needed for the improvement of risk stratification. In this study, we introduce the nanopillar-guided subnuclear morphology as an effective indicator for heterogeneity evaluation among individual neuroblastoma cells. Nuclear polymorphisms, especially the generation of subnuclear irregularities, are well-known markers of high cancer metastasis risk and poor prognosis. By quantitatively evaluating the orientation of nanopillar-guided nuclear envelope features in neuroblastoma cells, we identified two subpopulations with differential motilities and EMT marker levels. Moreover, with endogenous expression, cells with high levels of the nuclear structure protein lamin A exhibit anisotropic deformation on nanopillars and migrate faster than low-lamin A cells, indicating a greater potential for metastasis. Overexpression of lamin A, however, reduces both the coherency and migration speed, suggesting that subpopulations with similar lamin A levels may have different metastatic potentials. We further verified that nanopillar-generated nuclear deformation patterns can quantitatively reveal individual cells' responses to anti-cancer drug treatment. Overall, we envision that the nanopillar-based assessment of subnuclear irregularities brings new additions to our toolkits for both precise risk stratification in neuroblastoma and the evaluation of related anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Priya Dharshana Ramani
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
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24
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Xu YC, Liu GH, Xu YH, Zhao T, Zheng H, Tan XY. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the toxicological mechanism and risk assessment of environmentally-relevant waterborne tetracycline exposure on the gills of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151290. [PMID: 34743874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing application of tetracycline (TC) in medical treatment, animal husbandry and aquaculture in recent decades, high quantities of TC have been frequently detected in the aquatic environment, and accordingly TC-related toxicity and environmental pollution have become a global concern. The present study was performed to explore the toxicological influences of TC exposure at its environmentally relevant concentrations on the gills of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, based on the alteration in histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cell cycle, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and transcriptomic analysis. Our findings revealed that TC exposure damaged the structure and function, induced oxidative stress, affected inflammatory responses, and reduced Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in the gills. TC also caused the inhibition in cell cycle, resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and activated apoptosis. Further transcriptomic analysis indicated the extensive influences of TC exposure on the gill function, and immune system was the main target to waterborne TC exposure. These results elucidated that environmental TC had more complex toxicological effects on gills of fish than previously assessed, and provided novel insight into molecular toxicology of TC on fish and good basis for assessing the environmental risk of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chuang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi-Huan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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25
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Siri SO, Martino J, Gottifredi V. Structural Chromosome Instability: Types, Origins, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3056. [PMID: 34205328 PMCID: PMC8234978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to an increased rate of acquisition of numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and is considered an enabling characteristic of tumors. Given its role as a facilitator of genomic changes, CIN is increasingly being considered as a possible therapeutic target, raising the question of which variables may convert CIN into an ally instead of an enemy during cancer treatment. This review discusses the origins of structural chromosome abnormalities and the cellular mechanisms that prevent and resolve them, as well as how different CIN phenotypes relate to each other. We discuss the possible fates of cells containing structural CIN, focusing on how a few cell duplication cycles suffice to induce profound CIN-mediated genome alterations. Because such alterations can promote tumor adaptation to treatment, we discuss currently proposed strategies to either avoid CIN or enhance CIN to a level that is no longer compatible with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Omar Siri
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Martino
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genome Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Yadahalli R, Kheur S, Adwani A, Bhonde R, Raj AT, Patil S. Nuclear Blebbing Frequency in Tobacco-Induced Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Pilot Study. Acta Cytol 2021; 65:403-410. [PMID: 34120116 DOI: 10.1159/000516496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco contains several genotoxic agents including N-nitrosamine which has the potential to cause significant nuclear damage. Nuclear blebbing is a form of protrusion on the nuclear membrane and could potentially be caused by tobacco-induced genotoxicity and is closely associated with malignancy. Thus, the present study aimed to assess if tobacco-associated oral potentially malignant disorders including oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral leukoplakia have a higher nuclear blebbing frequency than patients with normal oral mucosa with no history of tobacco use. METHODS The sample consisted of patients with OSF (n = 30) and oral leukoplakia (n = 10) and normal oral mucosa (n = 10). Exfoliated cells collected from the study groups were smeared on a clean microscopic slide and stained by May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain. A baseline frequency of nuclear blebbing was evaluated using a bright-field microscope with a ×100 objective. The number of nuclear blebbing per 1,000 epithelial cells was recorded and expressed in percentage. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The mean rank of distribution of nuclear blebbing showed significant difference between all 3 groups, with the highest frequency noted in leukoplakia, followed by oral submucous and normal oral mucosa. Within OSF, the frequency of nuclear blebbing significantly increased from early stage to advanced stage. In OSF, a statistically significant positive linear correlation was noted between duration (in years), frequency (per day) of tobacco use, clinical grading, and nuclear blebbing. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The frequency of nuclear blebbing was significantly higher in oral potentially malignant disorders than normal mucosa. Nuclear blebbing also exhibited a strong dose- and time-dependent correlation with tobacco usage and clinical staging in OSF. The nuclear blebbing frequency could be a noninvasive, economic tool to assess malignant risk in tobacco-induced oral potentially malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Yadahalli
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Aanchal Adwani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology College of Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Strom AR, Biggs RJ, Banigan EJ, Wang X, Chiu K, Herman C, Collado J, Yue F, Ritland Politz JC, Tait LJ, Scalzo D, Telling A, Groudine M, Brangwynne CP, Marko JF, Stephens AD. HP1α is a chromatin crosslinker that controls nuclear and mitotic chromosome mechanics. eLife 2021; 10:e63972. [PMID: 34106828 PMCID: PMC8233041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, contains genetic information and is a mechanical component of the nucleus. Heterochromatic histone methylation controls nucleus and chromosome stiffness, but the contribution of heterochromatin protein HP1α (CBX5) is unknown. We used a novel HP1α auxin-inducible degron human cell line to rapidly degrade HP1α. Degradation did not alter transcription, local chromatin compaction, or histone methylation, but did decrease chromatin stiffness. Single-nucleus micromanipulation reveals that HP1α is essential to chromatin-based mechanics and maintains nuclear morphology, separate from histone methylation. Further experiments with dimerization-deficient HP1αI165E indicate that chromatin crosslinking via HP1α dimerization is critical, while polymer simulations demonstrate the importance of chromatin-chromatin crosslinkers in mechanics. In mitotic chromosomes, HP1α similarly bolsters stiffness while aiding in mitotic alignment and faithful segregation. HP1α is therefore a critical chromatin-crosslinking protein that provides mechanical strength to chromosomes and the nucleus throughout the cell cycle and supports cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Strom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Ronald J Biggs
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Edward J Banigan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
| | - Cameron Herman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Jimena Collado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Leah J Tait
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - David Scalzo
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Agnes Telling
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Mark Groudine
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - John F Marko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstUnited States
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28
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Pham TH, Park HM, Kim J, Hong JT, Yoon DY. Interleukin-32θ Triggers Cellular Senescence and Reduces Sensitivity to Doxorubicin-Mediated Cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094974. [PMID: 34067074 PMCID: PMC8124300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered interleukin (IL)- 32 isoform IL-32θ exerts anti-metastatic effects in the breast tumor microenvironment. However, the involvement of IL-32θ in breast cancer cell proliferation is not yet fully understood; therefore, the current study aimed to determine how IL-32θ affects cancer cell growth and evaluated the responses of IL-32θ-expressing cells to other cancer therapy. We compared the functions of IL-32θ in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express IL-32θ, with MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with a mock vector. Slower growth was observed in cells expressing IL-32θ than in control cells, and changes were noted in nuclear morphology, mitotic division, and nucleolar size between the two groups of cells. Interleukin-32θ significantly reduced the colony-forming ability of MDA-MB-231 cells and induced permanent cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Long-term IL-32θ accumulation triggered permanent senescence and chromosomal instability in MDA-MB-231 cells. Genotoxic drug doxorubicin (DR) reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells not expressing IL-32θ more than in cells expressing IL-32θ. Overall, these findings suggest that IL-32θ exerts antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells and initiates senescence, which may cause DR resistance. Therefore, targeting IL-32θ in combination with DR treatment may not be suitable for treating metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Huyen Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.P.); (H.-M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyo-Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.P.); (H.-M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jinju Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.P.); (H.-M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28160, Korea;
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.P.); (H.-M.P.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4119; Fax: +82-2-444-4218
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29
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Gomes AR, Chagas TQ, Silva AM, Sueli de Lima Rodrigues A, Marinho da Luz T, Emmanuela de Andrade Vieira J, Malafaia G. Trophic transfer of carbon nanofibers among eisenia fetida, danio rerio and oreochromis niloticus and their toxicity at upper trophic level. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127657. [PMID: 32814134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials has already been demonstrated in several studies, their transfer in the food chain and impact on the upper trophic level remain unexplored. Thus, based on the experimental food chain "Eisenia fetida → Danio rerio → Oreochromis niloticus", the current study tested the hypothesis that carbon nanofibers (CNFs) accumulated in animals are transferred to the upper trophic level and cause mutagenic and cytotoxic changes. E. fetida individuals were exposed to CNFs and offered to D. rerio, which were later used to feed O. niloticus. The quantification of total organic carbon provided evidence of CNFs accumulation at all evaluated trophic levels. Such accumulation was associated with higher frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities such as constricted erythrocyte nuclei, vacuole, blebbed, kidney-shaped and micronucleated erythrocytes in Nile tilapia exposed to CNFs via food chain. The cytotoxic effect was inferred based on the smaller size of the erythrocyte nuclei and on the lower "nuclear/cytoplasmic" area ratio in tilapia exposed to CNFs via food chain. Our study provided pioneering evidence about CNFs accumulation at trophic levels of the experimental chain, as well as about the mutagenic and cytotoxic effect of these materials on O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Thales Quintão Chagas
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Abner Marcelino Silva
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Julya Emmanuela de Andrade Vieira
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
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30
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Clift SJ, Steyl JCA, Mitchell EP, Lawrence JA, Hooijberg EH. Clinical and hematologic features of experimental theileriosis in roan calves (Hippotragus equinus). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101644. [PMID: 33450579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Theileria sp. (sable) infection commonly causes significant calf mortality in endangered roan antelopes (Hippotragus equinus). Schizont-induced leukocyte transformation and systemic immune dysregulation with associated cytopenias characterizes theileriosis in livestock. Data on related hematologic alterations are scarce in roan antelopes. The objective of this study was to investigate temporal changes in selected clinical parameters and hematologic measurands in experimentally infected (EI) roan calves. Six of eight calves developed theileriosis after inoculation with a Theileria sp. (sable)-infected tick stabilate. Consecutive measures of rectal temperature, lymph node size, white blood cell count (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, differential leukocyte counts, leukocyte and erythrocyte morphology and percentage parasitemia were recorded. Data were compared with 15 age-matched PCR-negative control calves and nine older immune animals that had recovered from natural infection. Two non-pyrexic EI calves recovered uneventfully. Six pyrexic calves were treated, four of which died. Time to pyrexia and/or observation of schizonts and piroplasms was approximately two weeks. Total WBCs were unchanged post-infection (PI); neutrophils and typical monocytes decreased whereas typical lymphocytes (Ls) and atypical mononuclear leukocytes (AMLs), which were grouped together, increased. Parasitized and non-parasitized lymphocyte and AML (L/AML) size increased significantly PI. Piroplasms occurred intermittently at low frequencies («1 % of erythrocytes) after infection. Fatally infected calves were dehydrated, anemic, and icteric with hemorrhages and multi-organ infiltration by AMLs. The PCV and hemoglobin concentration increased PI, and platelet clumps were consistently observed. Experimental acute theileriosis in roan antelopes follows a similar pattern of disease progression to that in domestic livestock. Parasitized and non-parasitized AMLs are pivotal to the pathogenesis and require phenotypic characterization if we are to further our understanding of disease progression and severity in roan antelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Johan C A Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Emily P Mitchell
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - John A Lawrence
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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31
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Toledo F. Mechanisms Generating Cancer Genome Complexity: Back to the Future. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3783. [PMID: 33334014 PMCID: PMC7765419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying cancer genome evolution has been a major goal for decades. A recent study combining live cell imaging and single-cell genome sequencing suggested that interwoven chromosome breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, micronucleation events and chromothripsis episodes drive cancer genome evolution. Here, I discuss the "interphase breakage model," suggested from prior fluorescent in situ hybridization data that led to a similar conclusion. In this model, the rapid genome evolution observed at early stages of gene amplification was proposed to result from the interweaving of an amplification mechanism (breakage-fusion-bridge cycles) and of a deletion mechanism (micronucleation and stitching of DNA fragments retained in the nucleus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Toledo
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR3244 Dynamics of Genetic Information, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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32
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Putative Origins of Cell-Free DNA in Humans: A Review of Active and Passive Nucleic Acid Release Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218062. [PMID: 33137955 PMCID: PMC7662960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through various pathways of cell death, degradation, and regulated extrusion, partial or complete genomes of various origins (e.g., host cells, fetal cells, and infiltrating viruses and microbes) are continuously shed into human body fluids in the form of segmented cell-free DNA (cfDNA) molecules. While the genetic complexity of total cfDNA is vast, the development of progressively efficient extraction, high-throughput sequencing, characterization via bioinformatics procedures, and detection have resulted in increasingly accurate partitioning and profiling of cfDNA subtypes. Not surprisingly, cfDNA analysis is emerging as a powerful clinical tool in many branches of medicine. In addition, the low invasiveness of longitudinal cfDNA sampling provides unprecedented access to study temporal genomic changes in a variety of contexts. However, the genetic diversity of cfDNA is also a great source of ambiguity and poses significant experimental and analytical challenges. For example, the cfDNA population in the bloodstream is heterogeneous and also fluctuates dynamically, differs between individuals, and exhibits numerous overlapping features despite often originating from different sources and processes. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the determining variables that impact the properties of cfDNA is crucial, however, thus far, is largely lacking. In this work we review recent and historical research on active vs. passive release mechanisms and estimate the significance and extent of their contribution to the composition of cfDNA.
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Formica V, Morelli C, Riondino S, Renzi N, Nitti D, Roselli M. Artificial intelligence for the study of colorectal cancer tissue slides. Artif Intell Gastroenterol 2020; 1:51-59. [DOI: 10.35712/aig.v1.i3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining incredible momentum as a companion diagnostic in a number of fields in oncology. In the present mini-review, we summarize the main uses and findings of AI applied to the analysis of digital histopathological images of slides from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Machine learning tools have been developed to automatically and objectively recognize specific CRC subtypes, such as those with microsatellite instability and high lymphocyte infiltration that would optimally respond to specific therapies. Also, AI-based classification in distinct prognostic groups with no studies of the basic biological features of the tumor have been attempted in a methodological approach that we called “biology-agnostic”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Formica
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Cristina Morelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia Riondino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Nicola Renzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Daniele Nitti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome 00133, Italy
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Çobanoğlu H, Coşkun M, Coşkun M, Çayır A. Different working conditions shift the genetic damage levels of pesticide-exposed agriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31750-31759. [PMID: 32504430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we had two main purposes. Firstly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the agricultural workers of two different types of environmental conditions including the greenhouse and open fields. Secondly, we aimed to compare genetic damages in the total agricultural workers as the exposed group (greenhouse and open field workers) (n = 114) and the non-exposed control group (n = 98) living in the same area in Canakkale, Turkey. For these purposes, we investigated the incidence of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We observed that the frequencies of MN, NPB, and NBUD obtained for the greenhouse workers were statistically significantly higher than those obtained for the open field workers. When the results of the control group were compared with those of the total workers, there were statistically significant differences in terms of MN and NBUD frequencies. We found that age and MN were correlated at a significant level in both the agricultural workers and the control group. The MN frequency of the female workers was 1.5 times greater than that of the male workers, and it was a significant level in the agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayal Çobanoğlu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Münevver Coşkun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Coşkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Akın Çayır
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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35
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Stephens AD. Chromatin rigidity provides mechanical and genome protection. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111712. [PMID: 32590202 PMCID: PMC8186544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is the organelle in the cell that contains the genome and its associate proteins which is collectively called chromatin. New work has shown that chromatin and its compaction level, dictated largely through histone modification state, provides rigidity to protect and stabilize the nucleus. Alterations in chromatin, its mechanics, and downstream loss of nuclear shape and stability are hallmarks of human disease. Weakened nuclear mechanics and abnormal morphology have been shown to cause rupturing of the nucleus which results in nuclear dysfunction including DNA damage. Thus, the rigidity provided by chromatin to maintain nuclear mechanical stability also provides its own protection from DNA damage via compartmentalization maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
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Micronucleus Assay: The State of Art, and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041534. [PMID: 32102335 PMCID: PMC7073234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During almost 40 years of use, the micronucleus assay (MN) has become one of the most popular methods to assess genotoxicity of different chemical and physical factors, including ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. In this minireview, we focus on the position of MN among the other genotoxicity tests, its usefulness in different applications and visibility by international organizations, such as International Atomic Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Organization for Standardization. In addition, the mechanism of micronuclei formation is discussed. Finally, foreseen directions of the MN development are pointed, such as automation, buccal cells MN and chromothripsis phenomenon.
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37
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Prahst C, Ashrafzadeh P, Mead T, Figueiredo A, Chang K, Richardson D, Venkaraman L, Richards M, Russo AM, Harrington K, Ouarné M, Pena A, Chen DF, Claesson-Welsh L, Cho KS, Franco CA, Bentley K. Mouse retinal cell behaviour in space and time using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:49779. [PMID: 32073398 PMCID: PMC7162655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As the general population ages, more people are affected by eye diseases, such as retinopathies. It is therefore critical to improve imaging of eye disease mouse models. Here, we demonstrate that 1) rapid, quantitative 3D and 4D (time lapse) imaging of cellular and subcellular processes in the mouse eye is feasible, with and without tissue clearing, using light-sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM); 2) flat-mounting retinas for confocal microscopy significantly distorts tissue morphology, confirmed by quantitative correlative LSFM-Confocal imaging of vessels; 3) LSFM readily reveals new features of even well-studied eye disease mouse models, such as the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, including a previously unappreciated ‘knotted’ morphology to pathological vascular tufts, abnormal cell motility and altered filopodia dynamics when live-imaged. We conclude that quantitative 3D/4D LSFM imaging and analysis has the potential to advance our understanding of the eye, in particular pathological, neurovascular, degenerative processes. Eye diseases affect millions of people worldwide and can have devasting effects on people’s lives. To find new treatments, scientists need to understand more about how these diseases arise and how they progress. This is challenging and progress has been held back by limitations in current techniques for looking at the eye. Currently, the most commonly used method is called confocal imaging, which is slow and distorts the tissue. Distortion happens because confocal imaging requires that thin slices of eye tissue from mice used in experiments are flattened on slides; this makes it hard to accurately visualize three-dimensional structures in the eye. New methods are emerging that may help. One promising method is called light-sheet fluorescent microscopy (or LSFM for short). This method captures three-dimensional images of the blood vessels and cells in the eye. It is much faster than confocal imaging and allows scientists to image tissues without slicing or flattening them. This could lead to more accurate three-dimensional images of eye disease. Now, Prahst et al. show that LSFM can quickly produce highly detailed, three-dimensional images of mouse retinas, from the smallest parts of cells to the entire eye. The technique also identified new features in a well-studied model of retina damage caused by excessive oxygen exposure in young mice. Previous studies of this model suggested the disease caused blood vessels in the eye to balloon, hinting that drugs that shrink blood vessels would help. But using LSFM, Prahst et al. revealed that these blood vessels actually take on a twisted and knotted shape. This suggests that treatments that untangle the vessels rather than shrink them are needed. The experiments show that LSFM is a valuable tool for studying eye diseases, that may help scientists learn more about how these diseases arise and develop. These new insights may one day lead to better tests and treatments for eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Prahst
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Parham Ashrafzadeh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Mead
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Chang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lakshmi Venkaraman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Richards
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kyle Harrington
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marie Ouarné
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Office of Research and Development, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, United States
| | | | - Katie Bentley
- Center for Vascular Biology Research and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, United States
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38
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de Souza MR, Rohr P, Kahl VFS, Kvitko K, Cappetta M, Lopes WM, Simon D, da Silva J. The influence of polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing and DNA repair genes in DNA damage, telomere length and global DNA methylation evaluated in open-cast coal mining workers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109975. [PMID: 31787382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal plants represent one of the main sources of environmental pollution due to the combustion process of this mineral and the consequent release of gases and particles which, in significant quantities, can lead to a potential risk to health and the environment. The susceptibility of individuals to the genotoxic effects of coal mining can be modulated by genetic variations in the xenobiotic detoxification and DNA repair processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate if xenobiotic metabolism polymorphism, base excision repair polymorphisms and non-homologous end joining repair polymorphism, could modify individual susceptibility to genomic instability and epigenetic alterations induced in workers by occupational exposure to coal. In this study, polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the polymorphic sites. The sample population comprising 70 coal mine workers and 71 workers non-exposed to coal. Our results demonstrated the effect of individual genotypes on different biomarkers evaluated. Significant decrease in % of global DNA methylation were observed in CYP1A1 Val/- exposed individuals compared to CYP1A1 Ile/Ile individuals. Coal workers who carried the XRCC4 Ile/Ile genotype showed decrease NBUD frequencies, while the XRCC4 Thr/- genotype was associated with decrease in Buccal micronucleus cells for the group not exposed. No influence of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, GSTP1 Ile105Val, hOGG1 Ser326Cys, XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphisms was observed. Thus, the current study reinforces the importance of considering the effect of metabolizing and repair variant genotypes on the individual susceptibility to incorporate DNA damage, as these processes act in a coordinated manner to determine the final response to coal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Rohr
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Kátia Kvitko
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mónica Cappetta
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics, Medicine School, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Wilner Martinez Lopes
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Chromosome Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniel Simon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Post-Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Bera K, Schalper KA, Rimm DL, Velcheti V, Madabhushi A. Artificial intelligence in digital pathology - new tools for diagnosis and precision oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:703-715. [PMID: 31399699 PMCID: PMC6880861 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in precision oncology have resulted in an increased demand for predictive assays that enable the selection and stratification of patients for treatment. The enormous divergence of signalling and transcriptional networks mediating the crosstalk between cancer, stromal and immune cells complicates the development of functionally relevant biomarkers based on a single gene or protein. However, the result of these complex processes can be uniquely captured in the morphometric features of stained tissue specimens. The possibility of digitizing whole-slide images of tissue has led to the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning tools in digital pathology, which enable mining of subvisual morphometric phenotypes and might, ultimately, improve patient management. In this Perspective, we critically evaluate various AI-based computational approaches for digital pathology, focusing on deep neural networks and 'hand-crafted' feature-based methodologies. We aim to provide a broad framework for incorporating AI and machine learning tools into clinical oncology, with an emphasis on biomarker development. We discuss some of the challenges relating to the use of AI, including the need for well-curated validation datasets, regulatory approval and fair reimbursement strategies. Finally, we present potential future opportunities for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Bera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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40
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Alimba CG, Laide AW. Genotoxic and cytotoxic assessment of individual and composite mixture of cadmium, lead and manganese in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) using micronucleus assay. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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41
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Colon cancer cells secrete exosomes to promote self-proliferation by shortening mitosis duration and activation of STAT3 in a hypoxic environment. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:62. [PMID: 31402975 PMCID: PMC6683569 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon-cancer-cell-derived exosomes (CDEs) are emerging mediators of tumorigenesis and serve as messengers of intercellular communication; however, whether the CDEs affect the proliferation of colon cancer cells themselves remains unknown. In the current study, the CDEs isolated from human colon cancer cell line SW480 and HCT116 showed a size range of 60-150 nm, typical bilayer-encapsulated vesicles, and expressed the exosomal markers CD81 and CD63. Incubation of SW480 cells with CDEs labelled with PKH67 fluorescent markers revealed that SW480 cells were able to absorb CDEs, which were mostly distributed around the nucleus. Hypoxic conditions promoted colon cancer cells to release a greater number of CDEs than normoxic conditions. MTT cell proliferation assay demonstrated CDEs promoted the proliferation of colon cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, CDEs promoted colon cancer cell growth mainly through shortening mitosis duration. Meanwhile, the levels of phosphorylated STAT3 in colon cancer cells was up-regulated with the treatment of CDEs derived from hypoxic tumor cells. Our data suggests that colon cancer cells are able to promote self-growth through the secretion of exosomes, especially under hypoxic conditions, which shortens mitosis duration and activates STAT3.
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that genomic instability in tumor cells leads to activation of inflammatory signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. In this review, we describe multiple ways by which genomic instability leads to cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling, as well as the consequences for tumor development and the tumor microenvironment. Also, we elaborate on how tumor cells have apparently evolved to escape the immune surveillance mechanisms that are triggered by cGAS/STING signaling. Finally, we describe how cGAS/STING-mediated inflammatory signaling can be therapeutically targeted to improve therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francien Talens
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M Van Vugt
- a Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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43
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Li A, Yi M, Qin S, Song Y, Chu Q, Wu K. Activating cGAS-STING pathway for the optimal effect of cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:35. [PMID: 30935414 PMCID: PMC6444510 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, a subset of cancer cells escape from immune surveillance and eventually develop into measurable tumor mass. Cancer immunotherapy eradicates tumor cells by enhancing multiple steps in cancer-immunity cycle including antigen presentation, T cell priming, activation, and immune killing activity. Immunotherapy has been verified as an effective strategy in multiple cancers, but some problems still exist in actual clinical practice such as frequent primary and adaptive resistance. Combination with other adjuvant therapies gives us a new perspective to overcome the emerging obstacles in immunotherapy application. Recently, a series of studies demonstrated that the vital component of host innate immunity — cGAS-STING pathway might play an important role in anti-cancer immunity. It is generally acknowledged that the downstream signals of cGAS-STING especially type I interferon (IFN) bridge innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Given the functions of type I IFN in promoting the maturation and migration of dendritic cells, enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte- or natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity effect, and protecting effector cells from apoptosis, we believe cGAS-STING agonist might be used as sensitizer for multiple immunotherapies such as cancer vaccine, immune checkpoint blockade, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the latest understanding of cGAS-STING pathway and the advances of the combination therapy of STING agonist and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Dhillon VS, Yeoh E, Salisbury C, Butters J, Di Matteo A, Olver I, Fenech M. Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus Cytome (CBMN Cyt) Assay Biomarkers and Their Association With Radiation Sensitivity Phenotype in Prostate Cancer Cases and DNA Repair Gene hOGG1 (C1245G) Polymorphism. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:813-821. [PMID: 30264500 DOI: 10.1002/em.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is commonly diagnosed cancer in men but only a few risk factors, such as family history, ethnicity, and age have been established. Chromosomal instability is another possible risk factor but this has not been adequately explained previously. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of PC patients have (1) an abnormally high level of chromosomal instability; (2) that they are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage; and (3) that these phenotypes are affected by hOGG1 (C1245G) polymorphism. These experiments were performed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus Cytome (CBMN cyt) assay in PC cases and controls. We found that spontaneous or radiation-induced (3G) micronucleus (MN) frequency is not significantly different between both groups. However, spontaneous frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and radiation-induced nuclear buds (NBuds) were significantly higher in patients vs. controls (P < 0.0001; P = 0.0005, respectively). In addition, apoptosis and nuclear division index (NDI) was significantly higher in patients compared to controls after radiation treatment (P = 0.006; P = 0.0002, respectively). Furthermore carriage of at least one G allele of hOGG1 (C1245G) polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased odds ratio (OR) to have a base-line MN, NPB, or NBud frequency greater than medium level compared to homozygotes for C allele (OR:1.94, 1.77, 2.36, respectively, P = 0.02; 0.04, and 0.004, respectively). Our results support the hypotheses that those who develop PC have significantly higher level of genomic instability which is further increased in those who carry G allele of the hOGG1 (C1245G) polymorphism. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:813-821, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Yeoh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Julie Butters
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Addolorata Di Matteo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Olver
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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45
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Dziewulska D, Nycz E, Rajczewska-Oleszkiewicz C, Bojakowski J, Sulejczak D. Nuclear abnormalities in vascular myocytes in cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Neuropathology 2018; 38:601-608. [PMID: 30402942 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a stroke and dementia syndrome with degeneration and loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The disease is due to mutations in NOTCH3 playing an important role in VSMC differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Searching for a possible cause of VSMC dysfunction in CADASIL, we investigated morphology and proliferative activity the affected myocytes. In material from autopsy brains and skin-muscle biopsies of patients with CADASIL diagnosis, assessment of VSMCs in arterial vessels at the level of light and electron microscopy was performed. Proliferative activity of VSMCs was evaluated in immune reactions to proliferative markers: proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclins B1 and D. In CADASIL, abnormal morphology of VSMC nuclei was observed in 18.1%, 11.5%, and 6.9% of the cerebral, skin, and skeletal muscle vessels, respectively. The affected myocytes showed variability in nuclear size, irregularity in nuclear shape, and abnormal chromatin appearance. Frequently, double nuclei of equal size or micronuclei were observed. Sometimes, even multinuclear myocytes were found. In some of the nuclei immune reactions to the examined proliferative markers were positive. Aberrant structure and number of VSCM nuclei, and their immunoreactivity to proliferative markers suggest mitotic instability of vascular myocytes in CADASIL. We speculate that mutant NOTCH3 which is unable to control properly VSMC proliferation, and may be responsible for their premature or inappropriate entry into mitosis, irreversible arrest of the cell cycle, senescence or degeneration and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dziewulska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszaw, Poland.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Nycz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center, Lancut, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Bojakowski
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sulejczak
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Whitney J, Corredor G, Janowczyk A, Ganesan S, Doyle S, Tomaszewski J, Feldman M, Gilmore H, Madabhushi A. Quantitative nuclear histomorphometry predicts oncotype DX risk categories for early stage ER+ breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:610. [PMID: 29848291 PMCID: PMC5977541 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-expression companion diagnostic tests, such as the Oncotype DX test, assess the risk of early stage Estrogen receptor (ER) positive (+) breast cancers, and guide clinicians in the decision of whether or not to use chemotherapy. However, these tests are typically expensive, time consuming, and tissue-destructive. Methods In this paper, we evaluate the ability of computer-extracted nuclear morphology features from routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of 178 early stage ER+ breast cancer patients to predict corresponding risk categories derived using the Oncotype DX test. A total of 216 features corresponding to the nuclear shape and architecture categories from each of the pathologic images were extracted and four feature selection schemes: Ranksum, Principal Component Analysis with Variable Importance on Projection (PCA-VIP), Maximum-Relevance, Minimum Redundancy Mutual Information Difference (MRMR MID), and Maximum-Relevance, Minimum Redundancy - Mutual Information Quotient (MRMR MIQ), were employed to identify the most discriminating features. These features were employed to train 4 machine learning classifiers: Random Forest, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Linear Discriminant Analysis, via 3-fold cross validation. Results The four sets of risk categories, and the top Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) machine classifier performances were: 1) Low ODx and Low mBR grade vs. High ODx and High mBR grade (Low-Low vs. High-High) (AUC = 0.83), 2) Low ODx vs. High ODx (AUC = 0.72), 3) Low ODx vs. Intermediate and High ODx (AUC = 0.58), and 4) Low and Intermediate ODx vs. High ODx (AUC = 0.65). Trained models were tested independent validation set of 53 cases which comprised of Low and High ODx risk, and demonstrated per-patient accuracies ranging from 75 to 86%. Conclusion Our results suggest that computerized image analysis of digitized H&E pathology images of early stage ER+ breast cancer might be able predict the corresponding Oncotype DX risk categories. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4448-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Whitney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA.
| | | | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Scott Doyle
- SUNY at the University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Tomaszewski
- SUNY at the University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anant Madabhushi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
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Chiang YC, Park IY, Terzo EA, Tripathi DN, Mason FM, Fahey CC, Karki M, Shuster CB, Sohn BH, Chowdhury P, Powell RT, Ohi R, Tsai YS, de Cubas AA, Khan A, Davis IJ, Strahl BD, Parker JS, Dere R, Walker CL, Rathmell WK. SETD2 Haploinsufficiency for Microtubule Methylation Is an Early Driver of Genomic Instability in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3135-3146. [PMID: 29724720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) occurs early in >95% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Nearly ubiquitous 3p loss in ccRCC suggests haploinsufficiency for 3p tumor suppressors as early drivers of tumorigenesis. We previously reported methyltransferase SETD2, which trimethylates H3 histones on lysine 36 (H3K36me3) and is located in the 3p deletion, to also trimethylate microtubules on lysine 40 (αTubK40me3) during mitosis, with αTubK40me3 required for genomic stability. We now show that monoallelic, Setd2-deficient cells retaining H3K36me3, but not αTubK40me3, exhibit a dramatic increase in mitotic defects and micronuclei count, with increased viability compared with biallelic loss. In SETD2-inactivated human kidney cells, rescue with a pathogenic SETD2 mutant deficient for microtubule (αTubK40me3), but not histone (H3K36me3) methylation, replicated this phenotype. Genomic instability (micronuclei) was also a hallmark of patient-derived cells from ccRCC. These data show that the SETD2 tumor suppressor displays a haploinsufficiency phenotype disproportionately impacting microtubule methylation and serves as an early driver of genomic instability.Significance: Loss of a single allele of a chromatin modifier plays a role in promoting oncogenesis, underscoring the growing relevance of tumor suppressor haploinsufficiency in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3135-46. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Chiang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - In-Young Park
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Esteban A Terzo
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Frank M Mason
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Catherine C Fahey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Menuka Karki
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Charles B Shuster
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Bo-Hwa Sohn
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Pratim Chowdhury
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Reid T Powell
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yihsuan S Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aguirre A de Cubas
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Abid Khan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian J Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ruhee Dere
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Tang Z, Yang J, Wang X, Zeng M, Wang J, Wang A, Zhao M, Guo L, Liu C, Li D, Chen J. Active DNA end processing in micronuclei of ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:426. [PMID: 29661159 PMCID: PMC5902893 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly gynecological malignancies and inclined to recurrence and drug resistance. Previous studies showed that the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancers and their major histotypes are associated with genomic instability caused by defined sets of pathogenic mutations. In contrast, the mechanism that influences the development of drug resistance and disease recurrence is not well elucidated. Solid tumors are prone to chromosomal instability (CIN) and micronuclei formation (MN). Although MN is traditionally regarded as the outcome of genomic instability, recent investigation on its origin and final consequences reveal that the abnormal DNA metabolism in MN is a driver force for some types of catastrophic genomic rearrangements, accelerating dramatic genetic variation of cancer cells. METHODS We used Indirect Immunofluorescent staining to visualize micronuclei and activation of DNA repair factors in ovarian cancer cell lines and biopsies. RESULTS We show that ovarian cancer cells are disposed to form micronuclei upon genotoxic insults. Double strand DNA breaks (DSBs)-triggered insurgence of micronuclei is associated with unrepaired chromosomes passing through mitosis. According to their morphology and DNA staining, micronuclei compartments are divided into early and late stages that can be further characterized by differential staining of γH2AX and 53BP1. We also show that MN compartments do not halt controlled DNA metabolism as sequestered nuclear repair factors are enriched at DNA breaks in MN compartments and efficiently process DNA ends to generate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) structures. Interestingly, unknown factors are required for DNA end processing in MN in addition to the nuclear resection machinery. Finally, these hallmarks of micronuclei evolution depicted in cell culture were recapitulated in different stages of ovarian cancer biopsies. CONCLUSIONS In aggregate, our findings demonstrate that ovarian cancer cells are inclined to form micronuclei that undergo robust DNA metabolism and generate ssDNA structures, potentially destabilizing genomic structures and triggering genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhi Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, 629000, Suining, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcai Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, 629000, Suining, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, No.16 South Section 4, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dehua Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Malakahmad A, Manan TSBA, Sivapalan S, Khan T. Genotoxicity assessment of raw and treated water samples using Allium cepa assay: evidence from Perak River, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5421-5436. [PMID: 29209979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allium cepa assay was carried out in this study to evaluate genotoxic effects of raw and treated water samples from Perak River in Perak state, Malaysia. Samples were collected from three surface water treatment plants along the river, namely WTPP, WTPS, and WTPK. Initially, triplicates of equal size Allium cepa (onions) bulbs, 25-30 mm in diameter and average weight of 20 g, were set up in distilled water for 24 h at 20 ± 2 °C and protected from direct sunlight, to let the roots to grow. After germination of roots (0.5-1.0 cm in length), bulbs were transferred to collected water samples each for a 96-h period of exposure. The root physical deformations were observed. Genotoxicity quantification was based on mitotic index and genotoxicity level. Statistical analysis using cross-correlation function for replicates from treated water showed that root length has inverse correlation with mitotic indices (r = - 0.969) and frequencies of cell aberrations (r = - 0.976) at lag 1. Mitotic indices and cell aberrations of replicates from raw water have shown positive correlation at lag 1 (r = 0.946). Genotoxicity levels obtained were 23.4 ± 1.98 (WTPP), 26.68 ± 0.34 (WTPS), and 30.4 ± 1.13 (WTPK) for treated water and 17.8 ± 0.18 (WTPP), 37.15 ± 0.17 (WTPS), and 47.2 ± 0.48 (WTPK) for raw water. The observed cell aberrations were adherence, chromosome delay, C-metaphase, chromosome loss, chromosome bridge, chromosome breaks, binucleated cell, mini cell, and lobulated nuclei. The morphogenetic deformations obtained were likely due to genotoxic substances presence in collected water samples. Thus, water treatment in Malaysia does not remove genotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Malakahmad
- Sustainable Resources Mission Oriented Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | | | - Subarna Sivapalan
- Sustainable Resources Mission Oriented Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Taimur Khan
- Sustainable Resources Mission Oriented Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
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50
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Alimba C, Aladeyelu A, Nwabisi I, Bakare A. Micronucleus cytome assay in the differential assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of cadmium and lead in Amietophrynus regularis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:89-101. [PMID: 29383021 PMCID: PMC5780627 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are increasingly being used as bio-indicator of contamination in ecosystems due to their sensitivity to xenobiotics in the environment. Cadmium and lead compounds, ubiquitous mutagens and carcinogens, are capable of eliciting genome instability in adult toads which may enhance amphibian decline. Micronucleus cytome (MN-cyt) assay, a comprehensive cytogenetic test for the assessment of genome instability induced by xenobiotics in organisms, was utilized in the differential cytogenotoxic evaluation of Cd and Pb in adult Amietophrynus regularis. A. regularis was exposed to six concentrations (8 - 512 mg/L) of the metal solutions to determine 96 h acute toxicity. Four toads per group were exposed to five sub-lethal concentrations (5 - 75 %) of the 96 h LC50 of the metals for 14 days. At post exposure, bone marrow and peripheral erythrocytes were collected for MN-cyt analysis. The metals induced differential concentration and time-dependent increase in mortality with 96 h LC50 of 36.36 mg/L (Cd) and 112.06 mg/L (Pb). No observable effective concentrations (NOEC); Cd=8 and Pb=32 (mg/L) and Lowest observable effective concentrations (LOEC); Cd=16 and Pb=64 (mg/L) were recorded for the metals. Derived toxicity factor (TF) showed that Cd was 3.08 times more toxic to the toads than Pb. The metal solutions induced significant (p<0.05) increase in frequencies of MN, binucleated, nuclear bud, notch, lobe, vacuolated erythrocytes, apoptosis and necrosis compared to the negative control. Cd elicited 1.42 and 3.26 folds increase in MN and NAs respectively, than Pb. MN-cyt assay is a suitable cytogenetic tool for assessing genome instability in A. regularis. Increased genetic instability induced by Cd and Pb may be associated with genetic related syndromes; neoplasms, reproductive dysfunctions and mortality. This suggests threat to amphibian health and may enhance population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.G. Alimba
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.M. Aladeyelu
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - I.A. Nwabisi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.A. Bakare
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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