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Fernández A, Câmara N, Sierra E, Arbelo M, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Jepson PD, Deaville R, Díaz-Delgado J, Suárez-Santana C, Castro A, Hernández JN, Godinho A. Cetacean Intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic Globules: A Cytomorphological, Histological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Proteomic Characterization. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2130. [PMID: 37443929 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature, etiopathogenesis, and clinicopathologic relevance of the prevalent intracytoplasmic eosinophilic globules (IEGs) within hepatocytes of cetaceans are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the presence and characterize the IEGs in the hepatocytes of cetaceans using histochemical and immunohistochemical electron microscopy, Western blot, lectin histochemistry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques. A total of 95/115 (83%) animals (16 species) exhibited histologically evident intracytoplasmic round to oval, single to multiple, hyaline eosinophilic globules within the hepatocytes. These globules were largely PAS-positive, diastase resistant, and were immunopositive for fibrinogen (FB, 97%), albumin (Alb, 85%), and α1-antitrypsine (A1AT, 53%). The IEG positivity for FB and A1AT were correlated with live-stranding, hepatic congestion and a good nutritional status. The cetaceans lacking IEGs were consistently dead stranded and had poor body conditions. The IEGs in 36 bycaught cetaceans were, all except one, FB-positive and A1AT-negative. The IEGs exhibited morphologic and compositional variations at the ultrastructural level, suggesting various stages of development and/or etiopathogenesis(es). The glycocalyx analysis suggested an FB- and A1AT-glycosylation pattern variability between cetaceans and other animals. The proteomic analyses confirmed an association between the IEGs and acute phase proteins, suggesting a relationship between acute stress (i.e., bycatch), disease, and cellular protective mechanisms, allowing pathologists to correlate this morphological change using the acute hepatocytic cell response under certain stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Nakita Câmara
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
- The Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands (PLOCAN), Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
- Loro Parque Foundation, Avenida Loro Parque, s/n, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Rob Deaville
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Cristian Suárez-Santana
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ayoze Castro
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
- The Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands (PLOCAN), Carretera de Taliarte, s/n, 35200 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Julia N Hernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ana Godinho
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Calle Transmontaña, s/n, 35416 Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
- Rua Central de Gandra, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS)-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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2
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Liang X, Yao J, Cui D, Zheng W, Liu Y, Lou G, Ye B, Shui L, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Zheng M. The TRAF2-p62 axis promotes proliferation and survival of liver cancer by activating mTORC1 pathway. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01164-7. [PMID: 37081115 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAF2 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2) is a dual function protein, acting as an adaptor protein and a ubiquitin E3 ligase, which plays an essential role in mediating the TNFα-NFκB signal pathway. Dysregulated expression of TRAF2 has been reported in a variety of human cancers. Whether and how TRAF2 regulates the growth of liver cancer cells remains elusive. The goal of this study is to investigate potential dysregulation of TRAF2 and its biological function in liver cancer, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism, leading to validation of TRAF2 as an attractive liver cancer target. Here, we reported TRAF2 is up-regulated in human liver cancer cell lines and tissues, and high TRAF2 expression is associated with a poor prognosis of HCC patients. Proteomics profiling along with Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p62 is a new substrate of TRAF2, which is subjected to TRAF2-induced polyubiquitination via the K63 linkage at the K420 residue. A strong negative correlation was found between the protein levels of p62 and TRAF2 in human HCC samples. TRAF2 depletion inhibited growth and survival of liver cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by causing p62 accumulation, which is partially rescued by simultaneous p62 knockdown. Mechanistically, TRAF2-mediated p62 polyubiquitylation activates the mTORC1 by forming the p62-mTORC1-Rag complex, which facilitates the lysosome localization of mTORC1. TRAF2 depletion inhibited mTORC1 activity through the disruption of interaction between p62 and the mTORC1 complex. In conclusion, our study provides the proof-of-concept evidence that TRAF2 is a valid target for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Jiping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Danrui Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Bingjue Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Liyan Shui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
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3
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Autophagy/Mitophagy Regulated by Ubiquitination: A Promising Pathway in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041112. [PMID: 36831455 PMCID: PMC9954143 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for organismal development, maintenance of energy homeostasis, and quality control of organelles and proteins. As a selective form of autophagy, mitophagy is necessary for effectively eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria. Both autophagy and mitophagy are linked with tumor progression and inhibition. The regulation of mitophagy and autophagy depend upon tumor type and stage. In tumors, mitophagy has dual roles: it removes damaged mitochondria to maintain healthy mitochondria and energy production, which are necessary for tumor growth. In contrast, mitophagy has been shown to inhibit tumor growth by mitigating excessive ROS production, thus preventing mutation and chromosomal instability. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are important modifications that regulate autophagy. Multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs modulate the activity of the autophagy and mitophagy machinery, thereby influencing cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic association between cancer development and autophagy/mitophagy activities regulated by the ubiquitin modification of autophagic proteins. In addition, we discuss the function of multiple proteins involved in autophagy/mitophagy in tumors that may represent potential therapeutic targets.
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4
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Dong L, He J, Luo L, Wang K. Targeting the Interplay of Autophagy and ROS for Cancer Therapy: An Updated Overview on Phytochemicals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010092. [PMID: 36678588 PMCID: PMC9865312 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradation system that recycles cellular components and damaged organelles, which is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are short-lived molecules containing unpaired electrons that are formed by the partial reduction of molecular oxygen. It is widely known that autophagy and ROS can regulate each other to influence the progression of cancer. Recently, due to the wide potent anti-cancer effects with minimal side effects, phytochemicals, especially those that can modulate ROS and autophagy, have attracted great interest of researchers. In this review, we afford an overview of the complex regulatory relationship between autophagy and ROS in cancer, with an emphasis on phytochemicals that regulate ROS and autophagy for cancer therapy. We also discuss the effects of ROS/autophagy inhibitors on the anti-cancer effects of phytochemicals, and the challenges associated with harnessing the regulation potential on ROS and autophagy of phytochemicals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Dong
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu He
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (K.W.)
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5
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Jha S, Purkait S, Dash C, Lalsangzuala C. Choroid Plexus Carcinoma with Hyaline Globules: An Uncommon Histological Finding. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 41:464-467. [PMID: 32969735 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1822966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a predominately pediatric CNS tumor with a variety of histologic features, with hyaline globules only reported once previously. Case report: A two-year-old male child presented with headaches, vomiting, and lower limb weakness. Radiological examination revealed a right temporoparietal intra-axial tumor. On histology, it showed features of CPC containing multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and extracellular hyaline globular structures, which were PAS-positive, diastase resistant, and immunoreactive for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Conclusion: CPC can occasionally show AFP immune-positive hyaline globules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpy Jha
- Pathology and Lab Medicine, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, India
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6
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Wu Q, Xiang M, Wang K, Chen Z, Long L, Tao Y, Liang Y, Yan Y, Xiao Z, Qiu S, Yi B. Overexpression of p62 Induces Autophagy and Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells through Promoting ERK Signaling Pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:624-637. [PMID: 32329689 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200424145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown that p62 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, relatively little is known about the association between p62 and tumor invasion and metastasis; in addition, its role in NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC) has been rarely investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of p62 on tumorigenesis and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate p62 protein expression. Subsequently, cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion and autophagy assays were performed. anti-p62 autoantibodies in sera were detected by ELISA. These data were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We confirmed that p62 was significantly up-regulated in NPC tissues. Furthermore, high expression of p62 was observed in NPC cell lines, and especially in the highly metastatic 5-8F cells. In vitro, down-regulation of p62 inhibited proliferation, clone forming ability, autophagy, migration, and invasion in 5-8F cells, whereas p62 overexpression resulted in the opposite effects in 6-10B cells. Moreover, we confirmed that p62 promotes NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK). Clinical analysis indicated that high p62 expression correlates with lymph node and distant metastasis (P<0.05). Serum anti-p62 autoantibodies were increased in NPC patients and levels were associated with metastasis. CONCLUSION Our data establish p62 targeting ERK as potential determinant in the NPC, which supplies a new pathway to treat NPC. Furthermore, p62 is a potential biomarker which might be closely related to the tumorigenesis and metastasis in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Manlin Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Ya Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yunlai Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yahui Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shiyang Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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7
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Tamura K, Watanabe K, Matsushita Y, Watanabe H, Motoyama D, Ito T, Sugiyama T, Otsuka A, Miyake H. Enhanced Sensitivity to NVP-BEZ235 by Inhibition of p62/SQSTM1 in Human Bladder Cancer KoTCC-1 Cells Both In Vitro and In Vivo. In Vivo 2021; 34:1001-1008. [PMID: 32354885 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The prognosis of patients with invasive bladder cancer remains poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 (NVP), a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, combined with the inactivation of p62/SQSTM1 (p62) in a human bladder cancer KoTCC-1 model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An expression plasmid with short hairpin RNA targeted against p62 was transfected into KoTCC-1 cells (KoTCC-1/sh-p62). The antitumor effects of NVP on KoTCC-1/sh-p62 were investigated in comparison with those on KoTCC-1 transfected with a control plasmid alone (KoTCC-1/C). RESULTS KoTCC-1/sh-p62 showed significantly higher sensitivity to NVP than KoTCC-1/C. Treatment of both cell lines with NVP markedly inactivated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. However, NVP treatment stimulated the autophagic pathway in KoTCC-1/C, but not in KoTCC-1/sh-p62. Furthermore, compared with KoTCC-1/C, NVP treatment induced apoptosis of KoTCC-1/sh-p62 cells, which was accompanied by significant downregulation of c-IAP-1 and XIAP as well as upregulation of Bax. Moreover, the in vivo growth of KoTCC-1/sh-p62 tumors was significantly suppressed by treatment with NVP compared to KoTCC-1/C tumors. CONCLUSION Inhibition of p62 expression combined with NVP may represent an effective therapeutic approach for patients with invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tamura
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kyohei Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuto Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motoyama
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ito
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugiyama
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyake
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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8
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Li X, He S, Ma B. Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:12. [PMID: 31969156 PMCID: PMC6975070 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a type II programmed cell death, plays crucial roles with autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in cancer. Up to now, the dual role of autophagy both in cancer progression and inhibition remains controversial, in which the numerous ATG proteins and their core complexes including ULK1/2 kinase core complex, autophagy-specific class III PI3K complex, ATG9A trafficking system, ATG12 and LC3 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, give multiple activities of autophagy pathway and are involved in autophagy initiation, nucleation, elongation, maturation, fusion and degradation. Autophagy plays a dynamic tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting role in different contexts and stages of cancer development. In the early tumorigenesis, autophagy, as a survival pathway and quality-control mechanism, prevents tumor initiation and suppresses cancer progression. Once the tumors progress to late stage and are established and subjected to the environmental stresses, autophagy, as a dynamic degradation and recycling system, contributes to the survival and growth of the established tumors and promotes aggressiveness of the cancers by facilitating metastasis. This indicates that regulation of autophagy can be used as effective interventional strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shikun He
- Ophthalmology Optometry Centre, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China.,Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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9
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Yang Q, Zhang MX, Zou X, Liu YP, You R, Yu T, Jiang R, Zhang YN, Cao JY, Hong MH, Liu Q, Guo L, Kang TB, Zhu XF, Chen MY. A Prognostic Bio-Model Based on SQSTM1 and N-Stage Identifies Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients at High Risk of Metastasis for Additional Induction Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:648-658. [PMID: 29030355 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Metastasis is one of the most important causes of treatment failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In T4 or N2-3 patients at high-risk of metastasis, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is inadequate and additional induction chemotherapy (IC) is controversial. There is a critical need to develop a better patient stratification to efficiently identify patients at high-risk of metastasis for additional IC. Recently, Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62, an autophagy adaptor protein, was identified as one of the metastasis-related proteins in NPC. However, the mechanism by which SQSTM1 is involved in NPC metastasis was not investigated.Experimental Design: The effect of SQSTM1 on cell migration and invasion was examined in vitro and in vivo SQSTM1 expression was analyzed in clinical NPC samples using IHC. Luciferase reporter analyses were conducted to identify the effects of SQSTM1 on NF-κB transcriptional activity. A prediction bio-model was constructed by Cox analysis. Retrospective and prospective randomized clinical data were adopted to build and test the model, respectively.Results: SQSTM1 mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the NF-κB pathway to promote NPC metastasis. Inhibiting SQSTM1 enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin in NPC cells. In NPC patients, high SQSTM1 expression was associated with increased risk of distant metastasis. Furthermore, we propose a prognostic bio-model based on SQSTM1 and N-stage to predict NPC metastasis. Most importantly, our prospective randomized study suggested that IC is beneficial for NPC patients with high metastasis risk.Conclusions: The prognostic bio-model identifies NPC patients at high-risk of metastasis for additional IC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(3); 648-58. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Xia Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui You
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rou Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cancer Prevention, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Nuan Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Cao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Huang Hong
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Trial Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cancer Prevention, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Bang Kang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Lin Q, Dai Q, Meng H, Sun A, Wei J, Peng K, Childress C, Chen M, Shao G, Yang W. The HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 interacts with and ubiquitylates SQSTM1 for inclusion body autophagy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3839-3850. [PMID: 29021346 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 interacts with LC3 and is required for starvation and rapamycin-induced activation of autophagy. Here, we report that NEDD4 directly binds to SQSTM1 via its HECT domain and polyubiquitylates SQSTM1. This ubiquitylation is through K63 conjugation and is not involved in proteasomal degradation. Mutational analysis indicates that NEDD4 interacts with and ubiquitylates the PB1 domain of SQSTM1. Depletion of NEDD4 or overexpression of the ligase-defective mutant of NEDD4 induced accumulation of aberrant enlarged SQSTM1-positive inclusion bodies that are co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker CANX, suggesting that the ubiquitylation functions in the SQSTM1-mediated biogenic process in inclusion body autophagosomes. Taken together, our studies show that NEDD4 is an autophagic E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitylates SQSTM1, facilitating SQSTM1-mediated inclusion body autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lin
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qian Dai
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongxia Meng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Aiqin Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ke Peng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chandra Childress
- Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, 514 University Ave, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Genbao Shao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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11
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Nakayama S, Karasawa H, Suzuki T, Yabuuchi S, Takagi K, Aizawa T, Onodera Y, Nakamura Y, Watanabe M, Fujishima F, Yoshida H, Morikawa T, Sase T, Naitoh T, Unno M, Sasano H. p62/sequestosome 1 in human colorectal carcinoma as a potent prognostic predictor associated with cell proliferation. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1264-1274. [PMID: 28544335 PMCID: PMC5463080 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
p62/sequestosome 1 (p62) is a multi-domain protein that functions as a receptor for ubiquitinated targets in the selective autophagy and serves as a scaffold in various signaling cascades. p62 have been reported to be up-regulated in several human malignancies, but the biological roles and significance of p62 are still poorly understood in colorectal carcinoma. We immunohistochemically evaluated p62 in 118 colorectal adenocarcinoma and 28 colorectal adenoma cases. We used four colon carcinoma cells (HCT8, HT29, COLO320, and SW480) in the in vitro studies. p62 immunoreactivity was detected in 11% of colorectal adenoma cases and 31% of adenocarcinoma cases, while it was negligible in the normal epithelium. The immunohistochemical p62 status was significantly associated with synchronous liver metastasis, and it turned out to be an independent adverse prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients. Following in vitro studies revealed that HCT8 and HT29 cells transfected with p62-specific siRNA showed significantly decreased cell proliferation activity, whereas COLO320 and SW480 cells transfected with p62 expression plasmid showed significantly increased cell proliferation activity. The p62-mediated cell proliferation was not associated with the autophagy activity. These findings suggest that p62 promotes the cell proliferation mainly as a scaffold protein, and that the p62 status is a potent prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nakayama
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Department of PathologyTohoku University HospitalSendaiJapan
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and HistotechnologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Shinichi Yabuuchi
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and HistotechnologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Takashi Aizawa
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Onodera
- Department of Anatomic PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Anatomic PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of PathologyTohoku University HospitalSendaiJapan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Takanori Morikawa
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Tomohiko Sase
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of PathologyTohoku University HospitalSendaiJapan
- Department of Anatomic PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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12
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Aigelsreiter A, Neumann J, Pichler M, Halasz J, Zatloukal K, Berghold A, Douschan P, Rainer F, Stauber R, Haybaeck J, Denk H, Lackner C. Hepatocellular carcinomas with intracellular hyaline bodies have a poor prognosis. Liver Int 2017; 37:600-610. [PMID: 27885796 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) and intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs) are cytoplasmic inclusions found in a subset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MDBs are mainly composed of the intermediate filament proteins keratin (K) 8 and K18, the cellular stress- and adapter-protein sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) and ubiquitin, whereas IHBs consist of p62 and/or ubiquitin. Of note, cytoplasmic inclusions containing p62 can serve as markers of suppressed autophagy, which in turn has been associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of p62-containing MDB and IHB in patients with HCC. METHODS Ninety resected HCCs were assessed by H&E histology for MDB or IHB, and their presence was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using K8/18, p62 and ubiquitin antibodies. The prognostic impact of inclusions was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional model. RESULTS Mallory-Denk bodies and/or IHB were found in about 50% of HCC. Both types of inclusions were seen in 21%, MDB only in 19% and IHB only in 10% of cases. The presence of MDB in tumours was associated with the steatohepatitic variant of HCC, which also showed fatty change, ballooning of tumour cells, MDBs, inflammation and pericellular fibrosis (P<.001). In contrast, IHBs were not associated with steatohepatitic morphology but were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (P=.006). Multivariate analysis revealed macroscopic vascular invasion (P=.045) and presence of IHB in HCC cells (P=.005) as independently associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Intracellular hyaline bodies and macroscopic vascular invasion identify a subset of HCC patients with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Pichler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Halasz
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Douschan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Stauber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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13
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Prominent Intracytoplasmic Inclusions: A Report of Two Cases. Case Reports Hepatol 2016; 2016:2032714. [PMID: 27818805 PMCID: PMC5080495 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2032714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary malignant neoplasm of the liver in most countries with a notoriously poor prognosis. Variation in global incidence is well-recognized and the occurrence of HCC is linked to several established environmental, dietary, and lifestyle factors. HCC demonstrates morphological heterogeneity both within the same tumor and from patient to patient. Differing architectural patterns and cytological variants may be seen. Inclusion bodies are believed to represent organized structures of proteins which contribute to their pathogenesis and share several constituents like chaperones, p62, ubiquitin, and Valosin containing protein. The various hepatocyte cytoplasmic inclusions described in HCC include Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), hyaline bodies (HBs), glycogen, fat, fibrinogen, alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT), and ground glass. MDBs are the most common inclusions seen in hepatocellular carcinomas. The two cases shared intracytoplasmic inclusions which are characterized by larger sizes and present in every section examined. These exhibited features of MDBs and HBs present in most tumor cells, further supporting close relationship.
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14
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Masserdotti C, Rossetti E, De Lorenzi D, Della Salda L, Palmieri C. Characterization of cytoplasmic hyaline bodies in a hepatocellular carcinoma of a dog. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:143-6. [PMID: 24374119 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the morphological and immunohistochemical features of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies found in a 13-year-old Yorkshire dog with a hepatocellular carcinoma and referred for anorexia, lethargy and mild polydipsia. Fine-needle aspirates of the large abdominal mass revealed high number of pleomorphic neoplastic hepatocytes, containing round to polygonal, well-demarcated, hyaline bodies. Same findings were histologically confirmed on multiple biopsies. Immunohistochemically, the inclusion bodies were negative for alpha-1-antitrypsin, carcinoembryonary antigen, fibrinogen, IgG, IgM, cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, 19, 20. By transmission electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic inclusions were composed of granular homogeneous or reticulated electrondense matrix, enclosed within dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum or remnants of its membranes, consistent with proteinaceous material accumulated within neoplastic hepatocytes due to aberrant protein secretion or transport. This is the first detailed characterization of hyaline cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in canine hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leonardo Della Salda
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton campus, Gatton 4343, QLD, Australia
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15
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Strnad P, Nuraldeen R, Guldiken N, Hartmann D, Mahajan V, Denk H, Haybaeck J. Broad Spectrum of Hepatocyte Inclusions in Humans, Animals, and Experimental Models. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1393-436. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Knockdown of p62/sequestosome 1 attenuates autophagy and inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:95-102. [PMID: 24065390 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p62/sequestosome-1 is a multifunctional adapter protein implicated in selective autophagy, cell signaling pathways, and tumorigenesis, and plays an important role at the crossroad between autophagy and cancer. But, the connection between autophagy and cancer is complex and in some cases contradictory. Human colorectal cancer tissues from patients were analyzed for expression of p62 and Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3, an autophagosome marker) using immunostaining, western blotting, real-time PCR, and confocal microscopy. To study the effects of p62 on autophagy and cell growth, shRNA for p62 was applied and cell growth curve was monitored in human colorectal cancer cell. In vivo experiments were done using the mouse xenograft model. We showed that up-regulated expression of p62 and LC3 in colorectal cancer tissues. We also demonstrated that specifically knockdown the expression of p62 showed significantly inhibitory effects not only on autophagy activation, but also on tumor growth both in vitro and xenograft tumors model. The ectopic overexpression of p62 and autophagy activation contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis. p62 and autophagy will be therapy targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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17
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Manley S, Williams JA, Ding WX. Role of p62/SQSTM1 in liver physiology and pathogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:525-38. [PMID: 23856904 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p62/sequestosome-1/A170/ZIP (hereafter referred to as p62) is a scaffold protein that has multiple functions, such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell survival, cell death, inflammation, tumourigenesis and oxidative stress response. While p62 is an autophagy substrate and is degraded by autophagy, p62 serves as an autophagy receptor for selective autophagic clearance of protein aggregates and organelles. Moreover, p62 functions as a signalling hub for various signalling pathways, including NF-κB, Nrf2 and mTOR. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological role of p62 in the liver, including formation of hepatic inclusion bodies, cholestasis, obesity, insulin resistance, liver cell death and tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Manley
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
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18
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Starmann J, Fälth M, Spindelböck W, Lanz KL, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Trauner M, Sültmann H. Gene expression profiling unravels cancer-related hepatic molecular signatures in steatohepatitis but not in steatosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46584. [PMID: 23071592 PMCID: PMC3468618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis and factors for determining progression of alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis with risk of further progression to liver cirrhosis and cancer are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to identify potential molecular signatures for discrimination of steatohepatitis from steatosis. Methodology and Results Global microarray gene expression analysis was applied to unravel differentially expressed genes between steatohepatitis compared to steatosis and control samples. For functional annotation as well as the identification of disease-relevant biological processes of the differentially expressed genes the gene ontology (GO) database was used. Selected candidate genes (n = 46) were validated in 87 human liver samples from two sample cohorts by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The GO analysis revealed that genes down-regulated in steatohepatitis were mainly involved in metabolic processes. Genes up-regulated in steatohepatitis samples were associated with cancer progression and proliferation. In surgical liver resection samples, 39 genes and in percutaneous liver biopsies, 30 genes were significantly up-regulated in steatohepatitis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical investigation of human liver tissue revealed a significant increase of AKR1B10 protein expression in steatohepatitis. Conclusions The development of steatohepatitis is characterized by distinct molecular changes. The most striking examples in this respect were KRT23 and AKR1B10, which we found to be highly differentially expressed in steatohepatitis compared to steatosis and normal liver. We propose that KRT23 and AKR1B10 may serve as future potential biomarkers for steatohepatitis as well as markers for progression to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starmann
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Fälth
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cellzome/GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Spindelböck
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Katja-Lauren Lanz
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Sültmann
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Odagiri S, Tanji K, Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Autophagic adapter protein NBR1 is localized in Lewy bodies and glial cytoplasmic inclusions and is involved in aggregate formation in α-synucleinopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:173-86. [PMID: 22484440 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a dynamic process whereby cytoplasmic components are initially sequestered within autophagosomes. Recent studies have shown that the autophagosome membrane can selectively recognize ubiquitinated proteins and organelles through interaction with adapter proteins such as p62 and NBR1. Both proteins are structurally similar at the amino acid level, and bind with ubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins. Although p62 is incorporated into a wide spectrum of pathological inclusions in various neurodegenerative diseases, abnormalities of NBR1 have not been reported in these diseases. Our immunohistochemical examination revealed that the vast majority of Lewy bodies (LBs) in Parkinson's disease and dementia with LBs (DLB) as well as of glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy (MSA) were positive for NBR1. Neuronal and glial inclusions in tauopathies and TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa proteinopathies were rarely immunolabeled, or were unstained. Using cultured cells bearing LB-like inclusions, formation of α-synuclein aggregates was repressed in cells with NBR1 knockdown. Immunoblot analysis showed that the level of NBR1 was significantly increased by 2.5-fold in MSA, but not in DLB. These findings suggest that NBR1 is involved in the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions in α-synucleinopathy.
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20
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Inoue D, Suzuki T, Mitsuishi Y, Miki Y, Suzuki S, Sugawara S, Watanabe M, Sakurada A, Endo C, Uruno A, Sasano H, Nakagawa T, Satoh K, Tanaka N, Kubo H, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M. Accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:760-6. [PMID: 22320446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
p62/SQSTM1 is a selective substrate of autophagy, and aberrant accumulation of p62 has been observed in various pathological conditions. To understand the roles p62 plays in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we carried out immunohistochemical analyses of p62 expression in a cohort of patients with annotated clinicopathological data. As analyses of murine and human hepatocellular carcinomas suggested a correlation between p62 and Nrf2 accumulations, we also examined NRF2 expression in the same cohort. The expression of NRF2 and p62 was examined by immunohistochemical methods in 109 NSCLC cases, which included patients with adenocarcinoma (n = 72), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 31), and large cell carcinoma (n = 6). Accumulation of NRF2 and p62 was detected in 34% and 37% of NSCLC patients, respectively. The accumulations of p62 and NRF2 did not correlate with each other, but both were associated with worse lung cancer-specific survival (P = 0.0003 for NRF2; P = 0.0130 for p62). NRF2 status had an impact on NSCLC prognosis irrespective of histology types, but p62 status did so particularly in adenocarcinoma (P = 0.037). Multivariate analysis indicated that positive immunoreactivities of NRF2 and p62 were both independent factors predicting worse lung cancer-specific survival (P < 0.0001 for NRF2 and P = 0.04 for p62). This study revealed that both NRF2 and p62 are independent prognostic factors for NSCLC. The prognostic impact of p62 status was pronounced in adenocarcinoma patients, suggesting that molecular mechanisms underlying cancer evolution differ between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I. Emerging role of p62/sequestosome-1 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 96:87-95. [PMID: 22138392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The p62/sequestosome-1 is a multifunctional protein containing several protein-protein interaction domains. Through these interactions p62 is involved in the regulation of cellular signaling and protein trafficking, aggregation and degradation. p62 protein can bind through its UBA motif to ubiquitinated proteins and control their aggregation and degradation via either autophagy or proteasomes. p62 protein has been reported to be seen in association with the intracellular inclusions in primary and secondary tauopathies, α-synucleinopathies and other neurodegenerative brain disorders displaying inclusions with misfolded proteins. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), p62 protein is associated with neurofibrillary tangles composed primarily of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and ubiquitin. Increasing evidence indicates that p62 has an important role in the degradation of tau protein. The lack of p62 protein expression provokes the tau pathology in mice. Recent studies have demonstrated that the p62 gene expression and cytoplasmic p62 protein levels are significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of AD patients. Decline in the level of p62 protein can disturb the signaling pathways of Nrf2, cyclic AMP and NF-κB and in that way increase oxidative stress and impair neuronal survival. We will review here the molecular and functional characteristics of p62 protein and outline its potential role in the regulation of Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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22
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Induction of an incomplete autophagic response by cancer-preventive geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) in a human hepatoma-derived cell line. Biochem J 2011; 440:63-71. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GGA (geranylgeranoic acid) is a natural polyprenoic acid, derivatives of which has been shown to prevent second primary hepatoma. GGA induces mitochondria-mediated PCD (programmed cell death), which may be relevant to cancer prevention. To gain further insights into GGA-induced PCD, autophagy processes were examined in human hepatoma-derived HuH-7 cells. Treatment of HuH-7/GFP (green fluorescent protein)–LC3 cells with GGA induced green fluorescent puncta in the cytoplasm within 30 min and their massive accumulation at 24 h. After 15 min of GGA treatment, a burst of mitochondrial superoxide production occurred and LC3β-I was appreciably converted into LC3β-II. GGA-induced early stages of autophagy were unequivocally confirmed by electron-microscopic observation of early/initial autophagic vacuoles. On the other hand, LC3β-II as well as p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) continuously accumulated and co-localized in the cytoplasmic puncta after GGA treatment. Furthermore, GGA treatment of HuH-7/mRFP (monomeric red fluorescent protein)–GFP–LC3 cells showed yellow fluorescent puncta, whereas glucose deprivation of the cells gave red fluorescent puncta. These results strongly suggest that GGA induces the initial phase of autophagy, but blocks the maturation process of autolysosomes or late stages of autophagy, insomuch that GGA provides substantial accumulation of autophagosomes under serum-starvation conditions in human hepatoma cells.
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23
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Rastogi A, Bihari C, Jain D, Gupta NL, Sarin SK. Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with multiple bone and soft tissue metastases and atypical cytomorphological features--a rare case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 41:640-3. [PMID: 21965139 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with atypical cytomorphological features and presenting with bone and soft tissue metastasis is very rare. We report a 65-year-old male patient of HCC who presented with bone and soft tissue metastases and was clinically and radiologically suspected to have a soft tissue sarcoma. The patient presented with severe cervical pain with palpable masses in right scapular, nape of neck, and occiput area of scalp. Radiologically, these were large, bulky soft tissue masses expansile, destructive, and lytic in nature. Cytomorphologic studies revealed HCC with uncommon features of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cell and very prominent intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies (IHBs). Cytology, immunohistochemistry on cell block preparation, rising serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels (1121.93-5000 ng/ml), and PIVKA II levels confirmed the diagnosis. The patient has been on follow-up on sorafinib for 2 months and is doing well. This case emphasizes the need for systematic approach in cases of HCC with atypical clinical presentation and unusual cytomorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Aishima S, Fujita N, Mano Y, Iguchi T, Taketomi A, Maehara Y, Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M. p62+ Hyaline inclusions in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with viral hepatitis or alcoholic liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:457-65. [PMID: 20716803 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp53yvvjcndzir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mallory bodies (MBs) and hyaline globules (HGs) are recognized as hepatocellular cytoplasmic inclusions in liver diseases. We reviewed 123 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) and encountered 16 cases (13.0%) in which cancer cells had MB-type inclusions and/or HG-type inclusions, both of which are positive for p62 and ubiquitin. The HG type was present in all 16 cases, and 5 cases contained the MB type. Of 16 patients, 12 had chronic liver disease that was related to alcoholic abuse in 4, hepatitis B surface antigen-positive in 3, and hepatitis C virus antibody-positive in 8. Viral infection and liver cirrhosis were more common in ICCs with p62+ inclusions (P = .0004 and P = .0199, respectively). Of 16 ICCs, 15 with hyaline inclusions had a peripheral tumor location (P = .0052). On ultrastructural examination, the MB type had an electron-dense fibrillar appearance, while the HG type appeared as rounded masses of granular materials. Our results suggest that intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies occasionally can be found in cholangiocarcinoma with chronic liver disease related to viral hepatitis or alcoholic intake.
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Rodrigues-Lisoni FC, Peitl P, Vidotto A, Polachini GM, Maniglia JV, Carmona-Raphe J, Cunha BR, Henrique T, Souza CF, Teixeira RAP, Fukuyama EE, Michaluart P, de Carvalho MB, Oliani SM, Tajara EH, Cury PM, de Carvalho MB, Dias-Neto E, Figueiredo DLA, Fukuyama EE, Góis-Filho JF, Leopoldino AM, Mamede RCM, Michaluart-Junior P, Moyses RA, Nóbrega FG, Nóbrega MP, Nunes FD, Ojopi EFB, Serafini LN, Severino P, Silva AMA, Silva WA, Silveira NJF, Souza SCOM, Tajara EH, Wünsch-Filho V, Amar A, Bandeira CM, Braconi MA, Brandão LG, Brandão RM, Canto AL, Cerione M, Cicco R, Chagas MJ, Chedid H, Costa A, Cunha BR, Curioni OA, Fortes CS, Franzi SA, Frizzera APZ, Gazito D, Guimarães PEM, Kaneto CM, López RVM, Macarenco R, Magalhães MR, Meneses C, Mercante AMC, Pinheiro DG, Polachini GM, Rapoport A, Rodini CO, Rodrigues-Lisoni FC, Rodrigues RV, Rossi L, Santos ARD, Santos M, Settani F, Silva FAM, Silva IT, Souza TB, Stabenow E, Takamori JT, Valentim PJ, Vidotto A, Xavier FCA, Yamagushi F, Cominato ML, Correa PMS, Mendes GS, Paiva R, Ramos O, Silva C, Silva MJ, Tarlá MVC. Genomics and proteomics approaches to the study of cancer-stroma interactions. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:14. [PMID: 20441585 PMCID: PMC2881110 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and progression of cancer depend on its genetic characteristics as well as on the interactions with its microenvironment. Understanding these interactions may contribute to diagnostic and prognostic evaluations and to the development of new cancer therapies. Aiming to investigate potential mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment might contribute to a cancer phenotype, we evaluated soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells which may influence proliferation and gene and protein expression. Methods The study was carried out on the epithelial cancer cell line (Hep-2) and fibroblasts isolated from a primary oral cancer. We combined a conditioned-medium technique with subtraction hybridization approach, quantitative PCR and proteomics, in order to evaluate gene and protein expression influenced by soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells. Results We observed that conditioned medium from fibroblast cultures (FCM) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. In neoplastic cells, 41 genes and 5 proteins exhibited changes in expression levels in response to FCM and, in fibroblasts, 17 genes and 2 proteins showed down-regulation in response to conditioned medium from Hep-2 cells (HCM). Nine genes were selected and the expression results of 6 down-regulated genes (ARID4A, CALR, GNB2L1, RNF10, SQSTM1, USP9X) were validated by real time PCR. Conclusions A significant and common denominator in the results was the potential induction of signaling changes associated with immune or inflammatory response in the absence of a specific protein.
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Rodríguez-Navarro JA, Gómez A, Rodal I, Perucho J, Martinez A, Furió V, Ampuero I, Casarejos MJ, Solano RM, de Yébenes JG, Mena MA. Parkin deletion causes cerebral and systemic amyloidosis in human mutated tau over-expressing mice. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3128-43. [PMID: 18640988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of proteins leading to amyloid takes place in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Mutations of tau and parkin proteins produce neurofibrillary abnormalities without deposition of amyloid. Here we report that mature, parkin null, over-expressing human mutated tau (PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW)) mice have altered behaviour and dopamine neurotransmission, tau pathology in brain and amyloid deposition in brain and peripheral organs. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice have abnormal behaviour and severe drop out of dopamine neurons in the ventral midbrain, up to 70%, at 12 months and abundant phosphorylated tau positive neuritic plaques, neuro-fibrillary tangles, astrogliosis, microgliosis and plaques of murine beta-amyloid in the hippocampus. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice have organomegaly of the liver, spleen and kidneys. The electron microscopy of the liver confirmed the presence of a fibrillary protein deposits with amyloid characteristics. There is also accumulation of mouse tau in hepatocytes. These mice have lower levels of CHIP-HSP70, involved in the proteosomal degradation of tau, increased oxidative stress, measured as depletion of glutathione which, added to lack of parkin, could trigger tau accumulation and amyloidogenesis. This model is the first that demonstrates beta-amyloid deposits caused by over-expression of tau and without modification of the amyloid precursor protein, presenilins or secretases. PK(-/-)/Tau(VLW) mice provide a link between the two proteins more important for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
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Strnad P, Stumptner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Intermediate filament cytoskeleton of the liver in health and disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:735-49. [PMID: 18443813 PMCID: PMC2386529 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) represent the largest cytoskeletal gene family comprising approximately 70 genes expressed in tissue specific manner. In addition to scaffolding function, they form complex signaling platforms and interact with various kinases, adaptor, and apoptotic proteins. IFs are established cytoprotectants and IF variants are associated with >30 human diseases. Furthermore, IF-containing inclusion bodies are characteristic features of several neurodegenerative, muscular, and other disorders. Acidic (type I) and basic keratins (type II) build obligatory type I and type II heteropolymers and are expressed in epithelial cells. Adult hepatocytes contain K8 and K18 as their only cytoplasmic IF pair, whereas cholangiocytes express K7 and K19 in addition. K8/K18-deficient animals exhibit a marked susceptibility to various toxic agents and Fas-induced apoptosis. In humans, K8/K18 variants predispose to development of end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure (ALF). K8/K18 variants also associate with development of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) are protein aggregates consisting of ubiquitinated K8/K18, chaperones and sequestosome1/p62 (p62) as their major constituents. MDBs are found in various liver diseases including alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and can be formed in mice by feeding hepatotoxic substances griseofulvin and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). MDBs also arise in cell culture after transfection with K8/K18, ubiquitin, and p62. Major factors that determine MDB formation in vivo are the type of stress (with oxidative stress as a major player), the extent of stress-induced protein misfolding and resulting chaperone, proteasome and autophagy overload, keratin 8 excess, transglutaminase activation with transamidation of keratin 8 and p62 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strabe 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Kuusisto E, Kauppinen T, Alafuzoff I. Use of p62/SQSTM1 antibodies for neuropathological diagnosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 34:169-80. [PMID: 17961133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration of proteinaceous inclusions in the brain is the key step in the pathological diagnosis of degenerative dementias. The diversity of these diseases has necessitated the use of a panel of (immuno)stains to visualize all suspect pathologies, elevating diagnostic costs. Immunodetection of p62 (sequestosome 1), an abundant constituent in diverse pathological inclusions, holds the potential for a broad-specificity, high-contrast inclusion label. In the brain, pathological p62-positive aggregates comprise both cytoplasmic and nuclear types in neurones and glia, with abnormal tau, alpha-synuclein, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 or polyglutamine proteins as primary components. We therefore set out to evaluate the performance of p62 antibodies for diagnostic immunohistochemistry. We optimized the application conditions and compared the staining profiles of eight commercial p62 antibodies with each other and with reference immunostains, using 2-mm tissue multiarrays representing the major tauo- and synucleinopathies and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U). The lesions were best visualized using monoclonal antibodies, displaying most types of hallmark inclusions with excellent contrast. Expanding the list of p62-containing aggregates, we demonstrated p62 in tufted astrocytes, coiled bodies, astrocytic plaques, and variform neocortical inclusions and pathological processes in FTLD-U. Polyclonal antibodies exhibited lower sensitivities with variable background levels. We also noted more subtle p62-immunoreactive features lacking overt disease associations. Emphasizing the importance of proper antibody and epitope unmasking methods for maximum sensitivity, we recommend p62 immunodetection as a screening stain for diagnostic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kuusisto
- Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Kuroda N, Iwamura SI, Fujishima N, Ohara M, Hirouchi T, Mizuno K, Hayashi Y, Lee GH. Anaplastic carcinoma of the pancreas with rhabdoid features and hyaline globule-like structures. Med Mol Morphol 2007; 40:168-71. [PMID: 17874050 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-006-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A 59-year-old Japanese man presented with a giant submucosal tumor with ulceration during follow-up of duodenal ulcer. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was undertaken, and subsequent histological examination of the tumor disclosed anaplastic carcinoma of the pancreas head. The carcinoma components contained adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, undifferentiated spindle or pleomorphic cells were seen in continuity with the carcinoma component. Undifferentiated neoplastic cells with rhabdoid features and with hyaline globule-like structures positive for PAS stain with diastase pretreatment were also observed. Immunohistochemically, cytoplasmic inclusions corresponding to rhabdoid features showed aggregates of vimentin. Ultrastructurally, hyaline globule-like structures corresponded to lysosomes. Finally, we report here the first case of anaplastic carcinoma of the pancreas with hyaline globule-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Red Cross Hospital, 2-13-51 Shin-honmachi, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8562, Japan.
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Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Zatloukal K, Denk H. In vitro production of Mallory bodies and intracellular hyaline bodies: the central role of sequestosome 1/p62. Hepatology 2007; 46:851-60. [PMID: 17685470 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mallory bodies (MBs) and intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs) are characteristic hepatocellular inclusions. MBs are hallmarks of steatohepatitis, whereas IHBs have first been detected in hepatocellular carcinoma. MBs and IHBs contain ubiquitin and sequestosome 1/p62 (p62), a stress-inducible adapter protein with affinity to polyubiquitinated proteins. MBs differ from IHBs by their keratin content and morphology. In vitro transfections were undertaken to study under defined conditions MB and IHB formation, their pathogenesis, and relationship. CHO-K1, TIB73, and HeLa cells were transfected with keratin 8, keratin 18, ubiquitin, p62, and p62 lacking the ubiquitin binding domain (p62DeltaUBA) and analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting. Transfection of p62 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) alone led to cytoplasmic aggregates consisting of filaments mostly arranged in parallel arrays resembling amyloid and type 1 MBs. Transfection of p62 and ubiquitin resulted in globular cytoplasmic aggregates with indistinct fibrillar ultrastructure resembling IHBs. Cotransfection of p62, keratin 8, and ubiquitin was necessary to produce in vitro type 2 MBs-like aggregates consisting of randomly oriented 10- to 15-nm filaments. A similar result was obtained when keratin 8 was replaced by keratin 18. After cotransfection of p62DeltaUBA, keratin 8, and ubiquitin, keratin formed irregular aggregates with electron-dense granular-amorphous ultrastructure (resembling type 3 MBs), whereas p62DeltaUBA remained in diffuse cytoplasmic distribution. CONCLUSION Our studies show that in vitro development of classical type 2 MBs requires overexpression of keratin 8 (or keratin 18), ubiquitin, and p62 containing the ubiquitin binding domain, whereas IHBs result from overexpression of p62 together with ubiquitin without keratin involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Stumptner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Zatloukal K, French SW, Stumptner C, Strnad P, Harada M, Toivola DM, Cadrin M, Omary MB. From Mallory to Mallory–Denk bodies: What, how and why? Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2033-49. [PMID: 17531973 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Frank B. Mallory described cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in hepatocytes of patients with alcoholic hepatitis in 1911. These inclusions became known as Mallory bodies (MBs) and have since been associated with a variety of other liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Helmut Denk and colleagues described the first animal model of MBs in 1975 that involves feeding mice griseofulvin. Since then, mouse models have been instrumental in helping understand the pathogenesis of MBs. Given the tremendous contributions made by Denk to the field, we propose renaming MBs as Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs). The major constituents of MDBs include keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18), ubiquitin, and p62. The relevant proteins and cellular processes that contribute to MDB formation and accumulation include the type of chronic stress, the extent of stress-induced protein misfolding and consequent proteasome overload, a K8-greater-than-K18 ratio, transamidation of K8 and other proteins, presence of p62 and autophagy. Although it remains unclear whether MDBs serve a bystander, protective or injury promoting function, they do serve an important role as histological and potential progression markers in several liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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Kuroda N, Inui Y, Ohara M, Hirouchi T, Mizuno K, Kubo A, Hayashi Y, Enzan H, Lee GH. Hyaline globule-like structures in undifferentiated sarcoma cells of malignant müllerian mixed tumor of the fallopian tube. Med Mol Morphol 2007; 40:46-9. [PMID: 17384990 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-006-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant müllerian mixed tumors (MMMTs) of the fallopian tube are very rare neoplasms, and we present such a case with unusual findings here. A 57-year-old Japanese woman, after she received a medical checkup, underwent salpingo-oophorectomy on the suspicion of ovarian cancer. At the time of operation, the main tumor was present predominantly in the fallopian tube. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of carcinoma and sarcoma components. The carcinoma showed moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The sarcoma consisted of predominantly undifferentiated sarcoma and focally rhabdomyosarcomatous cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the differentiation toward rhabdomyosarcoma was confirmed. Interestingly, the cytoplasm of undifferentiated sarcoma cells contained hyaline globule-like structures. These structures showed a positive reaction for PAS, and these structures were not digested by the diastase pretreatment. Ultrastructurally, hyaline globule-like structures corresponded to lysosomes. Finally, pathologists should keep in mind that undifferentiated sarcoma cells in MMMT of the fallopian tube may contain hyaline globule-like structures in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Red Cross Hospital, Kochi 780-8562, Japan.
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Mizuno Y, Amari M, Takatama M, Aizawa H, Mihara B, Okamoto K. Transferrin localizes in Bunina bodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:597-603. [PMID: 16896902 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin, an iron-binding protein, plays an important role in the transport and delivery of circulating ferric iron to the tissues. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the presence of Bunina bodies, skein-like inclusions, Lewy body-like inclusions/round inclusions, and basophilic inclusions in the remaining anterior horn cells in the spinal cord. We examined transverse paraffin sections of lumbar spinal cords from 12 ALS cases including two ALS with dementia and two ALS with basophilic inclusions, using antibodies to human transferrin. The results demonstrated that transferrin localized in Bunina bodies and some of the basophilic inclusions. In contrast, skein-like inclusions and Lewy body-like inclusions or round inclusions did not show obviously detectable transferrin immunoreactivities. Our findings suggest that although the mechanisms underlying transferrin accumulation in Bunina bodies and basophilic inclusions are unknown, transferrin could be involved in forming these inclusions. Furthermore, following cystatin C, transferrin is the second protein that localizes in the Bunina bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Mizuno Y, Amari M, Takatama M, Aizawa H, Mihara B, Okamoto K. Immunoreactivities of p62, an ubiqutin-binding protein, in the spinal anterior horn cells of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2006; 249:13-8. [PMID: 16820172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An ubiquitin-binding protein, p62, is one of the components of the ubiquitin-containing inclusions in several human neurodegenerative diseases. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the presence of skein-like inclusions, Lewy body-like inclusions, and basophilic inclusions in the remaining anterior horn cells, in which these inclusions contain ubiquitin, while the other characteristic inclusions of Bunina type are ubiquitin-negative. We examined the spinal cord from 28 ALS cases including two ALS with dementia and two ALS with basophilic inclusions, using antibody to p62. The results demonstrated that p62 localized in skein-like inclusions, Lewy body-like inclusions and basophilic inclusions. The number of p62-positive inclusions observed in the remaining anterior horn cells of each section was variable among the ALS cases. In contrast, Bunina bodies, that do not contain ubiquitin, were negative for p62. As far as we examined, the 11 non-ALS cases did not show any p62 immunoreactivities in the anterior horn cells. Our results suggested that p62 plays important roles in forming the inclusions and may be associated with the protection of the neurons from degenerative processes involving ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Drebber U, Dienes HP. [Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma]. DER PATHOLOGE 2006; 27:294-9. [PMID: 16767425 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-006-0842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will continue to increase for the next decade due to a latency of about 30 years due to cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C. The diagnosis of an underlying cirrhosis is of diagnostic importance. According to WHO guidelines, HCC encompasses the following: trabecular, pseudoglandular, acinar, compact, scirrhous and fibrolamellar subtypes. Cytological appearance includes hepatocellular pleomorphic, clear cell and sarcomatous subtypes. Tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma may display intracytoplasmic inclusions that are helpful for establishing the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis has to be considered for such hepatic tumors as adenoma and precancerous lesions such as dysplastic nodules or mesenchymal tumors. Metastases in the liver may be difficult to differentiate, especially for primary tumors from the gastrointestinal tract which may be similar to glandular or scirrhous type of HCC. The existence of underlying cirrhosis is helpful for the diagnosis and an ample spectrum of antibodies against liver antigens and adenocarcinomas are commercially available to confirm the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Drebber
- Institut für Pathologie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, 50931, Köln.
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Denk H, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Müller T, Farr G, Müller W, Terracciano L, Zatloukal K. Are the Mallory bodies and intracellular hyaline bodies in neoplastic and non-neoplastic hepatocytes related? J Pathol 2006; 208:653-61. [PMID: 16477590 DOI: 10.1002/path.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mallory bodies (MBs) and intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs) are cytoplasmic hepatocellular inclusions that consist of aggregated proteins. MBs are characteristically associated with alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but may also be found in chronic cholestatic and metabolic (eg copper intoxication) diseases and hepatocellular neoplasms, particularly hepatocellular carcinomas. IHBs have hitherto only been described in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In the present study hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and a case of idiopathic copper toxicosis were evaluated with respect to the presence and mutual relationship of MBs and IHBs. IHBs alone were present in 8.6%, MBs alone in 16.1% and both types of inclusion in 7.5% of HCCs. It is shown that IHBs may also occur in non-neoplastic hepatocytes in association with idiopathic copper toxicosis, together with MBs. In HCCs and idiopathic copper toxicosis, MBs and IHBs may be present within the same cell. Moreover, hybrid inclusions holding an intermediate position between MBs and IHBs regarding light microscopy, ultrastructure and composition exist. MBs and IHBs contain p62, a stress-inducible adapter protein, as the major constituent. In MBs p62 is associated with keratins, whereas classical IHBs lack keratins. Light microscopic, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical data suggest a close pathogenetic relationship between MBs and IHBs. Both types of inclusion are the result of over-expression and accumulation of the stress protein p62. If p62 is induced alone, or at least prevails, IHBs may arise by aggregation. However, if abnormal keratins are present in addition to p62, p62 associates and co-aggregates with keratins, finally leading to classical MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Denk
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Joung I, Kim HJ, Kwon YK. p62 modulates Akt activity via association with PKCzeta in neuronal survival and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:654-60. [PMID: 16011831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a ubiquitously expressed phosphoprotein that interacts with a number of signaling molecules and a major component of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. It has been implicated in important cellular functions such as cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways. In this study, we have addressed the potential role of p62 during neuronal differentiation and survival using HiB5, a rat neuronal progenitor cell. We generated a recombinant adenovirus encoding T7-epitope tagged p62 to reliably transfer p62 cDNA into the neuronal cells. The results show that an overexpression of p62 led not only to neuronal differentiation, but also to decreased cell death induced by serum withdrawal in HiB5 cells. In this process p62-dependent Akt phosphorylation occurred via the release of Akt from PKCzeta by association of p62 and PKCzeta, which is known as a negative regulator of Akt activation. These findings indicate that p62 facilitates cell survival through novel signaling cascades that result in Akt activation. Furthermore, we found that p62 expression was induced during neuronal differentiation. Taken together, the data suggest p62 is a regulator of neuronal cell survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insil Joung
- Department of Biology, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungnam 352-820, Korea.
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Lackner C, Dlaska D, Fuchsbichler A, Stumptner C, Gogg-Kamerer M, Zatloukal K, Denk H. p62 protein is expressed in pancreatic beta cells. J Pathol 2005; 206:402-8. [PMID: 15926199 DOI: 10.1002/path.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a cellular protein that plays an adapter role in signal transduction pathways involved in such diverse biological functions as proliferation, differentiation, reaction to oxidative stress and immune response. Furthermore, p62 has recently been detected as a component of intracytoplasmic protein aggregates (inclusion bodies), which are hallmarks of a variety of chronic degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, but also of steatohepatitis. Here we report that p62 and insulin are co-expressed in a diffuse fashion in beta cells in normal human pancreas as well as in primary chronic pancreatitis and in normal pancreas from mouse and swine. In contrast, p62 protein is absent from, or only focally and very weakly expressed in, insulinomas, glucagonomas or non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours or carcinomas that express insulin or other pancreatic as well as extrapancreatic hormones. Although the biological function of p62 in beta cells is unknown, the co-expression of p62 and insulin in non-neoplastic beta cells suggests that, in the beta cell, p62 may play a role in specific insulin-related signalling. Since p62 may also be involved in pro-apototic signal transduction, the loss of p62 expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas may render the tumour cells less sensitive to pro-apototic signals. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of p62 in beta cell-specific signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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39
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Abstract
The major pathologic manifestations of alcoholic liver injury have been well described, and include three major lesions: steatosis (fatty liver), steatohepatitis (formerly alcoholic hepatitis), and cirrhosis. Recent attention to the problem of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in individuals with obesity, diabetes, and other risk factors has shed light on the mechanisms of cellular injury associated with hepatic steatosis and on the potential pathways to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Pathologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of changes seen in steatohepatitis, including hepatocyte ballooning, Mallory bodies, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates, and a distinctive perivenular and pericellular "chicken-wire" fibrosis. These features and other less common histopathologic lesions in the liver are reviewed and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Lefkowitch
- Columbia University, Department of Surgical Pathology, PH 1564W, 630 W 168th Streest, VC 14th Floor, Room 215, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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40
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Zatloukal K, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Fickert P, Lackner C, Trauner M, Denk H. The keratin cytoskeleton in liver diseases. J Pathol 2004; 204:367-76. [PMID: 15495250 DOI: 10.1002/path.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The keratin intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton of hepatocytes has continuously gained medical relevance over the last two decades. Originally it was mainly recognized as a differentiation marker for diagnostic purposes in pathology. However, keratin IFs were soon identified as major cellular structures to be affected in a variety of chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH, NASH), copper toxicosis, and cholestasis. Based on observations in keratin gene knock-out mice, the insight into the functional role of keratins was extended from a mere structural role providing mechanical stability to hepatocytes, to an additional role as target and modulator of toxic stress and apoptosis. The functional relevance of keratins in human diseases has recently been underlined by the identification of mutations in keratin genes in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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41
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Nan L, Wu Y, Bardag-Gorce F, Li J, French BA, Fu AN, Francis T, Vu J, French SW. p62 is involved in the mechanism of Mallory body formation. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 77:168-75. [PMID: 15507232 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a scaffolding protein that binds to polyubiquitin. It is involved in the degradation of proteins by the proteasome. To determine if p62 is critical in the development of Mallory bodies (MBs), primary culture hepatocytes from drug-primed mice were studied and the results were compared with normal hepatocytes. Gene-specific gripNA (gp62) was added to the medium of the primary cultures of the hepatocytes to inhibit the expression of p62. Overexpression of p62 was achieved by transfecting the hepatocytes with a plasmid containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused p62 (p62-GFP). Gp62 dramatically inhibited MB formation by 94% in drug-primed hepatocytes. The cells transfected with gp62 had decreased protein levels of p62, ubiquitin (Ub), and cytokeratin 8 (CK8). Overexpression of p62 accelerated and enhanced MB formation by 339% in drug-primed hepatocytes. Overexpression of p62 in normal mouse hepatocytes induced MB-like aggresomes that were stained by Ub but not by CK8. The results indicate that p62 is involved in the mechanism of MB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Nan
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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42
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Nagaoka U, Kim K, Jana NR, Doi H, Maruyama M, Mitsui K, Oyama F, Nukina N. Increased expression of p62 in expanded polyglutamine-expressing cells and its association with polyglutamine inclusions. J Neurochem 2004; 91:57-68. [PMID: 15379887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with a CAG repeat expansion in the gene encoding huntingtin. We found that a 60-kDa protein was increased in Neuro2a cells expressing the N-terminal portion of huntingtin with expanded polyglutamine. We purified this protein, and, using mass spectrometry, identified it as p62, an ubiquitin-associated domain-containing protein. A specific p62 antibody stained the ubiquitylated polyQ inclusions in expanded polyglutamine-expressing cells, as well as in the brain of the huntingtin exon 1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, the level of p62 protein and mRNA was increased in expanded polyglutamine-expressing cells. We also found that p62 formed aggresome-like inclusions when p62 was increased in normal Neuro2a cells by a proteasome inhibitor. Knock-down of p62 does not affect the formation of aggresomes or polyglutamine inclusions, suggesting that p62 is recruited to the aggresome or inclusions secondary to their formation. These results suggest that p62 may play important roles as a responsive protein to a polyglutamine-induced stress rather than as a cross-linker between ubiquitylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Nagaoka
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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43
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Müller T, Langner C, Fuchsbichler A, Heinz-Erian P, Ellemunter H, Schlenck B, Bavdekar AR, Pradhan AM, Pandit A, Müller-Höcker J, Melter M, Kobayashi K, Nagasaka H, Kikuta H, Müller W, Tanner MS, Sternlieb I, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Immunohistochemical analysis of Mallory bodies in Wilsonian and non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis. Hepatology 2004; 39:963-9. [PMID: 15057900 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Wilson's disease (WD), Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC), and idiopathic copper toxicosis (ICT) develop severe liver disease morphologically characterized by ballooning of hepatocytes, inflammation, cytoskeletal alterations, and Mallory body (MB) formation, finally leading to mostly micronodular cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of MBs in copper toxicosis is still unresolved. Immunohistochemical analysis of MBs in different types of copper intoxication revealed that keratin, p62, and ubiquitin are integral components. Thus MBs associated with copper intoxication resemble those present in alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). p62 is a multifunctional immediate early gene product that, on the one hand, is involved in stress-induced cell signaling (particularly that of oxidative stress) by acting as an adapter protein linking receptor-interacting protein (RIP) with the atypical protein kinase C. On the other hand, p62 binds with high affinity to polyubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins. In conclusion, p62 accumulation in WD, ICC, and ICT and deposition in MBs indicates a central role of protein misfolding induced by oxidative stress in copper-induced liver toxicity. By sequestering potentially harmful misfolded ubiquitinated proteins as inert cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (e.g., as MBs), p62 may be a major player in an important cellular rescue mechanism in oxidative hepatocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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44
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Zatloukal K, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Janig E, Denk H. Intermediate Filament Protein Inclusions. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 78:205-28. [PMID: 15646620 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)78008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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45
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Rodnin NV, Tykhonkova IO, Kyyamova RG, Garifulin OM, Gout IT, Filonenko VV. Identification of tumor-associated antigens in human thyroid papillar carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Rodnin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - I. O. Tykhonkova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - R. G. Kyyamova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - O. M. Garifulin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - I. T. Gout
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
| | - V. V. Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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46
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Kuusisto E, Salminen A, Alafuzoff I. Early accumulation of p62 in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease: possible role in tangle formation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:228-37. [PMID: 12060347 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques (NPs) are two major histopathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although their aetiological relationship is unclear, both NFTs and dystrophic neurites of NPs display immunoreactivity for ubiquitin. This suggests that dysfunction in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and the resulting accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins may contribute to the origination of dystrophic neurites and NFTs. We recently discovered a novel constituent of neuropathological protein aggregates, ubiquitin-binding protein p62, with evidence that the accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and p62 into cytoplasmic inclusions might be interconnected. In the present work we examined in detail the role of p62 in AD-type pathology, i.e. NFTs, NPs and neuropil threads. Using immunohistochemistry for p62, ubiquitin and hyperphosphorylated tau, we analysed parietal cortical samples of 15 clinicopathologically verified AD cases and nine nondemented aged subjects with abundant NPs. We found that p62 immunoreactivity appears early during neurofibrillary pathogenesis and is invariably and stably present in NFTs. In contrast, p62 was absent or barely detectable in neuropil threads. Furthermore, NP-associated dystrophic neurites were generally devoid of p62, regardless of their content of hyperphosphorylated tau and/or ubiquitin. The results suggest that early involvement of p62 might be critical in the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau into perikaryal aggregates, i.e. NFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kuusisto
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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47
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Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Heid H, Zatloukal K, Denk H. Mallory body--a disease-associated type of sequestosome. Hepatology 2002; 35:1053-62. [PMID: 11981755 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.32674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Mallory bodies (MBs) consist of abnormal keratins, ubiquitin, heat shock proteins, and the protein p62. p62 is encoded by an immediate-early response gene that rapidly responds to a variety of extracellular signals involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and particularly oxidative stress. It acts as an adapter in signal transduction and binds noncovalently to ubiquitin, possibly being involved in the regulation of the fate of ubiquitinated proteins by segregation (i.e., sequestosome or aggresome formation). The presence of p62 together with ubiquitinated abnormal keratins in the MB characterizes MBs as a disease-associated type of sequestosome. A detailed study on the expression of p62 and its relationship to MB formation in the 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-treated mouse liver is reported based on immunohistochemical, immunoblot, and Northern blot analyses. The results indicate that p62 is rapidly induced in hepatocytes of intoxicated animals preceding MB formation. As suggested by experiments with short-term DDC-treated naive mice and mice refed DDC after recovery from long-term DDC treatment (primed mice), p62 does not exert an initiating effect on MB formation but the appearance of MBs requires the presence of abnormal keratins, which associate with p62 after ubiquitination. The rapid induction of p62 and its association with MBs further support the role of oxidative stress in MB formation. In conclusion, the constant presence of p62 in MBs suggests that binding of p62 to abnormal keratins may allow hepatocytes to dispose potentially harmful proteins in a biologically inert manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Stumptner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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48
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Abstract
Several highly conserved p62 homologs have recently been isolated, e.g. the rat atypical protein kinase C-interacting protein (ZIP), the murine A170/signal transduction and adapter protein, and the human p62, a protein that binds the Src homology 2 domain of p56(lck). These proteins share striking similarity in amino acid sequence and structural motifs, thereby suggesting conserved functional properties. ZIP/p62 has been shown to play an important role as a scaffold leading to the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB. In addition, a nuclear form of p62 has been characterized that can serve as a transcriptional co-activator. Moreover, p62 is capable of binding ubiquitin (Ub) non-covalently through its Ub-associated domain. In this review, we will focus on the structure and function of ZIP/p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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49
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Zatloukal K, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Heid H, Schnoelzer M, Kenner L, Kleinert R, Prinz M, Aguzzi A, Denk H. p62 Is a common component of cytoplasmic inclusions in protein aggregation diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:255-63. [PMID: 11786419 PMCID: PMC1867135 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to stress, particularly oxidative stress, leads to misfolding of proteins and, if they are not refolded or degraded, to cytoplasmic protein aggregates. Protein aggregates are characteristic features of a variety of chronic toxic and degenerative diseases, such as Mallory bodies (MBs) in hepatocytes in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, neurofibrillary tangles in neurons in Alzheimer's, and Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease. Using 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified p62 as a novel MB component. p62 and cytokeratins (CKs) are major MB constituents; HSP 70, HSP 25, and ubiquitinated CKs are also present. These proteins characterize MBs as a prototype of disease-associated cytoplasmic inclusions generated by stress-induced protein misfolding. As revealed by transfection of tissue culture cells overexpressed p62 did not induce aggregation of regular CK filaments but selectively bound to misfolded and ubiquitinated CKs. The general role of p62 in the cellular response to misfolded proteins was substantiated by detection of p62 in other cytoplasmic inclusions, such as neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies, Rosenthal fibers, intracytoplasmic hyaline bodies in hepatocellular carcinoma, and alpha1-antitrypsin aggregates. The presence of p62 along with other stress proteins and ubiquitin in cytoplasmic inclusions indicates deposition as aggregates as a third line of defense against misfolded proteins in addition to refolding and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zatloukal
- Department of Pathology, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria.
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50
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Kuusisto E, Salminen A, Alafuzoff I. Ubiquitin-binding protein p62 is present in neuronal and glial inclusions in human tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Neuroreport 2001; 12:2085-90. [PMID: 11447312 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200107200-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the immunoreactivity of ubiquitin-binding protein p62 and its association with ubiquitin (Ub), alpha-synuclein, and paired helical filament (PHF)-tau in the affected brain areas of human tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Ubiquitin-binding protein p62 is a widely expressed protein that can bind to Ub noncovalently and is involved in several signalling pathways, making p62 a candidate regulator of Ub-mediated proteolysis. We show that p62 immunoreactivity co-localizes with neuronal and glial Ub-containing inclusions in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy. This is the first demonstration of a common protein component, apart from Ub, that is present in both PHF-tau and alpha-synuclein inclusions. In both tauo- and synucleinopathies, the staining patterns for p62 and Ub were markedly similar, suggesting that a common mechanism which requires interaction of p62 and Ub contributes to the formation of PHF-tau and alpha-synuclein inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kuusisto
- 1Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Section of Neuropathology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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