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Tao L, Fu J, Wang F, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. The application of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and its chemical constituents, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical research. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1293097. [PMID: 38239194 PMCID: PMC10794775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1293097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study reviews the use of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and various preparations by describing its chemical composition, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research progress. Methods: The applications and processing methods of mirabilite are searched in traditional and modern Chinese medical writings, and the articles on chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical studies of mirabilite and its combinations in PubMed and China Knowledge Network are reviewed, sorted, and analyzed. Results: The main chemical component of mirabilite is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), followed by small amounts of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and other inorganic salts. This study systematically organizes the history of the medicinal use of mirabilite in China for more than 2,000 years. This mineral has been used by nine Chinese ethnic groups (Han, Dai, Kazakh, Manchu, Mongolian, Tujia, Wei, Yi, and Tibetan) in a large number of prescription preparations. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition) records stated that mirabilite can be used for abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal carbuncle, external treatment of breast carbuncle, hemorrhoids, and other diseases. The traditional processing methods of mirabilite in China include refining, boiling, sautéing, filtration after hot water blistering, and firing. Since the Ming Dynasty, processing by radish has become the mainstream prepared method of mirabilite. Mirabilite can exhibit anti-inflammatory detumescence effects by inhibiting AMS, LPS, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and NO levels and attenuating the upregulation of TNF-α and NF-κB genes. It can promote cell proliferation and wound healing by increasing the production of cytokines TGFβ1 and VEGF-A and gastrointestinal motility by increasing the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and motilin. It can increase the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor and AKT phosphorylation in the liver by up-regulating bile acid synthesis genes; reduce TRB3 expression in the liver, FGF15 co-receptor KLB expression, and FGF15 production in the ileum, and JNK signal transduction; and increase the transcription of CYP7A1 to achieve a cholesterol-lowering effect. Mirabilite also has a variety of pharmacological effects, such as regulating intestinal flora, anti-muscle paralysis, anti-colon cancer, promoting water discharge, and analgesic. Only a few toxicological studies on mirabilite are available. External application of mirabilite can cause local skin to be flushed or itchy, and its oral administration is toxic to neuromuscular cells. The sulfur ions of its metabolites can also be toxic to the human body. At present, no pharmacokinetic study has been conducted on mirabilite as a single drug. This mineral has been widely used in the clinical treatment of inflammation, edema, wound healing, digestive system diseases, infusion extravasation, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, breast accumulation, muscle paralysis, intestinal preparation before microscopic examination, and other diseases and symptoms. Conclusion: Mirabilite has good application prospects in traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine. In-depth research on its processing methods, active ingredients, quality control, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms, and standardized clinical application is needed. This paper provides a reference for the application and research of mirabilite in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbo Tao
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Peelen DM, Hoogduijn MJ, Hesselink DA, Baan CC. Advanced in vitro Research Models to Study the Role of Endothelial Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607953. [PMID: 33664744 PMCID: PMC7921837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in acute and chronic rejection of solid organ transplants. During both processes the endothelium is damaged often with major consequences for organ function. Also, endothelial cells (EC) have antigen-presenting properties and can in this manner initiate and enhance alloreactive immune responses. For decades, knowledge about these roles of EC have been obtained by studying both in vitro and in vivo models. These experimental models poorly imitate the immune response in patients and might explain why the discovery and development of agents that control EC responses is hampered. In recent years, various innovative human 3D in vitro models mimicking in vivo organ structure and function have been developed. These models will extend the knowledge about the diverse roles of EC in allograft rejection and will hopefully lead to discoveries of new targets that are involved in the interactions between the donor organ EC and the recipient's immune system. Moreover, these models can be used to gain a better insight in the mode of action of the currently prescribed immunosuppression and will enhance the development of novel therapeutics aiming to reduce allograft rejection and prolong graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M Peelen
- Rotterdam Transplant Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Rotterdam Transplant Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Rotterdam Transplant Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Rotterdam Transplant Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Successful Regulatory T Cell-Based Therapy Relies on Inhibition of T Cell Effector Function and Enrichment of FOXP3+ Cells in a Humanized Mouse Model of Skin Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7680131. [PMID: 32509883 PMCID: PMC7244960 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7680131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent clinical trials using regulatory T cells (Treg) support the therapeutic potential of Treg-based therapy in transplantation and autoinflammatory diseases. Despite these clinical successes, the effect of Treg on inflamed tissues, as well as their impact on immune effector function in vivo, is poorly understood. Therefore, we here evaluated the effect of human Treg injection on cutaneous inflammatory processes in vivo using a humanized mouse model of human skin inflammation (huPBL-SCID-huSkin). Methods SCID beige mice were transplanted with human skin followed by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 20‐40 × 106 allogeneic human PBMCs. This typically results in human skin inflammation as indicated by epidermal thickening (hyperkeratosis) and changes in dermal inflammatory markers such as the antimicrobial peptide hBD2 and epidermal barrier cytokeratins K10 and K16, as well as T cell infiltration in the dermis. Ex vivo-expanded human Treg were infused intraperitoneally. Human cutaneous inflammation and systemic immune responses were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results We confirmed that human Treg injection inhibits skin inflammation and the influx of effector T cells. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that human Treg injection led to a reduction of IL-17-secreting cells while promoting a relative increase in immunosuppressive FOXP3+ Treg in the human skin, indicating active immune regulation in controlling the local proinflammatory response. Consistent with the local control (skin), systemically (splenocytes), we observed that Treg injection led to lower frequencies of IFNγ and IL-17A-expressing human T cells, while a trend towards enrichment of FOXP3+ Treg was observed. Conclusion Taken together, we demonstrate that inhibition of skin inflammation by Treg infusion, next to a reduction of infiltrating effector T cells, is mediated by restoring both the local and systemic balance between cytokine-producing effector T cells and immunoregulatory T cells. This work furthers our understanding of Treg-based immunotherapy.
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Walcher L, Müller C, Hilger N, Kretschmer A, Stahl L, Wigge S, Rengelshausen J, Müller AM, Fricke S. Effect of combined sublethal X-ray irradiation and cyclosporine A treatment in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice. Exp Anim 2019; 68:1-11. [PMID: 30078790 PMCID: PMC6389519 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCT) to
prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). GvHD is the most severe side effect of
allogeneic HSCT and efficient therapies are lacking. Mouse models are an essential tool
for assessing potential new therapeutic strategies. Our aim is to mimic a clinical setting
as close as possible using CsA treatment after sublethal irradiation in NSG mice and
thereby evaluate the feasibility of this mouse model for GvHD studies. The effect of CsA
(7.5 mg/kg body weight) on sublethally X-ray irradiated (2 Gy) and non-irradiated NSG mice
was tested. CsA was administered orally every twelve hours for nine days. Animals
irradiated and treated with CsA showed a shorter survival (n=3/10) than irradiated animals
treated with NaCl (n=10/10). Furthermore, combined therapy resulted in severe weight loss
(82 ± 6% of initial weight, n=7, day 8), with weight recovery after the CsA application
was ceased. A high number of apoptotic events in the liver was observed in these mice
(0.431 ± 0.371 apoptotic cells/cm2, n=2, compared to 0.027 ± 0.034 apoptotic
cells/cm2, n=5, in the non-irradiated group). Other adverse effects,
including a decrease in white blood cell counts were non-CsA-specific manifestations of
irradiation. The combination of CsA treatment with irradiation has a hepatotoxic and
lethal effect on NSG mice, whereas the treatment without irradiation is tolerated.
Therefore, when using in vivo models of GvHD in NSG mice, a combined
treatment with CsA and X-ray irradiation should be avoided or carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadja Hilger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Kretschmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lilly Stahl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Wigge
- Grünenthal GmbH, Zieglerstrasse 6, 52078 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Anne M Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Lim S, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Pober JS, Bothwell ALM, Choi JM. Regulation of human T cell responses by dNP2-ctCTLA-4 inhibits human skin and microvessel graft rejection. Biomaterials 2018; 183:128-138. [PMID: 30165256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of human T cell functioning by delivery of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein is limited, unless the human T cells have been stimulated or electropermeabilized. To achieve successful adaptation and survival of a grafted organ, the alloreactive T cells that induce graft rejection must be regulated. Corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and mTOR inhibitors, which are systemic immunosuppressants, are currently used for transplantation, with significant side effects. In this study, we demonstrated that a cell-permeable peptide (CPP), dNP2, could efficiently deliver proteins into human CD4 and CD8 T cells. We confirmed regulatory functioning of the cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4 conjugated with dNP2 (dNP2-ctCTLA-4) in human T cell activation, proliferation, and chemokine receptor expression. We utilized a human skin allograft system in SCID/beige mice to examine whether dNP2-ctCTLA-4 could inhibit allograft rejection by controlling T cell responses. The grafted skin tissue inflammation, allogeneic T cell infiltration, and blood cytokine level was markedly reduced by dNP2-ctCTLA-4, resulting in successful transplantation. In addition, it also inhibited T cell alloresponses against microvessels formed form Bcl-2-transduced human umbilical vein endothelial cells implanted into Balb/c Rag1-/-/IL-2Rγ-/- double knockout (DKO) mice, assessed as reduced T cell infiltration and granzyme B expression. These results collectively suggest that dNP2 peptide conjugation offers a valuable tool for delivering macromolecules like proteins into human T cells, and dNP2-ctCTLA-4 is a novel agent that shows potential in controlling human T cell responses to allow successful adaptation of grafted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Nancy C Kirkiles-Smith
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
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Landman S, de Oliveira VL, van Erp PEJ, Fasse E, Bauland SCG, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM. Intradermal injection of low dose human regulatory T cells inhibits skin inflammation in a humanized mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10044. [PMID: 29968819 PMCID: PMC6030170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent regulatory T cell (Treg) based clinical trials support their therapeutic potential in transplantation and auto-inflammatory diseases. However, large numbers of Treg are needed to accomplish therapeutic efficacy. Local injection at the site of inflammation (targeted delivery) may lower the numbers needed for therapy. We evaluated if local delivery of low numbers of human Treg by intradermal injection was able to prevent skin inflammation, using the humanized mouse huPBL-SCID-huSkin allograft model. A dose of only 1 × 105 freshly isolated, non expanded Treg injected intradermally in close proximity to the transplanted human skin prevented inflammation of the grafted tissue induced by 4 × 107 IP injected human allogeneic PBMCs, (ratio Treg:PBMC = 1:400), as indicated by the inhibition of epidermal thickening, sustained Keratin-10 expression, the absence of Keratin-16 up regulation and prevention of human CD3+ T cell influx. A concomitant reduction of human T cells was observed in lymph nodes and spleen of the mice. Injection of Treg at the contralateral side was also shown to inhibit skin inflammation, suggesting that the inflammatory response was regulated both locally and systemically. In conclusion, local application of Treg may be an attractive way to suppress inflammation in vivo without the need for prior ex vivo expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sija Landman
- Radboud university medical center, department of Laboratory Medicine-Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian L de Oliveira
- Radboud university medical center, department of Laboratory Medicine-Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Radboud university medical center, department of Dermatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Fasse
- Radboud university medical center, department of Laboratory Medicine-Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Irma Joosten
- Radboud university medical center, department of Laboratory Medicine-Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Radboud university medical center, department of Laboratory Medicine-Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kenney LL, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. Humanized Mouse Models for Transplant Immunology. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:389-97. [PMID: 26588186 PMCID: PMC5283075 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular pathways that control immune responses, particularly immunomodulatory molecules that control the extent and duration of an immune response, have led to new approaches in the field of transplantation immunology to induce allograft survival. These molecular pathways are being defined precisely in murine models and translated into clinical practice; however, many of the newly available drugs are human-specific reagents. Furthermore, many species-specific differences exist between mouse and human immune systems. Recent advances in the development of humanized mice, namely, immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human immune systems, have led to the availability of a small animal model for the study of human immune responses. Humanized mice represent an important preclinical model system for evaluation of new drugs and identification of the mechanisms underlying human allograft rejection without putting patients at risk. This review highlights recent advances in the development of humanized mice and their use as preclinical models for the study of human allograft responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605,Corresponding Author: Dale L. Greiner, PhD, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2051, Worcester, MA 01605, Office: 508-856-1911, Fax: 508-856-4093,
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
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Abrahimi P, Qin L, Chang WG, Bothwell ALM, Tellides G, Saltzman WM, Pober JS. Blocking MHC class II on human endothelium mitigates acute rejection. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 26900601 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute allograft rejection is mediated by host CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) targeting graft class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In experimental rodent models, rejection requires differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells into alloreactive CTL within secondary lymphoid organs, whereas in humans, CTL may alternatively develop within the graft from circulating CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM) that recognize class I MHC molecules on graft endothelial cells (EC). This latter pathway is poorly understood. Here, we show that host CD4+ TEM, activated by EC class II MHC molecules, provide critical help for this process. First, blocking HLA-DR on EC lining human artery grafts in immunodeficient mice reduces CD8+ CTL development within and acute rejection of the artery by adoptively transferred allogeneic human lymphocytes. Second, siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 ablation of class II MHC molecules on EC prevents CD4+ TEM from helping CD8+ TEM to develop into CTL in vitro. Finally, implanted synthetic microvessels, formed from CRISPR/Cas9-modified EC lacking class II MHC molecules, are significantly protected from CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction in vivo. We conclude that human CD8+ TEM-mediated rejection targeting graft EC class I MHC molecules requires help from CD4+ TEM cells activated by recognition of class II MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parwiz Abrahimi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William G Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Maldonado AA, Cristóbal L, Martín-López J, Mallén M, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J. A novel model of human skin pressure ulcers in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109003. [PMID: 25310568 PMCID: PMC4195607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pressure ulcers are a prevalent health problem in today's society. The shortage of suitable animal models limits our understanding and our ability to develop new therapies. This study aims to report on the development of a novel and reproducible human skin pressure ulcer model in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male non-obese, diabetic, severe combined immunodeficiency mice (n = 22) were engrafted with human skin. A full-thickness skin graft was placed onto 4×3 cm wounds created on the dorsal skin of the mice. Two groups with permanent grafts were studied after 60 days. The control group (n = 6) was focused on the process of engraftment. Evaluations were conducted with photographic assessment, histological analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. The pressure ulcer group (n = 12) was created using a compression device. A pressure of 150 mmHg for 8 h, with a total of three cycles of compression-release was exerted. Evaluations were conducted with photographic assessment and histological analysis. RESULTS Skin grafts in the control group took successfully, as shown by visual assessment, FISH techniques and histological analysis. Pressure ulcers in the second group showed full-thickness skin loss with damage and necrosis of all the epidermal and dermal layers (ulcer stage III) in all cases. Complete repair occurred after 40 days. CONCLUSIONS An inexpensive, reproducible human skin pressure ulcer model has been developed. This novel model will facilitate the development of new clinically relevant therapeutic strategies that can be tested directly on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A. Maldonado
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara Cristóbal
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-López
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Mallén
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital Central de la Defensa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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de Oliveira VL, Keijsers RRMC, van de Kerkhof PCM, Seyger MMB, Fasse E, Svensson L, Latta M, Norsgaard H, Labuda T, Hupkens P, van Erp PEJ, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM. Humanized mouse model of skin inflammation is characterized by disturbed keratinocyte differentiation and influx of IL-17A producing T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45509. [PMID: 23094018 PMCID: PMC3477148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models offer a challenging possibility to study human cell function in vivo. In the huPBL-SCID-huSkin allograft model human skin is transplanted onto immunodeficient mice and allowed to heal. Thereafter allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are infused intra peritoneally to induce T cell mediated inflammation and microvessel destruction of the human skin. This model has great potential for in vivo study of human immune cells in (skin) inflammatory processes and for preclinical screening of systemically administered immunomodulating agents. Here we studied the inflammatory skin response of human keratinocytes and human T cells and the concomitant systemic human T cell response. As new findings in the inflamed human skin of the huPBL-SCID-huSkin model we here identified: 1. Parameters of dermal pathology that enable precise quantification of the local skin inflammatory response exemplified by acanthosis, increased expression of human β-defensin-2, Elafin, K16, Ki67 and reduced expression of K10 by microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 2. Induction of human cytokines and chemokines using quantitative real-time PCR. 3. Influx of inflammation associated IL-17A-producing human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as immunoregulatory CD4+Foxp3+ cells using immunohistochemistry and -fluorescence, suggesting that active immune regulation is taking place locally in the inflamed skin. 4. Systemic responses that revealed activated and proliferating human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that acquired homing marker expression of CD62L and CLA. Finally, we demonstrated the value of the newly identified parameters by showing significant changes upon systemic treatment with the T cell inhibitory agents cyclosporine-A and rapamycin. In summary, here we equipped the huPBL-SCID-huSkin humanized mouse model with relevant tools not only to quantify the inflammatory dermal response, but also to monitor the peripheral immune status. This combined approach will gain our understanding of the dermal immunopathology in humans and benefit the development of novel therapeutics for controlling inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian L. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romy R. M. C. Keijsers
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke M. B. Seyger
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Fasse
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Svensson
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Markus Latta
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Hanne Norsgaard
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Tord Labuda
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pieter Hupkens
- Department of Plastic Surgery Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E. J. van Erp
- Dermatology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Brehm MA, Shultz LD. Human allograft rejection in humanized mice: a historical perspective. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:225-31. [PMID: 22327213 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research in transplantation immunology has relied primarily on rodent models. Experimentation with rodents has laid the foundation for our basic understanding of the biological events that precipitate rejection of non-self or allogeneic tissue transplants and supported the development of novel strategies to specifically suppress allogeneic immune responses. However, translation of these studies to the clinic has met with limited success, emphasizing the need for new models that focus on human immune responses to allogeneic tissues. Humanized mouse models are an exciting alternative that permits investigation of the rejection of human tissues mediated by human immune cells without putting patients at risk. However, the use of humanized mice is complicated by a diversity of protocols and approaches, including the large number of immunodeficient mouse strains available, the choice of tissue to transplant and the specific human immune cell populations that can be engrafted. Here, we present a historical perspective on the study of allograft rejection in humanized mice and discuss the use of these novel model systems in transplant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor KDR on the transendothelial migration and local trafficking of human T cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2010; 116:1980-9. [PMID: 20538805 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-252460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In these studies, we find that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor KDR is expressed on subsets of mitogen-activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro. We also found that KDR colocalizes with CD3 on mitogen-activated T cells in vitro and on infiltrates within rejecting human allografts in vivo. To evaluate whether VEGF and KDR mediate lymphocyte migration across endothelial cells (ECs), we used an in vitro live-time transmigration model and observed that both anti-VEGF and anti-KDR antibodies inhibit the transmigration of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells across tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-activated, but not unactivated ECs. In addition, we found that interactions among CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and TNFα-activated ECs result in the induction of KDR on each T cell subset, and that KDR-expressing lymphocytes preferentially transmigrate across TNFα-activated ECs. Finally, using a humanized severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of lymphocyte trafficking, we found that KDR-expressing lymphocytes migrate into human skin in vivo, and that migration is reduced in mice treated with a blocking anti-VEGF antibody. These observations demonstrate that induced expression of KDR on subsets of T cells, and locally expressed VEGF, facilitate EC-dependent lymphocyte chemotaxis, and thus, the localization of T cells at sites of inflammation.
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Racki WJ, Covassin L, Brehm M, Pino S, Ignotz R, Dunn R, Laning J, Graves SK, Rossini AA, Shultz LD, Greiner DL. NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) mouse model of human skin transplantation and allograft rejection. Transplantation 2010; 89:527-36. [PMID: 20134397 PMCID: PMC2901915 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c90242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of human skin on immunodeficient mice that support engraftment with functional human immune systems would be an invaluable tool for investigating mechanisms involved in wound healing and transplantation. Nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid interleukin-2 gamma chain receptor (NSG) readily engraft with human immune systems, but human skin graft integrity is poor. In contrast, human skin graft integrity is excellent on CB17-scid bg (SCID.bg) mice, but they engraft poorly with human immune systems. METHODS Human skin grafts transplanted onto immunodeficient NSG, SCID.bg, and other immunodeficient strains were evaluated for graft integrity, preservation of graft endothelium, and their ability to be rejected after engraftment of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Human skin transplanted onto NSG mice develops an inflammatory infiltrate, consisting predominately of host Gr1(+) cells, that is detrimental to the survival of human endothelium in the graft. Treatment of graft recipients with anti-Gr1 antibody reduces this cellular infiltrate, preserves graft endothelium, and promotes wound healing, tissue development, and graft remodeling. Excellent graft integrity of the transplanted skin includes multilayered stratified human epidermis, well-developed human vasculature, human fibroblasts, and passenger leukocytes. Injection of unfractionated, CD4 or CD8 allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cell induces a rapid destruction of the transplanted skin graft. CONCLUSIONS NSG mice treated with anti-Gr1 antibody provide a model optimized for both human skin graft integrity and engraftment of a functional human immune system. This model provides the opportunity to investigate mechanisms orchestrating inflammation, wound healing, revascularization, tissue remodeling, and allograft rejection and can provide guidance for improving outcomes after clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar J. Racki
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Laurence Covassin
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael Brehm
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Stephen Pino
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Ronald Ignotz
- Departments of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Raymond Dunn
- Departments of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joseph Laning
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Susannah K. Graves
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Departments of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Amelioration of human allograft arterial injury by atorvastatin or simvastatin correlates with reduction of interferon-gamma production by infiltrating T cells. Transplantation 2008; 86:719-27. [PMID: 18791454 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318183eefa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft arteriosclerosis (GA) is an important factor limiting long-term outcomes after organ transplantation. We have used a chimeric humanized mouse system to model this arteriopathy in human vessels, and found that the morphologic and functional changes of experimental GA are interferon (IFN)-gamma dependent. This study evaluated whether 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, described as inhibitors of IFN-gamma production, affect GA in our model. METHODS C.B.-17 severe combined immunodeficiency-beige mice were transplanted with human artery segments as aortic interposition grafts and inoculated with allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or replication-deficient adenovirus encoding human IFN-gamma. Transplant arteries were analyzed from recipients treated with vehicle vs. atorvastatin or simvastatin at different doses. The effects of statins on T-cell alloresponses to vascular endothelial cells were also investigated in vitro. RESULTS Graft arteriosclerosis-like arteriopathy induced by PBMCs was reduced by atorvastatin at 30 mg/kg/day or simvastatin at 100 mg/kg/day that correlated with decreased graft-infiltrating CD3+ T cells. Circulating IFN-gamma was also reduced, as were graft IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokine transcripts and graft human leukocyte antigen-DR expression. Graft arteriosclerosis directly induced by human IFN-gamma in the absence of human PBMCs was also reduced by atorvastatin, but only at the highest dose of 100 mg/kg/day. Finally, atorvastatin decreased the clonal expansion and production of interleukin-2, but not IFN-gamma, by human CD4+ T cells in response to allogeneic endothelial cells in coculture. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a benefit of statin administration in transplantation may include amelioration of GA primarily by inhibiting alloreactive T-cell accumulation and consequent IFN-gamma production and secondarily through suppression of the arterial response to IFN-gamma.
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Translational dermatology in drug discovery: perspectives for integrating humanized xenograft models and experimental clinical studies. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Babu AN, Murakawa T, Thurman JM, Miller EJ, Henson PM, Zamora MR, Voelkel NF, Nicolls MR. Microvascular destruction identifies murine allografts that cannot be rescued from airway fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3774-85. [PMID: 18060031 DOI: 10.1172/jci32311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airway fibrosis (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome) is the primary obstacle to long-term survival following lung transplantation. Here, we show the importance of functional microvasculature in the prevention of epithelial loss and fibrosis due to rejection and for the first time, relate allograft microvascular injury and loss of tissue perfusion to immunotherapy-resistant rejection. To explore the role of alloimmune rejection and airway ischemia in the development of fibroproliferation, we used a murine orthotopic tracheal transplant model. We determined that transplants were reperfused by connection of recipient vessels to donor vessels at the surgical anastomosis site. Microcirculation through the newly formed vascular anastomoses appeared partially dependent on VEGFR2 and CXCR2 pathways. In the absence of immunosuppression, the microvasculature in rejecting allografts exhibited vascular complement deposition, diminished endothelial CD31 expression, and absent perfusion prior to the onset of fibroproliferation. Rejecting grafts with extensive endothelial cell injury were refractory to immunotherapy. After early microvascular loss, neovascularization was eventually observed in the membranous trachea, indicating a reestablishment of graft perfusion in established fibrosis. One implication of this study is that bronchial artery revascularization at the time of lung transplantation may decrease the risk of subsequent airway fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok N Babu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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King M, Pearson T, Shultz LD, Leif J, Bottino R, Trucco M, Atkinson MA, Wasserfall C, Herold KC, Woodland RT, Schmidt MR, Woda BA, Thompson MJ, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. A new Hu-PBL model for the study of human islet alloreactivity based on NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain gene. Clin Immunol 2007; 126:303-14. [PMID: 18096436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient NOD-scid mice bearing a targeted mutation in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (Il2rgamma(null)) readily engraft with human stem cells. Here we analyzed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for their ability to engraft NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice and established engraftment kinetics, optimal cell dose, and the influence of injection route. Even at low PBMC input, NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice reproducibly support high human PBMC engraftment that plateaus within 3-4 weeks. In contrast to previous stocks of immunodeficient mice, we observed low intra- and inter-donor variability of engraftment. NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice rendered hyperglycemic by streptozotocin treatment return to normoglycemia following transplantation with human islets. Interestingly, these human islet grafts are rejected following injection of HLA-mismatched human PBMC as evidenced by return to hyperglycemia and loss of human C-peptide. These data suggest that humanized NOD-scid Il2rgamma(null) mice may represent an important surrogate for investigating in vivo mechanisms of human islet allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie King
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Shiao SL, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Shepherd BR, McNiff JM, Carr EJ, Pober JS. Human effector memory CD4+ T cells directly recognize allogeneic endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4397-404. [PMID: 17878335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of circulating alloreactive human memory T cells correlates with allograft rejection. Memory T cells may be divided into effector memory (T(EM)) and central memory (T(CM)) cell subsets, but their specific roles in allograft rejection are unknown. We report that CD4+ T(EM) (CD45RO+ CCR7- CD62L-) can be adoptively transferred readily into C.B-17 SCID/bg mice and mediate the destruction of human endothelial cells (EC) in vascularized human skin grafts allogeneic to the T cell donor. In contrast, CD4+ T(CM) (CD45RO+ CCR7+ CD62L+) are inefficiently transferred and do not mediate EC injury. In vitro, CD4+ T(EM) secrete more IFN-gamma within 48 h in response to allogeneic ECs than do T(CM). In contrast, T(EM) and T(CM) secrete comparable amounts of IFN-gamma in response to allogeneic monocytes (Mo). In the same cultures, both T(EM) and T(CM) produce IL-2 and proliferate in response to IFN-gamma-treated allogeneic human EC or Mo, but T(CM) respond more vigorously in both assays. Blockade of LFA-3 strongly inhibits both IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion by CD4+ T(EM) cultured with allogeneic EC but only minimally inhibits responses to allogeneic Mo. Blockade of CD80 and CD86 strongly inhibits IL-2 but not IFN-gamma production by in response to allogeneic EC or Mo. Transduction of EC to express B7-2 enhances allogeneic T(EM) production of IL-2 but not IFN-gamma. We conclude that human CD4+ T(EM) directly recognize and respond to allogeneic EC in vitro by secreting IFN-gamma and that this response depends on CD2 but not CD28. Consistent with EC activation of effector functions, human CD4+ T(EM) can mediate allogeneic EC injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Shiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Igney FH, Asadullah K, Zollner TM. Humanised mouse models in drug discovery for skin inflammation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2006; 1:53-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yi T, Cuchara L, Wang Y, Koh KP, Ranjbaran H, Tellides G, Pober JS, Lorber MI. Human allograft arterial injury is ameliorated by sirolimus and cyclosporine and correlates with suppression of interferon-gamma. Transplantation 2006; 81:559-66. [PMID: 16495804 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000198737.12507.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic allograft dysfunction may result from arterial injury, manifest as transplant arteriosclerosis (TA). This represents an important factor limiting long-term outcomes after heart and kidney transplantation; a relationship between acute allograft arterial injury and TA has been suggested. We have used SCID/bg mice bearing transplanted human artery, inoculated with allogeneic human PBMC to study arteriopathy in human vessels. Earlier work demonstrated arteriopathy similar to that observed clinically, and identified interferon-gamma as a mediator of the process. This study evaluated whether sirolimus (SRL), with cyclosporine A (CsA) or alone, affects TA, and examined possible mechanisms of action. METHODS CB17/SCID/bg mice were transplanted with human arteries replacing the abdominal aorta; reconstituted with allogeneic human PBMC. Controls received vehicle alone for comparison with mice given CsA (5 mg/kg/d), SRL (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/d), or CsA (5 mg/kg/d) plus SRL (0.1 mg/kg/d). Transplant arteries were examined 28 days later by histology and immunohistochemistry; circulating human interferon-gamma was evaluated by ELISA, and intragraft interferon-gamma mRNA by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The characteristic TA was modestly reduced by CsA or low-dose SRL, but eliminated by combination CsA plus SRL or higher dose SRL alone. Circulating interferon-gamma was reduced by CsA, but inhibition was dramatic with SRL alone or combined with CsA. Intragraft interferon-gamma and HLA-DR expression were moderately reduced by CsA or SRL, and eliminated with combined CsA plus SRL. CONCLUSIONS SRL plus CsA prevented allograft arteriopathy, correlating with suppression of intragraft interferon-gamma, suggesting that SRL effects may result from anti-inflammatory consequences from inhibiting interferon-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Yi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Organ Transplantation and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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21
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Erdag G, Morgan JR. Allogeneic versus xenogeneic immune reaction to bioengineered skin grafts. Cell Transplant 2005; 13:701-12. [PMID: 15648740 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are conflicting reports on the survival and immune reaction to allografts and xenografts of cultured skin substitutes (CSS). In this study, we investigated the allogeneic and xenogeneic responses to CSS of human keratinocytes and genetically engineered CSS expressing keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that forms a hyperproliferative epidermis. CSS (control and KGF modified) and neonatal human foreskins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the expression of MHC class I and II. To study allograft rejection, grafts were transplanted to human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (huPBMC)-reconstituted SCID mice. To study xenograft rejection, grafts were transplanted to immunocompetent mice. Graft survival and immune reaction were assessed visually and microscopically. After transplantation, control CSS formed a normal differentiated epidermis, whereas KGF CSS formed a hyperproliferative epidermis. Control and KGF CSS expressed class I similar to neonatal foreskin, but did not express class II. In the allograft model, rejection of neonatal foreskins was between 5 and 9 days. In contrast, neither control nor KGF CSS was rejected by huPBMC-SCID mice. Histology showed dense mononuclear cell infiltration in human foreskins, with few, if any, mononuclear cells in control or KGF CSS. In contrast to the allogeneic reaction, CSS (control and KGF) were rejected in the xenograft model, but rejection was delayed (9-21 days) compared with neonatal skin (5-8 days). Humanized SCID mice rejected allografts of human neonatal foreskins, but did not reject control CSS or KGF CSS, even though the KGF CSS formed a hyperproliferative epidermis. Rejection of control and KGF CSS by immunocompetent mice in a xenograft model was comparable and their survival was significantly prolonged compared with neonatal skin. These results demonstrate that control CSS and hyperproliferative KGF CSS are less immunogenic than normal human skin and that sustained hyperproliferation of the epidermis does not accelerate rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsun Erdag
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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22
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Yacoub-Youssef H, Marcheix B, Calise D, Thiers JC, Therville N, Benoist H, Blaes N, Ségui B, Dambrin C, Thomsen M. Engraftment of human T, B and NK cells in CB.17 SCID/beige mice by transfer of human spleen cells. Transpl Immunol 2005; 15:157-64. [PMID: 16412960 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Models of severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice reconstituted with a competent human immune system represent a valuable tool for the study of human immune responses in vivo. Reconstitution with human cells can be achieved using large numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes, but levels of engraftment are poor and graft versus host disease (GVHD) frequently occurs. SCID/beige mice are at the same time deficient for adaptive and innate immunity and the objective of this study was to develop a safe and efficient way to achieve human lymphocyte engraftment in these mice using human spleen cells. After institutional authorisations and informed consent of relatives, a piece of spleen was obtained from cadaveric organ donors and the splenocytes were isolated and cryopreserved for later use. Single intraperitoneal injections of 5-100 x10(6) splenocytes were performed into SCID/beige mice. Reconstitution of a human immune system was monitored weekly by the presence of human cells and IgG in peripheral blood. The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after the injection and the engraftment in lymphoid organs was studied. A reproducible reconstitution was obtained with intraperitoneal injection of 30-40 x10(6) spleen cells. Human T, B and NK cells as well as human IgG were present in peripheral blood. In lymphoid tissues, the same lymphocytic subpopulations were detected and in addition some antigen presenting cells. The reconstitution was functional because graft rejection was observed after transplantation of human allogeneic tissues. When less than 30 x10(6) cells were injected, the reconstitution was variable. When more than 40 x10(6) cells were injected, GVHD occurred with increasing frequency. In conclusion, we show that intraperitoneal injection of 30-40 x10(6) human splenocytes into SCID/beige mice induces a quick and functional engraftment of human T, B and NK cells with no risk of GVHD. This model may be used to study human transplantation immunobiology in vivo.
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Mestas J, Crampton SP, Hori T, Hughes CCW. Endothelial cell co-stimulation through OX40 augments and prolongs T cell cytokine synthesis by stabilization of cytokine mRNA. Int Immunol 2005; 17:737-47. [PMID: 15908450 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (ECs) constitutively express OX40L and co-stimulate memory CD4(+) T cell proliferation that is dependent upon OX40-OX40L interaction. In vivo, OX40 prolongs T cell survival; however, an unanswered question is whether it can also prolong synthesis of proliferation-sustaining cytokines such as IL-2. Here we show that EC co-stimulation results in the secretion of T cell IL-2, IL-3 and IFN-gamma and that in the absence of OX40 signals synthesis largely ceases by 12-18 h, but is prolonged up to 60 h in the presence of OX40 signaling. Blocking OX40-mediated cytokine expression at later times suppresses T cell proliferation and this can be overcome by addition of exogenous IL-2. We find that OX40 signaling has discrete effects on T cell activation as it does not affect expression of IL-10, CD25, CD69 or soluble IL-2R. Also, OX40 does not appear to alter IL-2 transcription, but rather acts to stabilize a subset of cytokine mRNAs, increasing their half-lives by 3-6-fold. We further show that OX40L induces activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphotidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) in T cells, and using specific inhibitors, we find that increased mRNA half-life is dependent upon both these pathways but is independent of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Thus, EC co-stimulation through OX40 leads to prolonged T cell cytokine synthesis and enhanced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mestas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Choi J, Walker J, Boichuk S, Kirkiles-Smith N, Torpey N, Pober JS, Alexander L. Human endothelial cells enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in CD4+ T cells in a Nef-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2005; 79:264-76. [PMID: 15596822 PMCID: PMC538695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.264-276.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected CD4+ T cells are the primary sites of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vivo. However, signals from professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages, greatly enhance HIV-1 replication in T cells. Here, we report that in cocultures, vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which in humans can also serve as APCs, can enhance HIV-1 production of both CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing strains approximately 50,000-fold. The observed HIV-1 replication enhancement conferred by ECs occurred only in memory CD4+ T cells, required expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules by the ECs, and could not be conferred by fixed ECs, all of which are consistent with a requirement for EC-mediated T-cell activation via T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Deletion of nef (Nef-) decreased HIV-1 production by approximately 100-fold in T cells cocultured with ECs but had no effect on virus production in T cells cocultured with professional APCs or fibroblasts induced to express MHC-II. Human ECs do not express B7 costimulators, but Nef- replication in CD4(+)-T-cell and EC cocultures could not be rescued by anti-CD28 antibody. ECs act in trans to enhance wild-type but not Nef- replication and facilitate enhanced wild-type replication in naive T cells when added to T-cell or B-lymphoblastoid cell cocultures, suggesting that ECs also provide a TCR-independent signal to infected T cells. Consistent with these in vitro observations, wild-type HIV-1 replicated 30- to 50-fold more than Nef- in human T cells infiltrating allogeneic human skin grafts on human huPBL-SCID/bg mice, an in vivo model of T-cell activation by ECs. Our studies suggest that ECs, which line the entire cardiovascular system and are, per force, in frequent contact with memory CD4+ T cells, provide signals to HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells to greatly enhance HIV-1 production in a Nef-dependent manner, a mechanism that could contribute to the development of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Choi
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Ullrich S, Schumacher U, Ai M, Tiemann B, Gay S, Schechner JS, Pober JS, Gross WL, Csernok E. Transfer of Human Leukocytes into Double-Knockout Pfp−/−Rag2−/− Mice Grafted with Human Skin: Increased Accumulation of Neutrophils in Human Dermal Microvessels. Transplantation 2004; 78:1557-9. [PMID: 15599322 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000144326.75485.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human leukocytes have been useful to model parts of the human immune system, including some of its diseases (e.g., AIDS). Because no human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (huPMN) develop in these xenograft models, diseases such as several forms of vasculitis cannot be modeled using this approach. To provide such a model for vasculitis, human skin patches were grafted onto double-knockout Pfp(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice, which not only lack functional T and B cells but which are also devoid of natural killer cells. After intravenous injection, a high proportion of huPMNs survived within the circulation and accumulated in the human blood vessels. The accumulation increased considerably after the endothelium of the skin patches had been stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Alpha mild perivascular neutrophilic infiltration and vascular necrosis was observed in the microvessels of the skin patches. Thus, a xenograft model of vasculitis with predominant huPMNs infiltration has been established for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, Ratzeburger Alle 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Igney FH, Asadullah K, Zollner TM. Techniques: species' finest blend--humanized mouse models in inflammatory skin disease research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:543-9. [PMID: 15380939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differences between humans and mice often hamper the transfer of promising results from the bench to the clinic. For ethical reasons, research that involves patients is limited, and so there is an urgent need for models that mimic the human situation as closely as possible. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in generating humanized mouse models, and their application to drug discovery has proved fruitful. So, how can mice be humanized, and how can humanized mice be employed in immunology research and drug discovery? In this article, we answer these questions, focusing on T-cell-mediated skin diseases as an example.
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Banuelos SJ, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Burzenski LM, Gott B, Lyons BL, Rossini AA, Appel MC. Rejection of human islets and human HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse islets by alloreactive human lymphocytes in immunodeficient NOD-scid and NOD-Rag1nullPrf1null mice. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:273-83. [PMID: 15308121 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient NOD mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used in two models of human islet allograft rejection. Model one: human PBMCs were engrafted into chemically diabetic NOD-scid mice bearing established subrenal human islet allografts. Inflammation and often complete islet allograft rejection were observed. Model 2 incorporated three key advances. First, we developed a new immunodeficient recipient, NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) mice. Second, graft-lymphocyte interactions were optimized by intrasplenic co-transplantation of islets and human PBMC. Third, NOD-scid islets expressing human HLA-A2.1 were used as allograft targets. Diabetic NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) recipients of HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse islets, alone or co-engrafted with HLA-A2-positive human PBMC, exhibited durable graft survival and euglycemia. Contrastingly, co-transplantation with HLA-A2-negative human PBMC led to islet graft rejection without evidence of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). We propose that diabetic NOD-RagI(null)Prf1(null) mice co-engrafted with HLA-A2 mouse transgenic islets and allogeneic human PBMC provide an effective in vivo model of human islet allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Banuelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Zheng L, Gibson TF, Schechner JS, Pober JS, Bothwell ALM. Bcl-2 Transduction Protects Human Endothelial Cell Synthetic Microvessel Grafts from Allogeneic T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3020-6. [PMID: 15322161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell interactions with vascular endothelial cells (EC) are of central importance for immune surveillance of microbes and for pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, allograft rejection, and vasculitis. Animal (especially rodent) models incompletely predict human immune responses, in particular with regard to the immunological functions of EC, and in vitro models may not accurately reflect in vivo findings. In this study, we describe the development of an immunodeficient SCID/bg murine model combining a transplanted human synthetic microvascular bed with adoptive transfer of human T lymphocytes allogeneic to the cells of the graft that more fully recapitulates T cell responses in natural tissues. Using this model, we demonstrate that transduced Bcl-2 protein in the engrafted EC effectively prevents injury even as it enhances T cell graft infiltration and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zheng
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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29
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Snanoudj R, Rouleau M, Bidère N, Carmona S, Baron C, Latinne D, Bazin H, Charpentier B, Senik A. A Role for CD2 Antibodies (BTI-322 and its Humanized Form) in the in vivo Elimination of Human T Lymphocytes Infiltrating an Allogeneic Human Skin Graft in SCID Mice: An Fcγ Receptor-Related Mechanism Involving Co-Injected Human NK Cells. Transplantation 2004; 78:50-8. [PMID: 15257038 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000128235.04297.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pilot clinical studies have shown that the rat anti-human-CD2 monoclonal antibody, LoCD2a/BTI-322, can efficiently prevent and treat acute kidney rejection. However, the in vivo mechanism by which it prevents allograft rejection has not been studied. BTI-322 and its humanized form have been shown to mediate in vitro antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD2 cells through the activation of monocytes or natural killer (NK) cells. METHODS Human fetal skin samples were grafted into severe combined immunodeficient/nonobese diabetic mice. Five weeks later (day 0), the mice were injected with human allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Either on day 0 or on day 14, mice were treated with BTI-322, hu-BTI-322, or their F(ab')2 fragments. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) thoroughly devoid of NK cells were also assayed. RESULTS After injection of PBL, the human skins became heavily infiltrated with activated human T lymphocytes, resulting in dermal microvascular injuries indicative of graft rejection. Early treatment with BTI-322 and hu-BTI-322 prevented all these events. These CD2 antibodies rapidly eliminated human T lymphocytes that had already infiltrated the grafts, with no evidence of recirculation toward the spleen. Their F(ab')2 fragments were, in contrast, ineffective. Elimination of NK cells from injected PBMC prevented the curative effect exerted by whole CD2 antibodies. It also abrogated their cytotoxicity potential against CD2 cells in ADCC assays. CONCLUSION F(ab')2 fragments of the CD2 antibodies could not prevent allograft rejection, whereas whole immunoglobulin G could, and human NK cells were required for the curative effect exerted by these antibodies. The results are consistent with an FcgammaR-dependent ADCC mechanism mediated in vivo by human NK cells.
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Kirkiles-Smith NC, Mahboubi K, Plescia J, McNiff JM, Karras J, Schechner JS, Altieri DC, Pober JS. IL-11 protects human microvascular endothelium from alloinjury in vivo by induction of survivin expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1391-6. [PMID: 14734714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-11 can reduce tissue injury in animal models of inflammation but the mechanism(s) is unknown. When C.B-17 SCID/beige mice bearing human skin grafts are injected i.p. with human PBMC allogeneic to the donor skin, infiltrating T cells destroy human microvessels by day 21. Intradermal injection of human IL-11 (500 ng/day) delays the time course of graft microvessel loss without reducing the extent of T cell infiltration. Protective actions of IL-11 are most pronounced on day 15. IL-11 has no effect on T cell activation marker, effector molecule, cytokine expression, or endothelial ICAM-1 expression. IL-11 up-regulates the expression of survivin, a cytoprotective protein, in graft keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Topical application of survivin antisense oligonucleotide down-regulates survivin expression in both cell types and largely abrogates the protective effect of IL-11. We conclude that in this human transplant model, IL-11 exerts a cytoprotective rather than anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory effect mediated through induction of survivin.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Topical
- Adult
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Cytoprotection/genetics
- Cytoprotection/immunology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Injections, Intradermal
- Interleukin-11/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-11/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-11/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Microcirculation/immunology
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Ointments
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Skin/blood supply
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Transplantation/adverse effects
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/pathology
- Survivin
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Kirkiles-Smith
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06510, USA
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31
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Turgeon NA, Banuelos SJ, Shultz LD, Lyons BL, Iwakoshi N, Greiner DL, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Appel MC. Alloimmune injury and rejection of human skin grafts on human peripheral blood lymphocyte-reconstituted non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient beta2-microglobulin-null mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:1096-104. [PMID: 14530522 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal models with the capacity to support engraftment of a functional human immune system are needed to facilitate studies of human alloimmunity. In the present investigation, non-obese diabetic (NOD) severe combined immunodeficient (scid) beta2-microglobulin-null (B2mnull) mice engrafted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL-NOD-scid B2mnull mice) were used as in vivo models for studying human skin allograft rejection. Hu-PBL-NOD-scid B2mnull mice were established by injection of human spleen cells or PBLs and transplanted with full-thickness allogeneic human skin. Human cell engraftment was enhanced by injection of anti-mouse CD122 antibody. The respective contributions of human CD4+ and CD8+ cells in allograft rejection were determined using depleting antibodies. Human skin grafts on unmanipulated NOD-scid B2mnull mice uniformly survived but on chimeric hu-PBL-NOD-scid B2mnull mice exhibited severe immune-mediated injury that often progressed to complete rejection. The alloaggressive hu-PBLs did not require prior in vitro sensitization to elicit targeted effector cell activity. Extensive mononuclear cell infiltration directed towards human-origin endothelium was associated with thrombosis and fibrin necrosis. No evidence of graft-versus-host disease was detected. Either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells may mediate injury and alloimmune rejection of human skin grafts on hu-PBL-NOD-scid B2mnull mice. It is proposed that Hu-PBL-NOD-scid B2mnull mice engrafted with human skin will provide a useful model for analysis of interventions designed to modulate human allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Turgeon
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts 01605, USA
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32
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Murphy LLS, Hughes CCW. Endothelial Cells Stimulate T Cell NFAT Nuclear Translocation in the Presence of Cyclosporin A: Involvement of the wnt/Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3717-25. [PMID: 12244165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells resistant to the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) may be important mediators of chronic graft rejection. We previously reported that T cells activated in the presence of endothelial cells (EC) develop resistance to CsA, and initiate IL-2 secretion within 8-12 h of triggering. CsA normally blocks the phosphatase, calcineurin, thus preventing nuclear translocation of the transcription factor, NFAT. We find that in the presence but not the absence of EC, NFAT1 can be detected in the nuclei of CsA-treated T cells within 8 h of triggering, reaching a maximal level of 60% of control by 24 h. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), which rephosphorylates NFAT and promotes nuclear export, is inhibited by EC costimulation. GSK-3beta is a component of the wnt signaling pathway, and EC express wnt-5a and T cells express frizzled-5, a wnt-5a receptor. Wnt-5a promotes T cell NFAT nuclear accumulation in the presence of CsA, an effect mimicked by Li(+), a potent inhibitor of GSK-3beta. The protein kinase C agonist PMA dramatically synergizes with both EC and wnt-5a in stimulating T cell IL-2 synthesis, and inhibition of either protein kinase C by Ro-31-8425 or G-proteins by pertussis toxin effectively blocks the actions of wnt-5a on T cells. Finally, a secreted, dominant-negative form of frizzled-5 blocks EC-mediated CsA resistance. Thus, EC promote CsA-resistant nuclear localization of NFAT and subsequent IL-2 synthesis through a noncanonical wnt-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Salazar Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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33
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Erdag G, Morgan JR. Survival of fetal skin grafts is prolonged on the human peripheral blood lymphocyte reconstituted-severe combined immunodeficient mouse/skin allograft model. Transplantation 2002; 73:519-28. [PMID: 11889422 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200202270-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal tissue is considered to be immune privileged and is under extensive investigation as a source of tissue for transplantation. In this paper, we analyzed the immune properties of human fetal and neonatal skin before and after transplantation to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Using a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell reconstituted SCID (huPBMC-SCID) mouse model of allograft rejection, we compared the immune response to transplanted fetal and neonatal skin. METHODS We analyzed human fetal (55-122 days of gestation) and neonatal skin samples by routine histology and immunohistochemistry for the expression of (MHC class I and II antigens before and after transplantation to SCID mice. After transplantation, we injected the mice with huPBMCs and analyzed the survival of neonatal and fetal skin grafts both visually and microscopically. RESULTS We detected no class II expression in fetal skin of all gestational ages and only weak class I expression after 89 days compared with abundant class I and II expression in neonatal skin before transplantation. When transplanted to SCID mice, fetal skin grafts differentiated and expressed class I and II, but the levels were lower than neonatal grafts. In mice injected with huPBMCs, rejection of neonatal grafts started on day 5, and by day 9 all grafts were rejected. In contrast, rejection of fetal skin grafts was significantly delayed. Rejection started on day 13 and was complete by day 23 (P<0.00005). Histology sections from the rejected grafts showed marked CD3+ T cell infiltration in the human skin with a sharp demarcation between the human and mouse skin, with no T-cell infiltration in the mouse skin. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were present in the rejected sites in similar densities. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that fetal skin differentiates and expresses increased amounts of MHC class I and class II antigens when transplanted to SCID mice. However, these levels are much lower than the levels found in neonatal skin. We demonstrate that the survival of human fetal skin allografts is markedly prolonged compared with that of neonatal skin grafts in the huPBMC-SCID mouse model. Our results support the hypothesis that low levels of MHC antigen expression lead to a delay in the rejection of fetal skin and further demonstrate the utility of the huPBMC-SCID mouse model to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the immune response to human fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsun Erdag
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Mestas J, Hughes CC. Endothelial cell costimulation of T cell activation through CD58-CD2 interactions involves lipid raft aggregation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4378-85. [PMID: 11591762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (EC) costimulate CD4(+) memory T cell activation through CD58-CD2 interactions. In this study we tested the hypothesis that EC activate distinct costimulatory pathways in T cells that target specific transcription factors. AP-1, composed of fos and jun proteins, is a critical effector of TCR signaling and binds several sites in the IL-2 promoter. EC augment c-fos promoter activity in T cells; however, deletion analysis reveals no transcription factor binding sites in the promoter uniquely responsive to EC costimulation. Overexpression of AP-1 proteins in T cells augments the activity of an AP-1-luciferase reporter gene equally in the absence or the presence of EC costimulation. Interestingly, EC stimulate a similar 2- to 3-fold up-regulation of AP-1, NF-AT, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL-2-luciferase reporters. CD2 mAbs completely block EC effects on all of these pathways, as well as costimulation of IL-2 secretion. We conclude that EC costimulation through CD2 does not trigger a single distinct costimulatory pathway in T cells, but rather, it amplifies several pathways downstream of the TCR. Indeed, we find that early EC costimulation acts "upstream" of the TCR by promoting lipid raft aggregation, thus amplifying TCR signaling. Soluble CD2 mAbs block EC-induced raft aggregation, whereas cross-linking CD2 promotes aggregation. These data are consistent with the critical role of CD2 in organizing the T cell-APC contact zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mestas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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35
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Pober JS, Kluger MS, Schechner JS. Human endothelial cell presentation of antigen and the homing of memory/effector T cells to skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 941:12-25. [PMID: 11594565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dermal microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a continuous lining that normally bars blood-borne T lymphocytes from entering the skin, but as part of the response to foreign antigen, dermal ECs undergo alterations in their surface proteins so as to provide signals to circulating T cells that lead to their activation and recruitment. Several observations suggest that human dermal microvascular ECs may help initiate cutaneous immune reactions by presentation of cognate antigens to circulating T memory cells: (1) antigen-specific inflammatory responses in the skin, as in other organs, involve accumulation of memory and effector T cell populations that are enriched in cells specific for the eliciting antigen; (2) recall responses to intradermal protein antigens in the skin start very rapidly within two hours of challenge; (3) dermal microvascular ECs in humans and other large mammals basally display high levels of class I and class II MHC molecules, the only known purpose of which is to present antigenic peptides to lymphocytes; (4) the lumen of dermal capillaries are narrower than the diameter of circulating T cells, ensuring surface contact; and (5) cultured human ECs effectively present antigens to resting memory T cells isolated from the circulation. Upon contact with activated T cells or their secreted products (cytokines), dermal ECs themselves become activated, increasing their capacity to recruit memory and effector T cell populations in an antigen-independent manner. Specifically, activated ECs express inducible leukocyte adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1; and several lines of evidence, including neutralizing antibody experiments and gene knockouts, have supported a role of these molecules in T cell recruitment. Dermal ECs have unique expression patterns of adhesion molecules that can determine the subsets of memory T cells that are recruited into the skin. For example, slow internalization of E-selectin allows more persistent expression of this protein on the surface of dermal ECs, favoring interactions with CLA-1+ T cells. VCAM-1 expression, normally confined to venular EC may extend to capillaries within the dermal papillae and contribute to epidermal inflammation, recruiting alpha4beta7 integrin-expressing T cells that also express the cadherin-binding integrin alphaEbeta7. New models involving transplantation of normal and genetically modified human dermal ECs into immunodeficient mice may be used to further explore these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pober
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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36
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Zeigler M, Chi Y, Tumas DB, Bodary S, Tang H, Varani J. Anti-CD11a ameliorates disease in the human psoriatic skin-SCID mouse transplant model: comparison of antibody to CD11a with Cyclosporin A and clobetasol propionate. J Transl Med 2001; 81:1253-61. [PMID: 11555673 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assesses the applicability of human skin-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mouse chimeras in testing antipsoriatic therapeutics. Three agents were examined: (1) a monoclonal antibody to the alpha subunit of leukocyte function associated antigen-1 integrin (CD11a); (2) Cyclosporin A; and (3) clobetasol propionate (Temovate), a potent topical corticosteroid used clinically in the treatment of psoriasis. Skin transplanted to SCID mice from normal human volunteers or from psoriatic lesional skin was allowed to heal for 3 to 5 weeks before application of test reagents. During this period, psoriatic skin, which was 3.8-fold thicker than the corresponding normal skin before transplantation, maintained its phenotype (ie, increased epidermal thickness, rete ridges with blunted ends, and intralesional presence of T lymphocytes). Transplanted normal human skin, however, underwent a hyperplastic response during this period, resulting in a 2.4-fold increase in epidermal thickness. After the healing period, animals transplanted with normal or psoriatic skin were treated for 14 days by daily intraperitoneal injection of either Cyclosporin A or a monoclonal antibody to human CD11a, or by topical application of clobetasol propionate. At the end of the treatment period, the mice were killed and the tissue evaluated morphometrically for changes in epidermal thickness and immunohistologically for the presence of T lymphocytes. Both Cyclosporin A and anti-CD11a reduced the epidermal thickness of transplanted psoriatic skin, whereas neither reagent significantly reduced the thickness of transplanted normal skin. T lymphocytes were detected in the skin from treated animals; there did not seem to be any reduction in the number of T lymphocytes. Clobetasol propionate reduced the epidermal thickness of both normal and psoriatic skin. These data indicate that, in this model, therapies directed against pathophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to psoriasis can be distinguished from treatments that block epidermal hyperplasia occurring as a consequence of xenografting. Our observations provide evidence for the activity of anti-CD11a in an animal model of human psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeigler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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37
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Coates PT, Krishnan R, Kireta S, Johnston J, Russ GR. Human myeloid dendritic cells transduced with an adenoviral interleukin-10 gene construct inhibit human skin graft rejection in humanized NOD-scid chimeric mice. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1224-33. [PMID: 11509955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2000] [Accepted: 05/22/2001] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human myeloid DC were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by monocyte adhesion and subsequent culture with rhGM-CSF and rhIL-4. We transduced immature (day 5 of culture) myeloid DC with an E1-deleted replication-deficient adenoviral vector encoding the cytokine IL-10 (AdV IL-10) and a control adenovirus MX-17 (AdV MX 17). Human DC transduced with AdV IL-10 showed inhibition of the mixed leukocyte culture, reduced cell surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/CD86) and were unable to produce the potent allo-stimulatory cytokine, interleukin-12. In order to test the in vivo properties of these cells a humanized immunodeficient mouse skin transplantation model was developed. Immunodeficient NOD-scid mice were engrafted with human skin, reconstituted via intraperitoneal injection with allogeneic mononuclear cells (MNC) mixed with 1 x 10(6) DC that were autologous to the skin donor and that had been transduced with either AdV IL-10 or AdV MX-17. Skin grafts were removed at day 7 and 14 after reconstitution and studied histologically for evidence of rejection. In animals that received DC modified with AdV IL-10 there was reduced skin graft rejection as characterized by reduced mononuclear cell infiltration and less dermo-epidermal junction destruction compared with those animals that received DC modified with the control virus alone. Injection of equivalent numbers of donor-derived fibroblasts transduced with AdV IL-10 were ineffective at modifying rejection of skin grafts. Immunosuppressive cytokine gene therapy targeting human DC is a novel means of inhibition of the alloimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Coates
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, South Australia 501
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38
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Berney T, Molano RD, Pileggi A, Cattan P, Li H, Ricordi C, Inverardi L. Patterns of engraftment in different strains of immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Transplantation 2001; 72:133-40. [PMID: 11468548 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200107150-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Models of immunodeficient mice reconstituted with a competent human immune system would represent an invaluable tool for the study of transplantation immunobiology allergy, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. Severe combined immune deficiency (scid) mice can be successfully reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), but rates and levels of engraftment are poor. New strains of mice with diverse immunodeficiencies have been recently characterized or developed, which might prove to be advantageous for in vivo studies of human immune reactivity. METHODS We have compared rates and patterns of human PBL engraftment in four available immunodeficient murine strains; scid-beige, nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid, NOD-scid-beta2 m- and rag-. T- and B-lymphocyte engraftment, phenotype of engrafted cells, and occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were studied and compared. RESULTS Successful engraftment of human PBL was readily obtained in the majority of scid-beige, NOD-scid, and NOD-scid-beta2 m- with a single i.p. administration of human PBLs, whereas it was seldom achieved in rag- animals. Human Ig levels were accordingly remarkably low in rag- recipients but, interestingly also in NOD-scid-beta2 m- mice. Engraftment was readily observed not only in peripheral blood but also in spleen and bone marrow of successfully reconstituted animals. Phenotypic analysis of engrafted human cells showed preserved CD4/CD8 ratios and a clear skewing toward an activated phenotype. GVHD was invariably observed in successfully reconstituted animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that a high rate of reconstitution with human lymphocytes can be achieved in scid-beige, NOD-scid, and NOD-scid-beta2 m- mice. Human Ig are produced at high levels, except in NOD-scid-beta2 m-, including xenoreactive natural antibodies. Scid-beige and NOD-scid appear therefore better suited than NOD-scid-beta2 m- or rag- for analysis of human immunoreactivity in vivo. An important caveat is the invariable occurrence of GVHD that precludes long-term studies in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Berney
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA
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39
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Tereb DA, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Kim RW, Wang Y, Rudic RD, Schechner JS, Lorber MI, Bothwell AL, Pober JS, Tellides G. Human T cells infiltrate and injure pig coronary artery grafts with activated but not quiescent endothelium in immunodeficient mouse hosts. Transplantation 2001; 71:1622-30. [PMID: 11435975 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200106150-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that human artery grafts transplanted to immunodeficient mice are infiltrated and injured by unsensitized allogeneic human T cells. We extended our investigations to human anti-porcine xenoresponses in this model. METHODS Pig coronary artery segments were interposed into the infrarenal aorta of severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice. After 7 days, certain recipients were reconstituted with human leukocytes and/or treated with proinflammatory cytokines. The grafts were harvested after 1-70 days and examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and morphometry. RESULTS Pig artery grafts from untreated mice had no evidence of injury, leukocytic infiltrate, or endothelial cell activation up to 70 days postoperatively, despite deposition of murine complement. Host reconstitution with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in a discrete population of circulating T cells that did not infiltrate or injure the grafts up to 28 days after adoptive transfer. Administration of porcine interferon-gamma for up to 28 days sustained the expression of graft vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and major histocompatibility complex antigens, but did not initiate recruitment of human leukocytes. In contrast, treatment with human tumor necrosis factor for 7 days induced the de novo expression of porcine E-selectin by graft endothelial cells and elicited human T cell infiltration and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-dependent vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS The human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mouse model identifies a significant difference between human T cell allogeneic and xenogeneic responses in vivo. Xenografts with quiescent endothelium are not infiltrated or injured by T cells under the same conditions in which allografts are rejected. Activation of pig coronary artery endothelial cells by human tumor necrosis factor, but not porcine interferon-gamma, elicits cellular xenoresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Tereb
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 121 FMB, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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40
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Rayner D, Nelson R, Murray AG. Noncytolytic human lymphocytes injure dermal microvessels in the huPBL-SCID skin graft model. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:598-606. [PMID: 11390034 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent transplantation experiments using perforin-deficient mice as allograft recipients have challenged the concept that allograft rejection is mediated exclusively by CTL. We sought to determine if human noncytolytic lymphocytes could mediate rejection of allogeneic human skin grafts in the huPBL-SCID mouse model of rejection. We generated short term lines of human lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using PHA as a mitogen. The first group was stimulated with PHA alone, the second with PHA plus IL-4 and neutralizing antibody to IL-12, and in the third group PBL were depleted of B cells and monocytes before stimulation as in group 2. After two passages, lines were tested for cytolytic ability and IFN-gamma production. Each line was injected i.p. to mice bearing allogeneic skin grafts. The grafts were harvested between day 16 and 21 after PBL injection, then the histology was scored by a blinded observer for degree of infiltration, microvessel injury, induction of epidermal MHC class II, and perforin expression. In vitro we found that PBL in groups 2 and 3 were unable to lyse cultured endothelial cells in a lectin-directed 111In release assay. In vivo 80% of the IL-4/anti-IL-12 groups maintained the IFN-gamma-low phenotype, and no perforin was detected in these grafts. Nevertheless, human microvessel injury was similar between the two groups. This was not antibody-dependent since the B-cell-depleted group showed similar injury. Moreover adjacent murine vessels were intact. We interpret these observations to show (1) these human PBL lines maintained their phenotype following in vivo restimulation, and (2) noncytolytic graft-infiltrating lymphocytes specifically promote injury of allogeneic human microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rayner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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41
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Mahboubi K, Li F, Plescia J, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Mesri M, Du Y, Carroll JM, Elias JA, Altieri DC, Pober JS. Interleukin-11 up-regulates survivin expression in endothelial cells through a signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 pathway. J Transl Med 2001; 81:327-34. [PMID: 11310826 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) reduces injury both in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanisms are unknown. Stimulation of serum- and growth factor-deprived HUVEC with IL-11 increased survivin mRNA and protein expression levels in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal induction at 50 to 100 ng/ml of IL-11. Survivin mRNA expression peaked after 3 to 6 hours of IL-11 treatment and decreased by 24 hours. Survivin protein expression was maximal at 6 hours of treatment and remained elevated through 24 hours. Survivin induction may be mediated by activation of protein kinase B/Akt, but IL-11 failed to activate this pathway in HUVEC. IL-11 did activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 and IL-11 failed to induce survivin expression in HUVEC transduced with a dominant-negative STAT3 mutant, whereas control-transduced HUVEC responded normally. An IL-11 transgene caused increased survivin mRNA expression in mice compared with control littermates. Intradermal injection of IL-11 (500 ng) into human skin xenografts on immunodeficient mice up-regulated survivin protein in microvascular endothelium and epithelial keratinocytes. We conclude that IL-11 induces expression of survivin, an antiapoptotic protein, in vitro and in vivo, and identify STAT3 as a critical mediator of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahboubi
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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42
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Galkowska H, Moscicka M, Cybulska E, Wojewodzka U, Mijal J, Olszewski WL. Cutaneous CsA-resistant veiled (dendritic) cells are responsible for uncontrolled skin allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:445-7. [PMID: 11266902 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Galkowska
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Galkowska H, Moscicka M, Cybulska E, Wojewodzka U, Mijal J, Olszewski WL. Skin allografts-host cutaneous veiled cells initiate rejection reaction by indirect pathway of allorecognition. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:627-30. [PMID: 11266990 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Galkowska
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Andriambeloson E, Bigaud M, Schraa EO, Kobel T, Lobstein V, Pally C, Zerwes HG. Endothelial dysfunction and denudation in rat aortic allografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:67-73. [PMID: 11145935 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that early endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction may predict the development of graft vascular disease. We wished to assess the early functional and morphological changes in the graft endothelium in a commonly used animal model of graft vascular disease, the rat aortic interposition allograft model. To assess graft EC function, regulation of vascular tone by ECs was monitored in aortic rings from grafts harvested at various times after transplantation (Tx). EC morphology was assessed by silver staining, which was followed by en face inspection of the luminal side of the grafts. Acetylcholine-induced EC-dependent vasorelaxation was reduced in allografts at post-Tx days 7 and 14, whereas in syngeneic grafts EC-dependent relaxation was unaffected at any time after Tx. In separate grafts collected at the same time points, massive leukocyte adhesion at post-Tx day 7 and EC denudation at days 14 and 28 were evident in allografts but not in syngeneic grafts. At post-Tx day 56 (a time at which vessel wall remodeling is pronounced in this model), an intact EC layer covered the grafts. EC dysfunction and morphological changes were prevented by immunosuppression of recipient rats with cyclosporine. Our study shows that Tx-induced EC dysfunction in rat aortic allografts can be observed within 1 week of Tx in rat aortic allografts and that this is occurring concomitantly with enhanced leukocyte adhesion to the graft ECs. These changes occur before any other morphological or functional changes described thus far in this model and appear to be immune-driven. Taken together, these results show that Tx-induced early EC dysfunction, as described in patients, may be studied in the model of rat aortic Tx.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/transplantation
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle Relaxation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Dahl
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Silver Staining
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andriambeloson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Transplantation Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Kirkiles-Smith NC, Tereb DA, Kim RW, McNiff JM, Schechner JS, Lorber MI, Pober JS, Tellides G. Human TNF can induce nonspecific inflammatory and human immune-mediated microvascular injury of pig skin xenografts in immunodeficient mouse hosts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:6601-9. [PMID: 10843720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF activates endothelial cells to express cell surface molecules that are necessary to recruit a local infiltrate of leukocytes. Because the actions of this proinflammatory cytokine are not species restricted, we investigated whether human TNF can up-regulate porcine endothelial adhesion molecules to elicit human T cell infiltration and damage of pig skin xenografts in a chimeric immunodeficient mouse model. We have previously demonstrated the vigorous rejection of human skin allografts and the absence of injury to porcine skin xenografts in human PBMC-SCID/beige mice. Intradermal administration of human TNF at high doses (600 or 2000 ng) caused nonspecific inflammatory damage of pig skin grafts, whereas low concentrations of TNF (60 or 200 ng) resulted in human PBMC-dependent injury of porcine endothelial cells. There was a strong correlation among pig skin xenograft damage, human T cell infiltration, and the TNF-induced up-regulation of swine MHC class I and class II molecules, VCAM-1, and, in particular, the de novo expression of porcine E-selectin. The microvascular damage and leukocytic infiltration elicited by TNF were enhanced by porcine IFN-gamma, suggesting that xenografts may be less prone to cytokine-mediated injury due to the species-restricted effects of recipient IFN-gamma. Our results indicate that maintenance of a quiescent endothelium, which does not express E-selectin or other activation-dependent adhesion molecules, is important in preventing human anti-porcine T cell xenoresponses in vivo and that TNF signaling molecules and TNF-responsive gene products are appropriate therapeutic targets to protect against human T cell-mediated rejection of pig xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Kirkiles-Smith
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Abstract
The author's laboratory studies interactions between human T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells (EC). Our work is organized around three hypotheses. First, we propose that vascular EC can initiate secondary (i.e., recall) immune reactions by presenting antigenic peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes to those circulating memory T cells whose cognate antigen is locally present within a peripheral tissue, e.g., as a consequence of infection or allogeneic transplantation. In this way, EC can increase the efficiency of immune surveillance. Second, we propose that T cell signals, both secreted (e.g., cytokines) and contact-dependent (e.g., CD40 ligand), activate new gene expression in EC that induce the capacity to perform new effector functions, such as leukocyte recruitment and activation or initiation of intravascular coagulation. In this way, EC can participate as effector cells for cell-mediated immune reactions. Third, we propose that EC are major targets of immune-mediated injury. Consequently, increasing resistance of endothelium to immune effector mechanisms may protect tissues from damage, e.g., in allograft rejection. These three hypotheses are explored through in vitro experiments, through analyses of human tissue specimens, and through in vivo studies employing novel human-mouse chimeric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pober
- Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Moulton KS, Melder RJ, Dharnidharka VR, Hardin-Young J, Jain RK, Briscoe DM. Angiogenesis in the huPBL-SCID model of human transplant rejection. Transplantation 1999; 67:1626-31. [PMID: 10401773 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199906270-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is characteristic of chronic inflammatory reactions. The process of angiogenesis is reported to be proinflammatory in part due to enhanced adhesion events and in part due to increased perfusion and permeability to sites of inflammation. However, little is known about the association between angiogenesis and rejection. METHODS Severe combined immune deficient mice are permissive for the growth of human skin allografts and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Human PBMC were injected into mice by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The infiltration of cells and the associated angiogenesis reactions in the skin allografts were analyzed temporally by videomicroscopy and spatially by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Human alloreactive mononuclear cells migrated to human skin but not mouse skin within hours after the intravenous infusion of PBMC. Within 3 days, areas of angiogenesis were observed in the skin grafts at the sites of infiltrates. The vessel densities in skin grafts were 24+/-6 vessels per calibrated grid at baseline on the day of the infusion and increased to 55+/-16 vessels per calibrated field by day 10. Skin grafts harvested from humanized severe combined immune deficient mice 7-14 days after the intraperitoneal infusion of human PBMC showed a similar increased density of vessels that were spatially associated with mononuclear cell infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS A significant angiogenesis response was associated with the cell infiltrates in the human skin allografts. The onset of angiogenesis appeared after the initial development of localized infiltrates and preceded the development of microvascular destruction. These findings suggest that alloreactive T cells and/or monocytes mediate the angiogenesis response in skin allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Moulton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Friedman T, Shimizu A, Smith RN, Colvin RB, Seebach JD, Sachs DH, Iacomini J. Human CD4+ T Cells Mediate Rejection of Porcine Xenografts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that xenograft rejection in rodents is dependent on CD4+ T cells. However, because of the lack of an appropriate in vivo model, little is known about the cellular basis of human T cell-mediated rejection of xenografts. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of human T cells to mediate rejection of porcine skin grafts in a novel in vivo experimental system using immunodeficient mice as recipients. Recombinase-activating gene-1-deficient mice (R−) lacking mature B and T cells were grafted with porcine skin and received human lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with irradiated porcine PBMC. Skin grafts on mice given either unseparated, activated human lymphocytes, or NK cell-depleted lymphocyte populations were rejected within 18 days after adoptive cell transfer. In contrast, skin grafts on mice given T cell-depleted human lymphocytes or saline showed no gross or histologic evidence of rejection up to 100 days after adoptive transfer. Purified CD4+ T cells were also able to mediate rejection of porcine skin grafts. These data suggest that human CD4+ T cells are sufficient to induce rejection of porcine xenografts. Thus, strategies directed toward CD4+ T cells may effectively prevent cellular rejection of porcine xenografts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Shimizu
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Rex Neal Smith
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Robert B. Colvin
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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Lorber MI, Wilson JH, Robert ME, Schechner JS, Kirkiles N, Qian HY, Askenase PW, Tellides G, Pober JS. Human allogeneic vascular rejection after arterial transplantation and peripheral lymphoid reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Transplantation 1999; 67:897-903. [PMID: 10199740 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199903270-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecies differences create important shortcomings in existing animal models used to describe in vivo events responsible for allograft rejection. Alloimmune destruction of human dermal microvessels, histologically consistent with rejection, has been demonstrated in human skin-grafted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice receiving allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We have now documented human alloimmune injury in a vascularized, SCID-human arterial transplantation model. METHODS Fresh human artery was used to replace the CB.17 SCID/beige mouse infrarenal aorta. Seven days later, 3x10(8) human PBMC were administered intraperitoneally, and lymphocyte engraftment was considered successful when circulating human CD3+ cells were later identified in peripheral blood. RESULTS Forty-six of 49 (94%) mice undergoing transplantation survived, including 14 controls with arterial grafts receiving no PBMC. Twenty-eight of 32 mice demonstrated circulating human CD3+ cells, 14 days after PBMC administration. Animals were killed at 14, 21, or 28 days after receiving allogeneic PBMC, and arteries were recovered for histology and immunohistology. All 14 control mice had patent transplanted grafts with normal vascular histology and no lymphoid infiltration. Damage to transplanted arteries among lymphocyte-engrafted mice was apparent by 14 and 21 days in some animals, whereas 16 of 22 exhibited moderate to severe intimal, medial, and/or adventitial lymphocytic infiltration with intimal expansion by day 28. The infiltrate consisted of HLA-A, -B, -C+, and -DR+, human CD3+ cells, approximately equally distributed as CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. Some infiltrating lymphocytes were cytolytic cells as demonstrated by perforin staining. The endothelium of transplanted human arteries exhibited endothelialitis, and the endothelial cells stained intensely with anti-HLA-A, -B, -C and anti-HLA-DR antibodies. The expanded intima was predominantly smooth muscle cells, staining positively for smooth muscle alpha-actin, HLA-A, -B, -C and HLA-DR. Medial necrosis was not observed. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence of alloimmune-mediated vascular rejection in this human arterial transplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Lorber
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8062, USA
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50
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Pober JS, Schechner JS, Murray AG, Sultan P, Kirkiles N, Tereb D, Wilson J, McNiff JM, Askenase PW, Tellides G, Lorber MI. Allogeneic and xenogeneic vascular injury and protection. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:4168-9. [PMID: 9865336 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Pober
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
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