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Genomic Confirmation of the P-IIIe Subclass of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases and Characterisation of Its First Member, a Disintegrin-Like/Cysteine-Rich Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040232. [PMID: 35448841 PMCID: PMC9028321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (DC) proteins have long been regarded just as products of proteolysis of P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). However, here we demonstrate that a DC protein from the venom of Vipera ammodytes (Vaa; nose-horned viper), VaaMPIII-3, is encoded per se by a P-III SVMP-like gene that has a deletion in the region of the catalytic metalloproteinase domain and in part of the non-catalytic disintegrin-like domain. In this way, we justify the proposal of the introduction of a new subclass P-IIIe of SVMP-derived DC proteins. We purified VaaMPIII-3 from the venom of Vaa in a series of chromatographic steps. A covalent chromatography step based on thiol-disulphide exchange revealed that VaaMPIII-3 contains an unpaired Cys residue. This was demonstrated to be Cys6 in about 90% and Cys19 in about 10% of the VaaMPIII-3 molecules. We further constructed a three-dimensional homology model of VaaMPIII-3. From this model, it is evident that both Cys6 and Cys19 can pair with Cys26, which suggests that the intramolecular thiol-disulphide exchange has a regulatory function. VaaMPIII-3 is an acidic 21-kDa monomeric glycoprotein that exists in at least six N-glycoforms, with isoelectric points ranging from pH 4.5 to 5.1. Consistent with the presence of an integrin-binding motif in its sequence, SECD, VaaMPIII-3 inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. It also inhibited ADP- and arachidonic-acid-induced platelet aggregation, but not ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination and the blood coagulation cascade.
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2
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Ferreira BA, De Moura FBR, Tomiosso TC, Corrêa NCR, Goulart LR, Barcelos LS, Clissa PB, Araújo FDA. Jararhagin-C, a disintegrin-like protein, improves wound healing in mice through stimulation of M2-like macrophage, angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108224. [PMID: 34655846 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin-C (Jar-C) is a disintegrin-like protein, isolated from the venom of B. jararaca, with affinity for α2β1 integrin and the ability to incite processes such as angiogenesis and collagen deposition in vivo. Thus, we raised the hypothesis that this protein could be used as a therapeutic strategy for stimulating the healing of excisional wounds in mice. Four wounds were made on the back of Swiss mice, treated with daily intradermal injections of PBS (control group) or Jar-C (200 ng). Ten animals from each experimental group were euthanized and the tissue from the wounds and skin around them were collected for further biochemical, histological and molecular analysis. Wounds treated with Jar-C showed a faster closure rate, accompanied by a reduction in neutrophil infiltrate (MPO), pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF, CXCL1 and CCL2) and an accumulation of macrophages in the analyzed tissues. It was also observed a greater expression of genes associated with the phenotype of alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Concomitantly, the administration of Jar-C holds an angiogenic potential, increasing the density of blood vessels and the synthesis of pro-angiogenic cytokines (VEGF and FGF). We also observed an increase in collagen deposition, accompanied by higher levels of the pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1. Our data suggests Jar-C stimulates wound healing through stimulation of M2-like macrophage, angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Jar-C may be explored as a therapeutic strategy for wound healing, including the treatment of chronic wounds, where processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and the deposition / remodeling of the matrix constituents are unregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Francyelle Borges Rosa De Moura
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Zychar BC, Clissa PB, Carvalho E, Alves AS, Baldo C, Faquim-Mauro EL, Gonçalves LRC. Modulation of Adhesion Molecules Expression by Different Metalloproteases Isolated from Bothrops Snakes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:803. [PMID: 34822587 PMCID: PMC8624849 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) are involved in local inflammatory reactions observed after snakebites. Based on domain composition, they are classified as PI (pro-domain + proteolytic domain), PII (PI + disintegrin-like domains), or PIII (PII + cysteine-rich domains). Here, we studied the role of different SVMPs domains in inducing the expression of adhesion molecules at the microcirculation of the cremaster muscle of mice. We used Jararhagin (Jar)-a PIII SVMP with intense hemorrhagic activity, and Jar-C-a Jar devoid of the catalytic domain, with no hemorrhagic activity, both isolated from B. jararaca venom and BnP-1-a weakly hemorrhagic P1 SVMP from B. neuwiedi venom. Toxins (0.5 µg) or PBS (100 µL) were injected into the scrotum of mice, and 2, 4, or 24 h later, the protein and gene expression of CD54 and CD31 in the endothelium, and integrins (CD11a and CD11b), expressed in leukocytes were evaluated. Toxins induced significant increases in CD54, CD11a, and CD11b at the initial time and a time-related increase in CD31 expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that, despite differences in hemorrhagic activities and domain composition of the SVMPs used in this study, they behave similarly to the induction of expression of adhesion molecules that promote leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. Zychar
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia B. Clissa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (P.B.C.); (E.L.F.-M.)
| | - Eneas Carvalho
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Adilson S. Alves
- Department. of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Cristiani Baldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, Paraná 86051-990, Brazil;
| | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (P.B.C.); (E.L.F.-M.)
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4
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Robinson KE, Holding ML, Whitford MD, Saviola AJ, Yates JR, Clark RW. Phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance of two sympatric rattlesnakes and their prey. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1447-1465. [PMID: 34322920 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions often lead to the coevolution of adaptations associated with avoiding predation and, for predators, overcoming those defences. Antagonistic coevolutionary relationships are often not simple interactions between a single predator and prey but rather a complex web of interactions between multiple coexisting species. Coevolution between venomous rattlesnakes and small mammals has led to physiological venom resistance in several mammalian taxa. In general, viperid venoms contain large quantities of snake venom metalloproteinase toxins (SVMPs), which are inactivated by SVMP inhibitors expressed in resistant mammals. We explored variation in venom chemistry, SVMP expression, and SVMP resistance across four co-distributed species (California Ground Squirrels, Bryant's Woodrats, Southern Pacific Rattlesnakes, and Red Diamond Rattlesnakes) collected from four different populations in Southern California. Our aim was to understand phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance in order to compare coevolutionary dynamics of a system involving two sympatric predator-prey pairs to past studies that have focused on single pairs. Proteomic analysis of venoms indicated that these rattlesnakes express different phenotypes when in sympatry, with Red Diamonds expressing more typical viperid venom (with a diversity of SVMPs) and Southern Pacifics expressing a more atypical venom with a broader range of non-enzymatic toxins. We also found that although blood sera from both mammals were generally able to inhibit SVMPs from both rattlesnake species, inhibition depended strongly on the snake population, with snakes from one geographic site expressing SVMPs to which few mammals were resistant. Additionally, we found that Red Diamond venom, rather than woodrat resistance, was locally adapted. Our findings highlight the complexity of coevolutionary relationships between multiple predators and prey that exhibit similar offensive and defensive strategies in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Robinson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Matthew L Holding
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Malachi D Whitford
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Ecology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rulon W Clark
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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5
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Leukocyte recruitment induced by snake venom metalloproteinases: Role of the catalytic domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:402-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garcia Denegri ME, Bustillo S, Gay CC, Van De Velde A, Gomez G, Echeverría S, Gauna Pereira MDC, Maruñak S, Nuñez S, Bogado F, Sanchez M, Teibler GP, Fusco L, Leiva LCA. Venoms and Isolated Toxins from Snakes of Medical Impact in the Northeast Argentina: State of the Art. Potential Pharmacological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1962-1980. [PMID: 31345151 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190725094851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the ophidians that inhabit the Northeast of Argentina, the genus Bothrops such as B. alternatus and B. diporus species (also known as yararás) and Crotalus durisus terrificus (named cascabel), represent the most studied snake venom for more than thirty years. These two genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations and therefore, constitute a medical emergency in this region. This review presents a broad description of the compiled knowledge about venomous snakebite: its pathophysiological action, protein composition, isolated toxins, toxin synergism, toxin-antitoxin cross-reaction assays. Properties of some isolated toxins support a potential pharmacological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Garcia Denegri
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Claudia Carolina Gay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Van De Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gomez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvina Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Gauna Pereira
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Silvana Maruñak
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Sandra Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Fabián Bogado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Matías Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gladys Pamela Teibler
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Veterinaria dependiente de la Cátedra de Farmacología y Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Ana Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNECONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Corrientes, Argentina
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Leonardi A, Sajevic T, Pungerčar J, Križaj I. Comprehensive Study of the Proteome and Transcriptome of the Venom of the Most Venomous European Viper: Discovery of a New Subclass of Ancestral Snake Venom Metalloproteinase Precursor-Derived Proteins. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2287-2309. [PMID: 31017792 PMCID: PMC6727599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
nose-horned viper, its nominotypical subspecies Vipera
ammodytes ammodytes (Vaa), in particular,
is, medically, one of the most relevant snakes in Europe. The local
and systemic clinical manifestations of poisoning by the venom of
this snake are the result of the pathophysiological effects inflicted
by enzymatic and nonenzymatic venom components acting, most prominently,
on the blood, cardiovascular, and nerve systems. This venom is a very
complex mixture of pharmacologically active proteins and peptides.
To help improve the current antivenom therapy toward higher specificity
and efficiency and to assist drug discovery, we have constructed,
by combining transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, the most comprehensive
library yet of the Vaa venom proteins and peptides.
Sequence analysis of the venom gland cDNA library has revealed the
presence of messages encoding 12 types of polypeptide precursors.
The most abundant are those for metalloproteinase inhibitors (MPis),
bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), and natriuretic peptides
(NPs) (all three on a single precursor), snake C-type lectin-like
proteins (snaclecs), serine proteases (SVSPs), P-II and P-III metalloproteinases
(SVMPs), secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s),
and disintegrins (Dis). These constitute >88% of the venom transcriptome.
At the protein level, 57 venom proteins belonging to 16 different
protein families have been identified and, with SVSPs, sPLA2s, snaclecs, and SVMPs, comprise ∼80% of all venom proteins.
Peptides detected in the venom include NPs, BPPs, and inhibitors of
SVSPs and SVMPs. Of particular interest, a transcript coding for a
protein similar to P-III SVMPs but lacking the MP domain was also
found at the protein level in the venom. The existence of such proteins,
also supported by finding similar venom gland transcripts in related
snake species, has been demonstrated for the first time, justifying
the proposal of a new P-IIIe subclass of ancestral SVMP precursor-derived
proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Jože Pungerčar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Ferreira BA, Deconte SR, de Moura FBR, Tomiosso TC, Clissa PB, Andrade SP, Araújo FDA. Inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are differentially modulated by distinct domains of the snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1179-1187. [PMID: 30102981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin, a metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, is a toxin containing the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains; it causes acute inflammation and damage to vascular tissue. However, the actions of these domains on key components of chronic inflammation have not been determined. Our aim was to investigate the effects of jararhagin (Jar), jararhagin-C (Jar-C) and o-phenantrolin-treated jararhagin (Jar-Phe), on inflammatory response, blood vessel formation and extracellular matrix deposition in the murine sponge model. The polyether-polyurethane sponge matrix was implanted into Balb/c mice and injected daily with Jar (400 ng), Jar-Phe (400 ng), Jar-C (200 ng) or saline (control). Nine days after implantation, the sponge discs were removed and processed. In the Jar-treated implants, some of inflammatory markers (N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity, CCL2 and TNF-α) and TGF-β1 levels were higher compared with the control group. In the Jar-C group, the inflammatory markers myeloperoxidase activity and CXCL1 were higher compared with the control. In this group, VEGF levels and collagen deposition were also higher. Jar-Phe treatment was able to inhibit the activity and/or production of MPO, CXCL1, CCL2 and TGF-β. The differential effects of these proteins in modulating the main components of fibrovascular tissue may be exploited in the management fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Ramos Deconte
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Francyelle Borges Rosa de Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Van de Velde AC, Gay CC, Moritz MNDO, Dos Santos PK, Bustillo S, Rodríguez JP, Acosta OC, Biscoglio MJ, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Leiva LC. Purification of a fragment obtained by autolysis of a PIIIb-SVMP from Bothrops alternatus venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:205-211. [PMID: 29471097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carolina Van de Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Claudia Carolina Gay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina.
| | | | | | - Soledad Bustillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ofelia Cristina Acosta
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | | | | | - Laura Cristina Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
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10
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Cantú E, Mallela S, Nyguen M, Báez R, Parra V, Johnson R, Wilson K, Suntravat M, Lucena S, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Sánchez EE. The binding effectiveness of anti-r-disintegrin polyclonal antibodies against disintegrins and PII and PIII metalloproteases: An immunological survey of type A, B and A+B venoms from Mohave rattlesnakes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:168-176. [PMID: 27989783 PMCID: PMC5362346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are known to have different venom compositions and toxicity, but differences can also be found within populations of the same species contributing to the complexity of treatment of envenomated victims. One of the first well-documented intraspecies venom variations comes from the Mohave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus). Initially, three types of venoms were described; type A venom is the most toxic as a result of ~45% Mojave toxin in the venom composition, type B lacks the Mojave toxin but contains over 50% of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs). Also, type A+B venom contains a combination of Mojave toxin and SVMP. The use of an anti-disintegrin antibody in a simple Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be used to identify the difference between the venoms of the type A, B, and A+B Mohave rattlesnakes. This study implements the use of an anti-recombinant disintegrin polyclonal antibody (ARDPA) for the detection of disintegrins and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) in individual crude snake venoms of Mohave rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) of varying geographical locations. After correlation with Western blots, coagulation activity and LD50 data, it was determined that the antibody allows for a quick and cost-efficient identification of venom types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Cantú
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Sahiti Mallela
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Matthew Nyguen
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Raúl Báez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Victoria Parra
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Kyle Wilson
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Sara Lucena
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041, Venezuela
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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11
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Prezotto-Neto JP, Kimura LF, Alves AF, Gutiérrez JM, Otero R, Suárez AM, Santoro ML, Barbaro KC. Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:2075-2085. [PMID: 27439537 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites inflicted by the arboreal viperid snake Bothriechis schlegelii in humans are characterized by pain, edema, and ecchymosis at the site of the bite, rarely with blisters, local necrosis, or defibrination. Herein, a comparative study of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia (BsCo) and Costa Rica (BsCR) was carried out in order to compare their main activities and to verify the efficacy of Bothrops antivenom produced in Brazil to neutralize them. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE and zymography) and biological parameters (edematogenic, lethal, hemorrhagic, nociceptive, and phospholipase A2 activities) induced by BsCo and BsCR snake venoms were evaluated. The presence of antibodies in Bothrops antivenom that recognize BsCo and BsCR snake venoms by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting, as well as the ability of this antivenom to neutralize the toxic activities were also verified. SDS-PAGE showed differences between venoms. Distinctive caseinolytic and hyaluronidase patterns were detected by zymography. BsCo and BsCR showed similar phospholipase A2 activity. Strong cross-reactivity between BsCo and BsCR was detected using Bothrops antivenom with many components located between 150 and 35 kDa. BsCR was more edematogenic and almost fourfold more hemorrhagic than BsCo, and both venoms induced nociception. BsCR (LD50 5.60 mg/kg) was more lethal to mice than BsCo (LD50 9.24 mg/kg). Bothrops antivenom was effective in the neutralization of lethal and hemorrhagic activities of BsCo and BsCR and was partially effective in the neutralization of edematogenic and nociceptive activities. In conclusion, geographic distribution influences the composition and activities of Bothriechis schlegelii venoms. Bothrops antivenom cross-reacted with these venoms and was partially effective in neutralizing some toxic activities of BsCo and BsCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Prezotto-Neto
- 1 Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Louise F Kimura
- 1 Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - André F Alves
- 2 Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- 3 Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rafael Otero
- 4 Facultad de Medicina, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M Suárez
- 4 Facultad de Medicina, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcelo L Santoro
- 2 Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Katia C Barbaro
- 1 Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
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12
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Andrade-Silva D, Zelanis A, Kitano ES, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Reis MS, Lopes AS, Serrano SMT. Proteomic and Glycoproteomic Profilings Reveal That Post-translational Modifications of Toxins Contribute to Venom Phenotype in Snakes. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2658-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência
e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (ICT-UNIFESP), São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. Kitano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Inácio L. M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S. Reis
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Aline S. Lopes
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
- Departamento
de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório
Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-000, Brazil
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13
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Moura-da-Silva AM, Almeida MT, Portes-Junior JA, Nicolau CA, Gomes-Neto F, Valente RH. Processing of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: Generation of Toxin Diversity and Enzyme Inactivation. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060183. [PMID: 27294958 PMCID: PMC4926149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are abundant in the venoms of vipers and rattlesnakes, playing important roles for the snake adaptation to different environments, and are related to most of the pathological effects of these venoms in human victims. The effectiveness of SVMPs is greatly due to their functional diversity, targeting important physiological proteins or receptors in different tissues and in the coagulation system. Functional diversity is often related to the genetic diversification of the snake venom. In this review, we discuss some published evidence that posit that processing and post-translational modifications are great contributors for the generation of functional diversity and for maintaining latency or inactivation of enzymes belonging to this relevant family of venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Michelle T Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - José A Portes-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Nicolau
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
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14
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ADAM and ADAMTS Family Proteins and Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: A Structural Overview. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050155. [PMID: 27196928 PMCID: PMC4885070 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family proteins constitute a major class of membrane-anchored multidomain proteinases that are responsible for the shedding of cell-surface protein ectodomains, including the latent forms of growth factors, cytokines, receptors and other molecules. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are major components in most viper venoms. SVMPs are primarily responsible for hemorrhagic activity and may also interfere with the hemostatic system in envenomed animals. SVMPs are phylogenetically most closely related to ADAMs and, together with ADAMs and related ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family proteinases, constitute adamalysins/reprolysins or the M12B clan (MEROPS database) of metalloproteinases. Although the catalytic domain structure is topologically similar to that of other metalloproteinases such as matrix metalloproteinases, the M12B proteinases have a modular structure with multiple non-catalytic ancillary domains that are not found in other proteinases. Notably, crystallographic studies revealed that, in addition to the conserved metalloproteinase domain, M12B members share a hallmark cysteine-rich domain designated as the “ADAM_CR” domain. Despite their name, ADAMTSs lack disintegrin-like structures and instead comprise two ADAM_CR domains. This review highlights the current state of our knowledge on the three-dimensional structures of M12B proteinases, focusing on their unique domains that may collaboratively participate in directing these proteinases to specific substrates.
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15
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Baldo C, Lopes DS, Faquim-Mauro EL, Jacysyn JF, Niland S, Eble JA, Clissa PB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Jararhagin disruption of endothelial cell anchorage is enhanced in collagen enriched matrices. Toxicon 2015; 108:240-8. [PMID: 26528579 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is one of the most striking effects of bites by viper snakes resulting in fast bleeding and ischemia in affected tissues. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are responsible for hemorrhagic activity, but the mechanisms involved in SVMP-induced hemorrhage are not entirely understood and the study of such mechanisms greatly depends on in vivo experiments. In vivo, hemorrhagic SVMPs accumulate on basement membrane (BM) of venules and capillary vessels allowing the hydrolysis of collagen IV with consequent weakness and rupture of capillary walls. These effects are not reproducible in vitro with conventional endothelial cell cultures. In this study we used two-dimension (2D) or three-dimension (3D) cultures of HUVECs on matrigel and observed the same characteristics as in ex vivo experiments: only the hemorrhagic toxin was able to localize on surfaces or internalize endothelial cells in 2D cultures or in the surface of tubules formed on 3D cultures. The contribution of matrigel, fibronectin and collagen matrices in jararhagin-induced endothelial cell damage was then analyzed. Collagen and matrigel substrates enhanced the endothelial cell damage induced by jararhagin allowing toxin binding to focal adhesions, disruption of stress fibers, detachment and apoptosis. The higher affinity of jararhagin to collagen than to fibronectin explains the localization of the toxin within BM. Moreover, once located in BM, interactions of jararhagin with α2β1 integrin would favor its localization on focal adhesions, as observed in our study. The accumulation of toxin in focal adhesions, observed only in cells grown in collagen matrices, would explain the enhancement of cell damage in these matrices and reflects the actual interaction among toxin, endothelial cells and BM components that occurs in vivo and results in the hemorrhagic lesions induced by viper venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldo
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D S Lopes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - E L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J F Jacysyn
- LIM62, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S Niland
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - J A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - P B Clissa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Freitas-de-Sousa L, Amazonas D, Sousa L, Sant'Anna S, Nishiyama M, Serrano S, Junqueira-de-Azevedo I, Chalkidis H, Moura-da-Silva A, Mourão R. Comparison of venoms from wild and long-term captive Bothrops atrox snakes and characterization of Batroxrhagin, the predominant class PIII metalloproteinase from the venom of this species. Biochimie 2015; 118:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Ferraz CR, Calixto-Campos C, Manchope MF, Casagrande R, Clissa PB, Baldo C, Verri WA. Jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia depends on TNF-α, IL-1β and NFκB in mice. Toxicon 2015; 103:119-28. [PMID: 26140746 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a hemorrhagic metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. The hyperalgesic mechanisms of jararhagin were investigated focusing on the role of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and the transcription factor NFκB. Intraplantar administration of jararhagin (1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/paw) induced mechanical hyperalgesia, and increased TNF-α levels at 1, 3 and 5 h, and IL-1β levels at 0.5, 1 and 3 h after its injection in the paw tissue. Pre-treatment with morphine (2, 6, 12 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperagesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with etanercept (10 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) and IL-1ra (30 mg/kg and 100 pg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Co-administration of jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and TNF-α (0.1 pg/paw) or jararhagin (0.1 ng/paw) and IL-1β (1 pg/paw) enhanced the mechanical hyperalgesia. The systemic or local pre-treatment with PDTC (NFκB inhibitor; 100 mg/kg and 100 μg/paw) inhibited jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as well as PDTC decreased the jararhagin-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, these data demonstrate the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and nuclear transcription factor NFκB in jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia indicating that targeting these mechanisms might contribute to reduce the pain induced by B. jararaca snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia Calixto-Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, CEP 86039-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia B Clissa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Secretaria de Saúde, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiani Baldo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM380 PR445, CEP 86057-970, Cx Postal 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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18
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de Paula FFP, Ribeiro JU, Santos LM, de Souza DHF, Leonardecz E, Henrique-Silva F, Selistre-de-Araújo HS. Molecular characterization of metalloproteases from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 12:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Maria DA, da Silva MGL, Correia MC, Ruiz IRG. Antiproliferative effect of the jararhagin toxin on B16F10 murine melanoma. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:446. [PMID: 25407317 PMCID: PMC4289281 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma is a less common but highly dangerous form of skin cancer; it starts in the melanocytes cells found in the outer layer of the skin. Jararhagin toxin, a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom acts upon several biological processes, as inflammation, pain, platelet aggregation, proliferation and apoptosis, though not yet approved for use, may one day be employed to treat tumors. METHODS B16F10 murine melanoma cells were treated with jararhagin (jara), a disintegrin-like metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, and jari (catalytic domain inactivated with 1,10-phenanthroline). Viability and adhesion cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The expression of caspase-3 active, phases of the cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. We analyze in vivo the effects of jararhagin on melanoma growth, apoptosis and metastasis. RESULTS The tumor cells acquired round shapes, lost cytoplasmic expansions, formed clusters in suspension and decreased viability. Jari was almost 20 times more potent toxin than jara based on IC50 values and on morphological changes of the cells, also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Flow cytometry analysis showed 48.3% decrease in the proliferation rate of cells and 47.2% increase in apoptosis (jara) and necrosis (jari), following 1.2 μM jara and 0.1 μM jari treatments. Caspase-3 activity was increased whereas G0/G1 cell cycle phase was on the decline. Proliferative rate was assessed by staining with 5,6-carboxyfluoresceindiacetate succinimidyl ester, showing a significant decrease in proliferation at all concentrations of both toxins. CONCLUSIONS In vivo treatment of the toxins was observed reduction in the incidence of nodules, and metastasis and antiproliferative inhibition capacity. This data strengthens the potential use jararhagin as an anti-neoplastic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durvanei Augusto Maria
- />Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, CEP 05503-900 Sao Paulo, SP Brazil
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20
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Bernardoni JL, Sousa LF, Wermelinger LS, Lopes AS, Prezoto BC, Serrano SMT, Zingali RB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Functional variability of snake venom metalloproteinases: adaptive advantages in targeting different prey and implications for human envenomation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109651. [PMID: 25313513 PMCID: PMC4196926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are major components in most viperid venoms that induce disturbances in the hemostatic system and tissues of animals envenomated by snakes. These disturbances are involved in human pathology of snake bites and appear to be essential for the capture and digestion of snake's prey and avoidance of predators. SVMPs are a versatile family of venom toxins acting on different hemostatic targets which are present in venoms in distinct structural forms. However, the reason why a large number of different SVMPs are expressed in some venoms is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the interference of five isolated SVMPs in blood coagulation of humans, birds and small rodents. P-III class SVMPs (fractions Ic, IIb and IIc) possess gelatinolytic and hemorrhagic activities, and, of these, two also show fibrinolytic activity. P-I class SVMPs (fractions IVa and IVb) are only fibrinolytic. P-III class SVMPs reduced clotting time of human plasma. Fraction IIc was characterized as prothrombin activator and fraction Ic as factor X activator. In the absence of Ca2+, a firm clot was observed in chicken blood samples with fractions Ic, IIb and partially with fraction IIc. In contrast, without Ca2+, only fraction IIc was able to induce a firm clot in rat blood. In conclusion, functionally distinct forms of SVMPs were found in B. neuwiedi venom that affect distinct mechanisms in the coagulation system of humans, birds and small rodents. Distinct SVMPs appear to be more specialized to rat or chicken blood, strengthening the current hypothesis that toxin diversity enhances the possibilities of the snakes for hunting different prey or evading different predators. This functional diversity also impacts the complexity of human envenoming since different hemostatic mechanisms will be targeted by SVMPs accounting for the complexity of the response of humans to venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leijiane F. Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Wermelinger
- Laboratório de Hemostasia e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia da Trombose, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline S. Lopes
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), FAPESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), FAPESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Russolina B. Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostasia e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio do Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Portes-Junior JA, Yamanouye N, Carneiro SM, Knittel PS, Sant’Anna SS, Nogueira FCS, Junqueira M, Magalhães GS, Domont GB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Unraveling the Processing and Activation of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3338-48. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio C. S. Nogueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Unidade
de Proteômica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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22
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Serrano SMT, Oliveira AK, Menezes MC, Zelanis A. The proteinase-rich proteome ofBothrops jararacavenom. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.922581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Marcon F, Purtell L, Santos J, Hains PG, Escoubas P, Graudins A, Nicholson GM. Characterization of monomeric and multimeric snake neurotoxins and other bioactive proteins from the venom of the lethal Australian common copperhead (Austrelaps superbus). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1555-73. [PMID: 23500536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation by Australian copperheads results mainly in muscle paralysis largely attributed to the presence of postsynaptic α-neurotoxins. However, poorly reversible neurotoxic effects suggest that these venoms may contain snake presynaptic phospholipase A2 neurotoxins (SPANs) that irreversibly inhibit neurotransmitter release. Using size-exclusion liquid chromatography, the present study isolated the first multimeric SPAN complex from the venom of the Australian common copperhead, Austrelaps superbus. The multimeric SPAN P-elapitoxin-As1a (P-EPTX-As1a) along with two novel monomeric SPANs and a new postsynaptic α-neurotoxin were then pharmacologically characterized using the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. All SPANs inhibited nerve-evoked twitch contractions at the neuromuscular junction without inhibiting contractile responses to cholinergic agonists or KCl. These actions are consistent with a prejunctional action to inhibit neurotransmitter release, without direct myotoxicity. Furthermore, the multimeric P-EPTX-As1a caused tetanic 'fade' in muscle tension under high frequency nerve stimulation, and produced a triphasic alteration to neurotransmitter release. These actions have been previously noted with other multimeric SPAN complexes such as taipoxin. Moreover, the neurotoxic α-subunit of P-EPTX-As1a shows high homology to taipoxin α-chain. Several other coagulopathic and myotoxic high mass proteins including a class PIII snake venom metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, l-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase and phospholipase B were also identified that may contribute to the overall toxicity of A. superbus venom. In conclusion, clinicians should be aware that early antivenom intervention might be necessary to prevent the onset of irreversible presynaptic neurotoxicity caused by multimeric and monomeric SPANs and that A. superbus venom is potentially capable of producing coagulopathic and myotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marcon
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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de Morais NCG, Neves Mamede CC, Fonseca KC, de Queiroz MR, Gomes-Filho SA, Santos-Filho NA, Bordon KDCF, Beletti ME, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, de Oliveira F. Isolation and characterization of moojenin, an acid-active, anticoagulant metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:1251-8. [PMID: 22975266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A fibrinogenolytic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom, named moojenin, was purified by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that moojenin consists of a single polypeptide chain and has a molecular mass about 45 kDa. Sequencing of moojenin by Edman degradation revealed the amino acid sequence LGPDIVSPPVCGNELLEVGEECDCGTPENCQNE, which showed strong identity with many other snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The enzyme cleaves the Aα-chain of fibrinogen first, followed by the Bβ-chain, and shows no effects on the γ-chain. Moojenin showed a coagulant activity on bovine plasma about 3.1 fold lower than crude venom. The fibrinogenolytic and coagulant activities of the moojenin were abolished by preincubation with EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and β-mercaptoethanol. Moojenin showed maximum activity at temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C and its optimal pH was 4.0. Its activity was completely lost at temperatures above 50 °C. Moojenin induced necrosis in liver and muscle, evidenced by morphological alterations, but did not cause histological alterations in mouse lungs, kidney or heart. Moojenin rendered the blood uncoagulatable when it was intraperitoneally administered into mice. This metalloproteinase may be of medical interest because of its anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C G de Morais
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
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Moura-da-Silva AM, Baldo C. Jararhagin, a hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca. Toxicon 2012; 60:280-9. [PMID: 22534074 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, which has been extensively studied. These studies showed its involvement on most of the systemic and local damaging effects of snakebite envenomings. In this review we comment on the major targets of jararhagin as the vascular endothelium, platelets and coagulation factors and also its action on other cell systems as inflammatory cells and their mediators, cancer and cell signaling. The mechanisms of jararhagin action are discussed together with structural features essential for the expression of its biological activities. The studies reviewed here denote jararhagin as a prototype for studies of snake venom metalloproteinases, bringing new insights into cellular-matrix interactions and adding for the improvement of snakebite treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, CEP-05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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León IR, da Costa Neves-Ferreira AG, da Rocha SLG, de Oliveira Trugilho MR, Perales J, Valente RH. Using mass spectrometry to explore the neglected glycan moieties of the antiophidic proteins DM43 and DM64. Proteomics 2012; 12:2753-65. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brand GD, Salbo R, Jørgensen TJD, Bloch C, Boeri Erba E, Robinson CV, Tanjoni I, Moura-da-Silva AM, Roepstorff P, Domont GB, Perales J, Valente RH, Neves-Ferreira AGC. The interaction of the antitoxin DM43 with a snake venom metalloproteinase analyzed by mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:567-73. [PMID: 22549991 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
DM43 is a circulating dimeric antitoxin isolated from Didelphis aurita, a South American marsupial naturally immune to snake envenomation. This endogenous inhibitor binds non-covalently to jararhagin, the main hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, and efficiently neutralizes its toxicity. The aim of this study was to apply mass spectrometry (MS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to improve the molecular characterization of this heterocomplex. The stoichiometry of the interaction was confirmed by nanoelectrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS; from native solution conditions, the complex showed a molecular mass of ~94 kDa, indicating that one molecule of jararhagin (50 kDa) interacts with one monomer of DM43 (43 kDa). Although readily observed in solution, the dimeric structure of the inhibitor was barely preserved in the gas phase. This result suggests that, in contrast to the toxin-antitoxin complex, hydrophobic interactions are the primary driving force for the inhibitor dimerization. For the real-time interaction analysis, the toxin was captured on a sensor chip derivatized with the anti-jararhagin monoclonal antibody MAJar 2. The sensorgrams obtained after successive injections of DM43 in a concentration series were globally fitted to a simple bimolecular interaction, yielding the following kinetic rates for the DM43/jararhagin interaction: k(a) = 3.54 ± 0.03 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and k(d) = 1.16 ± 0.07 × 10(-5) s(-1), resulting in an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(D) ) of 0.33 ± 0.06 nM. Taken together, MS and SPR results show that DM43 binds to its target toxin with high affinity and constitute the first accurate quantitative study on the extent of the interaction between a natural inhibitor and a metalloproteinase toxin, with unequivocal implications for the use of this kind of molecule as template for the rational development of novel antivenom therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Brand
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, 70770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Pinyachat A, Rojnuckarin P, Muanpasitporn C, Singhamatr P, Nuchprayoon S. Albocollagenase, a novel recombinant P-III snake venom metalloproteinase from green pit viper (Cryptelytrops albolabris), digests collagen and inhibits platelet aggregation. Toxicon 2011; 57:772-80. [PMID: 21333669 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) will give us deeper insights in the pathogenesis of viper bites. This may lead to novel therapy for venom-induced local tissue damages, the complication refractory to current antivenom. The aim of this study was to elucidate the in vitro activities of a new SVMP from the green pit viper (GPV) using recombinant DNA technology. We report, here, a new cDNA clone from GPV (Cryptelytrops albolabris) venom glands encoding 614 amino acid residues P-III SVMP, termed albocollagenase. The conceptually translated protein comprised a signal peptide and prodomain, followed by a metalloproteinase domain containing a zinc-binding motifs, HEXGHXXGXXH-CIM and 9 cysteine residues. The disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains possessed 24 cysteines and a DCD (Asp-Cys-Asp) motif. The albocollagenase deduced amino acid sequence alignments showed approximately 70% identity with other P-III SVMPs. Notably, the prodomain was highly conserved, while the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains contained several differences. Albocollagenase without the signal peptide and prodomain was expressed in Pichia pastoris with an N-terminal six-histidine tag. After affinity purification from the supernatant of methanol-induced media, SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis in both reducing and non-reducing conditions showed a protein band of approximately 62 kDa. The recombinant albocollagenase could digest human type IV collagen from human placenta basement membrane within 1 min. After 10-min incubation, it also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 70 nM. This is the first report of the active recombinant SVMP enzymes expressed in P. pastoris. The results suggest the significant roles of P-III SVMP in local and systemic pathology of envenomated patients. Inhibitors of this SVMP will be investigated in further studies to find a better treatment for viper bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuwat Pinyachat
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Baldo C, Jamora C, Yamanouye N, Zorn TM, Moura-da-Silva AM. Mechanisms of vascular damage by hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinases: tissue distribution and in situ hydrolysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e727. [PMID: 20614020 PMCID: PMC2894137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Envenoming by viper snakes constitutes an important public health problem in Brazil and other developing countries. Local hemorrhage is an important symptom of these accidents and is correlated with the action of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The degradation of vascular basement membrane has been proposed as a key event for the capillary vessel disruption. However, SVMPs that present similar catalytic activity towards extracellular matrix proteins differ in their hemorrhagic activity, suggesting that other mechanisms might be contributing to the accumulation of SVMPs at the snakebite area allowing capillary disruption. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we compared the tissue distribution and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins induced by jararhagin (highly hemorrhagic SVMP) and BnP1 (weakly hemorrhagic SVMP) using the mouse skin as experimental model. Jararhagin induced strong hemorrhage accompanied by hydrolysis of collagen fibers in the hypodermis and a marked degradation of type IV collagen at the vascular basement membrane. In contrast, BnP1 induced only a mild hemorrhage and did not disrupt collagen fibers or type IV collagen. Injection of Alexa488-labeled jararhagin revealed fluorescent staining around capillary vessels and co-localization with basement membrane type IV collagen. The same distribution pattern was detected with jararhagin-C (disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin). In opposition, BnP1 did not accumulate in the tissues. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results show a particular tissue distribution of hemorrhagic toxins accumulating at the basement membrane. This probably occurs through binding to collagens, which are drastically hydrolyzed at the sites of hemorrhagic lesions. Toxin accumulation near blood vessels explains enhanced catalysis of basement membrane components, resulting in the strong hemorrhagic activity of SVMPs. This is a novel mechanism that underlies the difference between hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic SVMPs, improving the understanding of snakebite pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiani Baldo
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Colin Jamora
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Norma Yamanouye
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Telma M. Zorn
- Laboratório da Biologia da Reprodução e Matriz Extracelular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Peichoto ME, Paes Leme AF, Pauletti BA, Batista IC, Mackessy SP, Acosta O, Santoro ML. Autolysis at the disintegrin domain of patagonfibrase, a metalloproteinase from Philodryas patagoniensis (Patagonia Green Racer; Dipsadidae) venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1937-42. [PMID: 20538077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patagonfibrase is a 57.5-kDa hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of Philodryas patagoniensis (Patagonia Green Racer), a South American rear-fanged snake. Herein we demonstrate that patagonfibrase undergoes autolysis at its pH optimum (7.5) and at 37 degrees C, primarily producing a approximately 32.6 kDa fragment composed of disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, as identified by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. The autolysis site for production of this fragment is similar to that observed for metalloproteinases from front-fanged Viperidae snake venoms. In the presence of Ca(2+), patagonfibrase was only partially autolysed, giving rise mainly to one fragment of approximately 52.2 kDa. In addition, calcium markedly enhanced the azocaseinolytic activity of patagonfibrase. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the structural and mechanistic bases of this family of metalloenzymes that are widely distributed among snake venoms, demonstrating that important post-translational modifications such as proteolysis can also contribute to the diversity and complexity of proteins found in rear-fanged snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Peichoto
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
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Tanjoni I, Evangelista K, Della-Casa MS, Butera D, Magalhães GS, Baldo C, Clissa PB, Fernandes I, Eble J, Moura-da-Silva AM. Different regions of the class P-III snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin are involved in binding to alpha2beta1 integrin and collagen. Toxicon 2010; 55:1093-9. [PMID: 20056118 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
SVMPs are multi-domain proteolytic enzymes in which disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains bind to cell receptors, plasma or ECM proteins. We have recently reported that jararhagin, a P-III class SVMP, binds to collagen with high affinity through an epitope located within the Da-disintegrin sub-domain. In this study, we evaluated the binding of jararhagin to alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (collagen receptor) using monoclonal antibodies and recombinant jararhagin fragments. In solid phase assays, binding of jararhagin to alpha(2)beta(1) integrin was detectable from concentrations of 20 nM. Using recombinant fragments of jararhagin, only fragment JC76 (residues 344-421), showed a significant binding to recombinant alpha(2)beta(1) integrin. The anti-jararhagin monoclonal antibody MAJar 3 efficiently neutralised binding of jararhagin to collagen, but not to recombinant alpha(2)beta(1) integrin nor to cell-surface-exposed alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (alpha(2)-K562 transfected cells and platelets). The same antibody neutralised collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Our data suggest that jararhagin binding to collagen and alpha(2)beta(1) integrin occurs by two independent motifs, which are located on disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, respectively. Moreover, toxin binding to collagen appears to be sufficient to inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tanjoni
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Leberagin-C, A disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich protein from Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea venom, inhibits alphavbeta3 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:117-26. [PMID: 19808093 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leberagin-C, a new member of the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (D/C) family, was purified to homogeneity from the venom of Tunisian snake Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea. It is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 25,787 Da. Its complete sequence of 205 amino acid residues was established by cDNA cloning. The leberagin-C shows many conserved sequences with other known D/C proteins, like the SECD binding sites and a pattern of 28 cysteines. It is the first purified protein from M. lebetina transmediterranea with only two disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains. Leberagin-C is able to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and arachidonic acid with IC(50) of 40 and 50 nM respectively. It was also able to inhibit the adhesion of melanoma tumour cells on fibrinogen and fibronectin, by interfering with the function of alphavbeta3 and, to a lesser extent, with alphavbeta6 and alpha5beta1 integrins. To our knowledge, leberagin-C is the sole described D/C protein that does not specifically interact with the alpha2beta1 integrin. Structure-activity relationship study of leberagin-C suggested that there are some important amino acid differences with jararhagin, the most studied PIII metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca, notably around the SECD motif in its disintegrin-like domain. Other regions implicated in leberagin-C specificities could not be excluded.
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Oliveira AK, Paes Leme AF, Assakura MT, Menezes MC, Zelanis A, Tashima AK, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C, Camargo AC, Fox JW, Serrano SM. Simplified procedures for the isolation of HF3, bothropasin, disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich protein and a novel P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca venom. Toxicon 2009; 53:797-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rocha SLG, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Trugilho MRO, Chapeaurouge A, León IR, Valente RH, Domont GB, Perales J. Crotalid Snake Venom Subproteomes Unraveled by the Antiophidic Protein DM43. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2351-60. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800977s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surza L. G. Rocha
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Ana G. C. Neves-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Monique R. O. Trugilho
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Alex Chapeaurouge
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Ileana R. León
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Richard H. Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro
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Valente RH, Guimarães PR, Junqueira M, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Soares MR, Chapeaurouge A, Trugilho MR, León IR, Rocha SL, Oliveira-Carvalho AL, Wermelinger LS, Dutra DL, Leão LI, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Ho PL, Zingali RB, Perales J, Domont GB. Bothrops insularis venomics: A proteomic analysis supported by transcriptomic-generated sequence data. J Proteomics 2009; 72:241-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Fox JW, Serrano SM. Timeline of key events in snake venom metalloproteinase research. J Proteomics 2009; 72:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Muniz JRC, Ambrosio ALB, Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Cominetti MR, Moura-da-Silva AM, Oliva G, Garratt RC, Souza DHF. The three-dimensional structure of bothropasin, the main hemorrhagic factor from Bothrops jararaca venom: insights for a new classification of snake venom metalloprotease subgroups. Toxicon 2008; 52:807-16. [PMID: 18831982 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bothropasin is a 48kDa hemorrhagic PIII snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP) isolated from Bothrops jararaca, containing disintegrin/cysteine-rich adhesive domains. Here we present the crystal structure of bothropasin complexed with the inhibitor POL647. The catalytic domain consists of a scaffold of two subdomains organized similarly to those described for other SVMPs, including the zinc and calcium-binding sites. The free cysteine residue Cys189 is located within a hydrophobic core and it is not available for disulfide bonding or other interactions. There is no identifiable secondary structure for the disintegrin domain, but instead it is composed mostly of loops stabilized by seven disulfide bonds and by two calcium ions. The ECD region is in a loop and is structurally related to the RGD region of RGD disintegrins, which are derived from PII SVMPs. The ECD motif is stabilized by the Cys277-Cys310 disulfide bond (between the disintegrin and cysteine-rich domains) and by one calcium ion. The side chain of Glu276 of the ECD motif is exposed to solvent and free to make interactions. In bothropasin, the HVR (hyper-variable region) described for other PIII SVMPs in the cysteine-rich domain, presents a well-conserved sequence with respect to several other PIII members from different species. We propose that this subset be referred to as PIII-HCR (highly conserved region) SVMPs. The differences in the disintegrin-like, cysteine-rich or disintegrin-like cysteine-rich domains may be involved in selecting target binding, which in turn could generate substrate diversity or specificity for the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R C Muniz
- Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, USP, São Carlos-SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil
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Fox JW, Serrano SMT. Insights into and speculations about snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) synthesis, folding and disulfide bond formation and their contribution to venom complexity. FEBS J 2008; 275:3016-30. [PMID: 18479462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As more data are generated from proteome and transcriptome analyses of snake venoms, we are gaining an appreciation of the complexity of the venoms and, to some degree, the various sources of such complexity. However, our knowledge is still far from complete. The translation of genetic information from the snake genome to the transcriptome and ultimately the proteome is only beginning to be appreciated, and will require significantly more investigation of the snake venom genomic structure prior to a complete understanding of the genesis of venom composition. Venom complexity, however, is derived not only from the venom genomic structure but also from transcriptome generation and translation and, perhaps most importantly, post-translation modification of the nascent venom proteome. In this review, we examine the snake venom metalloproteinases, some of the predominant components in viperid venoms, with regard to possible synthesis and post-translational mechanisms that contribute to venom complexity. The aim of this review is to highlight the state of our knowledge on snake venom metalloproteinase post-translational processing and to suggest testable hypotheses regarding the cellular mechanisms associated with snake venom metalloproteinase complexity in venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Fox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
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Marques-Porto R, Lebrun I, Pimenta DC. Self-proteolysis regulation in the Bothrops jararaca venom: the metallopeptidases and their intrinsic peptidic inhibitor. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:424-33. [PMID: 18325841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteome variation is a well-documented phenomenon, whereas peptidome variation is still relatively unknown. We used a biological approach to explore the inhibitory activities present in the whole venom of Bothrops jararaca that prevents the venom self-proteolysis and/or digestion of the glandular tissue. Although snake venom metallopeptidases have long been known from the biochemical up to the clinical point of view, the mechanisms by which these enzymes are regulated in the reptile's venom gland remain fairly unknown. We have successfully demonstrated that there are three synergistic weak inhibitory mechanisms that are present in the crude venom that are able to abolish the metallopeptidase activity in situ, namely: (i) citrate calcium chelation; (ii) acidic pH and; (iii) enzymatic competitive inhibition by the tripeptide Pyroglutamyl-lysyl-tryptophan. Taken together, these three factors become a strong set-up that inhibits the crude venom metallopeptidase activity as well as a purified metallopeptidase from this same venom. However, this inhibition can be totally reverted by dilution into an optimal pH solution, such as the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Marques-Porto
- CAT/CEPID, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo - SP, 05503-900, Brazil
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Rafael A, Tanjoni I, Fernandes I, Moura-da-Silva A, Furtado M. An alternative method to access in vitro the hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms. Toxicon 2008; 51:479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Baldo C, Tanjoni I, León IR, Batista IFC, Della-Casa MS, Clissa PB, Weinlich R, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lebrun I, Amarante-Mendes GP, Rodrigues VM, Perales J, Valente RH, Moura-da-Silva AM. BnP1, a novel P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops neuwiedi venom: biological effects benchmarking relatively to jararhagin, a P-III SVMP. Toxicon 2008; 51:54-65. [PMID: 17889921 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) have been extensively studied and their effects associated with the local bleeding observed in human accidents by viper snakes. Representatives of P-I and P-III classes of SVMPs similarly hydrolyze extracellular matrix proteins or coagulation factors while only P-III SVMPs induce significant hemorrhage in experimental models. In this work, the effects of P-I and P-III SVMPs on plasma proteins and cultures of muscle and endothelial cells were compared in order to enlighten the mechanisms involved in venom-induced hemorrhage. To reach this comparison, BnP1 was isolated from B. neuwiedi venom and used as a weakly hemorrhagic P-I SVMPs and jararhagin was used as a model of potently hemorrhagic P-III SVMP. BnP1 was isolated by size exclusion and anion-exchange chromatographies, showing apparent molecular mass of approximately 24kDa and sequence similarity with other members of SVMPs, which allowed its classification as a group P-I SVMP. The comparison of local effects induced by SVMPs showed that BnP1 was devoid of significant myotoxic and hemorrhagic activities and jararhagin presented only hemorrhagic activity. BnP1 and jararhagin were able to hydrolyze fibrinogen and fibrin, although the latter displayed higher activity in both systems. Using HUVEC primary cultures, we observed that BnP1 induced cell detachment and a decrease in the number of viable endothelial cells in levels comparable to those observed by treatment with jararhagin. Moreover, both BnP1 and jararhagin induced apoptosis in HUVECs while only a small increase in LDH supernatant levels was observed after treatment with jararhagin, suggesting that the major mechanism involved in endothelial cell death is apoptosis. Jararhagin and BnP1 induced little effects on C2C12 muscle cell cultures, characterized by a partial detachment 24h after treatment and a mild necrotic effect as evidenced by a small increase in the supernatants LDH levels. Taken together, our data show that P-I and P-III SVMPs presented comparable effects except for the hemorrhagic activity, suggesting that hydrolysis of coagulation factors or damage to endothelial cells are not sufficient for induction of local bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldo
- Laboratórios de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500-05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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42
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Guo XX, Zeng L, Lee WH, Zhang Y, Jin Y. Isolation and cloning of a metalloproteinase from king cobra snake venom. Toxicon 2007; 49:954-65. [PMID: 17337026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 50 kDa fibrinogenolytic protease, ohagin, from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah was isolated by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography. Ohagin specifically degraded the alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and the proteolytic activity was completely abolished by EDTA, but not by PMSF, suggesting it is a metalloproteinase. It dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, TMVA and stejnulxin. The full sequence of ohagin was deduced by cDNA cloning and confirmed by protein sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting. The full-length cDNA sequence of ohagin encodes an open reading frame of 611 amino acids that includes signal peptide, proprotein and mature protein comprising metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, suggesting it belongs to P-III class metalloproteinase. In addition, P-III class metalloproteinases from the venom glands of Naja atra, Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus fasciatus were also cloned in this study. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis indicated that metalloproteinases from elapid snake venoms form a new subgroup of P-III SVMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Guo
- Biotoxin Units, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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43
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Cidade DAP, Wermelinger LS, Lôbo-Hajdu G, Dávila AMR, Bon C, Zingali RB, Albano RM. Molecular diversity of disintegrin-like domains within metalloproteinase precursors of Bothrops jararaca. Toxicon 2006; 48:590-9. [PMID: 16919699 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins are small peptides isolated from the venom of several snake families which act as integrin-antagonists or agonists, interacting with a variety of biological processes mediated by integrins. In this work we describe five new disintegrin-like domains within metalloproteinase precursor sequences, obtained from a Bothrops jararaca venom gland cDNA library. Among the new disintegrin-like domains, four were contained in PIII metalloproteinase precursors, with three of them presenting ECD-motifs and one presenting a new KCD-motif. Moreover, we found three disintegrin-like domains within PII metalloproteinase precursors. Two of them are similar to the already described disintegrins jarastatin and jararacin. The third molecule is unusual, presenting some typical PIII metalloproteinase characteristics but lacking the cysteine-rich domain being, thus, classified as a PII metalloproteinase. Only few reports presented molecules with these characteristics. Sequence analysis suggests that these molecules are intermediate steps between the more ancient PIII and the more recent PII metalloproteinases. We also investigated disintegrin N-terminus diversity in B. jararaca crude venom by purifying jarastatin and jararacin and analyzing them by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A P Cidade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20551-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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44
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Fox JW, Ma L, Nelson K, Sherman NE, Serrano SMT. Comparison of indirect and direct approaches using ion-trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for exploring viperid venom proteomes. Toxicon 2006; 47:700-14. [PMID: 16574175 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a sense, the field of snake venom proteomics has been under investigation since the very earliest biochemical studies where it was soon recognized that venoms are comprised of complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, most of which are proteins. Only with the re-emergence of 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and the recent developments in mass spectrometry for the identification/characterization of proteins coupled with venom gland transcriptomes has the field of snake venom proteomics began to flourish and provide exciting insights into the protein composition of venoms and subsequently their pathological activities. In this manuscript we will briefly discuss the state of snake venom proteomics followed by the presentation of several straightforward experiments designed to explore approaches to investigating venom proteomics. The first set of experiments used 1D gel electrophoresis (1D PAGE) of Crotalus atrox venom followed by slice-by-slice analysis of the proteins using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In the second set of experiments, C. atrox and Bothrops jararaca venoms were subjected to in-solution digestion followed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) LC/MS/MS. The peptide ion-maps of these venoms were compared along with the proteins identified. In addition, the results were compared to the results observed from the 1D PAGE approach. From these studies it is clear that sample de-complexation/fractionation before mass spectrometry is still the best approach for maximum proteome coverage. Furthermore, comparison of venom proteomes based on tryptic peptide identities between the proteomes is not particularly effective since there does not appear to be a sufficient number of such identical peptides, derived from related proteins, present in venoms. Finally, as has previously been recognized without either better databases of venom protein sequences or facile and rapid de novo sequencing technologies for mass spectrometry, snake venom proteome investigation will remain a laborious task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Fox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800734, Charlottesville VA 22908-0734, USA.
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45
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Clissa PB, Lopes-Ferreira M, Della-Casa MS, Farsky SHP, Moura-da-Silva AM. Importance of jararhagin disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains in the early events of local inflammatory response. Toxicon 2006; 47:591-6. [PMID: 16564063 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a multi-domain SVMP from Bothrops jararaca venom comprising catalytic, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, which cause a local reaction manifested by hemorrhage, edema, cytokine release and inflammatory cell recruitment. In this study, the importance of disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin was addressed by analyzing the effects of jararhagin-C, which lacks the catalytic domain, in induction of leukocyte rolling and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Jararhagin-C was isolated from B. jararaca venom conserving the same ability of complete jararhagin molecule in inhibiting collagen-induced platelet-aggregation. Treatment of trans-illuminated cremaster muscle in vivo with jararhagin-C increased number of rolling leukocytes (approximately 250%) in post-capillary venules in all periods analyzed, without interfering with microvasculature haemodynamic, like vessel diameter, the erythrocyte speed or the blood flow rate. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 was significantly enhanced in the local of jararhagin-C injection, showing the maximum levels in periods between 2 and 4 h after treatment. Besides the action of jararhagin-C, the presence of the inactivated catalytic domain in o-phenanthrolin-treated jararhagin was related to a higher increase in the number of rolling leukocytes. Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta induced by catalytically active jararhagin were higher than those induced by jararhagin-C. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin are sufficient to locally activate the early events of an acute inflammatory response as leukocyte rolling and pro-inflammatory cytokine release and this action may add to the effect of catalysis, which enhances the primary cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Clissa
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
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46
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Bonavita AGC, da Costa AS, Pires ALA, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Perales J, Cordeiro RSB, Martins MA, e Silva PMR. Contribution of mast cells and snake venom metalloproteinases to the hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops jararaca venom in rats. Toxicon 2006; 47:885-93. [PMID: 16730041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops jararaca venom (Bjv) is known to induce local inflammation and severe pain. Since, mast cells are able to secrete mediators involved in algesic processes, in this study we examined the putative role of these cells in the hyperalgesia triggered by Bjv in the rat paw. We noted that treatment with mast cell stabilizer sodium cromoglicate as well as with histamine and 5-hydroxytriptamine receptor antagonists meclizine and methysergide, respectively, inhibited the Bjv-induced hyperalgesia. In addition, we showed that stimulation of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells with Bjv in vitro resulted in the release of stored and neo-generated inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotriene C(4), respectively. Bjv-induced histamine secretion was clearly sensitive to treatment with sodium cromoglicate and sodium nedocromil. We further observed that metalloproteinase inhibitors 1,10-phenantroline and DM43 inhibited mast cell degranulation in vitro, under conditions where inhibitors of phospholipase A(2) as well as of serine- and cysteine-proteinases were inactive. Altogether, our findings indicate that mast cells seem to contribute to the hyperalgesia caused by Bjv in the rat paw, and also provide evidence that this response might be dependent on the ability of the Bjv to activate directly mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gustavo C Bonavita
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, CEP 21040-900, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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47
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Wan SG, Jin Y, Lee WH, Zhang Y. A snake venom metalloproteinase that inhibited cell proliferation and induced morphological changes of ECV304 cells. Toxicon 2006; 47:480-9. [PMID: 16487560 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
TSV-DM, a basic metalloproteinase with a molecular weight of 110kDa, was purified from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom. TSV-DM degraded the Aalpha chain of fibrinogen more rapidly than the Bbeta chain in a dose dependent manner. The cDNA of TSV-DM encoded a polypeptide of 622 amino acid residues, which comprises a signal peptide, proprotein, metalloproteinase domain, spacer, disintegrin-like domain and cysteine-rich domain. The protein sequence deduced from cDNA was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. It is highly homologous to the members of subclass P-IIIb snake venom metalloproteinase, which comprises vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins. TSV-DM inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell morphologic changes transiently of ECV304 cells. However, DNA fragmentation and DNA content analysis demonstrated that this metalloproteinase could not induce ECV304 cells apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Gui Wan
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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48
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Wan SG, Jin Y, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Cloning of two novel P-III class metalloproteinases from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom gland. Toxicon 2006; 47:465-72. [PMID: 16487559 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic toxins are widely distributed in viperid and crotalid snake venoms. Envenomation of Trimeresurus stejnegeri, a member of Crotalidae family, caused potent systemic and local hemorrhage. Up to now, there is no report on hemorrhage toxins from this venom. In this work, we cloned two cDNAs of P-III metalloproteinase precursors, designated as stejnihagin-A and stejnihagin-B, respectively, from T. stejnegeri venom gland. Both cDNAs encode an opening reading frame of 600 amino acid residues, containing a signal sequence, a proprotein domain, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain and a cystetine-rich domain. Sequence analysis suggested that these two sequences shared highest similarity to the hemorrhagic toxin HR1b from T. flavoviridis. Aligning the deduced mature protein sequences of stejnihagin-A and stejnihagin-B with other snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), we observed that stejnihagin-A and stejnihagin-B, together with HR1b shared the common cysteinyl residue at the position 100 in the metalloproteinase domain. In combination with the phylogenetic analysis, we presumed that stejnihagin-A, stejnihagin-B and HR1b might constitute a novel subclass of P-III SVMPs, named P-IIIc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Gui Wan
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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49
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Gay CC, Leiva LC, Maruñak S, Teibler P, Acosta de Pérez O. Proteolytic, edematogenic and myotoxic activities of a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops alternatus venom. Toxicon 2005; 46:546-54. [PMID: 16137735 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A hemorrhagic metalloproteinase has been isolated from Bothrops alternatus venom from specimens that inhabit the north-east region of Argentina. The present study aimed at evaluating the proteolytic, hemorrhagic, edematogenic and myotoxic activities of the purified metalloproteinase, in order to consider its participation on the phatophysiology of the intoxication by Bothrops alternatus venom. The hemorrhagic metalloproteinase was isolated by a combination of DEAE-Cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The enzyme showed a molecular mass around 55k Da, it exhibited a hemorrhagic activity with a minimal hemorrhagic dose of 1.9 microg, almost two fold minor than the whole venom (3.6 microg). The enzyme showed a weak proteolytic activity on casein (18.72 U/mg enzyme), similar to the one exhibited by the whole venom (20 U/mg venom). Besides, the ability to degrade casein could be detected by SDS-PAGE; beta-casein was the fraction that showed the higher degradation, followed by alphas(1)-casein and kappa-casein degradation. The hemorrhagic metalloproteinase rapidly hydrolysed the A alpha-chain of fibrinogen, followed by B beta-chain degradation and leaving the gamma-chain unaffected. Proteolytic activities were inhibited by EDTA whereas they were not inhibited by benzamidine and PMSF. The metalloproteinase showed several polypeptides chains after autocatalytic processing, including a chain of 28k Da, it could be the processed disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains. The isolated enzyme exhibited myotoxic activity with high CK levels at 6h, due to local ischemia resulting of its hemorrhagic activity, and a significant edema-inducing effect (MED=1.3 microg), corroborated both results by the histological observations of samples of gastrocnemius muscle. These findings showed that this hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, possesses high edematogenic and myotoxic activities and, in despite of exhibiting a weak proteolytic activity, it is able to degrade fibrinogen. So, this enzyme would contribute markedly to the phatophysiology of the bothropic envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Gay
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE). Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
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50
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Tanjoni I, Weinlich R, Della-Casa MS, Clissa PB, Saldanha-Gama RF, de Freitas MS, Barja-Fidalgo C, Amarante-Mendes GP, Moura-da-Silva AM. Jararhagin, a snake venom metalloproteinase, induces a specialized form of apoptosis (anoikis) selective to endothelial cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10:851-61. [PMID: 16133875 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-2945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) from Bothrops jararaca involved in several hemostatic and inflammatory disorders that occur in human envenomings. In this study, we evaluated the effect of jararhagin on endothelial cells (tEnd). The exposure of tEnd to jararhagin (20 and 40microg/ml) resulted in apoptosis with activation of pro-caspase-3 and alterations in the ratio between Bax/Bcl-xL. We observed that apoptosis was followed by decrease of cell viability and the loss of cell adhesion. Jararhagin induced changes in cell shape with a decrease in cell spreading, rounding up and detachment. This was accompanied by a rearrangement of actin network and a decrease in FAK association to actin and in tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Morphological alterations and apoptosis were abolished when jararhagin catalytic activity was inhibited, indicating the importance of catalysis. Treatment of murine peritoneal adherent cells or fibroblasts with jararhagin did not result in apoptosis. The data indicate that the pro-apoptotic effect of jararhagin is selective to endothelial cells, interfering with the adhesion mechanisms and inducing anoikis. The present model might be useful for the study of the relationships between the architectural changes in the cytoskeleton and the complex phenomenon named anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tanjoni
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Brazil
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